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<text id=93CT1738>
<link 90TT1286>
<link 89TT1735>
<title>
Cote d'Ivoire--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Northern Africa
Ivory Coast
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> The early history of Cote d'Ivoire is virtually unknown,
although it is thought that a neolithic culture existed there.
France made its initial contact with Cote d'Ivoire in 1637, when
missionaries landed at Assinie near the Gold Coast (now Ghana)
border. Early contacts were limited a few missionaries because
of the inhospitable coastline and settlers' fear of the
inhabitants.
</p>
<p> In the 18th century, the country was invaded by two related
ethnic groups--the Agnis, who occupied the southeast, and the
Baoules, who settled in the central section. In 1843-44, Adm.
Bouet-Williaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand
Bassam and Assinie regions, placing their territories under a
French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading
companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under
French control inland from the lagoon region. However,
pacification was not accomplished until 1915.
</p>
<p>French Period
</p>
<p> Cote d'Ivoire officially became a French colony in 1893.
Captain Binger, who had explored the Gold Coast frontier, was
named the first governor. He negotiated boundary treaties with
Liberia and the United Kingdom (for the Gold Coast) and later
started the campaign against Almany Samory, a Malinke chief,
who waged war against the French until 1898.
</p>
<p> From 1904 to 1958, Cote d'Ivoire was a constituent unit of
the Federation of French West Africa (now Mauritania, Senegal,
Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, Burkina, and Cote d'Ivoire). It was a
colony under the Third French Republic and an overseas territory
under the Fourth Republic. Until the period following World War
II, governmental affairs in French West Africa was administered
from Paris through governors general and territorial governors.
France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its
philosophy of "association," meaning that all Africans in Cote
d'Ivoire were officially French "subjects" without rights to
representation in Africa or France.
</p>
<p> A harsh and racially conscious Vichy regime remained in
control until 1943, when members of Gen. Charles de Gaulle's
provisional government assumed control of all French West
Africa. The Brazzaville conference in 1944, the first
Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and
France's gratitude for African loyalty to Free France during
World War II, led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946.
French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the
right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms
of forced labor were abolished.
</p>
<p> A turning point in relation with France was reached with the
1956 Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre), which transferred a number
of powers previously reserved for metropolitan administrators
to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and
removed remaining voting inequalities.
</p>
<p>Independence
</p>
<p> In December 1958, Cote d'Ivoire became an autonomous republic
within the French community as a result of a referendum that
brought community status to all members of the old Federation
of French West Africa except Guinea, which had voted against
association. Cote d'Ivoire became independent on August 7, 1960,
and permitted its community membership to lapse.
</p>
<p> Cote d'Ivoire's contemporary political history is closely
associated with the career of Felix Houphouet-Boigny, president
of the republic and leader of the Parti Democratique de la Cote
d'Ivoire (PDCI). He was one of the founders of the Rassemblement
Democratique Africain (RDA), the leading preindependence
interterritorial political party in French West Africa. The RDA
established constituent units in all French West African
territories except Mauritania, as well as in the Congo
(Brazzaville), Chad, Gabon, and Cameroon.
</p>
<p> Houphouet-Boigny first came to national political prominence
in 1944 as founder of the Syndicat Agricole Africain, an
organization that won improved labor conditions for African
farmers and formed a nucleus for the PDCI. After World War II,
he was elected by a narrow margin to the first Constituent
Assembly. Representing Cote d'Ivoire in the French National
Assembly from 1946 to 1959, he devoted much of his effort to
interterritorial political organization and further
amelioration of labor conditions. After his 13-year service in
the French National Assembly, including almost 3 years as a
minister in the French Government, he became Cote d'Ivoire's
first prime minister in April 1959, and the following year was
elected its first president.
</p>
<p> In May 1959, Houphouet-Boigny reinforced his position as a
dominant figure in West Africa by leading Cote d'Ivoire, Niger,
Upper Volta (Burkina), and Dahomey (Benin) into the Council of
the Entente, a regional organization promoting economic
development. (Togo joined in 1966.) He has maintained that the
only true road to African solidarity is through step-by-step
economic and political cooperation, recognizing the principle of
nonintervention in the internal affairs of other African states.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Cote d'Ivoire has enjoyed relative political stability since
independence. President Houphouet-Boigny, a moderate leader of
considerable stature in Africa, uses direct personal dialogue
wit representatives of various segments of Ivorian society.
</p>
<p> The PDCI, the single ruling party, includes most elements of
the country's political life and serves as a form for policy
decisions and as an instrument for ensuring the application of
government policies. More open discussion of government
policies has occurred since the country's first competitive
elections for legislative, municipal, and local par positions
in 1980. National elections have been held at regular 5-year
intervals since independence, and are next scheduled for 1990.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
April 1990.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>