home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=91TT1904>
- <title>
- Aug. 26, 1991: The Double Take on Dioxin
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Aug. 26, 1991 Science Under Siege
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 52
- The Double Take on Dioxin
- </hdr><body>
- <p>After years of warnings about its ability to cause cancer, is it
- really true that the chemical is not so dangerous after all?
- </p>
- <p>By Christine Gorman--Reported by Andrew Purvis/New York and Dick
- Thompson/Washington
- </p>
- <p> In science, as in life, simple questions rarely have
- simple answers. That principle of uncertainty is especially
- frustrating when researchers try to determine the hazards of
- various chemicals to humans. Ten years after sounding an alarm
- over the dioxin-contaminated roadways of Times Beach, Mo.,
- federal scientists wonder whether they acted too hastily in
- ordering the community's permanent evacuation. Perhaps, they
- say, dioxin was not such a serious threat after all. This kind
- of waffling only reinforces public skepticism about the
- credibility of scientists, who seem to change their mind with
- bewildering regularity whether the subject is the danger of
- dioxin or the benefits of oat bran.
- </p>
- <p> Environmental groups still fear that even minute amounts
- of dioxin, which was an ingredient in the Vietnam-era defoliant
- Agent Orange, can cause epidemics of cancer. But Vernon Houk,
- the federal official who recommended the Times Beach
- evacuation, is no longer sure. Recent studies suggest that the
- chemical may not be so dangerous. In an interview with the St.
- Louis Post-Dispatch, Houk declared, "We should have been more
- up front with the Times Beach people and told them, `We're doing
- our best with the estimates of the risk, but we may be wrong.'
- I think we never added `but we may be wrong.'"
- </p>
- <p> To get at the truth, the Environmental Protection Agency
- has ordered a reassessment of dioxin's risks and, depending on
- the findings, may relax rules on exposure to the chemical. That
- will be cold comfort to the displaced citizens of Times Beach.
- "Houk announced his decision with all the power and authority of
- science behind him," says Marcel LaFollette, a professor of
- science policy at George Washington University. "Now he's saying
- `Never mind.' A reasonable person would ask the scientist, `Why
- can't you make up your mind?'"
- </p>
- <p> An unavoidable amount of uncertainty is built into every
- scientific investigation. To determine the risk of disease from
- trace amounts of dioxin, researchers had to assume that if it
- caused cancer in laboratory animals, then it could cause cancer
- in humans. In addition, because no one completely understands
- how toxins trigger cancer, scientists chose a mathematical model
- that assumes a linear relationship between the amount of toxin
- consumed and the incidence of malignancy. In other words, if a
- pound of dioxin caused cancer in 50 out of 100 subjects, then
- half a pound would trigger 25 cases out of 100, and so on.
- </p>
- <p> Using such calculations for dioxin produced a conclusion
- that ingesting an infinitesimal amount of the compound each day
- over a lifetime--about 0.006 trillionths of a gram per
- kilogram of body weight (or 0.014 trillionths of an ounce for
- a 150-lb. man)--would cause 1 cancer among 1 million people.
- The contamination at Times Beach was 1,000 times as great as
- this safety limit.
- </p>
- <p> Since then, however, a lot more has been learned about how
- dioxin affects the body. As a result, some scientists believe
- dioxin and other chemicals may trigger cancer only if a certain
- threshold amount is present--and that amount could be well
- over 1,000 times as great as the safety limit, i.e., above the
- level of most of the contamination at Times Beach. If so, the
- government has reason to amend its regulations on many compounds
- in addition to dioxin. One of the biggest beneficiaries would
- be the paper industry, which is under pressure to reduce the
- level of dioxin at its mills. Relaxing the current safety
- standard could save $1 billion in cleanup costs and prevent
- crippling lawsuits.
- </p>
- <p> With so much at stake, the industry has understandably
- embraced the new thinking on dioxin. A furor erupted in the
- scientific community last winter when a trade association tried
- to overstate the conclusions of a research meeting at which some
- evidence favorable to dioxin was presented. Many of the
- participants did not realize that the conference had been
- underwritten in part with industry funds. "I agree that there
- is a lot of new science about dioxin," says Ellen Silbergeld,
- a toxicologist at the University of Maryland who attended the
- meeting. "But I don't agree over how that new knowledge should
- be applied."
- </p>
- <p> Veterans' groups are also skeptical. The American Legion
- is suing the U.S. government, charging that its Agent Orange
- studies, which show no major adverse effects on veterans, are
- inadequate.
- </p>
- <p> There was a time when most scientific knowledge was
- considered objective and unassailable. These days, however, it
- is often hard to tell where science stops and economics and
- politics take over.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-