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<text id=90TT0190>
<title>
Jan. 22, 1990: Why Men Can Outdrink Women
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Jan. 22, 1990 A Murder In Boston
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
HEALTH, Page 61
Why Men Can Outdrink Women
</hdr>
<body>
<p>It's not a matter of macho, but of enzymes
</p>
<p> It is a familiar refrain at parties and in bars: women just
can't hold their liquor. They are quicker to get giddy, and
they stay drunk longer than men matching them drink for drink.
For years, the difference was attributed to gross anatomy: On
average, women are smaller than men, and thus alcohol gets into
their tissues more rapidly. And because they carry
proportionately more fat and less water in their bodies, liquor
is diluted more gradually, prolonging its heady effects.
</p>
<p> But that explanation has never been completely convincing,
either to scientists or to laymen. It fails to explain fully
why when men and women of the same size have identical drinks,
women tend to get tipsy faster. Scientists have long wondered
if there might not be a more compelling biochemical explanation
for the drinking puzzle. Last week a team of Italian and
American researchers offered what looks to be the answer: women
have far smaller quantities of the protective enzyme alcohol
dehydrogenase that breaks down alcohol in the stomach.
</p>
<p> The enzyme is crucial in curbing intoxication. When a shot
of vodka or a beer is swallowed, it travels to the stomach and
then to the intestine, where it passes through the organ's wall
into the bloodstream. Once there it circulates to the brain,
where it finally exerts its inebriating effect. Alcohol
dehydrogenase breaks down spirits in the stomach, reducing the
amount of pure alcohol that enters the bloodstream about 20%;
the rest is eventually metabolized by similar enzymes in the
liver.
</p>
<p> According to a study of 43 men and women reported in the New
England Journal of Medicine, women possess significantly less
of the active stomach enzyme. The result is that they absorb
about 30% more alcohol into their bloodstreams than men do--and voila! Taking into account the weight difference between
the average man and woman, a mere 2 oz. of liquor has about the
same effect on a woman as 4 oz. would on a man. Just why there
is such a discrepancy remains a mystery.
</p>
<p> The researchers made another startling discovery: men who
are alcoholics have about half as much alcohol dehydrogenase
as their healthy counterparts, but alcoholic women show almost
no enzyme activity at all. The falloff may result from
alcohol's injuring the stomach wall, where the enzyme is
manufactured. Whatever the cause, "alcoholic women appear to
lose all gastric protection," says Dr. Charles Lieber of Mount
Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, who collaborated on
the study with Dr. Mario Frezza of the University School of
Medicine in Trieste, Italy. "For them to drink alcohol is the
same as shooting it up directly into their veins."
</p>
<p> Experts say this lack of protection may help explain why
alcoholic women suffer more heavily from liver damage than do
alcoholic men. Women may be more vulnerable to cirrhosis for
another reason, says Dr. Jack Mendelson of Harvard Medical
School. Studies by a team at Johns Hopkins indicate that
women's livers metabolize alcohol faster than men's and thus
may be more subject to wear and tear. Mendelson speculates that
in female alcoholics a lack of gastric enzyme means that "their
livers have to work even harder," accelerating the destruction.
</p>
<p> The study supports the common notion that it is better to
drink on a full stomach than on an empty one. Booze takes
longer to pass through a well-fed stomach, allowing more time
for the enzyme to digest the alcohol. Fasting does the
opposite: it speeds the stomach's emptying. Taking the popular
ulcer medication cimetidine (Tagamet) also appears to interfere
with alcohol metabolism by suppressing enzyme activity.
</p>
<p> The new findings intensify earlier warnings that drinking
holds special risks for women. Labels on liquor bottles and
placards in some restaurants and bars already caution that for
a pregnant woman to drink can cause serious birth defects in
her baby, including physical deformities and mental
retardation. The new research indicates that women who are not
pregnant need to take heed as well.
</p>
<p> "For social drinkers," observes Dr. Lieber, "what is
moderate drinking for men is not moderate drinking for women.
To reach a given blood-alcohol level, women need to drink only
about half of what men drink." Women should be especially aware
of their greater sensitivity if they are driving or performing
any other task that requires close attention or fine
coordination.
</p>
<p> What the study emphatically does not suggest is that men now
have a green light to drink. Stresses Harvard's Mendelson:
"This should not be taken in any sexist way--that is, `Men
can handle it, women can't.' Men can tolerate alcohol in
slightly higher doses than women, but that's about it. There
are other factors that might mitigate this difference, for
example, how one behaves when drunk." In other words, men may
be better enzyme makers, but they are not better drinkers.
</p>
<p>By Anastasia Toufexis. Reported by Andrew Purvis/New York.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>