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<text id=93CT1865>
<link 91TT0008>
<title>
Suriname--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
South America
Suriname
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Christopher Columbus sighted the coast of the area formerly
known as Guiana (Berbice) in 1498, but it was unattractive to
later Spanish and Portuguese explorers because of the limited
presence of gold. The first successful European settlement was
established in 1651 by British Lord Willoughby coming from
Barbados. He welcomed people from unsuccessful West Indian and
other South American colonies who brought capital and skills to
the new settlement. Notable among these were Sephardic Jews
from Brazil, who, in 1665, erected the first synagogue in the
Western Hemisphere. The colony prospered as a plantation
economy-cocoa, coffee, sugar, and cotton-based on slave labor
from Africa.
</p>
<p> By terms of the Treaty of Breda (1667), the Netherlands
acquired Suriname from Great Britain in exchange for Dutch
rights in Nieuw Amsterdam (Manhattan, New York) and the Gold
Coast in Africa. The 18th and early 19th centuries saw Suriname
in economic and political turmoil stemming from Indian and
slave uprisings and Dutch preoccupation with its East Indian
territories. Also during this period, as a result of the
Napoleonic wars and treaties, sovereignty of the country was
passed among England, France, and the Netherlands. The
Netherlands finally regained control of Suriname under the
Treaty of Vienna of 1815. When slavery was abolished in 1863,
Suriname, facing a labor shortage, brought contract workers
from China, India, and Java.
</p>
<p> In 1952, an amendment to the Dutch constitution stipulated
that relations between the Netherlands, the Netherlands
Antilles, and Suriname should be laid down in a charter and
should be recognized as constitutional law. With the signing of
the charter on December 15, 1954, the reconstruction of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands was completed, making Suriname an
autonomous part of the Kingdom and granting it equality with
the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles. This relationship
continued until Suriname's independence on November 25, 1975.
</p>
<p> The newly independent nation functioned as a parliamentary
democracy until February 25, 1980, when a military coup by a
group of noncommissioned officers overthrew the government. On
August 13, 1980, the Parliament was dissolved and the
constitution suspended. A six-member Policy Center-three
civilians and three military-headed by an appointed civilian
president was established to rule the country by decree. In
February 1982, the military forced the president's resignation. A
new government headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Henri
Neijhorst, was appointed in March 1982. The supreme executive
body remained the Policy Center, this time headed by Army
Commander Lt. Col. Desire Bouterse.
</p>
<p> During 1982 there was growing public pressure for an end to
military rule and for a return to civilian government. In
December 1982, 15 opposition leaders, including prominent
journalists, lawyers, and a trade union leader, were killed
without trial while in government custody, prompting the
Netherlands and the United States to suspend economic and
military assistance to Suriname. The Nijhorst cabinet resigned
and was replaced by a military-appointed civilian cabinet
headed by Liagat Ali Errol Alibux. Labor unrest in December 1983
and January 1984 led to the replacement of the Alibux government
by an interim cabinet with limited mandate nominated by
Commander Bouterse and leaders of organized business and labor.
This cabinet, headed by Prime Minister Wim Udenhout, includes
representatives of the military, labor unions, and the business
community and was tasked with developing new "democratic
structures" and resolving Suriname's economic problems. It is
scheduled to be replaced not later than December 31, 1984.
</p>
<p> The Policy Center was abolished and a Supreme Council
(Topberaad) composed of top representatives of military, labor,
and business was established in April 1984 to give policy
direction to the government. Commander Bouterse is chairman of
the Supreme Council. He and the military maintain absolute
power over the decisionmaking process.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
October 1984.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>