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<text id=93CT1892>
<link 90TT2038>
<title>
Trinidad & Tobago--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Caribbean
Trinidad And Tobago
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Trinidad was discovered by Columbus in 1498 on his third
voyage to the Western Hemisphere. At that time, Trinidad was
inhabited by several Arawak Indian tribes, who later were
destroyed by early European settlers. The Spanish made the first
successful attempt to colonize Trinidad in 1592. Although it
attracted French and other foreign settlers, Trinidad continued
under Spanish rule until it was captured by the British in 1797.
Trinidad was ceded formally to the United Kingdom in 1802.
</p>
<p> Tobago probably has changed hands more often than any other
West Indian island. Dutch, French, and English expeditions
captured it from each other during its early colonial history,
before it was finally ceded to the United Kingdom in 1814.
</p>
<p> Trinidad and Tobago were merged in 1888 to form a single
colony. In 1958, the United Kingdom established the autonomous
Federation of the West Indies, comprising Trinidad and Tobago,
Jamaica, Barbados, and the Leeward and Windward Islands. The
capital of the federation was Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
Difficulties in working together, however, caused Jamaica to
withdraw in 1961, and when Trinidad and Tobago followed, the
federation collapsed. Trinidad and Tobago obtained full
independence and joined the Commonwealth in 1962.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> In 1976, Trinidad and Tobago adopted a republican
constitution under which the president, elected by the
parliament, replaced the British monarch as chief of state.
General direction and control of the government rests with the
cabinet, which is led by the prime minister and is responsible
to the bicameral parliament.
</p>
<p> The 36 members of the House of Representatives are elected to
5-year terms, although elections may be called earlier by the
president at the request of the prime minister or when the House
of Representatives votes "no confidence" in the cabinet. The
Senate's 31 members are appointed by the president, 16 on the
advice of the prime minister, 6 with the advice of the leader
of the opposition, and 9 independents chosen by the president
from among outstanding members of the community.
</p>
<p> The supreme judicial authority is the Court of Appeal, the
chief justice of which is appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition.
The final appellate court is the Privy Council in London.
Trinidad's seven counties and four self-governing cities are
administered by elected councils. Tobago was given a measure of
internal self-government in 1980 and is ruled by the Tobago
House of Assembly.
</p>
<p> The first political party in Trinidad and Tobago with a
continuing organization and program--the People's National
Movement (PNM)--merged in 1956 under Dr. Eric Williams, who
was prime minister from independence until his death in March
1981. The PNM remained in power following the death of Dr.
Williams by winning 26 of the 36 parliamentary seats contested
in the November 1981 general election. However, the 30-year
rule of the PNM ended 5 years later when the National Alliance
for Reconstruction (NAR) won a landslide victory in the general
election of December 1986. The NAR formally was established in
February 1986 when the membership of the Tobago-based Democratic
Action Congress (DAC), led by A.N.R. Robinson; the United Labor
Front (ULF), led by Basdeo Panday; the Tapia House Movement
(THM), led by Dr. Lloyd Best; and the Organization for National
Reconstruction (DNR), led by Karl Hudson Phillips, agreed to
merge into a united party.
</p>
<p> In 1986, A.N.R. Robinson became the NAR's first political
leader and, following the December 1986 general election, was
named prime minister by virtue of the party's 33 to 3
parliamentary majority. Robinson named a 13-member cabinet
(including himself) in 1986, which was replaced in November 1987
by a 15-member cabinet. In August 1987, Dr. Lloyd Best formally
withdrew the THM from the NAR. In addition the PNM, two other
parties, the National Joint Action Committee (NJAC) and the
People's Popular Movement (PPM), as well as several independent
candidates, participated in the 1986 general election but won
no seats. In September 1987, the NAR won 80 of the 125 seats
contested during the local government elections in Trinidad,
which are held every 3 years. The PNM retained the remaining 45
local government seats in Trinidad. The NAR also controls 11 of
the 12 seats constituting the Tobago House of Assembly, where
local government elections are held every 4 years. In local
government elections held in November 1988, the NAR retained its
control of 11 of the 12 seats constituting the Tobago House of
Assembly.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
April 1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>