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TIME: Almanac 1990s
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<text id=90TT1300>
<title>
May 21, 1990: Who Needs the Marines?
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
May 21, 1990 John Sununu:Bush's Bad Cop
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
NATION, Page 28
Who Needs the Marines?
</hdr>
<body>
<p>From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of redundancy
</p>
<p>By Bruce Van Voorst
</p>
<p> They are the nation's oldest fighting unit. Their stirring
anthem and brave slogan--"Semper Fidelis," always faithful--have lifted patriotic hearts for 122 years. They have won
some of the most revered battles in military history: Belleau
Wood, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Inchon. Their nicknames are
synonyms for fierce fighting men: Jarheads, Leathernecks, Devil
Dogs.
</p>
<p> But now the U.S. Marine Corps is battling its most awesome
and implacable enemy: the defense budget squeeze. Says Marine
Commandant General Alfred Gray: "The coming budget climate
creates the most difficult times for the Marines since World
War II."
</p>
<p> The corps's problem is to find a mission that would justify
its continued existence. In what defense specialist Edward
Luttwak calls a "geopolitical meltdown," the collapse of the
Warsaw Pact has forced the Pentagon to reassess what sorts of
war the U.S. may have to fight in the future. Rather than a
huge tank-and-artillery Armageddon on the central front of
Europe, the most likely outbreaks will be "low-intensity
conflicts" such as the American invasions of Grenada and
Panama. Although these are precisely the sort of assignment for
which the Marines were created, they played no central role in
either of them. Their absence bolstered the arguments of those
who want to dismantle the corps.
</p>
<p> In their attempt to define a new role, the Marines have
reoriented themselves toward becoming a contingency force for
low-intensity conflicts. What unnerves the Marines is that, as
Grenada and Panama demonstrated, other armed services are
grabbing the action. Acting on its post-Vietnam review, the
Army has added five light divisions to two legendary units of
its own, the 82nd paratroopers and the 101st Airborne Division.
The Army now has seven light divisions, so called because they
are highly mobile forces boasting most of the same fighting
capabilities as the Marines. On top of that, the Pentagon has
developed the 38,000-troop Special Operations Forces which
include the Navy's sea, air and land SEAL forces; the Air
Force's First Special Operations Wing; and the Army's highly
trained Ranger force, for use against terrorists and in
guerrilla warfare.
</p>
<p> In a nation that maintains four air forces (the real one
plus one in each of the other services), it should come as no
surprise that taxpayers are supporting more low-intensity
warfare units than they need. But the budget squeeze has
sparked a debate about whether the U.S. can afford three
military forces designed to do the same job. "We just can't
maintain all these forces in this budget climate," says defense
expert Steven Canby.
</p>
<p> Earlier this month General Colin Powell, Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, predicted that the Pentagon budget would
be slashed 25% to $218 billion in five years. For the Army,
that would mean a one-third cut in personnel, to 500 million.
For the Marines, a proportional reduction would mean losing
60,000 of its 195,000 Marines.
</p>
<p> On the record, Marine and Army officials insist that their
units do not overlap. Behind the scenes, however, Army officers
charge that the Marines may be fine for assaulting enemy
shorelines but "can't engage beyond the beaches." Marine
Brigadier General John Sheehan counterattacked last fall by
claiming that an Army light division, which has less firepower
than a comparable Marine unit, "is light enough to get there,
but just light enough to get itself into trouble. You don't
need the Army building toward another Marine Corps." When
Powell heard that senior Marine and Army officers would testify
before Congress, he insisted on appearing with them to head off
any public sniping. "The need for flexibility," he declared,
"dictates that we maintain both Marine and Army ground forces."
</p>
<p> Powell has a point in saying that the three forces do not
exactly duplicate one another. The Marines, prepositioned in
three expeditionary forces for power projection overseas, have
the capacity to come ashore and sustain themselves for 30 days
without further help. Their units come equipped with their own
close air support, while the Army has to depend on the Air
Force. The Army's mobile divisions, on the other hand, can drop
on targets from aircraft. But to gain such mobility, they must
travel with less artillery and heavy armor. The lightly armed
Special Operations Forces are equipped to make lightning raids
behind enemy front lines. Still, there is enormous overlap
between the three separate forces. Taken together, they are
simply too much of a good thing.
</p>
<p> In an analysis of the Pentagon, defense specialist Richard
Halloran argues that the best way to eliminate the glut of
low-intensity forces would be to meld the Marines into the
Army. Although many experts agree with Halloran, any move in
that direction would encounter huge political land mines. Harry
Truman once tried to slash the Marines on the grounds that the
Navy did not need its own army, but he was beaten by what he
described as a Leatherneck "propaganda machine that is almost
equal to Stalin's." Aside from the clout of ten Senators and
21 Representatives in the current Congress who served in the
Marines, the corps exudes such a mystical aura that it is
unassailable.
</p>
<p> As the budget battle rages, the Marines will take heavy
hits, but they seem sure to prevail once again, a testament to
their political firepower.
</p>
<p>WHO PACKS THE MOST PUNCH?
</p>
<p> Though a Marine expeditionary battalion has fewer personnel,
it is equipped with more heavy tanks and armored vehicles than
the combined forces of the Army's 82nd Airborne Division and
7th Light Infantry.
</p>
<table>
Marine Battalion Army Divison*
Personnel 18,000 24,000
Tanks 17 58
(Heavy M1A1) (Light M551) Armored
Vehicles 74 0
Artillery 33 62
Attack Helicopters 12 29
Attack Aircraft 74 0**
* - Includes the 7th Light and 82nd Airborne.
** - Close air support supplied by the Air Force.
</table>
</body>
</article>
</text>