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<text id=93CT1920>
<link 90TT1420>
<title>
Yemen (North)--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Southwest Asia
Yemen
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Yemen is known to be one of the oldest centers of
civilization in the Near East, although its early history is
obscure. Its territory was once part of the ancient Kingdom of
Sheba, a prosperous link in the trade between Africa and India.
In the pre-Islamic period, well-developed Christian and Jewish
societies evolved in various parts of the country. Yemen played
an important role in the formative years of Islam.
</p>
<p> The Turks maintained varying degrees of control over Yemen
from the 16th century onward, and the last full Turkish
occupation was from 1872 to 1918. The Hamid al-Din dynasty,
which ruled Yemen from the time of Turkish withdrawal in 1918
until the 1962 revolution, traced its origins to Imam al-Hadi
Yahya, who is believed to have reigned at the close of the ninth
century A.D. In 1911, the Turks recognized a descendant of this
line, the Imam Yahya, as the temporal and spiritual ruler of the
Zaidis in the highlands, but Zaidi resistance to Turkish rule
continued intermittently until the collapse of the Ottoman
Empire at the end of World War I.
</p>
<p> When Turkish military forces withdrew, the Imam began to
strengthen his control over the area left him by the Turks. He
laid theoretical claim to Aden (a British crown colony) and to
British protected sultanates in South Arabia and the Hadramaut
(an area east of Aden), all now in the People's Democratic
Republic of Yemen (P.D.R Y). A portion of the frontier was
eventually demarcated in accordance with a February 1934 treaty
with the British. In the l920s, the Imam's son, Prince Ahmad,
consolidated the central government's control over rebellious
tribes in the central and southern Tihama. A short war with
Saudi Arabia for control over the northern Tihama plain and the
Asir and Najran regions was settled in May 1934 by a
Yemeni-Saudi treaty of friendship delineating a portion of the
border between the two countries.
</p>
<p> Following World War II, the royalist regime in Sanaa was
faced with many new challenges and increasing political
dissidence. Imam Yahya died during a coup attempt in 1948 and
was succeeded by his son Ahmad, whose reign until 1962 was
marked by renewed friction with the British in Aden and growing
pressures to support the Arab nationalist objectives of Egyptian
President Gamal Abdul Nasser. Finally, on September 26, 1962,
units of the fledgling Yemeni Army surrounded and destroyed the
palace of Imam Badr who had succeeded his father to the throne
only a few days earlier. These revolutionary (republican) forces
rapidly gained control of Sanaa, other principal cities, and the
coastal area and established the Yemen Arab Republic (Y.A.R.).
At the request of the new government, Egypt sent troops and
supplies to help combat the deposed Imam Badr who had fled
north, where, with the help of Saudi Arabia and Jordan, he
raised royalist forces to oppose the newly formed republic.
</p>
<p> Fighting between republicans and royalists continued until
mid-1963, when, with U.S. assistance, a disengagement agreement
was negotiated between Saudi Arabia and Egypt and a UN truce
observation mission was sent to Yemen. However disagreement
over implementation brought renewed hostilities later that year.
King Faisal of Saudi Arabia and President Nasser of Egypt
reached agreement in principle for a Yemen settlement in 1964
and again in 1965, but the agreements were not implemented.
</p>
<p> Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli war and the August 1967 Arab
summit conference, Egyptian troops were withdrawn from Yemen.
Almost at once, the Egyptian-supported regime of President
Abdullah al-Sallal was ousted, and moderate republican leaders
rallied to the defense of Sanaa against a final royalist siege
of the city. By 1968, the siege was lifted, and republican
leaders began a long, but eventually successful, effort of
reconciliation with royalist tribes and their Saudi supporters.
Saudi recognition of the republican regime and restoration of
diplomatic ties between Saudi Arabia and Yemen occurred in
mid-summer 1970, when many royalist leaders--with the
exception of the Hamid al-Din family--accepted integration
under the republican regime.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> The first nationwide elections took place under the
constitution of 1971. An assembly of 159 members was elected as
the new legislative body. The assembly subsequently elected the
Republican Council which, in turn, appointed the prime minister
whose cabinet submitted itself for a vote of confidence to the
assembly. In June 1974, a combination of financial and
organizational crises led the chairman of the Republican
Council, President Abdul Rahman Iryani, to submit his
resignation to the Consultative Assembly. Immediately, power was
seized by Lt. Col. Ibrahim al-Hamdi, who suspended the
constitution and replaced the Republican Council with a
12-member Military Command Council. A "temporary" constitution
was proclaimed, and al-Hamdi promised a new permanent
constitution and a new republican government.
</p>
<p> Al-Hamdi abolished the Command Council in 1977 but was
assassinated later that year before he was able to complete the
promised constitutional reforms. His successor was assassinated
in 1978, and Lt. Col. Ali Abdallah Salih was chosen to replace
him.
</p>
<p> President Salih recently has begun to implement some
measures that may lead to greater popular participation. In
August 1982, a 1,000-member People's General Congress met and
approved a national charter. Municipal elections were held in
1982. In July 1985, elections were held to select
representatives to the Local Councils for Cooperative
Development. These councils permit communities to consult with
the central government on prospective development projects for
their areas.
</p>
<p> The president appoints the vice presidents, the prime
minister, and the cabinet. The prime minister functions as an
administrative official, coordinating the activities of the
ministries. The present government was appointed in November
1984.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
November 1987.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>