home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
TIME: Almanac 1990s
/
Time_Almanac_1990s_SoftKey_1994.iso
/
time
/
world
/
q
/
qatar.2a
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-03-25
|
4KB
|
97 lines
<text id=93CT1832>
<title>
Qatar--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Southwest Asia
Qatar
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Qatar has been inhabited for many centuries. Dominance over
Qatar by the Khalifa family of Bahrain persisted until 1868
when, at the request of Qatari nobles, the British negotiated
the termination of the Bahraini claim, except for the payment of
tribute. The tribute ended with the occupation of Qatar by
Ottoman Turks in 1872.
</p>
<p> When the Ottoman Turks evacuated the peninsula at the
beginning of World War I, the British recognized as ruler Sheikh
Abdullah bin Jasmin Al Thani, whose family had lived in Qatar
for 200 years.
</p>
<p> The treaty concluded in 1916 between the United Kingdom and
Sheikh Abdullah was similar to those entered into by the British
with other Gulf principalities. Under it, the ruler undertook
not to dispose of any of his territory except to the United
Kingdom and not to enter into relationships with any other
foreign government without British consent. In return, the
British promised to protect Qatar from all aggression by sea and
to lend their good offices in case of a land attack. A 1934
treaty granted more extensive British protection to Qatar.
</p>
<p> In 1935, a 75-year oil concession was granted to the Qatar
Petroleum Company, which was Anglo-Dutch, French, and U.S.
owned. High-quality oil was discovered in 1940 at Dukhan, on
the western side of the peninsula. Exploitation was delayed by
World War II, and oil exports did not begin until 1949.
</p>
<p> During the 1950s and 1960s, gradually increasing oil revenues
brought prosperity, rapid immigration, substantial social
progress, and the beginnings of modern industry.
</p>
<p> When the British Government announced a policy in 1968
(reaffirmed in March 1971) of ending the treaty relationships
with the Gulf sheikhdoms, Qatar joined the other eight states
then under British protection (the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms--the present united Arab Emirates--and Bahrain) in a plan to
form a union of Arab emirates. By mid-1971, however, the nine
sheikdoms still had not agreed on terms of union, and the
termination date (end of 1971) of the British treaty
relationship was approaching. Accordingly, Qatar sought
independence as a separate entity, and became fully independent
on September 3, 1971, as the State of Qatar.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p> The head of state is the amir, and the right to rule Qatar is
passed on within the Al Thani, the ruling family. politically,
Qatar is evolving from a traditional society into a modern
welfare state. Government departments have been established to
meet the requirements of social and economic progress.
</p>
<p> The basic law of 1970 institutionalized local customs rooted
in Qatar's conservative Wahabi heritage, granting the amir
preeminent power. The amir's role is influenced by continuing
traditions of consultations, rule by consensus, and the
citizen's right to appeal personally to the Amir. The Amir,
while directly accountable to no one, cannot violate the
Shari'a (Islamic law) and, in practice, must consider the
opinions of leading notables and the religious establishment.
Their position was institutionalized in the Advisory Council,
an appointed body that assists the Amir in formulating policy.
An electoral system has not been set up. Political parties are
banned.
</p>
<p> The influx of expatriate Arabs has introduced ideas that call
into question the tenets of Qatar's traditional society, but
there has been no serious challenge to Al Thani rule.
</p>
<p> In February 1972, the Deputy Ruler and Prime Minister of
Qatar, Sheikh Khalifa, deposed his cousin, Amir Ahmad, and
assumed power. This move, supported by the key members of the Al
Thani, took place without violence or signs of political unrest.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
November 1987.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>