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A PLAYER'S GUIDE TO FLEET DEFENDER
by Robin G. Kim

FLEET DEFENDER: F-14 TOMCAT by Microprose is one of the most complicated
and realistic PC air combat simulators ever created.  Unfortunately, the
two manuals included with the game are just not up to the task of
training the player on how to use the simulation's many features.  The
purpose of this article is therefore to supplement the error-ridden and
incomplete documentation included with the game.  Corrections will be
given as appropriate and areas just glossed over or ignored entirely in
the manuals will be expanded upon.  I will also describe workarounds for
some of FLEET DEFENDER's more bothersome bugs, and will conclude with
some hints and tactics which the reader may find useful.

Unless otherwise noted, it is assumed throughout that all difficulty
levels are set to "authentic."

CARRIER LANDINGS

Being able to trap safely and "by the book" every time in FLEET DEFENDER
is not overly difficult once you know what to do and have practiced a
bit.  While the manual describes the general procedure fairly well, it
leaves out the really important details that can make the difference
between nailing the three-wire and either crashing into the sea or
getting waved off repeatedly.

No matter what the visibility conditions, it is never necessary to fly
the standard upwind/crosswind/downwind/base/final approach--you can
always just fly straight in if you desire.  In fact, if you choose to do
it "the right way," you must make sure you fly your upwind leg offset to
the right of the carrier.  If you are in line with the carrier during
your upwind leg, the Landing Signals Officer (LSO) will think you're on
final already and start giving you confusing landing instructions
instead of ignoring you as you would expect him to at this point.

Once you turn onto final or if you're making a straight in approach, you
should devote much of your attention to the instrument landing system
(ILS).  Contrary to what the manual says, FLEET DEFENDER does include a
full ILS system, including a course deviation indicator (vertical
needle) and glide slope deviation indicator (horizontal needle) overlaid
on the vertical display indicator (VDI).  It is beyond the scope of this
article to fully describe the procedure for making an ILS approach.
Basically, the goal is to keep the needles centered until just before
touching down.  The ILS needles appear on the VDI only when you are
fairly close to and almost directly astern of the carrier and not too
far off the proper glide slope, i.e., when you're on your final
approach.

Real pilots perform a cyclical visual scan as they come in for a
landing, glancing through a sequence of instruments and out the canopy
over and over again to make sure everything's in the groove.  This
technique works well in FLEET DEFENDER and many other flight simulators.
When I'm too far away to see the carrier (this can be less than two
miles out when landing at night in bad weather), I cycle between the ILS
needles, airspeed, and heading.  Once I'm close enough to "call the
ball," I add the velocity vector indicator (VVI, incorrectly described
as a "vertical velocity indicator" in the manual) to my scan, making
sure it's placed just past the wires on the angled deck.

The astute reader may notice that I did not include the meatball and the
AOA indexer in my visual scan.  This was intentional.  The meatball
actually guides you in on a steeper approach angle than the LSO wants
you to use.  You can still land safely if you follow the ball, but the
LSO will complain that you're too high all the way in.  Note that your
ILS agrees with the LSO, not the meatball.  The meatball's only real use
if you follow the LSO's instructions is for signaling when you've been
waved off by flashing four red lights in a box pattern, providing visual
backup for the LSO's "wave off!" command.  The AOA indexer does not
function as it should, but instead seems to echo the meatball
information (glide slope deviation as opposed to angle of attack).
Because the AOA indexer doesn't work, I use airspeed as a substitute in
my visual scan and try to keep it between 130 and 140 knots.

The LSO gives some misleading instructions as you make your approach.
"Come left" and "come right" are obvious, but when he says "reduce
power" he does not want you to reduce power.  Instead, he means that you
are above the proper glide slope as defined by the ILS and he wants you
to increase your descent rate.  Conversely, "add power" means that you
are below the glide slope.  If the low speed flight model in FLEET
DEFENDER were more realistic, you would indeed add or reduce power to
control your descent rate and get back on the glide slope.  In the game,
however, it is most effective to pitch your nose up and down to control
your descent rate and use your throttle to control your speed.  The LSO
will never tell you when you're going too slowly, but your wings will
start to rock from side to side below 130 knots, which should give you a
clue that you'd better throttle up before you stall out.  He will inform
you if you're coming in too fast, however ("you're fast").

