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<text id=93CT1846>
<title>
Senegal--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Northern Africa
Senegal
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that
Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times. In the 13th and 14th
centuries, the area came under the influence of the great
Mandingo empires to the east. The Jolof Empire of Senegal was
founded during this time.
</p>
<p> French commercial establishments date from the 17th century.
During the 19th century, the French gradually established
control over the interior regions and administered them as a
protectorate until 1920 and as a colony thereafter. In 1946, a
territorial assembly was elected by a restricted franchise and
given advisory powers. These were gradually expanded, and the
franchise broadened in succeeding years. After the 1958 French
constitutional referendum, Senegal became a member of the French
community with virtually complete internal autonomy.
</p>
<p> In January 1959, Senegal and the French Soudan merged to form
the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on June 20,
1960, as a result of the independence and transfer of power
agreement signed with France on April 4, 1960. Due to internal
political difficulties, the federation broke up on August 20,
1960; Senegal seceded and proclaimed itself the Republic of
Senegal. Soudan became the Republic of Mali a month later.
Leopold Sedar Senghor, internationally renowned poet,
politician, and statesman, was elected Senegal's first
president in August 1960.
</p>
<p> After the breakup of the Mali Federation, President Senghor
and Prime Minister Mamdou Dia governed together under a
parliamentary system. In December 1962, their political rivalry
led to an attempted coup by Prime Minister Dia. Although this
was put down without bloodshed, Dia was arrested and
imprisoned, and Senegal adopted a new constitution. Dia was
released in 1974.
</p>
<p> A 1970 constitutional amendment recreated the post of prime
minister and declared the prime minister to be the official
successor to the president in the event the president could not
complete his term. These constitutional provisions became
effective when President Senghor retired on January 1, 1981, and
was replaced by his prime minister of 10 years, Abdou Diouf.
President Diouf was elected to a second 5-year term on February
27, 1983. On his recommendation, the National Assembly
subsequently abolished the post of prime minister.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> The 1963 constitution transformed Senegal's government into
an executive-presidential system. The president is elected by
universal adult suffrage to a 5-year term. The legislature
consists of a unicameral National Assembly. Its 120 members are
elected by universal adult suffrage during the presidential
elections. The highest court in the independent judiciary is the
presidentially appointed Supreme Court. For administrative
purposes, Senegal is divided into 10 regions, each headed by a
governor appointed by and responsible to the president.
</p>
<p> Senegal's governing political party is the Socialist Party
(name changed from Senegalese Progressive Union in 1976 after
having joined the Socialist International), founded in 1949 by
Senghor and now led by President Diouf. The Socialist Party
advocates a moderate form of socialism based on traditional
African concepts but leaves scope for private enterprise,
including foreign investment.
</p>
<p> The constitution, which previously restricted the number of
political parties to four, was amended in 1981 to legitimize
previously unrecognized parties. The number of parties now
stands at 17, the majority of which participated in the
February 1983 presidential and legislative elections. In these
elections, the Socialist Party won 111 of the National
Assembly's 120 seats, with the opposition split between
Abdoulaye Wade's Parti Democratique Senegalais (8 seats) and
Cheikh Anta Diop's Rassamblement National Democratique (1 seat).
The last national elections were held February 28, 1988.
President Diouf was reelected for another 5-year term. The
Socialist Party retained 103 National Assembly seats, with PDS
taking 17.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, July
1988.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>