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<text id=93CT0659>
<title>
Indonesia--Economy
</title>
<article><source>CIA Factbook</source><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Indonesia
Economy</hdr><body>
<p>Overview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist
institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on
deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural
wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it
remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-92 averaged about 6%,
quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment
and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.
Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector,
accounting for almost 20% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force.
The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer,
Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber
and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both
export and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost
40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources,
including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these,
the oil sector dominates the external economy, generating more than
20% of the government's revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989.
However, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing
expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important
customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in
1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in
1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for
investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and
off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted
Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite
the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system
and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in
1992 is estimated to have stayed at 6%.
</p>
<p>National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $133 billion
(1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product real growth rate: 6% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product per capita: $680 (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Unemployment rate: 3% ; underemployment 45% (1991 est.)
</p>
<p>Budget: revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion,
including capital expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)
</p>
<list>
<l>Exports: $29.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)</l>
<l> commodities: petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%,
textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3%</l>
<l> partners: Japan 37%, Europe 13%, US 12%, Singapore 8%
(1991)</l>
<l>Imports: $24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)</l>
<l> commodities: machinery 39%, chemical products 19%,
manufactured goods 16%</l>
<l> partners: Japan 25%, Europe 23%, US 13%, Singapore 5%
(1991)</l>
</list>
<p>External debt: $50.5 billion (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Industrial production: growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for
almost 40% of GDP
</p>
<p>Electricity: 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced,
200 kWh per capita (1990)
</p>
<p>Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement,
chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber
</p>
<p>Agriculture: accounts for almost 20% of GDP; subsistence food
production; small-holder and plantation production for export; main
products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil,
copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs
</p>
<p>Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating
plantings and prosecuting traffickers
</p>
<p>Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89),
$213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million
</p>
<p>Currency: 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp)=100 sen (sen no longer used)
</p>
<p>Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,064.7 (January
1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1
(1989), 1,685.7 (1988)
</p>
<p>Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
</p></body></article></text>