home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
PC World Komputer 1999 mARCH
/
PCWK3A99.iso
/
Pcwktxt
/
Y2k
/
Surv2000
/
Situat~1.ht_
/
Situat~1.ht
Wrap
Text File
|
1997-08-16
|
7KB
|
120 lines
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Mozilla/4.01 [en] (Win95; I) [Netscape]">
<META NAME="Author" CONTENT="Arran Faithfull">
<TITLE>SoftNET - Situation</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY TEXT="#000000" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" LINK="#0000EE" VLINK="#551A8B" ALINK="#FF0000">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#0000FF"> <B><FONT SIZE=+2>What Caused This Situation?</FONT></B></FONT><B><FONT SIZE=+2> </FONT></B><BR>
<BR></CENTER>
The problems your computer will face in the year 2000 and beyond were caused
by decisions made in the late '60s and the early '70s. Back then, computers
were very expensive. In 1970, a one Gigabyte hard drive cost over 1 million
dollars ($1,000,000.00). RAM (Random Access Memory) was also very expensive.
Programs and data were written to take up as little space as possible.
<P>It all started by in the 60Æs when a gentleman by the name of Hollerith
developed a punchcard system that gave users an æeasyÆ way of putting data
into a computer. By punching holes into his "Hollerith card" the computer
could read the information using a beam of light to show the pattern on
the card to the computer. Once the computer æreadÆ the card, it could store
and retrieve information from its drives, or memory.
<P>Each of these "Hollerith Cards" had enough space to hold just
80 characters of information.
<P>Today 80 characters is not a lot of information, and we would not worry
about saving say a couple of spaces, but back then, if all you had was
80 characters, then thatÆs all you had!
<P>80 characters is not a lot of information. Just try writing down your
full name, address, date of birth, bank balance and bank account number.
The chances are you'll have written down more than 80 characters.
Well, you are going to have to delete information, if you want that info
put into a 1970 computer.
<P>This is exactly the problem programmers ran into in the late '60s and
early '70s. Hollerith cards were not big enough to store all the
data they needed to store. So they compromised. They wrote 211056 instead
of 21/10/1956, thereby saving themselves 4 precious characters, 2 of which
were the crucial '19' or century dates. Now donÆt get cranky with
the programmerÆs of old. You see even today, when designing a computer
application you're always making compromises. There are compromises between
what you'd like the computer to do and what you can afford to have it do.
<P>Even today major companies (even Microsoft) compromise between the speed
of delivery and the quality of the final product. Now you will begin to
understand the consequences of the compromise made back in those early
days. You see, compromises are never perfect solutionsà.
<P>Back then they had to compromise on accuracy vs. cost when they decided
to store only 2 digits of the year. The reasoning, even now, makes a lot
of sense. Especially if you keep in mind
when this compromise was taking place. It was the '60s and '70s, when the
year 2000 was 30 or 40 years away! (and most of the people making
the decisions, were not even 30 years of age!)
<P>Part of the reasoning back then was that surely our code would be replaced
in a few years time. They assumed that the program they were writing in
the '60s would not be in use 30 years from then.
<P>Well, in hindsight, which is always 20/20 vision, that particular assumption
was wrong, very wrong. The result is now we have a great deal of code
known as 'Legacy Systems' in use today.
<P>Many major applications are still using code developed in those early
days. And if you think about it, itÆs interesting to take into account
that the programs were written by programmers who themselves were in many
cases less than 30 years old. Their thinking at the time would have been
that their code would not last longer than they'd been alive? When you
look at it like that, it all seemed to be a very reasonable compromise
to make at that time.
<P>Also keep in mind, compromises are never made in isolation. Compromises
are always a conspiracy or collaboration. Computer managers would tell
the client that if they stored all 4 digits they'd have to buy a bigger
computer or they'd have to write a much more complicated program
to store the data of 2 or 3 or 4 Hollerith cards. The client would typically
respond "Are you crazy? You want me to spend another million dollars to
store an extra 2 digits that won't even be used for 30 years! Just store
the 2 digits and leave me alone! In fact! Store a single digit and save
even more money?" (True story - there is well documented evidence of problems
that were encountered at the end of the 60Æs when thousands of programmers
were taken off new projects to æfixÆ single digit code to handle the 70Æs.)
<P>So, by the 70Æs the two digit date fields became an industry standard.
Computers remained very expensive until only the last decade when it became
possible for nearly anyone to purchase a computer for their home. These
home computers are much more powerful than the computers used by entire
businesses in the '70s.
<P>Trouble is, while computers changed, the standard didn't. Many programmers,
even as you read this, are writing code that will fail in the year 2000.
Why? Because business is not very proactive when it comes to anything happening
after the next annual report. Business tends to focus on itÆs immediate
cost savings, immediate profits and immediate consequences.
<P>Businesses are not very good at looking out into their future and planning
for events that'll take place 2, 3 or 5 years in the future. Another unfortunate
chapter in this story is that computer 'professionals' are very mobile.
It is unusual in the computer industry to work for a company for more than
5 years. Why worry about a problem that'll take place in the future, when
you'll most probably be working somewhere else?
<P>In a nut shell, since the 1960Æs computers have been using single, or
two digit date formats. And now, we are facing the end of the millennium
and we need 4 digit dates in our hardware, operating systems and software.
<P>In short - its a major problem and yes, it could effect every single
computer in the World. For those who disagree - just wait and see.
I intend to enjoy the year 2000, not spend the first few months of it fighting
to keep my computers alive and functioning.
<CENTER></CENTER>
<CENTER><A HREF="softnet1.htm">Back to <I>Soft</I>NET</A></CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>