In order to get better throttle response on the approach and especially
in case of a bolter, I have heard that real navy pilots will make their
final approaches with their speed brakes out and use a higher throttle
setting.  This technique translates well to the simulation, and I
recommend using it.

Because the carrier is moving forward and the deck is angled to the
left, you cannot line up your nose with the centerline and expect to
maintain that lineup as you come in.  The carrier will appear to drift
to the right as it continues to move.  Be prepared to compensate for
this by aiming the VVI to the right of the centerline.  With a bit of
practice, you will get a feel for how much heading bias to the right at
different stages in your final approach is necessary to touch down on
the centerline.

Now all that's left is to hop into the game and practice some landings.
But where are the "Fleet Readiness Training" missions talked about in
the manual?  They are there in the Oceana theatre as you would expect,
but they do not have their own campaign heading.  Instead, they are
lumped in as the last few missions in the "Miscellaneous DACT" category.
These will allow you to practice day or night launches and landings in a
variety of weather conditions.

If all this is just too much for you to deal with, take heart.
Microprose decided at the last minute to allow use of the landing cheat
key even at the hardest difficulty level with training mode turned off.
Hitting this key repeatedly will eventually take you to a point just
before touch down.  As long as you don't mess with the controls too
much, this will quickly zip you through the landing process and put
you safely on the carrier deck.

RADAR OPERATION

The AWG-9 radar carried by the F-14 is an extremely complicated system
that is not easy to use.  Besides modeling the realistic user-
unfriendliness of the AWG-9, FLEET DEFENDER throws a few bugs and
documentation errors into the mix to make operating the radar even more
confusing.  Hopefully, this section will make things a bit clearer.

You will probably spend much of your time in the two track while scan
(TWS) radar modes executing AIM-54 attacks, the F-14's bread and butter,
so they will be discussed first.  These radar modes are the most
complex, but mastering them will give you a much better chance of
succeeding in your missions.

Radar blips in the tactical information display (TID) have "aspect
markers" attached to them only when in TWS-A, TWS-M, and PDSTT modes.
These little line segments stick out from blips to show the direction
that the targets are heading, with the angle at which the line segment
leaves the blip being equal to the target's aspect angle as defined in
the manual.  When any target comes within AIM-54 range while in TWS-A
mode, the aspect marker will begin to flash, not the entire blip as the
manual seems to state.  This is true regardless of which weapon type you
currently have selected.  In TWS-M mode, only targets you have manually
designated will have their aspect markers flash when in Phoenix range.

It is often impossible to select between closely-spaced targets on the
TID when trying to highlight each of them.  You will be able to
highlight only one of the group, and there is no way around it.  This
usually does not present a problem, however, since if multiple planes
are flying that close together, it's a good bet that they are in tight
formation at about the same altitude, flying for the same country.
Getting information for one is about as good as getting it for all.
Thankfully, while you cannot highlight them separately, it is still
possible to designate each target in a group when in TWS-M mode simply
by clicking repeatedly on the cluster.

In order to IFF multiple targets quickly, I have discovered an
undocumented trick of holding down the left mouse button and then
sweeping the pointer around to the various targets in turn while in TWS
mode.  Hold the mouse button down until you're done and hit the IFF key
as each target is highlighted in turn.  This trick is also useful for
checking range and altitude for a number of separate targets.

The manual states that the TWS radar modes at "authentic" level can only
be used with the 40 degree/2 bar and 20 degree/4 bar scan volume
settings.  While my sources tell me that this would be a realistic
restriction, it is not actually enforced by the program.  You can use
TWS with a 65 degree/8 bar radar cone if you like with no problem, or
you can artificially restrict yourself for greater realism.

In TWS-M mode, the target priority counters beside the blips you've
designated are decremented each time you fire an AIM-54.  The manual
says this should also happen in TWS-A but it does not.  Despite this,
the missiles do automatically head for the appropriate targets when in
TWS-A, you just have to keep track yourself of which target will be
fired at next.

