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<text id=93CT1871>
<link 90TT3281>
<title>
Switzerland--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Europe
Switzerland
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Originally inhabited by the Helvetians, or Helvetic Celts,
the territory comprising modern Switzerland was conquered by
Julius Caesar during the Gallic wars and was made part of the
Roman Empire. It remained a Roman province until the fourth
century A.D. Under Roman influence, the Helvetians reached a
high level of civilization and enjoyed a flourishing and
peaceful commerce. Important cities, such as Geneva, Basel, and
Zurich, were linked by good military roads that also served as
trade arteries between Rome and the northern tribes.
</p>
<p> After the decline of the Roman Empire, Switzerland was
repeatedly invaded by Germanic tribes from the north and west.
Some of these tribes, such as the Alemanni in central and
northeastern Switzerland, and the Burgundians, who ruled western
Switzerland, settled there. In A.D. 800, the country became part
of Charlemagne's empire. It subsequently passed under the
dominion of the German emperors in the form of small
ecclesiastical and temporal holdings subject to imperial
sovereignty.
</p>
<p>Foundations of Modern Switzerland
</p>
<p> In August 1291, on the shores of Lake Lucerne,
representatives of the three forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and
Unterwalden signed the Eternal Alliance, which united them in
the struggle against "foreign" rule by the Hapsburgs, who then
held the German imperial throne. At the Battle of Morgarten in
1315, the Swiss defeated the Hapsburg army and secured
quasi-independence within the German empire as the Swiss
Confederation. During the 14th century, the confederation grew,
adding five more cantons, including Zurich and Bern.
</p>
<p> By the beginning of the 16th century, Switzerland comprised
13 autonomous cantons and several subject communities. During
this period, the Swiss gained renown throughout Europe as
excellent soldiers, not only in protecting their own country
but also as mercenary troops throughout the continent.
</p>
<p> After the disastrous battle at Marignano in 1515, in which
Swiss mercenaries fought on both sides, the Swiss cantons
gradually began to abandon mercenary service and sought to
follow a policy of neutrality toward conflicts between foreign
parties.
</p>
<p> The religious struggles of the Reformation and the Thirty
Years' War, although severe in Switzerland, failed to sever the
union. Under the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, Switzerland's
independence from the empire and its neutrality were recognized
by other European nations.
</p>
<p> In 1798, Switzerland was invaded and conquered by the armies
of the French Revolution. The Treaty of Vienna and the Second
Peace of Paris in 1815 reestablished Swiss independence, and the
powers participating in the Congress of Vienna agreed to
recognize Swiss permanent neutrality.
</p>
<p>Constitutions of 1848 and 1874
</p>
<p> Organized as a very loose confederation of 22 cantons in 1815
under the Federal Pact, Switzerland adopted a federal
constitution in 1848, modeled in part on the U.S. Constitution.
The Swiss amended their constitution extensively in 1874,
establishing federal responsibility for defense, trade, and
legal matters. Since then, continued political, economic, and
social improvement has characterized Swiss history. Determined
to preserve their neutrality, the Swiss did not participate in
either World War.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Although a diverse society, Switzerland has one of the
world's most stable governments. Most of its well-educated and
politically sophisticated voters support the government in the
armed neutrality underlying its foreign and defense policies.
Domestic policy poses no major problems. Disaffected elements,
such as the communists, form only an insignificant minority.
Quadrennial national elections typically result in few major
changes in party representation, demonstrating the stability of
Swiss political life.
</p>
<p> The constitution limits federal influence in the formulation
of domestic policy and specifically emphasizes the roles of
private enterprise and cantonal governments. However, the
confederation has been compelled to enlarge its policymaking
powers in recent years to cope with national problems. Increased
federal subsidies to education, necessitated by cantonal
inability to finance modern institutions, resulted in greater
federal influence in education. In 1947, the confederation
acquired constitutional authority to formulate agricultural
policy and, since that time, has used guaranteed prices, import
quotas, and other devices to strengthen the economic position
of Swiss farmers. In 1960, the confederation took from private
industry principal responsibility for Swiss nuclear energy
development. More recently, federal authority in matters
relating to environmental protection has been enhanced.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
March 1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>