Guinness Multimedia Disc of Records 1993

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-CTRL- Universe: Large structures in the Universe T Earth and Space|The Universe|General Records|Large structures in the Universe 21 23 25 27 10|0 232434|3418 2078|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Universe: Large structures in the Universe Our own Milky Way galaxy is only one of 10 billion galaxies. It is part of the so-called Local Group of galaxies moving at a speed of 370 miles/sec with respect to the cosmological frame in the general direction of a dense concentration of galaxy ^ clusters known as the "Great Attractor" (a term coined by Alan Dressler [USA]). ^<n In November 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra (USA) announced the discovery of a "Great Wall" in space, a concentration of galaxies in the form of a "crumpled ^ membrane" with a minimum extent of 280 x 800 million light years (1.6 x 10 to the power of 21 miles x 4.7 x 10 to the power of 21 miles) and a depth of up to 20 million light years (9.6 x 10 to the power of 19 miles). ^<n Based on the effect of ^ line of sight on the spectra of distant quasars, Josef Hoell and Wolfgang Priester (Germany) suggested in July 1991 that the large scale structure of the Universe consists of "bubbles" each up to 100 million light years (5.8 x 10 to the power of ^ 20) in diameter with galaxies being formed on the "surfaces" of the "bubbles" and with the interiors being virtually devoid of matter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Universe: Galaxies T Earth and Space|The Universe|General Records|Galaxies 20 22 24 26 78|1 124178|1826 232366|3417 2078|1 252566|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Universe: Galaxies The possible existence of galaxies external to our own Milky Way system was mooted in 1789 by Sir William Herschel (1738-1822). These extra-galactic nebulae were first termed "island universes." ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 In July 1990 Juan M. Uson, ^ Stephen P. Boughn and Jeffrey R. Kuhn (USA) announced the discovery of the largest galaxy---the central galaxy of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster, 1,070 million light years (6.3 x 10 to the power of 21 miles) distant in Virgo. The galaxy has a ^ major diameter of 5.6 million light years (3.3 x 10 to the power of 19 miles), which is eighty times the diameter of our own galaxy, and has a light output equivalent to 2 trillion Suns. ^<n ^<4 Brightest and Remotest ^>4 The brightest galaxy ^ (or galaxy in the process of forming) is IRAS F10214 + 4724, which was detected as a faint source by IRAS (Infra Red Astronomy Satellite) in 1983 but was shown in February 1991 to have a far-infrared luminosity 3 x 10 to the power of 14 times ^ greater than that of the Sun. It has a red shift of 2.286, equivalent to a distance of 11.6 billion light years (6.8 x 10 to the power of 22 miles), but the remotest galaxy is the radio source 4C 41.17, determined by K. Chambers, G. Miley and W. ^ Van Bruegel in January 1990 to have a red shift of 3.800, equivalent to a distance of 12.8 billion light years (7.5 x 10 to the power of 22 miles). ^ -END- -CTRL- Universe: Age of the Universe T Earth and Space|The Universe|General Records|Age of the Universe 20 22 24 26 146|2 232298|3416 2078|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Universe: Age of the Universe For the age of the Universe a consensus value of 14 +/- 3 eons or gigayears (an eon or gigayear being 1 billion years) is obtained from various cosmological techniques. The equivalent value of the Hubble constant based on a Friedman model of the ^ Universe without cosmological constant is Mpc43 +/- 9 m/s. In 1973 an ^I creation was postulated by Edward P. Tryon (USA). Modified versions of the Inflationary Model, originally introduced by Alan Guth (USA) in 1981, now ^ complement the Big Bang theory of creation. In order to explain their observations of the large scale structure of the Universe, Hoell and Priester have made the bold suggestion that the Universe must be at least twice as old as currently ^ considered and that the cosmological constant must be non-zero. ^<n It was announced on 23 Apr 1992 that the COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite, launched by NASA on 18 Nov 1989, had detected minute fluctuations from the cosmic microwave ^ background temperature of -454.745 deg F. This has been interpreted as evidence for the initial formation of galaxies within the Universe only a million years after the Big Bang. ^ -END- -CTRL- Universe: Remotest object T Earth and Space|The Universe|General Records|Remotest object 20 22 24 26 214|3 239098|3516 232638|3421 2078|3 252566|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Universe: Remotest object The interpretation of the red shifts of quasars in terms of distance is limited by a lack of knowledge of the Universal constants. The record red shift of 4.897 for the quasar PC 1247 + 3406 as determined by Donald P. Schneider, Maarten Schmidt ^ (Netherlands) and James E. Gunn and announced in May 1991, following spectroscopic and photometric observations made in February and April of the same year using the Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory, CA. If it is assumed that there is an ^ "observable horizon," where the speed of recession is equal to the speed of light, i.e., at 14 billion light years or 82.3 million trillion miles, then a simple interpretation would place this quasar at 94.4 per cent of this value or 13,200 ^ million light years distant (7.8 x 10 to the power of 22 miles). ^ -END- -CTRL- Universe: Remotest visible object T \p8\D01\3901006 Earth and Space|The Universe|General Records|Remotest visible object 20 23 25 27 282|4 239166|3517 10|0 232706|3422 21362|314 2078|4 252566|10 1152|0 -PCAP- The remotest heavenly body that can be seen with the naked eye is the Great Galaxy in Andromeda. This image was produced by combining observations made by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite in three infrared wave-lengths. Blue represents the ^ warmest material and red the coldest. The bright yellow ring of clouds marks areas where star formation is occurring. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Universe: Remotest visible object The remotest heavenly body visible to the naked eye is the Great Galaxy in ^I (mag. 3.47), known as Messier 31. It was first noted from Germany by Simon Marius (1570-1624). It is a rotating nebula in spiral form at a distance from ^ the Earth of about 2,309,000 light years, or 1.36 x 10 to the power of 19 miles (13 million trillion miles), and our galaxy is moving towards it. It is just possible that under ideal conditions for observations, Messier 33, the Spiral in ^ Triangulum (mag. 5.79), can be glimpsed by the naked eye of keen-sighted people at a distance of 2,509,000 light years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Universe: Quasars T Earth and Space|The Universe|General Records|Quasars 20 22 24 26 350|5 232570|3420 2078|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Universe: Quasars An occultation of 3C 273, observed from Australia on 5 Aug 1962, enabled the existence of quasi-stellar radio sources ("quasars" or QSOs) to be announced by Maarten Schmidt (Netherlands, b. 1929). The red shift proved to be z = 0.158. ^<n Quasars ^ have immensely high luminosity for bodies so distant and of such small diameter. The discovery of the most luminous object in the sky, the quasar HS 1946 + 7658, which is at least 1.5 x 10 to the power of 15 times more luminous than the Sun, was ^ announced