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<text id=90TT1278>
<title>
May 14, 1990: The Poisonous Legacy Of Trofim Lysenko
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
May 14, 1990 Sakharov Memoirs
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SPECIAL BOOK EXCERPT, Page 61
The Poisonous Legacy of Trofim Lysenko
By Andrei Sakharov
</hdr>
<body>
<p>[From Memoirs. (c) 1990 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Translated by
Richard Lourie]
</p>
<p> [Under Stalin and Khrushchev, the biologist Trofim Lysenko
terrorized Soviet scientists. A ruthless political infighter,
Lysenko rejected Mendelian genetics, favoring the ideas of Ivan
Michurin, who held that modifications acquired by one
generation of plants and animals could be passed on to future
generations. Lysenko's notions poisoned Soviet agriculture--and science--for decades. Sakharov, who considered Lysenko
a crackpot and a bully, unhesitatingly confronted him and his
Mafia.]
</p>
<p> In 1950 a commission visited the Installation to check up
on senior scientists. I was called in and asked what I thought
of the chromosome theory of heredity; after Stalin's
endorsement of Lysenko, belief in Mendelian genetics was
regarded as an indication of disloyalty. I replied that the
theory seemed scientifically correct. The commission members
exchanged glances but said nothing. But Lev Altshuler, who had
played a major role in the development of atomic charges, gave
the same answer and faced dismissal.
</p>
<p> When Avraami Zavenyagin, a KGB lieutenant general and a top
nuclear weapons program official, visited the Installation, I
urged him to appeal the decision. Zavenyagin paid close heed
to scientists and understood their role in the project. He
said, "I'm aware of Altshuler's hooligan conduct. You say he's
done a lot and will be useful in the future. Fine. We won't
take action now, but we'll watch how he behaves."
</p>
<p> How did Lysenko and his gang maintain their positions
through the Khrushchev era, when it was no longer a simple
matter of using the tactics of denunciation and pseudo
philosophy that had served them so well in the 1930s and 1940s?
Lysenko was always ready with a new idea that promised the sort
of quick fix for Soviet agriculture that Khrushchev found
irresistible. (And when that fell through, Lysenko would be
ready with a new, equally surefire idea.) Even more important:
the party agriculture bureaucracy was full of people who
supported Lysenko and bitterly opposed proper experiments as
a threat to their vested interests.
</p>
<p> In June 1964 regular elections for membership in the academy
were held. The biologists had voted to elevate Nikolai Nuzhdin
to full member. Nuzhdin was one of Lysenko's closest
associates, an accomplice in his persecution of genuine
scientists. As I recalled the tragedy of Soviet genetics and
its martyrs, my indignation boiled up. When Nuzhdin was placed
in nomination, I raised my hand. I said:
</p>
<p> "The academy's charter sets very high standards for its
members with respect to both scientific merit and civic
responsibility. Nuzhdin does not satisfy the criteria. He and
Lysenko bear the responsibility for the shameful backwardness
of Soviet biology and of genetics in particular, for the
dissemination of pseudoscientific views, for the degradation
of learning and for the defamation, firing, arrest, even death
of many genuine scientists. I urge you to vote against
Nuzhdin."
</p>
<p> There was a deafening silence followed by cries of "Shame!"--but also by applause in the greater part of the hall.
Lysenko exclaimed in fury, "People like Sakharov should be
locked up and put on trial!"
</p>
<p> The physicist Pyotr Kapitsa told me later that Leonid
Ilyichev, head of the Central Committee's agitation and
propaganda department and a member of the academy's presidium,
had been upset by my speech and wished to take the floor. He
asked, "Who's that speaking?" "That's the father of the
hydrogen bomb," Kapitsa replied. Ilyichev apparently decided
it would be more politic to remain silent.
</p>
<p> Nuzhdin's bid to become a full member of the academy failed.
</p>
<p> I heard that my speech against Nuzhdin had enraged
Khrushchev to the point that he stomped his feet and ordered
the KGB to gather compromising material on me. Khrushchev
supposedly said, "First Sakharov tried to stop the hydrogen
bomb test, and now he's poking his nose again where it doesn't
belong."
</p>
<p> Soon afterward, in October 1964, Khrushchev was vacationing
by the Black Sea when he was summoned to an urgent meeting of
the Presidium. He rushed to the Kremlin and stalked into the
room where the Presidium was in session. "What's going on
here?" he demanded. Told that the members were discussing his
removal from office, he cried, "Are you crazy? I'll have you
all arrested right now!" Khrushchev phoned Rodion Malinovsky,
the Defense Minister. "As Commander in Chief, I order you to
arrest the conspirators at once." Malinovsky replied that he
would carry out the decision of the Central Committee. Vladimir
Semichastny, the KGB chairman, also refused to help.
</p>
<p> Khrushchev's fall led to the final rout of Lysenko and his
supporters. The previously "disgraced" geneticist Nikolai
Dubinin was soon elected to the academy and was made director
of the Institute of Genetics in 1966. For the next few years,
Dubinin sent me New Year's cards recalling how valuable my
intervention had been.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>