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<text id=93CT1730>
<link 93HT0847>
<link 91TT0549>
<link 91TT0531>
<link 90TT2116>
<title>
Iraq--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Southwest Asia
Iraq
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Once known as Mesopotamia, Iraq was the site of flourishing
ancient civilizations, including the Sumerian, Babylonian, and
Parthian cultures. Muslims conquered Iraq in the seventh century
A.D. In the eighth century, the Abassid caliphate established
its capital at Baghdad, which became a famous center of learning
and the arts. By 1638, Baghdad had become a frontier outpost of
the Ottoman Empire.
</p>
<p> At the end of World War I, Iraq became a British-mandated
territory. When it was declared independent in 1932, the
Hashemite family, which also ruled in Jordan, ruled as a
constitutional monarchy. In 1945, Iraq joined the United
Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League. In
1956, the Baghdad pact allied Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and
the United Kingdom, and established its headquarters in Baghdad.
</p>
<p> Gen. Abdul Karim Qasim took power in a July 1958 coup, during
which King Faysal II and Prime Minister Nuri as-Said were
killed. Qasim ended Iraq's membership in the Baghdad Pact (later
reconstituted as the Central Treaty Organization--CENTO) in
1959. Qasim was assassinated in February 1963, when the Arab
Socialist Renaissance Party (Ba'ath Party) took power under the
leadership of Gen. Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr as prime minister and
Col. Abdul Salam Arif as president.
</p>
<p> Nine months later, Arif led a coup ousting the Ba'ath
government. In April 1966, Arif was killed in a plane crash and
was succeeded by his brother, Gen. Abdul Rahman Mohammad Arif.
On July 17, 1968, a group of Ba'athists and military elements
overthrew the Arif regime. Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr reemerged as
President of Iraq and Chairman of the Revolutionary Command
Council (RCC). In July 1979, Bakr resigned, and his chosen
successor, Saddam Hussein, assumed both offices.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> The Ba'ath Party controls the government. The Kurdish
Democratic Party and the Kurdish Republican Party have
nominally participated in a coalition government with the Ba'ath
Party under the Popular Progressive National Front, but the
Ba'ath Party carefully circumscribed their political activities,
and are, often as not, in open rebellion against the
government. Several senior government officials are Kurds.
</p>
<p> The Iraqi regime does not tolerate opposition. The Communist
Party was removed from the coalition and declared illegal in
1979. Since then, its activities have been conducted primarily
in exile. The leaders of the outlawed Da'wa (Islamic Call)
Party, which seeks to establish an Islamic republic in Iraq,
operate from exile in Iran and other countries.
</p>
<p> A large-scale rebellion by elements of the Kurdish population
against the Ba'ath government ended in 1975 following the
Algiers agreement between Iraq and Iran. The Iraq-Iran war has
sparked renewed but limited antiregime insurgency in the Kurdish
areas of northern Iraq since 1980. The two principal Kurdish
opposition parties are the Kurdish Democratic Party, led by the
remaining son of the late Mustafa Barzani, and the Patriotic
Union of Kurdistan of Jalal Talabani.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
October 1987.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>