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<text id=89TT3349>
<title>
Dec. 25, 1989: What If The Soviet Union Collapses?
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
Dec. 25, 1989 Cruise Control:Tom Cruise
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
ESSAY, Page 94
What If the Soviet Union Collapses?
</hdr><body>
<p>By David Aikman
</p>
<p> The year is 1992. Gorbachev has been overthrown, and the
Soviet empire has fallen apart. The Russian heartland is ruled
by an ultra-nationalist military dictatorship, the Baltic
republics by Catholic radicals, and Central Asia by
fundamentalist emirates. Tanks patrol the streets of Moscow, and
throughout the country a fearful, starving populace wreaks
revenge on former Communist Party members, Jews and
intellectuals.
</p>
<p> A sneak preview of the latest Tom Clancy effulgence?
Hardly. This frightening scenario of Soviet collapse, titled
Nevozraschenets (The Non-Returnee), was published last June in
Iskusstvo Kino, the official journal of the Soviet movie
industry. Its appearance reflects a mood of unprecedented
pessimism and self-doubt, in which intellectuals and political
figures have been speculating somberly about the catastrophes
that could befall the Soviet Union if perestroika falls apart.
Last September, for example, political oppositionist Boris
Yeltsin, a former Moscow party boss, repeatedly warned of an
impending disaster. "We are on the edge of an abyss," Yeltsin
told a rapt audience at New York's Council on Foreign Relations.
Yeltsin gave Gorbachev until next fall to produce results.
Others have warned of an actual civil war by then.
</p>
<p> The ramifications of this possibility are so serious that
they ought to worry the West more than they do. Would a complete
Soviet collapse, after all, be a good or a bad thing?
</p>
<p> Evidence hinting at such an eventuality is widespread.
Economically, the country is barely functional. At least 43
million Soviets live below the official poverty level of 75
rubles a month ($1,500 annually) and some regions of the country
have resorted to widespread rationing of even the most essential
goods.
</p>
<p> Riding atop the economic woes is the horseman of ethnic
anarchy amid the 15 national republics that constitute the
Soviet Union. Armenia and Azerbaijan are nearly at war with each
other, Moldavia has been crippled by ethnically inspired
strikes, Georgians are demanding an end to the "Soviet empire,"
and in Lithuania the Communist Party has abolished its own
monopoly of power, the most striking sign of Baltic nationalism
to date.
</p>
<p> Such radicalism would not be possible without Gorbachev's
glasnost. But the new openness in the Soviet media has also
exposed irrational superstitions reminiscent of the last days
of Czar Nicholas II. The TASS news agency reports with a
straight face that aliens stepped out of UFOs in Voronezh. On
TV, psychic healers appear frequently with supposed cures for
everything from obesity to detached retinas. As in all periods
of great stress, the Christian churches in Russia have seldom
been fuller.
</p>
<p> The Soviet Union has formidable reserves of resiliency, as
it showed during the crisis of Hitler's invasion. But what if
the dark forebodings of a Soviet screenwriter came true?
</p>
<p> A Soviet national catastrophe might take either of two
forms: a "revolution from below" or a coup from the right. A
hint of the first surfaced last summer, when half a million
Soviet miners went on strike. The miners not only won all of
their basic demands, but set up strike committees that became
for a while the headquarters of local political power. Yeltsin
himself has called those committees "the embryos of real
people's power." If a new wave of strikes rolled across the
Soviet Union, the nationwide momentum from below for political
change might prove unstoppable.
</p>
<p> Last week's narrow defeat of a Supreme Soviet motion to
debate an end to one-party rule showed just how tenuous the
authority of the Soviet Communist Party now is. Striking workers
might bring about not only a collapse of power in Moscow but the
snapping of links to the outlying republics. A wave of
secessionism might then follow, with the probability of
murderous ethnic strife in its wake.
</p>
<p> The second scenario of Soviet catastrophe is a coup from
the Soviet "right" engineered by the army, perhaps in
conjunction with the KGB. Though many top Soviets -- including
Yeltsin -- dismiss this scenario, Central Committee members
voiced fears of a coup to Marshall Goldman, a leading American
Sovietologist, last summer. The coup menace is exacerbated by
the growing strength of Russian ultra-nationalist organizations.
Extremist groups like Pamyat have targeted Jews (a paranoid
Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory), "intellectuals" and
"Russophobes" as scapegoats for national decline. The
nationalists are at heart anti-Communist, but their appeal
overlaps with a growing blue-collar nostalgia for the despotic
simplicities of the Stalinist era.
</p>
<p> A total collapse of the Soviet Un-ion might create almost
as many global problems as it solved. Regional despotisms like
Fidel Castro's Cuba or Najibullah's Afghanistan would probably
wither quickly, as might many Third World Communist
insurgencies. The U.S. economy would benefit handsomely from
vastly reduced defense expenditures. But the blessings of a
Soviet collapse would certainly be mixed. Just as the
dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I led
to Hitler's brutal exploitation of the resulting power vacuum,
so the end of the Pax Sovietica in Eurasia might touch off an
ethnic bloodbath among the squabbling successor regimes. For
University of Alabama historian Hugh Ragsdale, a Soviet collapse
would lead to a disastrous "Balkanization" of Eurasia and the
emergence of "dozens of Khomeinis . . . skulking incognito among
the Sufis and dervishes of the region." The disappearance of
Soviet influence would probably also hasten the emergence of a
united German superstate intimidating to both its Eastern and
Western neighbors.
</p>
<p> Gorbachev's own vision remains that of a Soviet Union that
is sufficiently open to be honest about its problems but
sufficiently centralized to remain a powerful Leninist state.
The trouble is, how many other Soviet citizens share it? The
glasnost he unleashed has turned into a dangerous tiger for 280
million people to ride. If Gorbachev offers no realistic
alternative to continued Leninism, he may be forced to try
caging it once more -- which he probably will -- or to face the
dissolution of the "socialist sixth of the earth."
</p>
</body></article>
</text>