The other radar modes besides TWS are simpler to deal with, and can
often be controlled from the front seat with only occasional hops to the
RIO position as necessary.  The backspace key (or rightmost button on
the FlightStick Pro) can be used to lock up a target at "moderate" or
"authentic" difficulty level from PDSRCH or RWS modes though the manual
says otherwise.  The manual is correct that this cannot be used to cycle
through the available targets.  It is not possible to transition to
PDSTT mode from TWS-A or TWS-M modes.  This was a big source of
confusion to me when I was first learning the game until I finally
realized I had to switch to PDSRCH or RWS first.

Besides using the backspace key, the only other way to switch to PDSTT
is to click on a blip in the detailed digital display (DDD).  It would
be much easier if you could choose the target you want to lock up from
the TID while in TWS or RWS mode since the DDD output is rather arcane,
but the game does not allow you to do this.  The middle button on the
FlightStick Pro that is supposed to break a PDSTT radar lock does not
work at "authentic" level (I don't know if it works at any level), but
the key command does the trick.

When leaving PDSTT mode, the antenna elevation angle is sometimes left
pointing at the target that was locked up instead of being reset to
zero, so don't forget to move it back manually if desired.  On the other
hand, manual elevation adjustments are sometimes lost when switching
between radar modes.  One example (possibly the only one) is when
switching from PDSRCH to TWS.  Speaking of antenna elevation angles,
it's a good idea to slew the radar cone up or down on occasion to search
for bandits lurking at different altitudes.  It can sometimes prevent
nasty surprises.

At the "authentic" difficulty level, the DDD normally shows the bearing
and closure rate of targets in the radar's scan cone.  When you switch
to PDSTT mode, however, the DDD changes to show a plan view (bearing and
range), and even shows maximum and minimum ranges for the currently
selected weapon as faint bars on the left side of the display.

Many people complain of difficulty getting the datalink feature of the
TID to work.  Datalinked target blips will only show up on the TID if
you've activated the DL button below the TID and if the targets are
within either 50 nm (nautical miles) of the carrier or 100 nm of the
AWACS.  You can be datalinked a maximum of eight targets at a time.  It
seems as if the targets must in addition be within 50 nm of your plane
before they will show up as datalinked blips.  The big advantage to
getting datalink information is that it will show you bandit positions
(you never get datalink blips for friendly planes) that are outside your
radar search cone, making it much easier to track enemy planes that are
far above or below you regardless of your radar mode or whether you even
have your radar turned on at all.

OTHER INSTRUMENTS

The column of warning lights in the right HUD brace ("AI," "AAA," and
"SAM") is not documented.  The lights indicate what type of radar has
you locked up: "AI" means air intercept radar, "AAA" means anti-aircraft
artillery radar, and "SAM" means surface-to-air missile radar.  If the
indicator is lit, it means you have been locked up.  If the indicator is
flashing, it means you have been fired upon, so either a missile is
heading your way or AAA is flinging BBs at you.  A bug sometimes occurs
where the AAA light keep flashing even after you leave the area and all
the way back to the carrier.  If you don't see tracers flying when
panning around in the external view, you've got nothing to worry about.

The digital "522" in the left middle portion of the RIO's forward view
(can be seen from look-up and look-down views) is a non-functional radio
frequency display.

Just below the HUD is a row of eight short and wide rectangles
corresponding to your missile hardpoints.  White means a missile is
hanging there, black means it's empty, striped/checkerboard means it is
selected to fire next.

When sitting in the front seat, the zoom and unzoom keys affect the
television camera system (TCS) in the look-up view and the TID in the
look-down view.  In the latter case, it will zoom the TID in and out
regardless of whether the TID repeater is currently displayed in place
of the horizontal situation display (HSD).  Note that the TID zoom level
is totally independent from the radar range.  The former can be adjusted
from the look down view in either the front or the back seat, while the
latter can only be changed while in the look up view from the back seat.

The TCS is always slaved to the radar, and can be zoomed in and out only
when you have a target selected.  The camera will track targets locked
up in PDSTT or highlighted in TWS mode.  It is an excellent tool with
several uses.  First, it lets you see if a target is small or large
while still a great distance away (> 80 nm).  Second, it can verify
target destruction when attacking targets beyond visual range (BVR) so
you know whether the target needs another missile lobbed at it.  Third,
it will show target facing (aspect) at moderate distances when it's too
far away to tell by looking directly due to the simulation's limited
spatial resolution (320x200 pixels).

