home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
TIME: Almanac 1990s
/
Time_Almanac_1990s_SoftKey_1994.iso
/
time
/
032894
/
0328300.000
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-05-26
|
4KB
|
82 lines
<text id=94TT0543>
<title>
Mar. 28, 1994: The Mummy's Tale
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
Mar. 28, 1994 Doomed:The Regal Tiger and Extinction
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SCIENCE, Page 53
The Mummy's Tale
</hdr>
<body>
<p>A woman's remains prove that tuberculosis existed in the New
World before Columbus crossed the sea
</p>
<p>By Anastasia Toufexis--Reported by Leslie Whitaker/Chicago
</p>
<p> The ghosts of Columbus and his fellow European explorers can
breathe a bit easier. They have long been accused of slaying
New World natives not just with swords but also with germs.
Supposedly, the sailors -- and eventual settlers -- brought
with them the bugs for illnesses unknown in the Americas, including
smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria and tuberculosis. Never
having been exposed to these ailments, natives had no immunity.
Now, though, the European invaders have been exonerated as the
carriers of at least one disease to the New World. Scientists
said last week that they had found DNA from the TB bacterium
in the mummified remains of a woman who died in the Americas
500 years before Columbus set sail from Spain.
</p>
<p> Paleopathologists had suspected that TB existed in the New World
before 1492. Ancient skeletons, for instance, have bone lesions
that resemble those caused by TB. But the DNA discovery, reported
in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the
first firm proof of TB's longevity in the Americas. "It's about
the best evidence you could hope for," says biochemist Wilmar
Salo of the University of Minnesota, who was on the research
team.
</p>
<p> The genetic material comes from one of several hundred bodies,
mummified by natural forces, that were unearthed in 1989 and
1990 by University of Chicago anthropologists from the cemeteries
of Chiribaya, an agricultural community along the coast of what
is now southern Peru. Pathologist Arthur Aufderheide of the
University of Minnesota, who autopsied the mummies, was intrigued
by one woman he judged to have been 40 to 45 years old, an advanced
age for her society. But he expected to find little else remarkable
because the body was so poorly preserved. To his surprise, when
he opened the chest, he found a lump on the lung and another
two in the lymph nodes -- a common sign of TB infection.
</p>
<p> Back in the U.S., Aufderheide carried thumbnail-size tissue
samples he had taken from the woman to his colleague Salo, the
biochemist. Using a new technique of dna analysis called polymerase
chain reaction, the Minnesota researchers cloned billions of
copies of the ancient genetic material. Then they identified
a fragment of dna that is found only in TB bacteria.
</p>
<p> "The native Americans had so much TB in early colonial times,"
speculates Aufderheide, "because they were crowded into towns
and had much poorer living conditions than before." TB spreads
rapidly among people with immune systems weakened by malnutrition
and poor sanitation. Among the mummies of rural Chiribaya, few
showed any sign of TB infection, and the woman from whom TB
DNA was isolated did not die of the disease.
</p>
<p> The big mystery: How did TB get to the Americas? Did people
migrating from Asia across the Bering Sea land bridge take the
disease to the new land? Those travelers, thousands of years
earlier than Columbus, may have carried the answer to their
graves. If so, scientists may one day unearth it.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>