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<text id=91TT1871>
<title>
Aug. 26, 1991: Exploring the Tea Bag Factor
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Aug. 26, 1991 Science Under Siege
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
WORLD, Page 28
Exploring the Tea Bag Factor
</hdr><body>
<p>Emotional and intellectual traits are crucial to how well people
survive the hot water of captivity
</p>
<p>By Anastasia Toufexis--With reporting by William Mader/London
and Linda Williams/New York
</p>
<p> When American hostage Edward Tracy emerged from nearly
five years of captivity in Lebanon last week, every minute of
his confinement seemed to be graven in his body and spirit.
Though he declared himself "in perfect health" and "ready to do
the 100-yard dash," he appeared weary, bewildered and at times
incoherent. He reportedly denied that Edward Tracy was his real
name, claimed he was 63 though his birth certificate makes him
60, and hoped his "wives would rise from the dead" even though
he has married but once and his ex-wife is still living. At the
U.S. Air Force hospital in Wiesbaden, Germany, where he was
first taken, and in Boston where he checked into a VA hospital
at midweek, Tracy remained secluded.
</p>
<p> In dramatic contrast, John McCarthy, who was also held for
five years, bounced back into freedom looking as if he had just
been away for the weekend. Trim and fit, the 34-year-old Briton
fielded questions with grace and humor and seemed more than
ready to resume his private life and even his public duties as
a television reporter. Back in Britain at the Royal Air Force
base in Lyneham, McCarthy took time out from being examined to
deliver a letter from his captors to the U.N. Secretary-General,
tootle around the base in a borrowed car and take a spin in a
flight simulator. Everywhere he went he waved cheerily.
</p>
<p> What accounts for the apparent difference in the two men's
physical and mental condition? How well hostages cope with
captivity depends partly on how long and how roughly they are
held. The more brutal the conditions, the more brutalized the
body and mind. Tracy and McCarthy suffered much the same
deprivations, and were also both beaten and threatened with
death. For some of their imprisonment they were chained and
blindfolded, and each spent time in harrowing solitary
confinement.
</p>
<p> But survival also depends on the physical and
psychological resources hostages bring to the ordeal. Youth is
an advantage in weathering physical hardships. More crucial,
however, are a person's emotional and intellectual traits. "It
really depends on what you came in with, what your life
experience has been," stresses Bruce Laingen, who a decade ago
was held hostage in Iran for 444 days. "Human beings are like
tea bags. You don't know your own strength until you get into
hot water."
</p>
<p> More resilient hostages have a firm sense of identity,
self-confidence and optimism. They tend to hold strong beliefs,
political or religious. And they have stable ties to family and
friends, which give them a reason to live and comfort that they
have not been forgotten. In captivity they are able to forge
new bonds with other hostages and often make sacrifices for the
others' benefit. Says psychologist Julius Segal, a former
director of the National Institute of Mental Health: "Prisoners
have told me that the best thing you can do in captivity is
share that last morsel of food. It brings you outside of
yourself."
</p>
<p> Hardy hostages have a vivid imagination, which helps them
withstand the tedium of confinement and restores some sense of
control over their lives. Such prisoners invent new games or
languages, retrace a journey, or set aside a specific time of
the day for positive fantasizing. Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg,
a clinical professor at Michigan State University, recalls two
men who were kidnapped by terrorists for nearly 19 weeks: "The
one who came out in excellent condition had designed buildings
in his head and planned exotic menus at various restaurants. His
cellmate, who lacked that ability, was in much worse shape."
</p>
<p> These same factors affect how quickly a hostage will
readjust to freedom. Reentering the world can be as rude a shock
as leaving it. In a flash, hostages go from solitude to
spotlight, from having no choices to having too many, from being
deprived of all stimulation to being bombarded. Said Tracy on
once again seeing a tree and hearing a plane: "I am amazed and
baffled by it." Prisoners often need time alone after their
release, because they are not used to being the center of
attention and they want to sort out their feelings. Sometimes
they have to deal with devastating news. McCarthy's mother died
two years ago.
</p>
<p> By most measures, McCarthy seems to have strengths to draw
on. Family and colleagues describe him as a fun-loving young
man who was close to his parents and elder brother. "He's a
born optimist, a fighter, with a huge zest for life," says his
father Patrick. That description is echoed by former cellmate
Brian Keenan, an Irishman who was released last year. Says
Keenan: "He is the daftest, craziest man I ever met." And a
marvelous mimic too: "I never knew if I was playing dominoes
against Sigmund Freud or Peter Sellers. Without him I don't
think I would have made it."
</p>
<p> Tracy on the other hand has led a chaotic existence,
wandering through 10 countries before settling in Lebanon in
1976 and doing everything from writing poetry to selling books.
Tracy has not been to Vermont to see his mother Doris, now 83,
in 26 years.
</p>
<p> Tracy's mental condition before his kidnapping is unclear.
His ex-wife has reported receiving some odd letters from him,
including one in which he said he was "the father of 5,000
motorcycles." His doctors have revealed that Tracy was treated
in the past for psychological difficulties, but they say he is
in better shape than expected and retains a robust sense of
humor.
</p>
<p> Among hostages so far, McCarthy seems especially
fortunate, but no one should suppose that he has escaped
unscathed. "His family and friends think they have him back, but
that is an illusion," says psychologist James Thompson of the
University College of London. "They have a close relative of his
back."
</p>
</body></article>
</text>