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Explanation of GNP/GDP Methodology
Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services
produced domestically.
Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services
produced domestically plus income earned abroad, minus income
earned by foreigners from domestic production.
GNP/GDP methodology: In the ``Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar
estimates for the OECD countries, the former Soviet republics,
and the East European countries are derived from purchasing power
parity (PPP) calculations rather than from conversions at
official currency exchange rates. The PPP method normally
involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are
applied to the quantities of goods and services produced in a
given economy. In addition to the lack of reliable data from the
majority of countries, the statistician faces a major difficulty
in specifying, identifying, and allowing for the quality of goods
and services. The division of a PPP GNP/GDP estimate in dollars
by the corresponding estimate in the local currency gives the PPP
conversion rate. One thousand dollars will buy the same market
basket of goods in the US as one thousand dollars - converted to
the local currency at the PPP conversion rate - will buy in the
other country. GNP/GDP estimates for the LDCs, on the other hand,
are based on the conversion of GNP/GDP estimates in local
currencies to dollars at the official currency exchange rates.
One caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a
percent of GNP/GDP in local currency accounts may differ
substantially from the proportion when GNP/GDP accounts are
expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer
estimates the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military
expenditures; similar problems exist when components are
expressed in dollars under currency exchange rate procedures.
Finally, as academic research moves forward on the PPP method, we
hope to convert all GNP/GDP estimates to this method in future
editions of The World Factbook.
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