in July 1991 following the Hamburg Survey of northern quasars. This quasar has a red shift of 3.02 and is therefore at a distance of 12,400 million light years (7.3 x 10 to the power of 22 miles). ^<n The first double quasar (0957 + ^ 561) among well over 2000 known quasars was announced in May 1980. ^<n The most violent outburst observed in a quasar was recorded on 13 Nov 1989 by a joint US-Japanese team which noted that the energy output of the quasar PKS 0558-504 (which is ^ about 2 billion light years distant) increased by two-thirds in three minutes, equivalent to the total energy released by the Sun in 340,000 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Universe: Largest scale model T Earth and Space|The Universe|General Records|Largest scale model 20 22 24 26 418|6 124246|1827 232502|3419 2078|6 91334|618 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Universe: Largest scale model The largest scale model of the solar system was developed by the Lakeview Museum of Arts and Sciences in Peoria, IL and inaugurated in April 1992. The Sun, with a diameter of 36 ft, was painted on the exterior of the museum's planetarium, and the ^ planets were situated in appropriate locations in accordance with their distance from the Sun, with Pluto some 40 miles away. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: First measurement of distance T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|First measurement of distance 20 22 24 26 486|7 42850|630 211490|3110 2584|0 40936|139 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: First measurement of distance The first direct measurement of the distance of a star was made in 1838 when Friedrich W. Bessel (1784-1846) of the Konigsberg Observatory, Germany used the parallax method to measure the distance of 61 Cygni to be about six light years (modern ^ value 11.08 light years). ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Nearest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Nearest 20 22 24 26 554|8 221826|3262 211694|3113 5382|79 2584|1 235234|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Nearest Except for the special case of our own Sun, the nearest star is the very faint ^I , discovered in 1915, which is 4.225 light years (25 trillion miles) away. ^<n The nearest star visible to the naked eye is the southern ^ hemisphere binary ^I , or ^I (4.35 light years distant), with an apparent magnitude of -0.29. It was discovered by Nicolas L. de Lacaille (1713-62) in ^I . 1752. By A.D. 29,700 this binary will ^ reach a minimum distance from the Earth of 2.84 light years and should then be the second brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of -1.20. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Remotest T \p8\D01\3801006 Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Remotest 20 24 26 28 622|9 238894|3513 78|1 211830|3115 2584|2 252566|6 1152|1 -PCAP- These two all-sky images were constructed from data obtained on NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE). The top panel combines data at the far infrared wavelengths of 25, 60 and 100 microns as seen in blue, green and red. The image is presented ^ in galactic coordinates, with the plane of the Milky Way galaxy horizontal across the middle and the galactic center at the center. The bottom panel also has data at the near-infrared wavelengths of 1.2, 2.2 and 3.4 represented by the same ^ colors. The dominant sources of light at these wavelengths are stars within our galaxy. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Remotest The Solar System, with its Sun's nine principal planets, 61 satellites, its asteroids and comets, is located in the outer regions of our Milky Way galaxy, orbiting the center of the galaxy at a mean distance of 29,700 light years and with an ^ orbital eccentricity of 0.07. The present distance from the center is 27,700 light years and it will reach the minimum distance of 27,600 light years (perigalacticon) in about 15 million years, on the last day of the year. ^<n The Milky Way ^ galaxy has a diameter of about 70,000 light years, so the most distant star will be at 66,700 light years when the Solar System is farthest from the center (apogalacticon). At present the most distant stars are at 62,700 light years. ^<n The ^ present orbital velocity of the Sun and a large number of nearby stars has been averaged to 492,000 mph (the "Local Standard of Rest"), which would lead to an orbital period of 237 million years. However, the Sun's actual velocity is 60,400 mph ^ faster than this average, reaching 552,400 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Largest, heaviest and most luminous T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Largest, heaviest and most luminous 20 22 24 26 690|10 121254|1783 211558|3111 2584|3 175106|407 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Largest, heaviest and most luminous The largest star is the M-class supergiant ^I (Alpha Orionis--the top left star of Orion), which is 310 light years distant. It has a diameter of 400 million miles, which is about 500 times greater than that of the Sun. In 1978 it ^ was found to be surrounded not only by a dust "shell" but also by an outer tenuous gas halo up to 5.3 x 10 to the power of 11 miles in diameter or over 1,100 times the diameter of the star. ^<n The heaviest star is the variable ^I , 9,100 light years distant in the Carinae Nebula, with a mass 200 times greater than that of our own Sun. If all the stars could be viewed at the same distance it would also be the most luminous star, with a total luminosity 6,500,000 times ^ that of the Sun. However, the ^I brightest star viewed through a telescope is the hypergiant Cygnus OB2 No. 12, which is 5,900 light years distant. It has an absolute visual magnitude of -9.9 and is therefore visually 810,000 ^ times brighter than the Sun. This brightness may be matched by the supergiant IV b 59 in the nearby galaxy Messier 101. During the year 1843 the absolute luminosity and absolute visual brightness of ^I temporarily increased to ^ values 60 and 70 million times the corresponding values for the Sun. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Smallest, lightest and dimmest star T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Smallest, lightest and dimmest star 20 22 24 26 758|11 128394|1888 211898|3116 2584|4 13788|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Smallest, lightest and dimmest star A mass 0.014 that of the Sun is estimated for RG 0058.8-2807, which was discovered by I. Neill Reid and Gerard Gilmore using the UK Schmidt telescope (announced in April 1983). It is also the faintest star detected, with a total luminosity only ^ 0.0021 that of the Sun and an absolute visual magnitude of 20.2, so the visual brightness is less than one millionth that of the Sun. The smallest star appears to be the white dwarf L362-81 with an estimated diameter of 3,500 miles or only 0.0040 ^ that of the Sun. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Brightest (as seen from Earth) T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Brightest (as seen from Earth) 20 22 24 26 826|12 3206|47 211354|3108 2584|5 9390|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Brightest (as seen from Earth) Sirius A ( ^I ), also known as the Dog Star, is the brightest star of the 5,776 stars visible to the naked eye. It has an apparent magnitude of -1.46 but because of the relative motions of this star and the Sun this should ^ rise to a maximum value of -1.67 in about 61,000 years. Sirius is 8.64 light years distant and has a luminosity 26 times greater than that of the Sun. It has a diameter of 1.45 million miles and a mass 2.14 times that of the Sun. The faint white ^ dwarf companion ^I has a diameter of only 6,000 miles, which is less than that of the Earth, but its mass is slightly greater than that of the Sun. ^I is in the constellation ^I and is visible in ^ the winter months of the northern hemisphere, being due south at midnight on the last day of the year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Youngest and oldest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Youngest and oldest 20 22 24 26 894|13 234610|3450 212034|3118 2584|6 236192|177 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Youngest and oldest The youngest stars appear to be two protostars known collectively as IRAS - 4 buried deep in dust clouds in the nebula NGC 1333 which is 1100 light years 6.5 x 10 to the power of 15 miles distant. Announced in May 1991 by a combined British, German ^ and American team, these protostars will not blaze forth as fully fledged stars for at least another 100,000 years. ^<n The oldest stars in the galaxy have been detected in the halo, high above the disc of the Milky Way, by a group led by Timothy ^ Beers (USA) that discovered 70 such stars by January 1991 but eventually expect to detect 500. These stars are characterized by having the lowest abundances of heavy elements, whereas later generation stars (such as our own Sun) have higher heavy ^ element abundances because of a build-up of such elements in galaxies from the successive explosions of supernova stars. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Longest star name T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Longest star name 20 22 24 26 962|14 152330|2240 211626|3112 2584|7 139100|350 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Longest star name ^I is the name applied to the star ^I in the constellation ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Pulsars T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Pulsars 20 22 24 26 1030|15 211762|3114 2584|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Pulsars The earliest observation of a pulsating radio source, or "pulsar," CP 1919 (now PSR 1919 + 21), by Dr Jocelyn Burnell (nee Bell, b. 1943) was announced from the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cambridgeshire, Great Britain on 24 Feb 1968. It ^ had been detected on 28 Nov 1967. ^<n For pulsars whose spin rates have been accurately measured, the fastest-spinning is PSR 1937 + 214, which was discovered by a group led by Donald C. Backer in November 1982. It is in the minor constellation ^ ^I (the Little Fox), 16,000 light years (9.4 x 10 to the power of 16 miles) distant, and has a pulse period of 1.557806449 millisec, which is equivalent to a spin rate of 641.9282573 revolutions per sec. However, the pulsar that ^ has the slowest spin-down rate, and is therefore the most accurate stellar clock is PSR 1855 + 09 (discovered in December 1985) at only 2.1 x 10 to the power of -20 sec per sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Brightest and latest supernova T \p8\D01\3801007 Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Brightest and latest supernova 20 22 24 26 1098|16 126286|1857 146|2 211286|3107 2584|9 136672|1 1152|2 -PCAP- On 23 Feb 1987 Ian Shelton sighted -69 deg 202 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was visible to the naked eye at its brightest. This is an International Ultraviolet Explorer view of that supernova. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Brightest and latest supernova The brightest supernova ever seen in historic times is believed to be SN 1006, noted in April 1006 near ^I . It flared for two years and attained a magnitude of -9 to -10. The remnant is believed to be the radio source G.327.6 + ^ 14.5, nearly 3,000 light years distant. Others have occurred in 1054, 1604, 1885, and most recently on 23 Feb 1987, when Ian Shelton sighted the one designated -69 deg 202 in the Large Magellanic Cloud 170,000 light years distant. This supernova ^ was visible to the naked eye when at its brightest in May 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Black holes T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Black holes 20 22 24 26 1166|17 211218|3106 2584|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Black holes The concept of superdense bodies was first proposed by the Marquis de LaPlace (1749-1827). This term for a star that has undergone complete gravitational collapse was first used by John Archibald Wheeler at an Institute for Space Studies meeting in ^ New York City on 29 Dec 1967. ^<n The first tentative identification of a black hole was announced in December 1972 in the binary-star X-ray source Cygnus X-1. ^<n The best black hole candidate is the central star of the binary (or triple) star ^ system V404, which is 5000 light years (2.9 x 10 to the power of 16 miles) distant in the constellation Cygnus and which first showed a possible black hole signature as the transient X-ray source GS 2023 + 338 discovered by the Ginga satellite in ^ May 1989. In September 1991 J. Casares, P.A. Charles and T. Naylor firmly established the mass as being greater than six times that of the Sun (and more likely eight to fifteen times) and for the first time obtained a black hole candidate mass ^ unequivocally above the maximum value of five solar masses for a neutron star. The masses of other black hole candidates such as Cygnus X-1 and AO620 - 00 in our galaxy and X - 3 in the Large Magellanic Cloud are still so poorly known that their ^ minimum possible values do not rule out the possibility that these objects could be neutron stars. For a black hole weighing ten times the mass of our Sun, light cannot escape (i.e., the point at which the black hole becomes "black") if it is ^ within 18.3 miles of the center (the Schwarzschild or gravitational radius named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild). ^<n Evidence continues to accumulate to suggest that galaxies are powered by super massive black holes at their ^ centers. In the case of our own galaxy there is increasing evidence of a 2 million solar mass black hole in the region of the radio point source Sagittarius A*. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Stellar planets T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Stellar planets 20 22 24 26 1234|18 211966|3117 2584|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Stellar planets All claims to have discovered planetary systems around other stars must be treated with caution. There has been confusion with small, dim stellar companions known as "brown dwarfs" that are failed stars since they are too cool to trigger the fusion ^ of hydrogen. ^<n However, detection of variations in the pulse period of pulsar stars is capable of being used to detect planets down to one hundredth the mass of the Earth, but to date claims for discoveries of planets around pulsars remain ^ tentative. Such planets almost certainly could not have survived the violent supernova explosions that lead to the formation of such neutron stars but could have been formed from the debris that exists after such explosions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stars: Constellations T Earth and Space|The Universe|Stars|Constellations 20 22 24 26 1302|19 121186|1782 211422|3109 2584|12 258628|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stars: Constellations ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest of the 88 constellations is ^I (the Sea Serpent), which covers 1302.844 deg sq or 6.3 percent of the hemisphere and contains at least 68 stars visible to the naked eye (to 5.5 mag). The constellation ^I (Centaur), ranking ninth in area, however, embraces at least 94 such stars. ^<n ^<4 Smallest ^>4 The smallest constellation is ^I (Southern Cross), with an area of only 0.16 percent of the sky, or 68.477 ^ deg sq compared with the 41,252.96 deg sq of the whole sky. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sun: Distance extremes T Earth and Space|The Universe|The Sun|Distance extremes 20 22 24 26 1370|20 214482|3154 3510|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sun: Distance extremes The true distance of the Earth from the Sun is 1.00000102 astronomical units--the distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the Sun as defined in 1938, equivalent to 92,955,807 miles--or 93 million miles. Our orbit being elliptical, ^ the distance of the Sun varies between a minimum (perihelion) of 91.5 million miles and a maximum (aphelion) of 94.5 million miles. Based on an orbital circumference of 58.4 million miles and an orbital period (sidereal year) of 365.256366 days, ^ the average orbital velocity is 66,620 mph, but this varies between a minimum of 65,520 mph at aphelion and a maximum of 67,750 mph at perihelion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sun: Temperature and dimensions T Earth and Space|The Universe|The Sun|Temperature and dimensions 20 22 24 26 1438|21 214618|3156 21906|322 3510|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sun: Temperature and dimensions The Sun has a stellar classification of a yellow dwarf type G2, although its mass at 2 octillion tons is 332,946.04 times that of the Earth and represents over 99 percent of the total mass of the Solar System. The solar diameter at 865,040 miles ^ leads to a density of 1.408 times that of water or a quarter that of the Earth. ^<n The Sun has a central temperature of about 15,400,000 K (Kelvins) and a core pressure of 1.65 million tons/sq in. It uses up about 4.4 million tons of hydrogen ^ per sec, equal to an energy output of 3.85 x 10 to the power of 26 watts, although it will have taken 10 billion years to exhaust its energy supply (about 5 billion years from the present). The luminous intensity of the Sun is 2.7 octillion ^ candela, which is equal to a luminance of 290,000 candela/sq in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sun: Sunspots T \m\00000027 Earth and Space|The Universe|The Sun|Sunspots 20 22 24 26 1506|22 121866|1792 214550|3155 3510|2 91334|583 1518|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- Closely related to sunspots, solar flares generally occur in the magnetically active region of the Sun's atmosphere. (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Sun: Sunspots To be visible to the naked eye, a sunspot must cover about 1/2,000th part of the Sun's disc and thus have an area of about 0.5 billion sq mi. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest sunspot ever noted was in the Sun's southern hemisphere on 8 Apr 1947. ^ Its area was about 7 billion sq mi with an extreme longitude of 187,000 miles and an extreme latitude of 90,000 miles. Sunspots appear darker because they are more than 2,700 deg F cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface temperature of 9,945 ^ deg F. ^<n In October 1957 a smoothed sunspot count showed 263, the highest recorded index since records started in 1755. In 1943 one sunspot lasted for 200 days, from June to December. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Nearest planet T Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Nearest planet 20 22 24 26 1574|23 221758|3261 170758|2511 3736|0 235234|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Nearest planet The fellow planet closest to the Earth is Venus, which is, at times, only 26 million miles inside the Earth's orbit, compared with Mars' closest approach of 35 million miles outside the Earth's orbit. Mars, known since 1965 to be cratered, has ^ temperatures ranging from 85 deg F to -190 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Largest T \p8\D01\3801008 \m\00000008 Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Largest 20 22 24 26 1642|24 113162|1664 214|3 170690|2510 20138|296 3736|1 91334|455 1152|3 1518|3 -PCAP- Jupiter is the largest of the nine major planets (including the Earth). This view shows the southern hemisphere from above the pole. It is a composite of pictures taken from Voyager I. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- The space probe ^I went within 272,000 km (170,000 mi) of Jupiter on 5 March 1979. ^I reached the planet in July 1979. (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Largest The nine major planets (including the Earth) are bodies within the Solar System and revolve round the Sun in definite orbits. ^<n Jupiter, with an equatorial diameter of 88,846 miles and a polar diameter of 83,082 miles, is the largest of the nine ^ major planets, with a mass 317.828 times, and a volume 1,323.3 times, that of the Earth. It also has the shortest period of rotation, resulting in a Jovian day of only 9 hr 50 min 30.003 sec in the equatorial zone. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Smallest, coldest and remotest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Smallest, coldest and remotest 20 22 24 26 1710|25 238758|3511 170826|2512 3736|2 11064|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Smallest, coldest and remotest Pluto was first recorded by Clyde William Tombaugh (b. 4 Feb 1906) at Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ on 18 Feb 1930 from photographs he took on 23 and 29 January. His find was announced on 13 March. ^<n The discovery of Pluto's companion Charon ^ was announced on 22 Jun 1978 from the US Naval Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ. Pluto, with a mass about 1/500th of that of the Earth, has a diameter of 1,429 miles, while Charon has a diameter of 737 miles. Their mean distance from the Sun is ^ 3,674,488,000 miles, with a period of revolution of 248.54 years. Because of their orbital eccentricity they are temporarily closer to the Sun than Neptune in the period from 23 Jan 1979 to 15 Mar 1999. The lowest observed surface temperature of ^ any natural body in the Solar System is -391 deg F in the case of Neptune's large moon ^I , although a refined surface temperature of Pluto and Charon remains to be measured. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Fastest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Fastest 20 22 24 26 1778|26 27550|405 170554|2508 3736|3 23878|157 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Fastest Mercury, which orbits the Sun at an average distance of 35,983,100 miles, has a period of revolution of 87.9686 days, so giving the highest average speed in orbit of 107,030 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Hottest T \p8\D01\3901008 Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Hottest 20 22 24 26 1846|27 82086|1207 282|4 170622|2509 5518|81 3736|4 91038|2 1152|4 -PCAP- Venus, the second closest planet to the Sun after Mercury, has an estimated surface temperature of 864 deg F, based on measurements made from the Russian Venera and US Pioneer surface probes. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Hottest For Venus a surface temperature of 864 deg F has been estimated from measurements made from the Russia ^I and US ^I surface probes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Densest and least dense planet T \m\00000009 Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Densest and least dense planet 20 22 24 26 1914|28 127102|1869 170486|2507 3736|5 136828|11 1518|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- The space probe ^I made its closest approach 126,000 km (78,000 mi) to Saturn on 12 November 1980. ^I reached the planet in August 1981. (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Densest and least dense planet Earth is the densest planet, with an average density 5.515 times that of water, while Saturn has an average density only about one-eighth of this value or 0.685 times that of water. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Surface features T Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Surface features 20 22 24 26 1982|29 170894|2513 3736|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Surface features By far the highest and most spectacular surface feature is ^I (formerly ^I ) in the Tharsis region of Mars, with a diameter of 310-370 miles and a height of 75,450-95,150 ft above the surrounding plain. ^<n ^ Venus has a canyon some 1,000 miles south of the Venusian equator that is 21,000 ft deep and 250 miles long. ^<n The ice cliff on the Uranian moon Miranda is 3.23 miles high. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Brightest and faintest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Brightest and faintest 20 22 24 26 2050|30 16806|247 170350|2505 3736|7 23792|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Brightest and faintest Viewed from the Earth, by far the brightest of the five planets visible to the naked eye is Venus, with a maximum magnitude of -4.4. Uranus, the first to be discovered by telescope when it was sighted by Sir William Herschel (Great Britain) from ^ his garden at 19 New King St, Bath, Great Britain on 13 Mar 1781, is only marginally visible, with a magnitude of 5.5. ^<n The faintest planet is Pluto, with a magnitude of 15.0. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planets: Conjunctions T Earth and Space|The Universe|Planets|Conjunctions 20 22 24 26 2118|31 170418|2506 3736|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planets: Conjunctions The most dramatic recorded conjunction (coming together) of the other seven principal members of the Solar System (Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) occurred on 5 Feb 1962, when 16 deg covered all seven during an eclipse in the ^ Pacific area. It is possible that the sevenfold conjunction that occurred in September 1186 spanned only 12 deg. The next notable conjunction will take place on 5 May 2000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Satellites: Most and least T Earth and Space|The Universe|Satellites|Most and least 20 22 24 26 2186|32 127306|1872 194558|2861 4382|0 136828|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Satellites: Most and least The Solar System has a total of 61 satellites, with Saturn having the most at 18 while Earth and Pluto have only one satellite each and Mercury and Venus none. The most recently discovered, announced on 16 Jul 1990 by Mark R. Showalter (USA), is ^ the Saturnian satellite Pan (Saturn XVII) temporarily designated 1981 S13, which was found on eleven Voyager 2 photographs taken during the close approach in August 1981. It has a diameter of only about 12 miles and orbits within the 200-mile ^ Encke gap in the A ring. E.A. Marouf and G.L. Tyler have predicted the existence of two further Saturnian satellites in the Cassini Division between the A and B rings. ^ -END- -CTRL- Satellites: Largest and smallest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Satellites|Largest and smallest 20 22 24 26 2254|33 117514|1728 194490|2860 4382|1 258628|81 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Satellites: Largest and smallest The largest and heaviest satellite is ^I (Jupiter III), which is 2.017 times heavier than the Earth's Moon and has a diameter of 3,273 miles. Of satellites whose diameters have been measured the smallest is ^I , the ^ outermost moon of Mars. Although irregularly shaped, it has an average diameter of 7.8 miles. The diameter of ^I (Jupiter XIII) is estimated to be less than 9 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Satellites: Distance extremes T Earth and Space|The Universe|Satellites|Distance extremes 20 22 24 26 2322|34 194422|2859 4382|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Satellites: Distance extremes The distance of satellites from their parent planets varies from the 5,827 miles of ^I from the center of Mars to the 14,700,000 miles of Jupiter's outer satellite ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Asteroids: Number and distance extremes T Earth and Space|The Universe|Asteroids|Number and distance extremes 20 22 24 26 2390|35 10754|158 4608|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Asteroids: Number and distance extremes There are estimated to be about 45,000 asteroids, but the orbits of only about 5,300 have been accurately computed. While most orbit between Mars and Jupiter, average distances from the Sun vary between 72,200,000 miles (just outside of Venus's ^ orbit) for the Aten asteroid 1954XA (discovered 5 Dec 1954 but currently lost) and 1,902 million miles (just outside of Uranus' orbit) for 1992AD (discovered 9 Jan 1992). ^<n Because of the asteroids' large orbital eccentricities the closest ^ approach to the Sun is by the Apollo asteroid Phaethon (discovered 11 Oct 1983) to within 12,980,000 miles at perihelion, while the farthest distance is achieved by 1992AD, which reaches to 2,997 million miles from the Sun at aphelion (beyond the ^ orbit of Neptune). The closest known approach to the Earth by an asteroid was to within 105,600 miles on 18 Jan 1991 by 1991BA (the day after its discovery). ^ -END- -CTRL- Asteroids: Largest and smallest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Asteroids|Largest and smallest 20 22 24 26 2458|36 244538|3596 10686|157 4608|1 258628|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Asteroids: Largest and smallest The largest and first discovered (by G. Piazzi in Palermo, Sicily on 1 Jan 1801) is 1 ^I , with a diameter of 582 miles. The smallest asteroid is 1991BA with a diameter of 30 ft. The only asteroid visible to the naked eye is 4 ^I (discovered 29 Mar 1807), which is 323 miles in diameter and has a maximum apparent magnitude as viewed from the Earth of 5.0. ^ -END- -CTRL- Moon: Size and distance extremes T \p8\D01\3901010 Earth and Space|The Universe|The Moon|Size and distance extremes 20 23 25 27 2526|37 350|5 145666|2142 4764|0 1152|5 -PCAP- The Earth's closest neighbor in space and its only natural satellite is the Moon. These images were obtained by the Galileo spacecraft in December 1990. On the right, the near side of the Moon and about 30 degrees of the far side (left edge) are ^ visible. In the full disk on the left a little less than half the far side (to the right) can be seen. