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1992-10-06
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The Soviet Union and the United States
Relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were
driven by a complex interplay of ideological, political, and
economic factors, which led to shifts between cautious cooperation
and often bitter superpower rivalry over the years. The distinct
differences in the political systems of the two countries often
prevented them from reaching a mutual understanding on key policy
issues and even, as in the case of the Cuban missile crisis,
brought them to the brink of war.
The United States government was initially hostile to the
Soviet leaders for taking Russia out of World War I and was opposed
to a state ideologically based on communism. Although the United
States embarked on a famine relief program in the Soviet Union in
the early 1920s and American businessmen established commercial
ties there during the period of the New Economic Policy (1921-29),
the two countries did not establish diplomatic relations until
1933. By that time, the totalitarian nature of Joseph Stalin's
regime presented an insurmountable obstacle to friendly relations
with the West. Although World War II brought the two countries
into alliance, based on the common aim of defeating Nazi Germany,
the Soviet Union's aggressive, antidemocratic policy toward Eastern
Europe had created tensions even before the war ended.
The Soviet Union and the United States stayed far apart during
the next three decades of superpower conflict and the nuclear and
missile arms race. Beginning in the early 1970s, the Soviet regime
proclaimed a policy of dtente and sought increased economic
cooperation and disarmament negotiations with the West. However,
the Soviet stance on human rights and its invasion of Afghanistan
in 1979 created new tensions between the two countries. These
tensions continued to exist until the dramatic democratic changes
of 1989-91 led to the collapse during this past year of the
Communist system and opened the way for an unprecedented new
friendship between the United States and Russia, as well as the
other new nations of the former Soviet Union.