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- <text id=93CT1916>
- <title>
- Western Samoa--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Australia & Oceania
- Western Samoa
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Archaeological evidence suggests that Western Samoa was
- inhabited as early as 1000 B.C., but Polynesian oral histories
- and traditions do not go back beyond A.D. 1250.
- </p>
- <p> Samoan contact with Europe began with the visit by Dutch
- navigator Jacob Roggeveen, but contacts did not become intensive
- until the arrival of English missionaries under John Williams
- in 1830.
- </p>
- <p> Between 1847 and 1861, the United Kingdom, the United States,
- and Germany established consular representation at Apia.
- Intrigues and jealousies among these representatives and the
- Samoan royal families reached a climax in 1889, then the signing
- of the Final Act of the Berlin Conference on Samoan Affairs
- brought Samoan independence and neutrality. Malietoa Laupepa was
- recognized as king.
- </p>
- <p> After the death of King Laupepa in 1898, a dispute over
- succession to the throne led to adoption in 1900 of a series of
- conventions, whereby the United States annexed Eastern Samoa and
- Germany took Western Samoa. The United Kingdom withdrew its
- claims in return for recognition of its rights in other Pacific
- islands.
- </p>
- <p> In 1914, following the outbreak of war in Europe, New
- Zealand's armed forces occupied Western Samoa. In 1919, New
- Zealand was granted a League of Nations mandate over the
- territory. By the Samoa Act of 1921, New Zealand made provisions
- for a civil administration, and progress was made in education,
- health, and economic development.
- </p>
- <p> However, some of the New Zealand Government's measures were
- unpopular with the conservative Samoans, and a resistance
- movement based on civil disobedience lasted until 1936. Steps
- taken by New Zealand toward a more effectively representative
- Samoan administration were interrupted by World War II.
- </p>
- <p> In December 1946, Western Samoa was placed under a UN
- trusteeship with New Zealand as administering authority. The
- Samoans asked that they be granted self-government, but this was
- not accepted by the United Nations at the time.
- </p>
- <p> From 1947 to 1961, a series of constitutional advances,
- assisted by visits from UN missions, brought Western Samoa from
- dependent status to self-government and finally to independence.
- In 1947, a Legislative Assembly was established in Western
- Samoa. In March 1953, New Zealand proposed a quickened pace of
- political and economic development, and a constitutional
- convention, representing all sections of the Samoan community,
- met in 1954 to study proposals for political development. Most
- of its recommendations were adopted by New Zealand and governed
- the territory's evolution toward cabinet government.
- </p>
- <p> In January 1959, a working committee of self-government,
- empowered to work out a draft constitution, was established with
- New Zealand's approval. Cabinet government was inaugurated in
- October 1959, and Fiame Mataafa F.M. II became the first prime
- minister.
- </p>
- <p> In August 1960, a second constitutional convention produced
- the constitution adopted in October 1960 and other important
- recommendations.
- </p>
- <p> At the request of the United Nations, a plebiscite was held
- in May 1961, and an overwhelming majority of the Samoan people
- voted for independence. In November 1961, the UN General
- Assembly voted unanimously to end the trusteeship agreement,
- and the New Zealand Parliament passed the Independent State of
- Western Samoa Act, formally ending New Zealand's powers over
- the country on January 1, 1962.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The matai system still dominates the politics of Western
- Samoa, although several political parties have been formed and
- appear to be taking root. During the elections of 1982, the
- Human Rights Protection Party was organized, and the party
- leader, Tofilau Eti, served as prime minister until December
- 1985 when he resigned following defeat of his budget. Former
- Prime Minister Kolone was sworn in as prime minister heading a
- coalition government with the Christian Democratic Party. Prior
- to the elections of February 1985, the opposition Christian
- Democratic Party, was founded by former Prime Minister Tupuola
- Efi; it currently functions as the only organized opposition to
- the government. These parties are a function more of individual
- personalities than of any distinctive ideology.
- </p>
- <p> The matai system is a predominantly conservative force but
- does provide for change. New matai titles are constantly being
- created, their number having more than doubled since
- independence to 10,000-12,000. Most Samoans support the matai
- system, pointing out that although they owe respect and
- obedience to their matai in family and communal affairs, the
- matai in turn have well-defined responsibilities toward their
- family groups. If these responsibilities are not met, the matai
- can be removed.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- December 1985.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-