WEAPON USAGE

Employment of weapons is pretty well covered in the manual, but there
are some strange situations and bugs that can be frustrating if you
don't know how to deal with them.  This section will provide some
hints and procedures to follow to get the most out of those expensive
missiles you've dragged along.

The manual says that putting the target inside the allowable steering
error (ASE) circle is not required for a successful missile launch.
While this is true, you should be warned that if the target is too far
off the nose of the plane, the missile will not guide at all, but will
instead either disappear soon after launch or dive for the earth.  Take
the time to point your plane at least in the general direction of the
target.  It is most important to be aware of this when launching AIM-54s
in TWS mode because there will be no HUD symbology to tell you where the
next target to be fired at is located with respect to your plane's nose.
If this gets confusing, try highlighting each target in the target
priority sequence in turn before you launch so you will get the target
designator diamond in the HUD.  Realize, however, that the missile will
go for the target it's programmed for, which has nothing to do with
whether you have it highlighted or not--the missile doesn't know or care
if you've highlighted the wrong target by mistake.

Even if you do point your nose right at a target, it is possible for an
AIM-54 or AIM-7 to fizzle right after launch.  When this happens, you
will see the missile's smoke trail appear in front of you then the smoke
will dissipate and the missile will have vanished into thin air.  I'm
almost sure this is not a bug but the game's way of modeling enemy ECM,
since I have also seen radar guided missiles that were launched at me
spontaneously disappear from the tactical electronic warfare system
(TEWS) display when my jammer was on.  The only ways around this seem to
be to get very close to the target (near minimum range) before firing,
use AIM-9s or guns instead to do the job, or tell your wingman to attack
that particular target.  Your wingie's missiles don't disappear right
after launch like yours do, but they do seem to have a lower hit
percentage when attacking targets that make your own missiles go poof.
He won't have a great chance of killing the target, but it's better than
your zero percent chance--once one missile vanishes, don't bother firing
any more at the same target for a while because they'll all do the same
thing.

Sometimes AIM-54s you fire will fly straight and level after launch,
never for a moment guiding toward the target you have designated in
TWS-A or TWS-M mode.  This seems to occur if you manually designate some
targets in TWS-M, fire some missiles, then try to fire any more AIM-54s
in TWS-M or TWS-A modes.  It doesn't happen all the time, but very often
that second batch of missiles will fly straight and level as if you did
not have any targets designated.  The only workaround I have found is to
either avoid using TWS-M entirely, or if you do use it, designate as
many targets as you can before firing any missiles.  Once you run out of
manually designated targets, do not use TWS modes to guide any remaining
AIM-54s--use PDSTT instead.  This is inconvenient, but less frustrating
than wasting your missiles.  Just remember that since the AIM-54 is fire
and forget, you don't have to stay in PDSTT after you fire which would
tend to reduce your situational awareness.

AIM-7s and AIM-9s may not be fired under any circumstances when in TWS
mode.  If you have a target highlighted, you will see a target diamond
on the HUD and may even get a shoot cue, but pressing the fire button
will do nothing if you have one of these missiles selected.  In the case
of the AIM-7 this is probably a feature, since you must use PDSTT to
guide your missile to the target.  For the AIM-9, however, this is
clearly a bug.  You cannot fire a Sidewinder while using TWS mode even
if the seeker head is uncaged or the radar is off!  You must switch to
PDSRCH, RWS, or PDSTT mode to fire.

MAPS AND WAYPOINTS

Descriptions of the mission briefing and RIO maps are sketchy in the
FLEET DEFENDER manuals, and waypoints are hardly discussed at all.  This
section tries to fill in the gaps.

Your waypoints do different things depending on the type of mission
you're flying.  On escort missions, the first assigned waypoint moves
constantly.  It stays close to the strike planes you're supposed to be
escorting, and is called "near plane."  On some intercept missions, the
first assigned waypoint moves along with the plane(s) you are assigned
to intercept.  The waypoint name in this case will be "plane."  Other
intercept missions will provide you only with a CAP waypoint so you must
find the bad guys yourself.