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Moon: Size and distance extremes The Earth's closest neighbor in space and its only natural satellite is the Moon, which has an average diameter of 2,159.3 miles and a mass of 8.1 x 10 to the power of 19 tons, or 0.0123 that of the Earth, so its density is 3.344 times that of ^ water. ^<n The Moon orbits at a mean distance from the Earth of 238,854.5 miles center-to-center, although the center of mass is displaced from the center of figure by 1.1 miles towards the Earth so that the distance surface-to-surface is 233,813 ^ miles. In the present century the closest approach (smallest perigee) was 221,441 miles center-to-center on 4 Jan 1912 and the farthest distance (largest apogee) was 252,718 miles on 2 Mar 1984. The orbital period (sidereal month) is 27.321661 ^ days, giving an average orbital velocity of 2,289 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Moon: Origins T Earth and Space|The Universe|The Moon|Origins 20 22 24 26 2594|38 145598|2141 4764|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Moon: Origins The currently accepted "giant impact" theory of lunar origin suggests that the Moon was formed just outside the Earth's Roche Limit (about 11,500 miles from the Earth's center) from the debris resulting from a glancing collision between the Earth ^ and a Mars-size planetesimal. That this event must have occurred in the early history of the Solar System is indicated by the fact that the oldest lunar rocks and soils brought back to Earth by the Apollo program crews are of a similar age to the ^ oldest known meteorites (about 4.5 billion years). ^ -END- -CTRL- Moon: First direct hit by space probe T Earth and Space|The Universe|The Moon|First direct hit by space probe 20 22 24 26 2662|39 39246|577 145462|2139 4764|2 40936|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Moon: First direct hit by space probe The first direct hit on the Moon was achieved at 2 min 24 sec after midnight (Moscow time) on 14 Sep 1959, by the Soviet space probe ^I near the ^I . The first photographic images of the hidden side of the ^ Moon were collected by the USSR ^I from 6:30 A.M. on 7 Oct 1959 from a range of up to 43,750 miles, and transmitted to the Earth from a distance of 292,000 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Moon: Craters T Earth and Space|The Universe|The Moon|Craters 20 22 24 26 2730|40 145394|2138 4764|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Moon: Craters Only 59 percent of the Moon's surface is directly visible from the Earth because it is in "captured rotation," i.e., the period of rotation is equal to the period of orbit. The largest wholly visible crater is the walled plain Bailly, towards the ^ Moon's South Pole, which is 183 miles across, with walls rising to 14,000 ft. The Orientale Basin, partly on the averted side, measures more than 600 miles in diameter. ^<n The deepest crater is the Newton Crater, with a floor estimated to be ^ between 23,000 and 29,000 ft below its rim and 14,000 ft below the level of the plain outside. The brightest (most reflective) directly visible spot on the Moon is Aristarchus. ^ -END- -CTRL- Moon: Highest mountains T Earth and Space|The Universe|The Moon|Highest mountains 20 22 24 26 2798|41 69234|1018 145530|2140 4764|4 71062|97 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Moon: Highest mountains In the absence of a sea level, lunar altitudes are measured relative to an adopted reference sphere with a radius of 1,080 miles. The greatest elevation attained on this basis by any of the 12 US astronauts who have landed on the moon has been ^ 25,688 ft on the Descartes Highlands by Capt. John Watts Young (USN) and Major Charles M. Duke, Jr. on 27 Apr 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Moon: Temperature extremes T Earth and Space|The Universe|The Moon|Temperature extremes 20 22 24 26 2866|42 145734|2143 4764|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Moon: Temperature extremes When the Sun is overhead the temperature on the lunar equator reaches 243 deg F (31 deg F above the boiling point of water). By sunset the temperature is 58 deg F, but after nightfall it sinks to -261 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Eclipses: Earliest recorded T Earth and Space|The Universe|Eclipses|Earliest recorded 20 22 24 26 2934|43 9870|145 70798|1041 5200|0 13960|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Eclipses: Earliest recorded For the Middle East, lunar eclipses have been extrapolated to 3450 B.C. and solar ones to 4200 B.C. ^<n The oldest record of a total solar eclipse is on a clay tablet found in 1948 among the ruins of the ancient city of Ugarit (now in Syria). A ^ reassessment in 1989 suggests that this records the eclipse of 5 Mar 1223 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Eclipses: Longest duration T Earth and Space|The Universe|Eclipses|Longest duration 20 22 24 26 3002|44 136350|2005 70934|1043 19254|283 5200|1 139100|115 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Eclipses: Longest duration The maximum ^I duration of an eclipse of the Sun is 7 min 31 sec. The longest actually ^I was on 20 Jun 1955 (7 min 8 sec), seen from the Philippines. An eclipse of 7 min 29 sec should occur in the mid-Atlantic Ocean ^ on 16 Jul 2186. ^ -END- -CTRL- Eclipses: Extended T Earth and Space|The Universe|Eclipses|Extended 20 22 24 26 3070|45 70866|1042 5200|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Eclipses: Extended Although normally the maximum possible duration of an eclipse of the Sun is 7 min 31 sec, durations can be "extended" when observers are airborne. On 30 Jun 1973, for example, an eclipse was "extended" to 72 min aboard a Concorde. ^ -END- -CTRL- Eclipses: Most and least frequent T Earth and Space|The Universe|Eclipses|Most and least frequent 20 22 24 26 3138|46 126558|1861 71002|1044 5200|3 136828|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Eclipses: Most and least frequent The highest number of eclipses possible in a year is seven, as in 1935, when there were five solar and two lunar eclipses. In 1982 there were four solar and three lunar eclipses. ^<n The lowest possible number in a year is two, both of which must ^ be solar, as in 1944 and 1969. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aurorae: Most frequent T \p8\D01\3703069 Earth and Space|The Universe|Aurorae|Most frequent 20 23 25 27 3206|47 164502|2419 418|6 10890|160 5496|0 175106|16 1152|6 -PCAP- The northern lights seen here near Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. These luminous displays are caused by showers of electrons streaming from the Sun (the solar wind) and striking the atoms of the upper atmosphere so making them glow. The shape of the ^ Earth's magnetic field confines these displays to polar regions and high latitudes, and so giving rise to the term ^I . (Photo: Jack Finch/Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aurorae: Most frequent Polar lights, known since 1560 as aurora borealis or northern lights in the northern hemisphere, and since 1773 as aurora australis in the southern, are caused by electrical solar discharges in the upper atmosphere and occur most frequently in high ^ latitudes. Aurorae are visible at some time on ^I clear dark night in the polar areas within 20 degrees of the magnetic poles. The extreme height of aurorae has been measured at 620 miles, while the lowest may descend to 45 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aurorae: Lowest latitudes T Earth and Space|The Universe|Aurorae|Lowest latitudes 20 22 24 26 3274|48 159198|2341 10822|159 5496|1 170594|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aurorae: Lowest latitudes Extreme cases of displays in very low latitudes were recorded at Cuzco, Peru (2 Aug 1744), Honolulu, HI (1 Sep 1859), and questionably Singapore (25 Sep 1909). ^ -END- -CTRL- Aurorae: Noctilucent clouds T \p8\D01\3801020 Earth and Space|The Universe|Aurorae|Noctilucent clouds 20 22 24 26 3342|49 486|7 10958|161 5496|2 1152|7 -PCAP- Noctilucent cloud above Halley Station (BAS), Antarctica. