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<text id=93CT1915>
<title>
Western Sahara--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Northern Africa
Western Sahara
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> The Western Sahara, scene of a decade-long conflict between
the Polisario and Morocco, comprises 267,028 square kilometers
(102,703 sq. mi.)--an area about the size of Colorado--of
wasteland and desert, bordered on the north by Morocco, on the
west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east and south by Mauritania,
and for a few kilometers on the east by Algeria. From 1904 until
1975, Spain occupied the entire territory, which is divided into
a northern portion, the Saguia el Hamra, and the southern
two-thirds, known as Rio de Oro. Calls for the decolonization
of these territories began in the 1960s, first from the
surrounding nations and then from the United Nations.
</p>
<p> The discovery of phosphates in Bou Craa in the Saguia el
Hamra heightened demands for Spanish withdrawal from the
territory. Morocco's occupation after Spain's 1975 withdrawal
has led to armed conflict between Morocco and the Polisario, an
organization that had begun fighting from bases in the region of
Tindouf, Algeria, since 1975.
</p>
<p> Morocco's claim to sovereignty over the Western Sahara is
based largely on the historical argument of traditional loyalty
of the Saharan tribal leaders to the Moroccan sultan as
spiritual leader and ruler. The International Court of Justice,
to which the issue was referred, delivered its opinion in 1975
that while historical ties exist between the inhabitants of the
Western Sahara and Morocco, they are insufficient to establish
Moroccan sovereignty.
</p>
<p> The Polisario claims to represent the aspirations of the
Western Saharan inhabitants for independence. Algeria claims
none of the territory for itself but maintains that a popular
referendum on self-determination should determine the
territory's future status. In 1969, the Polisario Front
(Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio
de Oro) was formed to combat Spanish colonization. After the
Spanish left and the Moroccans and, initially, the Mauritanians
moved in, the Polisario turned its guerrilla operations against
them.
</p>
<p> In November 1975, 350,000 unarmed Moroccan citizens staged
what came to be called the "Green March" into the Western
Sahara. The march was designed to both demonstrate and
strengthen Moroccan claims to the territory. On November 9,
1975, King Hassan requested that the marchers withdraw. On
November 14, Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania announced a
tripartite agreement for an interim administration under which
Spain agreed to share administrative authority with Morocco and
Mauritania, leaving aside the question of sovereignty. With the
establishment of a Moroccan and Mauritanian presence throughout
the territory, however, Spain's role in the administration of
the Western Sahara ceased altogether. Mauritania withdrew from
the territory in 1978 after several defeats by the Polisario.
</p>
<p> Mauritania signed a peace treaty with the Polisario in
Algiers in 1979 renouncing all claims and vacating the
territory. Thereupon, Moroccan troops occupied the vacated
region, and tribal leaders pledged allegiance to King Hassan.
Later, local elections and the election of representatives to
the National Assembly took place and Morocco proclaimed the
area reintegrated into Morocco. It has since built
fortifications that control about three-fourths of the Western
Sahara and protect the economic and population centers,
including the phosphate mine at Bou Craa.
</p>
<p> Efforts to end the war continue. At the Organization of
African Unity (OAU) summit in June 1981, King Hassan announced
his willingness to hold referendum in the Western Sahara. He
took this decision, he explained, in deference to African and
other leaders who had urged him to permit a referendum as the
accepted way to settle such issues. Subsequent meetings of an
OAU Implementation Committee have proposed a cease-fire, a UN
peacekeeping force, and an interim administration to assist with
an OAU-UN-supervised referendum on the issue of independence or
annexation. In 1984, the OAU seated a delegation of the Sahara
Democratic Arab Republic (SDAR), the shadow government of the
Polisario; consequently, Morocco withdrew from the OAU. UN
resolutions on the Western Sahara have closely paralleled those
of the OAU. Domestically, King Hassan's agreement in 1981 to
hold a referendum evoked criticism from Morocco's socialist
party (USFP), leading to the arrest and conviction at that time
of USFP leaders for actions considered detrimental to national
security and public order. In New York, the opening of indirect
negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario in April 1986
gave new impetus to the possibility of a negotiated solution.
</p>
<p> Progress has been substantial since the restoration of
diplomatic relations with Algeria in May 1988, which marked a
fundamental realignment of intra-Maghrebian relations. In late
August 1988, Moroccan and Polisario representatives, meeting
separately with UN officials, agreed on a peace plan proposed by
UN Secretary General Perez de Cuellar. The Secretary General
then named Uruguayan diplomat Hector Gros Espiell as his Special
Representative for the Western Sahara. As Gros Espiell began his
work, it was announced that King Hassan had met in early January
1989 in Marrakech with Polisario representatives to hear their
views on the Western Sahara, raising hopes that an agreement
would soon be forthcoming.
</p>
<p> The United States has consistently supported efforts to end
the war through negotiations between the concerned parties
leading to a cease-fire and referendum. While recognizing
Morocco's administrative control of the Western Sahara, the
United States has not endorsed Morocco's claims of sovereignty
there. It is the U.S. position that a political solution to the
Western Sahara should take into account the views of its
inhabitants.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
March 1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>