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- <text id=93CT1920>
- <link 90TT1420>
- <title>
- Yemen (North)--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southwest Asia
- Yemen
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Yemen is known to be one of the oldest centers of
- civilization in the Near East, although its early history is
- obscure. Its territory was once part of the ancient Kingdom of
- Sheba, a prosperous link in the trade between Africa and India.
- In the pre-Islamic period, well-developed Christian and Jewish
- societies evolved in various parts of the country. Yemen played
- an important role in the formative years of Islam.
- </p>
- <p> The Turks maintained varying degrees of control over Yemen
- from the 16th century onward, and the last full Turkish
- occupation was from 1872 to 1918. The Hamid al-Din dynasty,
- which ruled Yemen from the time of Turkish withdrawal in 1918
- until the 1962 revolution, traced its origins to Imam al-Hadi
- Yahya, who is believed to have reigned at the close of the ninth
- century A.D. In 1911, the Turks recognized a descendant of this
- line, the Imam Yahya, as the temporal and spiritual ruler of the
- Zaidis in the highlands, but Zaidi resistance to Turkish rule
- continued intermittently until the collapse of the Ottoman
- Empire at the end of World War I.
- </p>
- <p> When Turkish military forces withdrew, the Imam began to
- strengthen his control over the area left him by the Turks. He
- laid theoretical claim to Aden (a British crown colony) and to
- British protected sultanates in South Arabia and the Hadramaut
- (an area east of Aden), all now in the People's Democratic
- Republic of Yemen (P.D.R Y). A portion of the frontier was
- eventually demarcated in accordance with a February 1934 treaty
- with the British. In the l920s, the Imam's son, Prince Ahmad,
- consolidated the central government's control over rebellious
- tribes in the central and southern Tihama. A short war with
- Saudi Arabia for control over the northern Tihama plain and the
- Asir and Najran regions was settled in May 1934 by a
- Yemeni-Saudi treaty of friendship delineating a portion of the
- border between the two countries.
- </p>
- <p> Following World War II, the royalist regime in Sanaa was
- faced with many new challenges and increasing political
- dissidence. Imam Yahya died during a coup attempt in 1948 and
- was succeeded by his son Ahmad, whose reign until 1962 was
- marked by renewed friction with the British in Aden and growing
- pressures to support the Arab nationalist objectives of Egyptian
- President Gamal Abdul Nasser. Finally, on September 26, 1962,
- units of the fledgling Yemeni Army surrounded and destroyed the
- palace of Imam Badr who had succeeded his father to the throne
- only a few days earlier. These revolutionary (republican) forces
- rapidly gained control of Sanaa, other principal cities, and the
- coastal area and established the Yemen Arab Republic (Y.A.R.).
- At the request of the new government, Egypt sent troops and
- supplies to help combat the deposed Imam Badr who had fled
- north, where, with the help of Saudi Arabia and Jordan, he
- raised royalist forces to oppose the newly formed republic.
- </p>
- <p> Fighting between republicans and royalists continued until
- mid-1963, when, with U.S. assistance, a disengagement agreement
- was negotiated between Saudi Arabia and Egypt and a UN truce
- observation mission was sent to Yemen. However disagreement
- over implementation brought renewed hostilities later that year.
- King Faisal of Saudi Arabia and President Nasser of Egypt
- reached agreement in principle for a Yemen settlement in 1964
- and again in 1965, but the agreements were not implemented.
- </p>
- <p> Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli war and the August 1967 Arab
- summit conference, Egyptian troops were withdrawn from Yemen.
- Almost at once, the Egyptian-supported regime of President
- Abdullah al-Sallal was ousted, and moderate republican leaders
- rallied to the defense of Sanaa against a final royalist siege
- of the city. By 1968, the siege was lifted, and republican
- leaders began a long, but eventually successful, effort of
- reconciliation with royalist tribes and their Saudi supporters.
- Saudi recognition of the republican regime and restoration of
- diplomatic ties between Saudi Arabia and Yemen occurred in
- mid-summer 1970, when many royalist leaders--with the
- exception of the Hamid al-Din family--accepted integration
- under the republican regime.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The first nationwide elections took place under the
- constitution of 1971. An assembly of 159 members was elected as
- the new legislative body. The assembly subsequently elected the
- Republican Council which, in turn, appointed the prime minister
- whose cabinet submitted itself for a vote of confidence to the
- assembly. In June 1974, a combination of financial and
- organizational crises led the chairman of the Republican
- Council, President Abdul Rahman Iryani, to submit his
- resignation to the Consultative Assembly. Immediately, power was
- seized by Lt. Col. Ibrahim al-Hamdi, who suspended the
- constitution and replaced the Republican Council with a
- 12-member Military Command Council. A "temporary" constitution
- was proclaimed, and al-Hamdi promised a new permanent
- constitution and a new republican government.
- </p>
- <p> Al-Hamdi abolished the Command Council in 1977 but was
- assassinated later that year before he was able to complete the
- promised constitutional reforms. His successor was assassinated
- in 1978, and Lt. Col. Ali Abdallah Salih was chosen to replace
- him.
- </p>
- <p> President Salih recently has begun to implement some
- measures that may lead to greater popular participation. In
- August 1982, a 1,000-member People's General Congress met and
- approved a national charter. Municipal elections were held in
- 1982. In July 1985, elections were held to select
- representatives to the Local Councils for Cooperative
- Development. These councils permit communities to consult with
- the central government on prospective development projects for
- their areas.
- </p>
- <p> The president appoints the vice presidents, the prime
- minister, and the cabinet. The prime minister functions as an
- administrative official, coordinating the activities of the
- ministries. The present government was appointed in November
- 1984.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- November 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-