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- <text id=92TT2016>
- <title>
- Sep. 14, 1992: Is Health Care Too Specialized?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
- Sep. 14, 1992 The Hillary Factor
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- MEDICINE, Page 56
- Is Health Care Too Specialized?
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A new report charges that a shortage of primary-care doctors
- is hurting U.S. medicine
- </p>
- <p>By Christine Gorman
- </p>
- <p> Knowing when to see a physician is one of the most basic
- ingredients in maintaining good health. But in this age of
- super-splintered medicine, figuring out which doctor to see has
- become something of a nightmare. Is there a fire in your
- midsection? It could be indigestion, gallstones, an exotic
- infection, stress, maybe even cancer. Should you consult a
- gastroenterologist, a tropical-disease expert, a psychiatrist
- or an oncologist? Once a patient climbs onto the specialist
- merry-go-round, it can be hard to get off. The medical bills
- mount, and the frustration soars.
- </p>
- <p> A much better solution, most doctors agree, would be to
- start with a visit to a primary-care physician who knows your
- personal history, your family background and maybe even a bit
- about the emotional pressures in your life. Unfortunately, in
- the U.S. such well-versed generalists, who train in the fields
- of internal medicine, pediatrics and family practice, may be on
- their way to extinction. In 1963 half of all American doctors
- were primary-care physicians. Today that number is down to a
- third. And surveys of medical school graduates reveal that less
- than 20% plan to enter primary care. By contrast, half of all
- doctors in Canada and more than two-thirds of those in Britain
- are primary-care providers.
- </p>
- <p> Much of the trend can be traced to America's infatuation
- with high technology. "After World War II, we went into an era
- of research and specialization in this country unlike any
- other," says Dr. William E. Jacott, who teaches family medicine
- at the University of Minnesota. The rewards of specialized care
- with the latest diagnostic gadgets and surgical twists were so
- obvious to both patients and physicians that no one could
- quarrel with the movement. Primary care was de-emphasized at
- many medical schools.
- </p>
- <p> Not long afterward, the number of specialties started to
- explode. According to a report in last week's issue of the
- Journal of the American Medical Association, more than half of
- the 70 subgroups certified by the American Board of Medical
- Specialties--including such arcane areas as dermatological
- immunology and pediatric pulmonology--were created in the past
- decade. Almost two-thirds of the 56 kinds of accredited
- residency programs have come into existence in the past five
- years.
- </p>
- <p> The proliferation has so alarmed the Accreditation Council
- for Graduate Medical Education that it has declared a
- moratorium on certifying new programs until next June.
- "Specialization is very appropriate; we need it because of the
- fast pace of medical research," says Dr. Carlos Martini, vice
- president of education for the A.M.A. and author of the J.A.M.A.
- report. "But when everybody becomes specialized, then it's a
- problem. Someday, if we're not careful, we'll have people who
- want to specialize in the left elbow and not the right one."
- </p>
- <p> Not everyone accepts Martini's assessment--or at least
- the accreditation council's action. "We can't correct all of
- the problems in the distribution of health care by putting a
- quota on medical education," says Dr. J. Lee Dockery, executive
- vice president of the American Board of Medical Specialties. A
- better way to boost the number of primary-care physicians, he
- argues, is to provide them with more incentives.
- </p>
- <p> As matters stand, primary-care doctors, who tend to
- emphasize low-cost preventive treatment, make one-third to
- one-half the money earned by specialists, who can charge top
- dollar for their high-tech procedures. For a newly minted doctor
- who leaves medical school with an average debt of $50,000, it
- is hard to resist the appeal of a lucrative specialty. Another
- disincentive to primary care is the long and unpredictable hours--especially in rural areas where a doctor may be the only
- physician for miles around.
- </p>
- <p> Some states are attempting to ease the burdens on general
- practitioners. Pennsylvania, California and a few other states
- are considering assuming the medical-school loans of physicians
- who agree to enter the primary-care field. And Kansas, which
- faces a shortage of rural doctors, is pondering a program that
- would send family-practice professors from the state
- university's medical school to fill in for solo practitioners
- from time to time when they need a break.
- </p>
- <p> Some medical schools are also attempting to entice more
- students into primary care, mainly by exposing them to the
- satisfactions of the field. Third-year students at Jefferson
- Medical College in Philadelphia, for example, rotate through
- family-medicine clerkships that get them out of intensive care
- and into private practices and clinics. And the University of
- Minnesota identifies students with an interest in primary care
- and places them under the tutelage of respected role models.
- Both schools report a higher than average percentage of
- graduates who decide to become generalists.
- </p>
- <p> But several state governments have become impatient with
- the pace of change and are pondering more dramatic measures. In
- recent months, legislators in California, Colorado and Kansas
- introduced bills that would have mandated specific medical
- school quotas. Schools that failed to graduate at least 50% of
- students in primary care would have faced million-dollar
- cutbacks in state funding. Although none of these measures
- passed, they serve as a warning. Americans are frustrated by the
- fragmentation of their health care and want someone--either
- doctors or lawmakers--to restore the balance.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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