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- <text id=93CT1886>
- <link 91TT0448>
- <title>
- Thailand--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southeast Asia
- Thailand
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Southeast Asia has been inhabited by humans for more than
- half a million years. Recent archeological studies suggest that
- by 4000 B.C., communities in Thailand had emerged as centers of
- early bronze metallurgy. This accomplishment, together with the
- cultivation of wet rice, provided the impetus for social and
- political organization. New evidence suggests that these early
- technological innovations may have originated in Thailand and
- other places in Southeast Asia, and transmitted to China, not
- vice versa as long believed. The Tai language links groups in
- southern China and modern Thailand. Strong evidence exists of
- migrations from southern China to Southeast Asia in the sixth
- and seventh centuries A.D., but earlier migrations, possibly
- from south to north, are less well understood. Thailand's early
- history was a complex struggle for territory and power among
- the Malay, Tai, Mon, and Khmer peoples.
- </p>
- <p> The Thai date the founding of their nation to the 13th
- century. According to tradition, in 1238 Tai chieftains
- overthrew the Khmer at Sukhothai, establishing the Thai
- Kingdom. At this time, the people in Sukhothai adopted the name
- "Thai" to distinguish themselves from other Tai-speaking people
- under the rule of foreign princes. Following the political
- decline of the Sukhothai Kingdom with the death of its energetic
- King Ramkhamhaeng (Rama the Great), a new, centralized Thai
- Kingdom emerged in 1350 with its center at Ayutthaya on the Chao
- Phraya River. Rama Thibodi, the first ruler of the Ayutthaya
- Kingdom, made two extremely important contributions to Thai
- history: the establishment and promotion of Theravada Buddhism
- as the official religion and the compilation of the
- Dharmashastra, a legal code based on Hindu sources and on Thai
- custom. The Dharmashastra remained effective until the late 19th
- century. The Ayutthaya Kingdom had some contact with the West,
- beginning with the Portuguese in the 16th century, but relations
- with other Southeast Asian nations were of primary importance
- until the 19th century.
- </p>
- <p> In the late 18th century, Burmese armies overwhelmed the
- kingdom. Rama I, founder of the present ruling dynasty and one
- of the leaders who eventually drove out the Burmese,
- established the capital, Bangkok, at its present location in
- 1782. His successors, especially after the British victory in
- Burma in 1826, became increasingly preoccupied with the threat
- of European colonialism.
- </p>
- <p> It is a source of great pride to the Thai that theirs is the
- only country in South and Southeast Asia never colonized by a
- European power. The Thai understood the necessity of flexibility
- and adaptability. Believing that "the strength of bamboo was its
- ability to bend with the wind," they adapted themselves to the
- pressures of foreign powers to preserve the nation's
- independence.
- </p>
- <p> Rama III began accommodating Western power with negotiation
- of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the British in 1826.
- The United States began diplomatic exchange with Siam in 1833.
- More important steps in this direction were made by Rama IV,
- known in the West as King Mongkut, and by Rama V (King
- Chulalongkorn), who carried out a virtual revolution of
- modernization in the Thai Government during the last quarter of
- the 19th century. These monarchs combined diplomatic skill with
- recognition of the need to modernize the state structure,
- making it possible for Thailand to survive as an independent
- state.
- </p>
- <p> European predominance in Southeast Asia was challenged in the
- 20th century by the Japanese. When Japan struck at the
- Philippines and Malaya in December 1941, it also invaded
- Thailand. Faced with overwhelming Japanese power, which quickly
- caused the collapse of Western forces in the area, Thailand
- acceded to Japanese demands. Although nominally allied with
- Japan during World War II, Thailand was effectively an occupied
- country.
- </p>
- <p> The defeat of Japan was followed by an era of increasingly
- close relations with the United States, which had extended
- assistance to Thailand in the immediate postwar period. Thailand
- saw the victory of communist forces on mainland China in 1949
- as a potential threat to its independence, and it became an
- active participant, along with the United States, in efforts to
- check communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Since 1975,
- Thailand has served as a country of first asylum for hundreds of
- thousands of refugees from communist Indochina. For its
- humanitarian policies in this area, Thailand and especially the
- royal family have received acclaim from international
- organizations supporting refugee relief. The royal family also
- contributes time and energy to many social and development
- programs.
- </p>
- <p> The present monarch, His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej
- (Rama IX), and Queen Sirikit have four children, including one
- son, Prince Uajiralougkorn, who was invested as crown prince in
- December 1972.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- March 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-