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<text id=93CT1886>
<link 91TT0448>
<title>
Thailand--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Southeast Asia
Thailand
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Southeast Asia has been inhabited by humans for more than
half a million years. Recent archeological studies suggest that
by 4000 B.C., communities in Thailand had emerged as centers of
early bronze metallurgy. This accomplishment, together with the
cultivation of wet rice, provided the impetus for social and
political organization. New evidence suggests that these early
technological innovations may have originated in Thailand and
other places in Southeast Asia, and transmitted to China, not
vice versa as long believed. The Tai language links groups in
southern China and modern Thailand. Strong evidence exists of
migrations from southern China to Southeast Asia in the sixth
and seventh centuries A.D., but earlier migrations, possibly
from south to north, are less well understood. Thailand's early
history was a complex struggle for territory and power among
the Malay, Tai, Mon, and Khmer peoples.
</p>
<p> The Thai date the founding of their nation to the 13th
century. According to tradition, in 1238 Tai chieftains
overthrew the Khmer at Sukhothai, establishing the Thai
Kingdom. At this time, the people in Sukhothai adopted the name
"Thai" to distinguish themselves from other Tai-speaking people
under the rule of foreign princes. Following the political
decline of the Sukhothai Kingdom with the death of its energetic
King Ramkhamhaeng (Rama the Great), a new, centralized Thai
Kingdom emerged in 1350 with its center at Ayutthaya on the Chao
Phraya River. Rama Thibodi, the first ruler of the Ayutthaya
Kingdom, made two extremely important contributions to Thai
history: the establishment and promotion of Theravada Buddhism
as the official religion and the compilation of the
Dharmashastra, a legal code based on Hindu sources and on Thai
custom. The Dharmashastra remained effective until the late 19th
century. The Ayutthaya Kingdom had some contact with the West,
beginning with the Portuguese in the 16th century, but relations
with other Southeast Asian nations were of primary importance
until the 19th century.
</p>
<p> In the late 18th century, Burmese armies overwhelmed the
kingdom. Rama I, founder of the present ruling dynasty and one
of the leaders who eventually drove out the Burmese,
established the capital, Bangkok, at its present location in
1782. His successors, especially after the British victory in
Burma in 1826, became increasingly preoccupied with the threat
of European colonialism.
</p>
<p> It is a source of great pride to the Thai that theirs is the
only country in South and Southeast Asia never colonized by a
European power. The Thai understood the necessity of flexibility
and adaptability. Believing that "the strength of bamboo was its
ability to bend with the wind," they adapted themselves to the
pressures of foreign powers to preserve the nation's
independence.
</p>
<p> Rama III began accommodating Western power with negotiation
of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the British in 1826.
The United States began diplomatic exchange with Siam in 1833.
More important steps in this direction were made by Rama IV,
known in the West as King Mongkut, and by Rama V (King
Chulalongkorn), who carried out a virtual revolution of
modernization in the Thai Government during the last quarter of
the 19th century. These monarchs combined diplomatic skill with
recognition of the need to modernize the state structure,
making it possible for Thailand to survive as an independent
state.
</p>
<p> European predominance in Southeast Asia was challenged in the
20th century by the Japanese. When Japan struck at the
Philippines and Malaya in December 1941, it also invaded
Thailand. Faced with overwhelming Japanese power, which quickly
caused the collapse of Western forces in the area, Thailand
acceded to Japanese demands. Although nominally allied with
Japan during World War II, Thailand was effectively an occupied
country.
</p>
<p> The defeat of Japan was followed by an era of increasingly
close relations with the United States, which had extended
assistance to Thailand in the immediate postwar period. Thailand
saw the victory of communist forces on mainland China in 1949
as a potential threat to its independence, and it became an
active participant, along with the United States, in efforts to
check communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Since 1975,
Thailand has served as a country of first asylum for hundreds of
thousands of refugees from communist Indochina. For its
humanitarian policies in this area, Thailand and especially the
royal family have received acclaim from international
organizations supporting refugee relief. The royal family also
contributes time and energy to many social and development
programs.
</p>
<p> The present monarch, His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej
(Rama IX), and Queen Sirikit have four children, including one
son, Prince Uajiralougkorn, who was invested as crown prince in
December 1972.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
March 1988.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>