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<text id=93CT0439>
<title>
Estonia--Economy
</title>
<article><source>CIA Factbook</source><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Estonia
Economy</hdr><body>
<p>Overview: As of June 1993 Estonia ranks first among the 15
former Soviet republics in moving from its obsolete command
economy to a modern market economy. Yet serious problems remain.
In contrast to the estimated 30% drop in output in 1992, GDP
should grow by a small percent in 1993. Of key importance has
been the introduction of the kroon in August 1993 and the
subsequent reductions in inflation to 1%-2% per month. Starting
in July 1991, under a new law on private ownership, small
enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants, were sold to
private owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is
progressing with the proceeds being held in escrow until the
prior ownership (that is, Estonian or the Commonwealth of
Independent States) can be established. Estonia ranks first in
per capita consumption among the former Soviet republics.
Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production, and
provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work
force is in agriculture. The major share of the work force
engages in manufacturing both capital and consumer goods based
on raw materials and intermediate products from the other former
Soviet republics. These manufactures are of high quality by
ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics.
Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of
shale oil (60% of the old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400
million tons). Estonia has a large, relatively modern port and
produces more than half of its own energy needs at highly
polluting shale oil power plants. It has advantages in the
transition, not having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and
having better chances of developing profitable ties to the
Nordic and West European countries. Like Latvia, but unlike
Lithuania, the large portion of ethnic Russians (30%) in the
population poses still another difficulty in the transition to
an independent market economy.
</p>
<p>National product: GDP $NA
</p>
<p>National product real growth rate: -30% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product per capita: $NA
</p>
<p>Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1%-2% per month (first
quarter 1993)
</p>
<p>Unemployment rate: 3% (March 1993); but large number of
underemployed workers
</p>
<p>Budget: revenues $223 million; expenditures $142 million,
including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)
</p>
<list>
<l>Exports: $NA</l>
<l> commodities: textile 11%, wood products and timber 9%, dairy
products 9%</l>
<l> partners: Russia and the other former Soviet republics 50%,
West 50% (1992)</l>
<l>Imports: $NA</l>
<l> commodities: machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12%</l>
<l> partners: Finland 15%, Russia 18%</l>
</list>
<p>External debt: $650 million (end of 1991)
</p>
<p>Industrial production: growth rate -40% (1992)
</p>
<p>Electricity: 3,700,000 kW capacity; 22,900 million kWh
produced, 14,245 kWh per capita (1992)
</p>
<p>Industries: accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale,
shipbuilding, phosphates, electric motors, excavators, cement,
furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, shoes, apparel
</p>
<p>Agriculture: employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net
exports of meat, fish, dairy products, and potatoes; imports of
feedgrains for livestock; fruits and vegetables
</p>
<p>Illicit drugs: transshipment point for illicit drugs from
Central and Southwest Asia to Western Europe; limited illicit
opium producer; mostly for domestic production
</p>
<p>Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10
million
</p>
<p>Currency: 1 Estonian kroon (EEK)=100 NA; (introduced in August
1992)
</p>
<p>Exchange rates: kroons (EEK) per US$1 - 12 (January 1993)
</p>
<p>Fiscal year: calendar year
</p></body></article></text>