home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
TIME: Almanac 1990s
/
Time_Almanac_1990s_SoftKey_1994.iso
/
time
/
world
/
p
/
papua_ne.2a
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1993-04-15
|
7KB
|
151 lines
<text id=93CT1818>
<link 89TT2704>
<title>
Papua New Guinea--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Australia & Oceania
Papua New Guinea
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Archeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New
Guinea at least 50,000 years ago, probably by sea from
Southeast Asia during an ice age period when the sea was lower
and distances between islands shorter. Although the first
arrivals were hunters and gatherers, early evidence shows that
people managed the forest environment to provide food.
Furthermore, evidence also shows proof of gardening at the same
time that agriculture was developing in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Early garden crops--many of which are indigenous--included
sugarcane, Pacific bananas, yams, and taros, while sago and
pandanus were two commonly exploited native forest crops.
Today's staples--sweet potatoes and pig--are later arrivals,
but shellfish and fish have long been mainstays of coastal
dwellers' diets.
</p>
<p> When Europeans first arrived, inhabitants of New Guinea and
nearby islands--while still relying on bone, wood, and stone
tools--had a productive agricultural system. They traded
along the coast, where products mainly were pottery, shell
ornaments, and foodstuffs, and in the interior, where forest
products were exchanged for shells and other sea products.
</p>
<p> The first Europeans to sight New Guinea were probably the
Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in the South Pacific
in the early part of the 16th century. In 1526-27, Don Jorge de
Meneses accidentally came upon the principal island and is
credited with naming it "Papua," a Malay word for the frizzled
quality of Melanesian hair. The term "New Guinea" was applied
to the island in 1545 by a Spaniard, Ynigo Ortis de Retez,
because of a fancied resemblance between the islands'
inhabitants and those found on the African Guinea coast.
Although European navigators visited the islands and explored
their coastlines for the next 170 years, little was known of the
inhabitants until the late 19th century.
</p>
<p> New Guinea
</p>
<p> With Europe's growing need for coconut oil, Godeffroy's of
Hamburg, the largest trading firm in the Pacific, began trading
for copra in the New Guinea islands. In 1884, Germany formally
took possession of the northeast quarter of the island and put
its administration in the hands of a chartered company. In 1899,
the German Imperial government assumed direct control of the
territory, thereafter known as German New Guinea. In 1914,
Australian troops occupied German New Guinea, and it remained
under Australian military control until 1921. The British
Government, on behalf of the commonwealth of Australia, assumed a
mandate from the League of Nations for governing the Territory
of New Guinea in 1920. It was administered under this mandate
until the Japanese invasion in December 1941 brought about the
suspension of Australian civil administration. Following the
surrender of the Japanese in 1945, civil administration of both
Papua and New Guinea was restored, and under the Papua New
Guinea Provisional Administration Act, 1945-46, both Papua and
New Guinea were combined in an administrative union.
</p>
<p>Papua
</p>
<p> On November 6, 1884, a British protectorate was proclaimed
over the southern coast of New Guinea (the area called Papua)
and its adjacent islands. The protectorate, called British New
Guinea, was annexed outright on September 4, 1888. The
possession was placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of
Australia in 1902. Following the passage of the Papua Act of
1905, British New Guinea became the Territory of Papua, and
formal Australian administration began in 1906. Papua was
administered under the Papua Act until it was invaded by the
Japanese in 1942 and civil administration suspended. During the
war, Papua was governed by a military administration from Port
Moresby, where Gen. Douglas MacArthur occasionally made his
headquarters. It was later joined in an administrative union
with New Guinea during 1945-46 following the surrender of Japan.
</p>
<p>Postwar Development
</p>
<p> The Papua and New Guinea Act of 1949 formally approved the
placing of New Guinea under the international trusteeship system
and confirmed the administrative union of New Guinea and Papua
under the title of "The Territory of Papua and New Guinea." The
act provided for a Legislative Council (established in 1951),
a judicial organization, a public service, and a system of local
government. A House of Assembly replaced the Legislative Council
in 1963, and the first House of Assembly opened on June 8, 1964.
In 1972, the name of the territory was changed to Papua New
Guinea.
</p>
<p> Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry
headed by Chief Minister Somare, who pledged to lead the country
to self-government and then to independence. Papua New Guinea
became self-governing in December 1973 and achieved independence
on September 16, 1975. The 1977 national elections confirmed
Michael Somare as prime minister at the head of a coalition led
by the Pangu Party. However, his government lost a vote of
confidence in 1980 and was replaced by a new cabinet headed by
Sir Julius Chan as prime minister. The 1982 elections increased
Pangu's plurality, and parliament again chose Somare as prime
minister. In November 1985, the Somare government lost a vote
of no confidence, and the parliamentary majority elected Paias
Wingti, at the head of a five-party coalition, as prime
minister. A coalition headed by Wingti, was victorious in very
close elections in July 1987. In July 1988, a no confidence vote
toppled Wingti and brought Rabbie Namaliu, who a few weeks
earlier had replaced Somare as leader of the Pangu Party, to
power.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Papua New Guinea's democracy is genuine and vigorous with
strong roots in widely diffused Christian values and in the
Melanesian tradition of nonhereditary, village-level political
leadership based on charisma and accomplishment. There is a
lively opposition, elections are well contested, and the public
takes an interest in politics. Papua New Guinea's human rights
record is excellent, and there is complete freedom of the press
and expression, as well as strong respect for the rights of the
individual. No major ideological differences exist between the
political parties, but regional differences (and occasionally
tensions) are still significant. Major public and political
concerns center on economic and social development. The
country's rapid evolution, in combination with its slow-to-
stagnant economic growth, has generated a major problem of youth
unemployment and crime, particularly, but not exclusively, in
urban areas. National political debate centers on how to
increase economic growth with fuller participation for Papua New
Guineans, and with fewer disruptive social consequences.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, July
1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>