When on an escort mission, it's not really enough to know just the
current position of the planes you're escorting; you'd really like to
know their entire flight plan as well.  If you're escorting a TARPS F-14,
you'll be able to see the waypoints that make up this flight plan by
pressing the "F-14" button on either the mission briefing or RIO map.
For any other type of escorted plane, you must press the "Other" button.

If you've forgotten what your mission objectives are or you're wondering
whether you've accomplished them yet, click on the "Briefing" button in
the RIO map.

There are only a few icon types used in the map displays.  There are
separate icons for F-14s (looks like an F-14), cruise missiles (looks
like a missile), the E-2C Hawkeye (looks like a Hawkeye), U.S. strike
planes (looks sort of like a B-52), and all other U.S. or allied
aircraft including helicopters, (looks sort of like a MiG-21).  In the
debriefing map only, all enemy aircraft show up looking sort of like a
red MiG-21, and all neutral aircraft use the same icon only in blue.

WINGMAN CONTROL

While the game manual coverage of wingman commands is adequate, it seems
to be a source of confusion for many people so some clarification seems
appropriate.  Your wingman will engage targets on his own only under the
following conditions:  you put him in combat spread formation, you tell
him to go tactical, you call for a bracket, you order him to sanitize a
particular direction, or you declare yourself engaged defensive.  Under
no circumstances will your wingman fire on a target if he is held in
cruise or parade formation.

The difference between ordering your wingman into combat spread
formation and all the other ways you can get him to engage is that
unless he is attacked, he will stay on close your wing at your 3 o'clock
position.  This is my preferred method of attacking targets at very long
ranges with AIM-54s.  It keeps him close by in case of emergencies and
it allows me to control when he attacks by moving him between combat
spread and cruise formations.  This minimizes double-targeting, which is
pretty wasteful when slinging missiles that run about $1,000,000 a
piece.

The target directive command works just fine while your wingman is in
combat spread even though the manual seems to state that you must tell
your wingman to go tactical before it will work.  It probably meant that
if you issue a target directive and then tell your wingman to go
tactical, he will forget who you want him to attack so you'll have to
tell him again.  It is not possible to issue a target directive for a
radar blip highlighted in TWS mode; a PDSTT lock is required.

DIGITIZED SPEECH

Microprose made available a file on their BBS that contained a complete
list of all digitized voice messages in FLEET DEFENDER along with their
meanings.  I've included an abridged set of only the more obscure ones
below.

WINCHESTER      Wingman is out of missiles
FOX1            Wingman has launched Sparrow missile
FOX2            Wingman has launched Sidewinder missile
FOX3            Wingman has launched Phoenix missile

SINGERLAUNCH    Ground missile has been launched
SINGER          Ground radar has been detected
SPIKE           Radar has been detected
LAUNCH          Someone has launched at us

YOURE_A_MORT    If you are hit during an Oceana Training mission

CLEAN           No bogeys near
NOFACTOR        Bogeys are not considered a threat (if not at war)
INVESTIGATE     Could be hostiles, check out if possible.  Do
        not fire (not at war)
VID             Visual ID bogeys, could be hostiles but friendlys
        are near by. Do not fire (not at war)
RED_FREE        Hostiles have launched at you or at carrier group.
        You have been cleared to fire (had not been at
        war, but situation has changed)

