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<text id=93CT1685>
<link 93HT0726>
<link 89TT1402>
<title>
Ethiopia--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Northern Africa
Ethiopia
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa and one
of the oldest in the world. Herodotus, the Greek historian of
the fifth century B.C., describes ancient Ethiopia in his
writings. The Old Testament of the Bible records the Queen of
Sheba's visit to Jerusalem. According to legend, Menelik I, the
son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, founded the
Ethiopian empire. Missionaries from Egypt and Syria introduced
Christianity in the fourth century A.D. Following the rise of
Islam in the seventh century, Ethiopia was gradually cut off
from European Christendom. The Portuguese established contact
with Ethiopia in 1493, primarily to strengthen their hegemony
over the Indian Ocean and to convert Ethiopia to Roman
Catholicism. There followed a century of conflict between pro-
and anti-Catholic factions, resulting in the expulsion of all
foreign missionaries in the 1630s. This period of bitter
religious conflict contributed to hostility toward foreign
Christians and Europeans, which persisted into the 20th century
and was a factor in Ethiopia's isolation until the mid-19th
century.
</p>
<p> Under Theodore II (1855-68) and Emperor Menelik II
(1889-1913), the kingdom began to emerge from its medieval
isolation. When Menelik II died, his grandson, Lij Iyassu,
succeeded to the throne but soon lost support because of his
Muslim ties. He was deposed in 1916 by the Christian nobility,
and Menelik's daughter, Zauditu, was made empress. Her cousin,
Ras Tafari Makonnen, was made regent and successor to the
throne. In 1930, the empress died, and the regent, adopting the
throne name Haile Selassie, was crowned emperor. His reign was
interrupted in 1936 when Italian fascist forces invaded and
occupied Ethiopia. The emperor was eventually forced into exile
in England despite his plea to the League of Nations for
intervention. Five years later, the Italians were defeated by
British (primarily colonial) and Ethiopian forces, and the
emperor returned to the throne. After a period of civil unrest,
which began in February 1974, the aging Haile Selassie I was
deposed on September 13, 1974.
</p>
<p> Discontent had been spreading throughout Ethiopian urban
elites, and an escalating series of mutinies in the armed
forces, demonstrations, and strikes led to the seizure of state
power by the armed forces coordinating committee, which later
became the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC).
The members of the PMAC were enlisted men and officers drawn
from units all over the country. Within several months of its
accession to power, the PMAC began to abolish the feudal system
of privilege. Land reform giving the state title to all land
followed along with the gradual nationalization of banks,
businesses, and industries, and the PMAC formally declared its
intent to remake Ethiopia into a socialist state. The alliance
between military and civilian leftwing factions that had
participated in overthrowing the emperor broke down.
</p>
<p> After the failure of a series of marches and demonstrations,
the civilian opposition turned to a campaign of assassination
directed against officials of the military government and its
supporters. The PMAC finally destroyed its opposition in a
program of mass arrests and executions know as the "red terror,"
which lasted from November 1977 to March 1978. An estimated
10,000 people, mostly in Addis Ababa, were killed by government
forces. Since then, the PMAC has eliminated virtually any
organized opposition, both civilian and military, with the
exception of regionally based insurgencies and has established
complete control over Ethiopian politics. In December 1976, an
Ethiopian delegation in Moscow signed a military assistance
agreement with the Soviet Union. The following April, Ethiopia
abrogated its military assistance agreement with the United
States and expelled the American military missions. In July
1977, sensing the disarray in Ethiopia, Somalia attacked across
the Ogaden Desert in pursuit of its irredentist claims to the
ethnic Somali areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian forces were driven
back far inside their own frontiers, but, with the assistance
of a massive Soviet airlift of arms and Cuban combat forces,
they stemmed the attack. Although the major Somali regular units
were forced out of the Ogaden in March 1978, insurgency and
occasional border clashes in the area continue.
</p>
<p> In addition to the situation on the Somali border, the
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) faces a number
of other longstanding regional and ethnic armed conflicts. The
most serious and resource-consuming is the Eritrean separatist
movement. Following 50 years as an Italian colony, the United
Nations and concerned great powers decided upon a Federation of
Eritrea with greater Ethiopia. The arrangement lasted until 1962
when Ethiopia incorporated Eritrea as its 14th province.
Liberation movements were already active. Among the fragmented
separatist movements, the Marxist Eritrean People's Liberation
Front (EPLF) has emerged as the most powerful. After a quarter
century of fighting, the situation is militarily and politically
stalemated. In the neighboring province of Tigray, opposition
has coalesced around the Marxist-dominated Tigre People's
Liberation Front (TPLF), which aims for autonomy and a larger
say in the central government. The Oromo Liberation Front and
other small liberation fronts are not a serious military threat
to the government. On the Sudanese border, Ethiopia provides
support to the southern Sudanese insurgents, The Sudanese
People's Liberation Army (SPLA) while aid flows through Sudan
to the Eritrean rebels.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Creation of the WPE in 1984 and large and effective internal
security and police forces had strengthened the government's
control over the population. Fighting between the Ethiopian
Government and EPLF movements in Eritrea has been underway for
more than 25 years. Warfare is currently stalemated with the
Ethiopian military controlling most towns and major roads but
with much of the countryside remaining under EPLF control. Over
the past few years, fighting between the government and
antigovernment guerrillas has intensified in the Tigray region.
Several other smaller scale, ethnically based insurgencies in
other regions of the country continue.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
July 1988.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>