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<text id=90TT2817>
<title>
Oct. 29, 1990: How Times Have Changed
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Oct. 29, 1990 Can America Still Compete?
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
WORLD, Page 58
How Times Have Changed
</hdr>
<body>
<p> The formidably confident Mikhail Gorbachev showed a touch
of meekness when the Norwegian ambassador called on him last
week. "He came very gently toward us and asked if he could
really believe the rumors," Dagfinn Stenseth recalled. "I told
him if he was thinking of the Nobel Peace Prize, he could." A
smiling Gorbachev later said that he was "deeply moved and
excited" and that the honor would provide "support and
inspiration" at a critical time in his reform efforts.
</p>
<p> Nobel awards have not always been so well received in
Moscow. The only other Soviet Peace Prize laureate was the
physicist and human-rights activist Andrei Sakharov, who was
honored in 1975. One Soviet newspaper called that award
"political pornography," and a statement by 72 of Sakharov's
colleagues in the Soviet Academy of Sciences accused him of
activities "aimed to undermine peace." The government refused
to let him travel to Oslo for the ceremony, but his wife
Yelena Bonner attended for him.
</p>
<p> Even Nobel Prizes for Literature have produced political
storms. When Boris Pasternak, author of Doctor Zhivago, was
named in 1958, the official press labeled the decision "a
hostile political act." The vilification became so intense that
Pasternak declined the prize. He died in 1960, and his son
claimed the medal on his behalf only last year.
</p>
<p> One of the Kremlin's least favorite writers, Aleksandr
Solzhenitsyn, won the literature award in 1970. He decided he
would not attend the presentation for fear of being refused
permission to return home. He was probably correct: four years
later he was exiled from the Soviet Union. Soviet-born poet
Joseph Brodsky was already in exile in New York City when he
won the prize for literature in 1987. Foreign Ministry
spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov thought it was "a good thing" that
world attention would be focused on Russian poetry, but he was
sour about Brodsky, who had been sentenced to a work camp in
1963 for the crime of "parasitism." "The tastes of the Nobel
Committee are strange sometimes," said Gerasimov.
</p>
<p> Before last week's announcement, one Nobel selection that
warmed the Kremlin's heart was that of Mikhail Sholokhov, the
court novelist who received the Literature Prize in 1965. He
was allowed to go to Stockholm and deposit his check in a bank
there. But in 1974 the exiled Solzhenitsyn accused Sholokhov
of plagiarism. He claimed Sholokhov had based portions of his
epic of the Russian Revolution and civil war, The Quiet Don,
on a manuscript written just after World War I by a Cossack,
Fyodor Kryukov.
</p>
<p> Thanks to increases and an improved exchange rate for the
Norwegian krone, the prize is worth about $710,000, or about
eight times Gorbachev's annual salary. It is a sum that would
see any Soviet citizen through a lifetime of shortages, but the
President plans to donate the money to charity. One likely
recipient: a fund for young victims of the Chernobyl disaster.
</p>
<p>By Bruce W. Nelan.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>