MISCELLANEOUS BUGS AND WORKAROUNDS

- Sometimes your plane may explode as soon as you enter the cockpit
  in an Oceana training mission that begins on the carrier deck.  This
  is a known bug.
- Your plane's heading will often drift slowly to one side or the
  other, even while on autopilot.  This is a bug.  It can be countered
  by applying opposite rudder input or rudder trim, depending on
  whether you have analog rudder control or not.  Make sure you
  remember to negate this rudder setting when you start to maneuver.
- The mach readings from 1.01 through 1.09 inclusive on the HSD are
  incorrectly displayed as 1.1 through 1.9 (the "0" in the tenths
  place was mistakenly omitted).
- Occasionally, the padlock view will stop working.  Normally it will
  cycle through all targets in visual range, coming back to a fixed
  forward view.  When padlock stops working, it will instead lock on
  a fixed point in space (if you turn your plane, your view will shift
  to stay focussed on this point), and no matter how many times you
  hit the padlock key, your view will not shift from this point even
  if you are totally surrounded by other planes.  Padlocking onto
  a missile that you subsequently evade seems to trigger this problem
  at least some of the time.  The only workaround is to start using
  the full motion pilot view and pan the view angle yourself,
  obviously a poor substitute.
- Using accelerated time seems to have a bad affect on friendly planes
  you're supposed to escort.  If used while they are launching, it
  tends to make them take a lot longer to form up, and sometimes they
  won't even bother leaving the area around the carrier.  If used while
  they are landing, it sometimes makes them loiter around the carrier
  indefinitely, jamming the pattern so you can't land unless you buck
  your orders to stay at the marshal point and come in on your own.
  You should obviously avoid using accelerated time during these
  periods if you experience these problems.
- The game does not model single engine failure as the manual states.
  Instead, you will either lose both your afterburners or both engines
  will be damaged so badly they are reduced to a small fraction of
  their normal thrust potential.
- The sortie counts for the wingmen in the two F-14 squadrons are not
  updated properly.  Every time you fly a mission, every single member
  of your squadron gets his sortie count incremented regardless of
  whether that crew flew or not.  Also, the sortie counts for the
  alternate squadron stay stuck at zero.
- In the top ten list, your rank will be displayed as LCDR even if you
  have been promoted above this level.
- If you earn a Medal of Honor, it will not appear on your medals
  display.

As of this writing, Microprose is working on a patch which will
hopefully fix many of the bugs described above.  It should be out by the
time you read this.

TACTICS AND TIPS:

Crew Training:

The other crews in your squadron seem to improve in ability as the
number of sorties they have flown increases.  There is a very big
difference between a crew that hasn't flown any sorties and one with 13
sorties under their belts.  This can be seen in the length of time it
takes them to find and engage targets and in the casualties you take
during the tougher missions.  Training missions in Oceana are an
excellent way to bring all your crews up to speed.  As noted above, a
bug in the sortie accounting credits every crew in your squadron with a
sortie every time you fly one.  New replacements start out with no
sorties, so it pays to take a trip to Oceana between campaigns if you
have a lot of new guys in the squadron.

Missile evasion:

As noted in the previous section, the padlock view can lock onto
missiles that are targeting your plane.  This is an invaluable aid in
defeating them.  Use it to beam the missile (make it approach your
flight path perpendicularly) and then drop the appropriate
countermeasures when it starts to get close.  If the missile goes for
the countermeasure, you will see it veer off behind you toward the flare
or chaff cloud and away from you.  At that point you'll know you're
safe.  Be careful not to let the missile get too far into your forward
hemisphere or your countermeasures will do little good.

Missiles can be outrun.  If you are fired at from astern at long range,
consider pushing into an unloaded dive at full afterburners and trying
to run outside its maximum range.  Similarly, you should not fire your
own missiles anywhere near their maximum effective range unless the
target is heading towards you.  If in a tail chase situation, you should
close even further, possibly below half the maximum weapon range, to be
sure that your missile won't run out of steam.

Front Seat Radar Control:

If you're in a hurry and don't want to leave the front seat, you can
still operate the radar to some degree.  You can't really use TWS modes,
so you're stuck with PDSTT, BRST, and VSL for designating targets.  At
medium ranges, one good technique is to hit the DELETE key until you're
in RWS or PDSRCH mode (you won't be able to see what mode you're in, so
you'll have to count keypresses or use trial and error), then hit the
backspace key to switch to PDSTT with the nearest target locked up.
This is a good way to set up for an AIM-7 or maximum range AIM-9 attack.

When you get in close, you should switch to BRST or VSL.  In a turning
fight, VSL is much more useful except when you want to pick out a
particular target from a crowd.  If you find yourself pointed at a
bandit farther than 5 nm out that you want to attack, you can switch to
PDSRCH or RWS and then use the backspace key as described above, but in
between those two steps you must remember to jump to the back seat
briefly to extend the radar range and widen the scan cone since it will
still be set to a narrow 5 nm pattern from when you were in BRST or VSL.
You may also have to adjust the radar range any time you leave PDSTT
because that mode leaves the range setting at the lowest possible
distance that can contain the locked up target.