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aurorae: Noctilucent clouds These remain sunlit long after sunset because of their great altitude, and are thought to consist of ice crystals or meteoric dust. Regular observations (at heights of ^I 52 miles) in Western Europe date only from 1964; since that year ^ the record high and low number of nights on which these phenomena have been observed have been 43 (1979) and 15 (1970). ^ -END- -CTRL- Comets: Earliest recorded T \p8\D01\3901011 Earth and Space|The Universe|Comets|Earliest recorded 20 23 25 27 3410|50 9122|134 554|8 49106|722 9054|133 5722|0 13960|27 1152|8 -PCAP- Records of comets date from the 7th century B.C. The first comet whose return was predicted was Halley's Comet. Its successive appearances have been traced back to 467 B.C. It most recently appeared in 1986, with this shot being taken from New ^ Zealand. The Moon is behind the cloud at the bottom right. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Comets: Earliest recorded Records date from the 7th century B.C. The speeds of the estimated 2 million comets vary from 700 mph in outer space to 1.25 million mph when near the Sun. The successive appearances of Halley's Comet have been traced back to 467 B.C. It was first ^ depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle of A.D. 684. ^<n The first prediction of its return by Edmund Halley (1656-1742) proved true on Christmas Day 1758, 16 years after his death. On 13-14 Mar 1986, the European satellite ^I (launched ^ 2 Jul 1985) penetrated to within 335 miles of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It was established that the core was 9 miles in length and velvet black in color. ^ -END- -CTRL- Comets: Closest approach T Earth and Space|The Universe|Comets|Closest approach 20 22 24 26 3478|51 4294|63 49038|721 5722|1 10628|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Comets: Closest approach On 1 Jul 1770, Lexell's Comet, traveling at a speed of 86,100 mph (relative to the Sun), came within 745,000 miles of the Earth. However, more recently the Earth is believed to have passed through the tail of Halley's Comet on 19 May 1910. ^ -END- -CTRL- Comets: Largest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Comets|Largest 20 22 24 26 3546|52 89294|1313 49174|723 22042|324 5722|2 91334|104 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Comets: Largest The tail of the brightest of all comets, the Great Comet of 1843, trailed for 205,000,000 miles. The bow shock wave of Holmes Comet of 1892 once measured 1.5 million miles in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Comets: Shortest period T Earth and Space|The Universe|Comets|Shortest period 20 22 24 26 3614|53 240934|3543 49310|725 5722|3 253960|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Comets: Shortest period Of all the recorded periodic comets (that are members of the Solar System), the one that returns most frequently is Encke's Comet, first identified in 1786. Its period of 1,206 days (3.3 years) is the shortest established. Only one of its 53 ^ returns has been missed by astronomers; that was in 1944. Now increasingly faint, it is expected to die by February 1994. ^<n The most frequently observed comets are Schwassmann-Wachmann I, Kopff and Oterma, which can all be observed every year ^ between Mars and Jupiter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Comets: Longest period T Earth and Space|The Universe|Comets|Longest period 20 22 24 26 3682|54 134174|1973 49242|724 5722|4 139100|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Comets: Longest period Delavan's Comet of 1914, whose path was not accurately determined, is not expected to return for perhaps 24 million years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteoroids: Meteor "shower" T \p8\D01\3801010 Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteoroids|Meteor "shower" 20 23 25 27 3750|55 622|9 135058|1986 6088|0 1152|9 -PCAP- The Leonid shower which was the greatest on record occurred 16-17 Nov 1966. The meteors (shooting stars) are the straight vertical lines which thicken and brighten as the meteoroids burn up in the Earth's atmosphere. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Meteoroids are of cometary or asteroidal origin. A meteor is the light phenomenon caused by the entry of a meteoroid into the Earth's atmosphere. ^ -TEXT- Meteoroids: Meteor "shower" The greatest shower on record occurred on the night of 16-17 Nov 1966, when the Leonid meteors (which recur every 33 1/4 years) were visible between western North America and eastern Russia. It was calculated that meteors passed over Arizona at a ^ rate of 2,300 per min for a period of 20 min from 5 A.M. on 17 Nov 1966. ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteorites: Occurrences T Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteorites|Occurrences 20 22 24 26 3818|56 134922|1984 6174|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Meteorites: Occurrences When a ^I (consisting of broken fragments of cometary or asteroidal origin and ranging in size from fine dust to bodies several miles in diameter) penetrates to the Earth's surface, the remnant, which may be either aerolite (stony) ^ or siderite (metallic), is described as a ^I . Such events occur about 150 times per year over the whole land surface of the Earth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteorites: Causing injury T Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteorites|Causing injury 20 22 24 26 3886|57 134582|1979 6174|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Meteorites: Causing injury In historic times, the only recorded person injured by a meteorite was Mrs Ann Hodges of Sylacauga, AL. On 30 Nov 1954 a 9-lb stone, some 7 in in length, crashed through the roof of her home, hitting Mrs Hodges on the arm and bruising her hip. The ^ physician who examined her, Dr Moody D. Jacobs, declared her fit but she was subsequently hospitalized as a result of the publicity. ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteorites: Oldest T Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteorites|Oldest 20 22 24 26 3954|58 230190|3385 134990|1985 6174|2 236192|112 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Meteorites: Oldest A revision by T. Kirsten in 1981 of the age estimates of meteorites that have remained essentially undisturbed after their formation suggests that the oldest accurately dated is the Krahenberg meteorite at 4600 +/- 20 million years, which predates ^ the Solar System by about 70 million years. ^<n It was reported in August 1978 that dust grains in the Murchison meteorite, which fell in Australia in September 1969, may also be older than the Solar System. ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteorites: Largest T \p8\D01\3703068 Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteorites|Largest 20 22 24 26 4022|59 106566|1567 690|10 134718|1981 24218|356 6174|3 91334|358 1152|10 -PCAP- Found in 1920 at Hoba West in southwest Africa it is estimated to weigh 65 tons, and is 93 percent iron and 7 percent nickel. