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<text id=91TT1904>
<title>
Aug. 26, 1991: The Double Take on Dioxin
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Aug. 26, 1991 Science Under Siege
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SCIENCE, Page 52
The Double Take on Dioxin
</hdr><body>
<p>After years of warnings about its ability to cause cancer, is it
really true that the chemical is not so dangerous after all?
</p>
<p>By Christine Gorman--Reported by Andrew Purvis/New York and Dick
Thompson/Washington
</p>
<p> In science, as in life, simple questions rarely have
simple answers. That principle of uncertainty is especially
frustrating when researchers try to determine the hazards of
various chemicals to humans. Ten years after sounding an alarm
over the dioxin-contaminated roadways of Times Beach, Mo.,
federal scientists wonder whether they acted too hastily in
ordering the community's permanent evacuation. Perhaps, they
say, dioxin was not such a serious threat after all. This kind
of waffling only reinforces public skepticism about the
credibility of scientists, who seem to change their mind with
bewildering regularity whether the subject is the danger of
dioxin or the benefits of oat bran.
</p>
<p> Environmental groups still fear that even minute amounts
of dioxin, which was an ingredient in the Vietnam-era defoliant
Agent Orange, can cause epidemics of cancer. But Vernon Houk,
the federal official who recommended the Times Beach
evacuation, is no longer sure. Recent studies suggest that the
chemical may not be so dangerous. In an interview with the St.
Louis Post-Dispatch, Houk declared, "We should have been more
up front with the Times Beach people and told them, `We're doing
our best with the estimates of the risk, but we may be wrong.'
I think we never added `but we may be wrong.'"
</p>
<p> To get at the truth, the Environmental Protection Agency
has ordered a reassessment of dioxin's risks and, depending on
the findings, may relax rules on exposure to the chemical. That
will be cold comfort to the displaced citizens of Times Beach.
"Houk announced his decision with all the power and authority of
science behind him," says Marcel LaFollette, a professor of
science policy at George Washington University. "Now he's saying
`Never mind.' A reasonable person would ask the scientist, `Why
can't you make up your mind?'"
</p>
<p> An unavoidable amount of uncertainty is built into every
scientific investigation. To determine the risk of disease from
trace amounts of dioxin, researchers had to assume that if it
caused cancer in laboratory animals, then it could cause cancer
in humans. In addition, because no one completely understands
how toxins trigger cancer, scientists chose a mathematical model
that assumes a linear relationship between the amount of toxin
consumed and the incidence of malignancy. In other words, if a
pound of dioxin caused cancer in 50 out of 100 subjects, then
half a pound would trigger 25 cases out of 100, and so on.
</p>
<p> Using such calculations for dioxin produced a conclusion
that ingesting an infinitesimal amount of the compound each day
over a lifetime--about 0.006 trillionths of a gram per
kilogram of body weight (or 0.014 trillionths of an ounce for
a 150-lb. man)--would cause 1 cancer among 1 million people.
The contamination at Times Beach was 1,000 times as great as
this safety limit.
</p>
<p> Since then, however, a lot more has been learned about how
dioxin affects the body. As a result, some scientists believe
dioxin and other chemicals may trigger cancer only if a certain
threshold amount is present--and that amount could be well
over 1,000 times as great as the safety limit, i.e., above the
level of most of the contamination at Times Beach. If so, the
government has reason to amend its regulations on many compounds
in addition to dioxin. One of the biggest beneficiaries would
be the paper industry, which is under pressure to reduce the
level of dioxin at its mills. Relaxing the current safety
standard could save $1 billion in cleanup costs and prevent
crippling lawsuits.
</p>
<p> With so much at stake, the industry has understandably
embraced the new thinking on dioxin. A furor erupted in the
scientific community last winter when a trade association tried
to overstate the conclusions of a research meeting at which some
evidence favorable to dioxin was presented. Many of the
participants did not realize that the conference had been
underwritten in part with industry funds. "I agree that there
is a lot of new science about dioxin," says Ellen Silbergeld,
a toxicologist at the University of Maryland who attended the
meeting. "But I don't agree over how that new knowledge should
be applied."
</p>
<p> Veterans' groups are also skeptical. The American Legion
is suing the U.S. government, charging that its Agent Orange
studies, which show no major adverse effects on veterans, are
inadequate.
</p>
<p> There was a time when most scientific knowledge was
considered objective and unassailable. These days, however, it
is often hard to tell where science stops and economics and
politics take over.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>