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<text id=93CT0683>
<title>
Israel--Economy
</title>
<article><source>CIA Factbook</source><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Israel
Economy</hdr><body>
<p>Overview: Israel has a market economy with substantial government
participation. It depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw
materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources,
Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial
sectors over the past 20 years. Industry employs about 20% of
Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services most of the rest.
Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural products
(fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts
balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer
payments from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the
government's $17 billion external debt is owed to the United States,
which is its major source of economic and military aid. To earn
needed foreign exchange, Israel has been targeting high-technology
niches in international markets, such as medical scanning equipment.
The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR, which topped
400,000 during the period 1990-92, has increased unemployment,
intensified housing problems, and widened the government budget
deficit. At the same time, a considerable number of the immigrants
bring to the economy valuable scientific and professional expertise.
</p>
<p>National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $57.4 billion
(1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product real growth rate: 6.4% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product per capita: $12,100 (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Unemployment rate: 11% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Budget: revenues $33.9 billion; expenditures $36.8 billion,
including capital expenditures of $9.3 billion (FY93)
</p>
<list>
<l>Exports: $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)</l>
<l> commodities: polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles
and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products,
military hardware, electronics</l>
<l> partners: US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland</l>
<l>Imports: $19.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)</l>
<l> commodities: military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals,
machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships,
aircraft</l>
<l> partners: US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada,
Hong Kong</l>
</list>
<p>External debt: $25 billion of which government debt is $17 billion
(December 1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Industrial production: growth rate 9.4% (1992 est.); accounts for
about 20% of GDP
</p>
<p>Electricity: 5,835,000 kW capacity; 21,840 million kWh produced,
4,600 kWh per capita (1992)
</p>
<p>Industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing,
textiles, clothing, chemicals, metal products, military equipment,
transport equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery,
potash mining, high-technology electronics, tourism
</p>
<p>Agriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient
in food production, except for grains; principal products - citrus
and other fruits, vegetables, cotton; livestock products - beef,
dairy, poultry
</p>
<p>Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billion
</p>
<p>Currency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS)=100 new agorot
</p>
<p>Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.8000
(December 1992), 2.4591 (1992), 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164
(1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987)
</p>
<p>Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992)
</p></body></article></text>