Maximizing aircraft performance:

The F-14 is an interceptor, not a dogfighter.  As such, maneuverability
is not one of its strong suits.  For optimum turn performance you must
spend your energy wisely.  Try to keep your airspeed above 300 KIAS
since turn rate drops off rapidly below that.  The F-14 is rated to
withstand 6.5 Gs, but FLEET DEFENDER allows you to pull up to 9 Gs with
no ill effects, so higher speeds do give greater maneuverability.  You
can't get blood from a stone, however.  If you pull too hard for even a
short amount of time, you will bleed energy like crazy and end up a
sitting duck.

Ordnance and fuel load have a drastic effect on all aspects of the F-14's
performance.  It will perform like a dog with full internal and external
tanks and four AIM-54s, but get it down to half internal fuel and just
guns and it will accelerate faster to higher speeds and have much
greater turn performance.  As an extreme example, an F-14 fully loaded
with missiles and fuel may be able to pull 6.5 Gs maximum in a level
break turn starting at 375 KIAS.  Drop the missiles, external tanks, and
all but 1000 pounds of fuel and the same plane will be able to pull 9.0
Gs.  Big difference!  Keep this in mind when deciding whether to dive
into a furball or get out of dodge.

The F-14 accelerates very quickly in a dive (in the game, at least).
Use this to your advantage when you want to disengage.  You may be
surprised how quickly the mach number winds up after you nose over into
a steep dive.  Even in a turning fight, just keeping your nose a few
degrees below the horizon helps considerably in maintaining your
airspeed.

Combat Tactics:

Because there are many enemy aircraft that can easily outmaneuver your
F-14, it is in your best interest to engage most threats BVR.  In an
ideal mission, you will dispose of all threats that stand in your way
without being fired upon in the course of completing your objectives.
Only wade into a knife fight if you're out of long range missiles and it
is absolutely necessary for the success of the mission.  Even then you
should think twice about it.

To make the most of the missiles carried by my wingman, I keep him on a
tight leash, moving him from cruise formation to combat spread only
briefly when I have a specific target I want him to engage BVR.  Once he
launches I move him back into cruise.  Until I get engaged, I use him
strictly as an auxiliary missile carrier, an extension of my own plane.
If a dogfight develops, I cut him loose ("go tactical" or bracket) and
we try to support each other as best we can.

Although AIM-54s are really designed for attacking unmaneuverable
targets like bombers and cruise missiles, you should really save them
for fighter targets unless you can accomplish your objectives by downing
larger aircraft at such long range that you are in no danger of
attracting the attention of the escorting fighters.  There are two good
reasons for doing this.  First, in FLEET DEFENDER, AIM-54s are very
effective against fighters.  Second, front line Soviet fighters like the
Su-27 and MiG-29 carry missiles with longer ranges than your next
biggest stick, the AIM-7.  Engaging such fighters with just AIM-7s and
AIM-9s practically guarantees that you'll end up in a furball after the
initial missile exchange.  Even worse, unless you sneak up on your
victims, the other guy will get the first shot, immediately putting you
on the defensive against a superior dogfighter.  This is clearly a
situation you want to avoid if at all possible.

You generally want to save long range missiles for fighters, but don't
hesitate to use them against enemy bombers and reconnaisance aircraft if
you have to because most of them are armed with deadly radar directed
tail guns.  If you are forced to attack one with your own gun, either
set up for a deflection shot that keeps you out of the target's rear
hemisphere both on the approach and on the breakaway (in case you miss),
or if you must come from behind, set up your lead early and fire bursts
constantly as you close to within gun range.  You can tell you're at
maximum gun range when the range caret on the 5-mile range scale on the
right side of the HUD is pointing at the base of the third dot from the
bottom of the scale.  If you enter the firing arc of a tail gun you have
less than a second to shoot down the bandit before you are shot down
yourself.  Even if you do manage to get the kill, your plane may be
severely damaged.

This article is Copyright (C) 1994 by Robin G. Kim for Game Bytes Magazine.
All rights reserved.