home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
TIME: Almanac 1990s
/
Time_Almanac_1990s_SoftKey_1994.iso
/
time
/
031191
/
0311990.000
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-03-25
|
5KB
|
99 lines
<text id=91TT0517>
<title>
Mar. 11, 1991: "Kuwait is Liberated"
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Mar. 11, 1991 Kuwait City:Feb. 27, 1991
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
THE GULF WAR, Page 18
"Kuwait is Liberated"--George Bush, February 27, 1991
</hdr><body>
<p> WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO...
</p>
<p> THE REPUBLICAN GUARD
</p>
<p> The nine divisions of the 125,000-strong Republican Guard
were supposed to be Saddam's strategic reserve, his fearsome
ace in the hole, the best-equipped and -trained of his
soldiers. If the allies broke through fixed Iraqi defenses and
the armored divisions backing them up, the Guard would pounce
and drive the intruders back. When the allied invasion came,
the Iraqi plan fell apart. Coalition forces broke through in
several places along the Kuwaiti border and swept into Iraq far
to the west. Without air reconnaissance, neither Baghdad nor
the Guard's division commanders knew where the main thrust was
nor where they should direct a counterattack. They were unable
to communicate with one another, and continuous air attacks
kept them from moving out to reconnoiter. Though some of the
Guards put up a fight and allied officers called them "good
soldiers," they were destroyed piecemeal.
</p>
<p> CHEMICAL WEAPONS
</p>
<p> Before they launched their ground attack, allied commanders
were concerned that Iraqi artillery might inundate their troops
with poison gas and nerve agents. In fact, not a single
chemical weapon was fired, even though U.S. Marines found
stocks of poison-gas shells in frontline positions. General
Schwarzkopf said he did not know why the Iraqis failed to use
them, but he speculated that their artillery--the main
delivery system for chemical shells--was too badly damaged to
launch a concerted attack. It is also possible that the
chemicals themselves were no longer potent after being stored
for months at the front. Another explanation: allied forces
broke through Iraqi defenses so quickly and were moving so fast
that the surviving artillery units, lacking airborne spotters,
could not locate their opponents. The fear of being held
personally responsible for the use of chemical weapons may also
have deterred Iraqi commanders or even Saddam from issuing the
order. British officers said communications between Baghdad and
the field were so disrupted that it might have been impossible
for Saddam to transmit the order in any case. Finally, the
weather had turned rainy and windy, a less than ideal
environment for using gas or nerve agents, and the wind was
blowing from the south, which could have carried any chemicals
in the air right back into Iraqi faces.
</p>
<p> AIR DEFENSES
</p>
<p> Iraqi skies were protected by an air force of 800 combat
planes and thousands of antiaircraft missiles and artillery
pieces. These defenses looked more capable than those of North
Vietnam, which ended up destroying hundreds of American
aircraft. But Iraq's forces proved far less effective. Only 36
U.S. and allied planes were shot down, though Washington had
been expecting to lose as many as 200. After 36 of his aircraft
were destroyed in combat, Saddam sent most of his best planes
to sanctuary in Iran and grounded the rest of the air force.
Allied electronic jamming and antiradiation missiles put Iraq's
radar tracking systems out of operation. Iraqi missiles and
antiaircraft guns could then only be fired blind. While they
filled the sky with fire, they presented little threat to
allied bombers.
</p>
<p> THE FRONT LINE
</p>
<p> With elaborate fortifications in the sand, Saddam tried to
fight his last war over again. His frontline troops built
triangular forts, dug bunkers, sowed minefields, piled up
barriers and filled ditches with oil. Attackers were to be
channeled into killing zones targeted by Iraqi artillery, which
was the strongest weapon Iraq had used against Iran. This time
the static defense did not hold. Preoccupied with hanging on
to newly conquered Kuwait, Saddam did not extend his
fortifications more than a few miles beyond the Saudi-Kuwaiti
border. Coalition forces easily outflanked the "Saddam line."
Even along the gulf coast, where U.S. and Saudi troops did
attack straight north into Kuwait, Iraq's war-weary, underfed
frontline army lacked the will to man the barricades. The
allies quickly slashed through.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>