home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=93CT1730>
- <link 93HT0847>
- <link 91TT0549>
- <link 91TT0531>
- <link 90TT2116>
- <title>
- Iraq--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southwest Asia
- Iraq
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Once known as Mesopotamia, Iraq was the site of flourishing
- ancient civilizations, including the Sumerian, Babylonian, and
- Parthian cultures. Muslims conquered Iraq in the seventh century
- A.D. In the eighth century, the Abassid caliphate established
- its capital at Baghdad, which became a famous center of learning
- and the arts. By 1638, Baghdad had become a frontier outpost of
- the Ottoman Empire.
- </p>
- <p> At the end of World War I, Iraq became a British-mandated
- territory. When it was declared independent in 1932, the
- Hashemite family, which also ruled in Jordan, ruled as a
- constitutional monarchy. In 1945, Iraq joined the United
- Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League. In
- 1956, the Baghdad pact allied Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and
- the United Kingdom, and established its headquarters in Baghdad.
- </p>
- <p> Gen. Abdul Karim Qasim took power in a July 1958 coup, during
- which King Faysal II and Prime Minister Nuri as-Said were
- killed. Qasim ended Iraq's membership in the Baghdad Pact (later
- reconstituted as the Central Treaty Organization--CENTO) in
- 1959. Qasim was assassinated in February 1963, when the Arab
- Socialist Renaissance Party (Ba'ath Party) took power under the
- leadership of Gen. Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr as prime minister and
- Col. Abdul Salam Arif as president.
- </p>
- <p> Nine months later, Arif led a coup ousting the Ba'ath
- government. In April 1966, Arif was killed in a plane crash and
- was succeeded by his brother, Gen. Abdul Rahman Mohammad Arif.
- On July 17, 1968, a group of Ba'athists and military elements
- overthrew the Arif regime. Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr reemerged as
- President of Iraq and Chairman of the Revolutionary Command
- Council (RCC). In July 1979, Bakr resigned, and his chosen
- successor, Saddam Hussein, assumed both offices.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The Ba'ath Party controls the government. The Kurdish
- Democratic Party and the Kurdish Republican Party have
- nominally participated in a coalition government with the Ba'ath
- Party under the Popular Progressive National Front, but the
- Ba'ath Party carefully circumscribed their political activities,
- and are, often as not, in open rebellion against the
- government. Several senior government officials are Kurds.
- </p>
- <p> The Iraqi regime does not tolerate opposition. The Communist
- Party was removed from the coalition and declared illegal in
- 1979. Since then, its activities have been conducted primarily
- in exile. The leaders of the outlawed Da'wa (Islamic Call)
- Party, which seeks to establish an Islamic republic in Iraq,
- operate from exile in Iran and other countries.
- </p>
- <p> A large-scale rebellion by elements of the Kurdish population
- against the Ba'ath government ended in 1975 following the
- Algiers agreement between Iraq and Iran. The Iraq-Iran war has
- sparked renewed but limited antiregime insurgency in the Kurdish
- areas of northern Iraq since 1980. The two principal Kurdish
- opposition parties are the Kurdish Democratic Party, led by the
- remaining son of the late Mustafa Barzani, and the Patriotic
- Union of Kurdistan of Jalal Talabani.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- October 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-