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1993-08-12
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The Nitrogen Cycle and Undergravel filters
------------------------------------------
- by Don MacElrath
Simply put, the nitrogen cycle breaks down fish waste and organic
materials. Here's a real simple look at how it works.
┌ <- <- <- Fish <- <- <┐
Fish Waste/Food Fragments <- <- <- Plants (Food)
Decomposers
(Fungi and bacteria)
Aerobic conditions are essential.
Ammonia
Nitrite bacteria -> Nitrites -> Nitrate bacteria -> Nitrates
(Nitrosomonas sp.) (Nitrobacter sp.)
Undergravel filters aid this process by providing a place for the
beneficial bacteria to accumulate. Let's take a look at 3 common
Undergravel filter setups.
Figure 1 - Undergravel Filter Powered by an Air Pump.
To Air Pump
//
┌──────┬ °°°┬────║─┐
│ <- | <- Water In Cycled Water Out <- | ° ║°│
│ ┌──┴ ┴──┐°║ │
│ │ │ ║°│
│ │ │°║ │
│ │ Lift Tube A Lift Tube B │ ║°│
│ │ │°║ │
│ │ │ ║°│
│ │ │°║ │
│ │ │ ░°│
∙ ∙│ │ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ │°░ │∙ ∙
∙ ∙┌┤ ├┐ ∙ ╒═════╕ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙Gravel Bed ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ╒═════╕ ∙ ┌┤ ├┐∙
∙ ││ ││∙ ∙│ │∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙│ │∙ ∙││ ││ ∙
┌--┘ └---┘ └-------------------------------┘ └---┘ └-┐
│ -> -> -> biological filtration -> -> -> │
The rising air bubbles in lift tube B pull water in through lift tube
A. The biological filtration actually takes place on the filter plate.
Water is drawn through the filter slowly, giving the beneficial bacteria
a chance to act on the uncycled water.
This is probably the most effective means for powering a UG filter.
Figure 2 - Undergravel Filter Powered by a Power Head.
Tubing to air supply -> //
// ┌───────┐
Cycled Water Out <- ° ° ° ° /─┤├──┘ Power │
° ° ° \─────┐ Head │
└─┐ ┌─┘
│\ /│
Lift Tube B │ │
│ │
│ │
Water In │ │
│ │
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ │ │∙ ∙
∙ ╒═════╕ ∙ ╒═════╕ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙Gravel Bed ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ╒═════╕ ∙ ┌┤/-\├┐∙
∙ ∙│ │∙ ∙│ │ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙│ │∙ ∙││| |││ ∙
┌--┘ └---┘ └-------------------------------┘ └---┘/ \└-┐
│ -> -> biological filtration -> -> │
If you notice, there are some changes from figure 2 and figure 1. We
are using a power head instead of an air pump to power our UG filter.
Lift tube A has also been removed, let's see why.
The same basic principles apply to this method, only instead of water
being drawn through Lift Tube A, it is being drawn through the gravel.
If we were to add Lift Tube A (see figure 3), water would choose the
path of least resistance and most of the water would enter the UG
filter through Lift Tube A. So what's wrong with that? Power heads
generate strong currents. In fact, the current would be so strong that
the biological filtration wouldn't be able to process the water
efficiently. By removing Lift Tube A, we force the water to go through
the UG gravel thus slowing it down a lot and allowing the cycle to
operate more efficiently. Choosing a smaller (the smallest?) power
head will also help.
Figure 3 - UG Filter Inefficiently Powered by a Power Head.
Tubing to air supply -> //
┌─────┬ // ┌───────┐
│ <- | <- Water In Water Out <- ° ° ° ° /─┤├──┘ Power │
│ ┌─┴ ° ° ° \─────┐ Head │
│ │ └─┐ ┌─┘
│ │ │\ /│
│ │ Lift Tube A Lift Tube B │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
∙ ∙ │ │ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ │ │∙ ∙
∙ ┌┤ ├┐ ∙ ╒═════╕ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙Gravel Bed ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ╒═════╕ ∙ ┌┤/-\├┐∙
∙ ∙││ ││∙ ∙│ │∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙│ │∙ ∙││| |││ ∙
┌--┘ └---┘ └-------------------------------┘ └---┘/ \└-┐
│ -> -> -> -> -> -> │
Let's take a quick look at the advantages and disadvantages of power
heads and air pumps.
Air Pumps
Advantages
----------
1 Clearly, the fact that the water is being drawn through the filter
slowly is the main advantage.
Disadvantages
-------------
1 They tend to be noisy.
2 They seem to wear out faster than a power head.
3 They require an airstone that needs to be changed frequently.
4 Most also have some king of cotton to filter the air which needs to
be changed frequently.
Power Heads
Advantages
----------
1 Less maintenance (no airstones).
2 They seem to last longer.
3 They seem to be quieter since they are inside the tank.
Disadvantages
-------------
1 The airline has a cotton filter that needs to be replaced.
2 Since they sit inside the tank, they could raise the temperature.
3 If improperly set up, or to large a power head is used, water will
be pulled through the filter at to fast a rate.
4 Not suitable in small tanks.
I like to use power heads, trying to get at those airstones can be
difficult at times, not to mention it just makes a mess. My power
heads are very small, and they have an adjustment so I can decrease
the rate of flow even more. It works for me.
I have seen people buying an extremely large power head (it looked
like it could pump more water than a fire truck). I asked them what
they were going to do with it. I though maybe they would use it as a
sump pump or something. Nope. It went into a 70 gallon tank to power
their UG filter. I tried to explain, but of course, they knew best.
Oh well, you can either take my advice or not. It's here if you want
it. I know one thing, I'll be calling them if I have a fire at my
house. <grin>
If you have live plants and use a UG filter, you should use the method
described in Figure 1. In general, plants don't appreciate water
flowing past their roots. In fact, you might even want to remove Lift
Tube A from figure 1 to decrease the flow of water even more. Or,
try putting the plants in flower pots. I don't know, experiment <grin>.