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<text id=92TT2441>
<title>
Nov. 02, 1992: Vietnam:The Truth at Last
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
Nov. 02, 1992 Bill Clinton's Long March
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
VIETNAM, Page 59
The Truth at Last
</hdr><body>
<p>How two "walk-in" intelligence sources paved the way for a major
U.S.-Vietnamese breakthrough on POWs and MIAs, and likely diplomatic
relations as well
</p>
<p>By BRUCE VAN VOORST/WASHINGTON
</p>
<p> Tom Clancy or John Le Carre might hesitate at making
credible fiction of this tale. Imagine that the Vietnamese
government signs a contract with an American researcher to write
a book on the Vietnam War, using secret archives that Hanoi has
insisted for 20 years do not exist. Then suppose that the
American volunteers this information to the Pentagon, which
first rebuffs him, then takes him in, only to discover that the
evidence represents a genuine breakthrough in the decades-long
effort to identify Americans missing or captured in Vietnam.
</p>
<p> This is exactly what has happened since Ted Schweitzer,
50, a U.N. worker and university librarian, informed Washington
officials last fall that he had not only got permission to
review these hidden archives, but had been given an office in
Hanoi's central Museum of the People's Army of Vietnam to review
them. U.S. intelligence had long believed the museum housed a
major cache of meticulously maintained and documented accounts
of missing American service personnel; now they had proof.
</p>
<p> By the time President Bush announced the news last week,
Washington had enough fresh material to begin settling what
might be hundreds of the unresolved cases. Schweitzer told TIME
that while complete evidence lies scattered "throughout the
country," the key is the museum's one-inch-thick central index
-- the Red Book -- cataloging everything the Vietnamese
government knows about American servicemen.
</p>
<p> At first, Schweitzer said, he tried to sell his book
proposal to New York City publishers, but for three years
"nobody was interested." At "wit's end," he turned to an old
friend in official Washington, State Department official Richard
Armitage, then at the Pentagon. But when Schweitzer offered his
services, he was turned down. "I had to force Ted down the
throats of the intelligence bureacracy," says a Defense
Intelligence Agency official. The agency soon reversed itself,
and under the code name Swamp Ranger, set Schweitzer to screen
the Hanoi archives, copying enormous numbers of documents on a
$50,000 data scanner the U.S. provided him -- which Vietnam, to
the Pentagon's amazement, allowed him to use.
</p>
<p> In July, Swamp Ranger began to deliver the major part of
what became a trove of more than 5,000 black-and-white photos.
Many of them are different views of the same individuals, but
1,700 different servicemen are included. Schweitzer also copied
thousands of supporting documents from the archives, including
photos of artifacts such as dog tags, uniform name strips,
helmets, flight suits, eyeglasses, ID cards, class and wedding
rings and many other personal items. "At one point," recalls
principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Carl Ford, "I
suddenly thought, wow, the Rosetta stone of the MIA issue."
</p>
<p> Most of the men in the photos are clearly dead; 272 show
live servicemen known to be some of the 591 prisoners who
returned to the U.S. in 1973 in Operation Homecoming. A Pentagon
task force is working with photo interpreters to identify the
rest, aided by considerable quantities of notes accompanying
each picture in a paper sleeve, often including the date and
location of a plane crash.
</p>
<p> Among the first to be verified was F-4D fighter-bomber
pilot Lieut. Colonel Joseph Morrison, shot down on Nov. 25,
1968. He died after he parachuted safely to the ground. But the
F-4D is a two-seat aircraft, and Pentagon analysts noted one
photo of Morrison's personal effects showed an extra pistol;
this led them to confirm the death of his back-seater San D.
Francisco. Intelligence analysts now expect that the Hanoi
museum material already in hand may clear up 23 of the 135
so-called discrepancy cases, where the U.S. knows an individual
survived a plane crash or was captured, but has not been able
subsequently to account for him.
</p>
<p> Schweitzer seems to have acquired his information through
a quiet manner and dogged patience that won the trust of the
Vietnamese. They regarded him as a hero who was severely beaten
by Thai pirates while working for the U.N. to protect fleeing
Vietnamese boat people, and as a benefactor who started a
philanthropic foundation to deliver pharmaceuticals to
Vietnamese medical clinics. His material was partly confirmed
by black-and-white photos supplied by a North Carolina native
named Eugene Brown. Brown apparently acquired his pictures
through his Vietnamese wife, who had intelligence connections
in her homeland. He offered his evidence this spring to the
Pentagon in exchange for help in traveling to Vietnam. Although
the materials Brown (code-named Druid Smoke) eventually
delivered in many cases duplicated Schweitzer's, the two sources
confirmed each other. "Anyone who thinks there's a big museum
in Hanoi where you can back up a C-130 and answer all the
POW/MIA questions is mistaken," said Schweitzer.
</p>
<p> Initially, U.S. officials were uncertain what to make of
these disclosures. Washington finally decided that Hanoi -- or
at least some officials there -- was sending a signal that it
finally wanted to meet Washington's principal precondition for
re-establishing diplomatic relations: a full accounting of the
missing. The payoff would be genuine progress toward normal ties
and an end to the 17-year trade embargo, possibly before the end
of the year.
</p>
<p> What happens next depends entirely on the Vietnamese.
Schweitzer says, "We're just at the beginning of the beginning."
He is returning to Hanoi to help a team of American experts gain
unfettered access to the documents. Schweitzer is worried that
the archives could quickly deteriorate and that "key people who
know a lot" could die before a full accounting is made. Though
this new access provides no indication that there are any live
American POWs, the U.S. may finally be able to give the dead a
decent burial.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>