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<text id=89TT1632>
<title>
June 26, 1989: Physician, Inform Thyself
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
June 26, 1989 Kevin Costner:The New American Hero
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
MEDICINE, Page 71
Physician, Inform Thyself
</hdr><body>
<p>With better data, doctors learn what works -- and what doesn't
</p>
<p>By Melissa Ludtke
</p>
<p> Two 50-year-old men complaining of chest pains and shortness
of breath head for their doctors' offices. In both cases,
angiograms show that the patients are suffering from partly blocked
arteries. But at this point the medical paths of these men, with
identical symptoms but different doctors, may diverge radically.
One man lives in Beverly Hills, and the chances that he will have
coronary-bypass surgery are nearly twice as high as they are for
the other man, who lives in Pasadena, just 20 miles away. The
Pasadena patient is more likely to be treated with drugs and a
modified diet.
</p>
<p> Is it possible that where people live can determine what
medical treatment they receive? Surprisingly, the answer is yes.
"There is an underlying assumption that two doctors in two
different places will prescribe the same treatment," says Dr. Phil
Caper, who founded the Codman Research Group in Lyme, N.H., to
study variations in the patterns of physician care. "That just
isn't so."
</p>
<p> Treatment patterns can vary among communities because doctors
in different places have different methods. Within a given
hospital, doctors tend to consult one another and reach a consensus
on how to practice, but that consensus may not be the same in
another city. In some areas, for example, the frequency of
hysterectomies is three times as high as in other places. As
discoveries like these accumulate, statistical evidence begins to
raise doubts about the scientific certainty usually associated with
medicine.
</p>
<p> A major reason that medical practices vary so widely is that
doctors suffer from a shortage of certain essential information.
Despite the proliferation of medical reports and journals, there
are few statistics on the comparative results of clinical
procedures. And there is no comprehensive national collection of
data concerning what treatments work best for what kind of
patients. In fact, relatively little systematic research has been
done on the "outcomes" of patients' treatment -- whether they get
better or worse, live or die.
</p>
<p> Steps are being taken to fill medicine's information void. In
a new field of study called patient-outcomes research, hospitals,
clinics, health-maintenance organizations and other medical groups
are collecting data on how well various treatments work. Armed with
such knowledge, doctors should be able to get better results. Dr.
Paul Ellwood, chairman of the InterStudy health-policy center near
Minneapolis, predicts that within a year at least 100 patient-
outcomes projects will be under way, with sponsors as diverse as
the Cleveland Clinic and the Maine Medical Assessment Foundation.
High on the list of treatments to be studied are those for
cataracts, diabetes and broken hips (the question: When is
replacing the hip the best thing to do?). A report in the New
England Journal of Medicine suggested that one type of prostate
surgery works better than an increasingly popular alternative
operation. The American Urological Association is planning an
intensive comparative study of the long-term prospects of patients
who undergo one of the two procedures.
</p>
<p> Lack of information about patient outcomes has both physical
and financial consequences. Not only do some patients endure
unnecessary surgery, but health-care costs in the U.S. continue to
increase faster than the gross national product. Observes Dr. David
Eddy, professor of health policy and management at Duke University:
"Current medical logic tells doctors, `When in doubt, do it.' " One
such procedure is the carotid endarterectomy, performed to remove
a clot from a neck artery. Until recently no one, including doctors
who perform the operation, knew how clinically appropriate this
surgery was. A joint study by the University of California, Los
Angeles, and the Rand Corporation concluded that just one-third of
the 1,302 operations surveyed were beneficial; in fact, 6.4% of the
patients later had strokes, which the surgery was supposed to help
them avoid. Rand recommended that the $46,900 operation be done
less frequently.
</p>
<p> Advocates caution that outcomes research by itself is not an
antidote to rising medical costs. "It shouldn't be sold as a
cost-containment measure at all," says Dr. Jack Wennberg, a
professor of epidemiology at Dartmouth Medical School and a pioneer
in the research. "It is a scientific measure." Even the best
outcomes data will never address much more fundamental questions,
such as which patients should have access to heart transplants or
other ultraexpensive procedures. Those dilemmas are still left to
medical ethicists and society to resolve.
</p>
<p> To some doctors the new studies may seem threatening. "Outcomes
research will demonstrate that a large percentage of what we do
doesn't make any difference," says Dr. Robert Brook, who oversees
Rand's outcomes studies. Many doctors fear that the research will
handcuff them with a "cookbook mentality" -- a dash of this, a
pinch of that, and the result is known. But, says Brook, "good
cooks start from a cookbook. Then they modify the recipe. In a very
complex world, we shouldn't back away from starting with a certain
protocol."
</p>
<p> Most physicians, haunted as they are by the specter of
malpractice suits, will probably appreciate having this
information. Asserts Dr. Caper: "We say to doctors, `Here's a tool
that allows you to control your own destiny.'" Patients too will
be able to make more informed decisions about treatments. Used
wisely, patient-outcomes research will undoubtedly prove a boon to
the entire practice of medicine.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>