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- <text id=90TT1278>
- <title>
- May 14, 1990: The Poisonous Legacy Of Trofim Lysenko
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- May 14, 1990 Sakharov Memoirs
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SPECIAL BOOK EXCERPT, Page 61
- The Poisonous Legacy of Trofim Lysenko
- By Andrei Sakharov
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>[From Memoirs. (c) 1990 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Translated by
- Richard Lourie]
- </p>
- <p> [Under Stalin and Khrushchev, the biologist Trofim Lysenko
- terrorized Soviet scientists. A ruthless political infighter,
- Lysenko rejected Mendelian genetics, favoring the ideas of Ivan
- Michurin, who held that modifications acquired by one
- generation of plants and animals could be passed on to future
- generations. Lysenko's notions poisoned Soviet agriculture--and science--for decades. Sakharov, who considered Lysenko
- a crackpot and a bully, unhesitatingly confronted him and his
- Mafia.]
- </p>
- <p> In 1950 a commission visited the Installation to check up
- on senior scientists. I was called in and asked what I thought
- of the chromosome theory of heredity; after Stalin's
- endorsement of Lysenko, belief in Mendelian genetics was
- regarded as an indication of disloyalty. I replied that the
- theory seemed scientifically correct. The commission members
- exchanged glances but said nothing. But Lev Altshuler, who had
- played a major role in the development of atomic charges, gave
- the same answer and faced dismissal.
- </p>
- <p> When Avraami Zavenyagin, a KGB lieutenant general and a top
- nuclear weapons program official, visited the Installation, I
- urged him to appeal the decision. Zavenyagin paid close heed
- to scientists and understood their role in the project. He
- said, "I'm aware of Altshuler's hooligan conduct. You say he's
- done a lot and will be useful in the future. Fine. We won't
- take action now, but we'll watch how he behaves."
- </p>
- <p> How did Lysenko and his gang maintain their positions
- through the Khrushchev era, when it was no longer a simple
- matter of using the tactics of denunciation and pseudo
- philosophy that had served them so well in the 1930s and 1940s?
- Lysenko was always ready with a new idea that promised the sort
- of quick fix for Soviet agriculture that Khrushchev found
- irresistible. (And when that fell through, Lysenko would be
- ready with a new, equally surefire idea.) Even more important:
- the party agriculture bureaucracy was full of people who
- supported Lysenko and bitterly opposed proper experiments as
- a threat to their vested interests.
- </p>
- <p> In June 1964 regular elections for membership in the academy
- were held. The biologists had voted to elevate Nikolai Nuzhdin
- to full member. Nuzhdin was one of Lysenko's closest
- associates, an accomplice in his persecution of genuine
- scientists. As I recalled the tragedy of Soviet genetics and
- its martyrs, my indignation boiled up. When Nuzhdin was placed
- in nomination, I raised my hand. I said:
- </p>
- <p> "The academy's charter sets very high standards for its
- members with respect to both scientific merit and civic
- responsibility. Nuzhdin does not satisfy the criteria. He and
- Lysenko bear the responsibility for the shameful backwardness
- of Soviet biology and of genetics in particular, for the
- dissemination of pseudoscientific views, for the degradation
- of learning and for the defamation, firing, arrest, even death
- of many genuine scientists. I urge you to vote against
- Nuzhdin."
- </p>
- <p> There was a deafening silence followed by cries of "Shame!"--but also by applause in the greater part of the hall.
- Lysenko exclaimed in fury, "People like Sakharov should be
- locked up and put on trial!"
- </p>
- <p> The physicist Pyotr Kapitsa told me later that Leonid
- Ilyichev, head of the Central Committee's agitation and
- propaganda department and a member of the academy's presidium,
- had been upset by my speech and wished to take the floor. He
- asked, "Who's that speaking?" "That's the father of the
- hydrogen bomb," Kapitsa replied. Ilyichev apparently decided
- it would be more politic to remain silent.
- </p>
- <p> Nuzhdin's bid to become a full member of the academy failed.
- </p>
- <p> I heard that my speech against Nuzhdin had enraged
- Khrushchev to the point that he stomped his feet and ordered
- the KGB to gather compromising material on me. Khrushchev
- supposedly said, "First Sakharov tried to stop the hydrogen
- bomb test, and now he's poking his nose again where it doesn't
- belong."
- </p>
- <p> Soon afterward, in October 1964, Khrushchev was vacationing
- by the Black Sea when he was summoned to an urgent meeting of
- the Presidium. He rushed to the Kremlin and stalked into the
- room where the Presidium was in session. "What's going on
- here?" he demanded. Told that the members were discussing his
- removal from office, he cried, "Are you crazy? I'll have you
- all arrested right now!" Khrushchev phoned Rodion Malinovsky,
- the Defense Minister. "As Commander in Chief, I order you to
- arrest the conspirators at once." Malinovsky replied that he
- would carry out the decision of the Central Committee. Vladimir
- Semichastny, the KGB chairman, also refused to help.
- </p>
- <p> Khrushchev's fall led to the final rout of Lysenko and his
- supporters. The previously "disgraced" geneticist Nikolai
- Dubinin was soon elected to the academy and was made director
- of the Institute of Genetics in 1966. For the next few years,
- Dubinin sent me New Year's cards recalling how valuable my
- intervention had been.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-