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Meteorites: Largest There was a mysterious explosion of 12 1/2 megatons at Lat. 60 deg 55' N, Long. 101 deg 57' E, in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, 40 miles north of Vanavar, in Siberia, Russia, at 00 hrs 17 min 11 sec UT (Universal Time) on 30 Jun ^ 1908. The cause was variously attributed to a meteorite (1927), a comet (1930), a nuclear explosion (1961), and antimatter (1965). The explosion devastated an area of about 1,500 sq mi and the shock was felt as far away as 600 miles. The theory ^ now favored is that it was the terminal flare of stony debris from a comet, possibly Encke's comet, at an altitude of 20,000 ft or less. ^<n A stony meteorite with a diameter of 6.2 miles striking the Earth at 55,925 mph would generate an ^ explosive energy equivalent to 100 million megatons. Such events should not be expected to recur more than once in 75 million years. ^<n The largest known meteorite was found in 1920 at Hoba West, near Grootfontein in Namibia, and is a block 9 ft ^ long by 8 ft wide, estimated to weigh 65 tons. The largest meteorite exhibited by any museum is the "Tent" meteorite, weighing 68,085 lb, found in 1897 near Cape York, on the west coast of Greenland, by the expedition of Commander Robert Edwin ^ Peary (USA; 1856-1920). It was known to the Inuits as the Abnighito and is now exhibited in the Hayden Planetarium in New York City. The largest piece of stony meteorite recovered is a piece weighing 3,902 lb, part of a 4.4-ton shower that struck ^ Jilin (formerly Kirin), China on 8 Mar 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteorites: Lunar T Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteorites|Lunar 20 22 24 26 4090|60 134854|1983 6174|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Meteorites: Lunar Twelve known meteorites are believed to be of lunar origin as distinguished by characteristic element and isotopic ratios. The first 11 were found in Antarctica but the most recently discovered, which has only a 1 in diameter and weighs 0.67 oz, ^ was found at Calcalong Creek on the Nullarbor Plain to the north of the Great Australian Bight by D.H. Hill, W.V. Boynton and R.A. Haag (USA), with the discovery being announced in January 1991. The name "Calcalong" is a corruption of the ^ Aboriginal word meaning "seven sisters went up to the sky, chased by the moon." ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteorites: Craters T Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteorites|Craters 20 22 24 26 4158|61 134650|1980 6174|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Meteorites: Craters It has been estimated that some 2,000 asteroid-Earth collisions have occurred in the last 600 million years. One hundred and two collision sites or astroblemes have been identified. ^<n In 1962, a crater 150 miles in diameter and 1/2 mile deep in ^ Wilkes Land, Antarctica was attributed to a meteorite. Such a crater could have been caused by a meteorite weighing 14,329,900,000 tons striking at 44,000 mph. Soviet scientists reported in December 1970 an astrobleme with a diameter of 60 miles ^ and a maximum depth of 1,300 ft in the basin of the River Popigai. ^<n There is a crater-like formation or astrobleme 275 miles in diameter on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay, Canada, where the Nastapoka Islands are just off the coast. ^<n One of ^ the largest and best-preserved craters is the Coon Butte or Barringer Crater, discovered in 1891 near Canyon Diablo, Winslow, AZ. It is 4,150 ft in diameter and now about 575 ft deep, with a parapet rising 130-155 ft above the surrounding plain. ^ It has been estimated that an iron-nickel mass of some 2,204,600 tons and a diameter of 200-260 ft gouged this crater in ^I 25,000 B.C. ^<n Evidence was published in 1963 discounting a meteroic origin for the crypto-volcanic Vredefort ^ Ring (diameter 26 miles), to the southwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, but this has now been reasserted. The New Quebec (formerly the Chubb) Crater, first sighted on 20 Jun 1943 in northern Ungava, Canada, is 1,325 ft deep and measures 6.8 ^ miles around its rim. ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteorites: Largest tektite T Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteorites|Largest tektite 20 22 24 26 4226|62 106634|1568 134786|1982 6174|6 91334|359 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Meteorites: Largest tektite The largest tektite (a class of small natural glassy objects of uncertain origin found only in certain areas of the Earth's surface) of which details have been published weighed 7 lb and was found in 1932 at Muong Nong, Saravane Province, Laos. It ^ is now in the Louvre Museum, Paris, France. Eight SNC meteorites (named after their find sites at Shergotty in India, Nakla in Egypt and Chassigny in France) are believed to have emanated from Mars. ^ -END- -CTRL- Meteorites: Brightest fireball T Earth and Space|The Universe|Meteorites|Brightest fireball 20 22 24 26 4294|63 3002|44 134514|1978 10686|157 6174|7 9390|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Meteorites: Brightest fireball The brightest fireball ever photographically recorded was by Dr Zdenek Ceplecha over Sumava, Czechoslovakia on 4 Dec 1974; it had a momentary magnitude of -22 or 10,000 times brighter than a full Moon. ^ -END- -CTRL- Earth: Shape and size T Earth and Space|The Earth|General Records|Shape and size 20 22 24 26 4362|64 70458|1036 6836|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Earth: Shape and size The Earth is approximately 4500 million years old. It is not a true sphere, but is flattened at the poles and hence an oblate spheroid. The polar diameter of the Earth, 7,899.806 miles, is 26.575 miles less than the equatorial diameter (7,926.381 ^ miles). The Earth has a pear-shaped asymmetry, with the north polar radius being 148 ft longer than the south polar radius. There is also a slight ellipticity of the equator, since its long axis (about longitude 37 deg W) is 522 ft greater than ^ its short axis. The greatest departures from the reference ellipsoid are a protuberance of 240 ft in the area of Papua New Guinea and a depression of 344 ft south of Sri Lanka, in the Indian Ocean. ^<n The greatest circumference of the Earth, at ^ the equator, is 24,901.46 miles, compared with 24,859.73 miles at the meridian. The area of the surface is estimated to be 196,937,400 miles. The period of axial rotation, i.e., the true sidereal day, is 23 hr 56 min 4.0996 sec, mean time. ^<n ^ The mass of the Earth was first assessed by Dr Nevil Maskelyne (1732-1811) in Perthshire, Great Britain in 1774. The modern value is 6.6 sextillion tons and its density is 5.515 times that of water. The volume is an estimated 0.26 trillion cu mi. ^ The Earth picks up cosmic dust, but estimates of the amount vary widely, with 36,375,000 tons a year being the upper limit. ^ -END- -CTRL- Earth: Structure T Earth and Space|The Earth|General Records|Structure 20 22 24 26 4430|65 70526|1037 6836|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Earth: Structure Modern theory is that the Earth has an outer shell or lithosphere 50 miles thick. The outermost part of this lithosphere forms the crust which is some 22 miles thicker beneath continents than beneath oceans (around 6 1/4 miles). The lithospheric ^ crust and outer mantle ride on the asthenosphere, which extends to a depth of some 155 miles. Below this the mantle continues to a depth of 1,745 miles, where it gives way to an iron-rich core with a radius of 2,160 miles. If the iron-rich core ^ theory is correct, iron would be the most abundant element in the Earth. At the center of the core, the estimated density is 0.4729 lb/cu in, the temperature 8,132 deg F and the pressure 364 GPa or 26,432 tons f/sq in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Area, weight and volume T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Area, weight and volume 20 22 24 26 4498|66 154914|2278 8268|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Area, weight and volume The area of the Earth covered by water (the hydrosphere) is estimated to be 139,781,000 sq mi or 70.98 percent of the total surface. The mean depth of the hydrosphere was once estimated to be 12,450 ft, but recent surveys suggest a lower estimate ^ of 11,660 ft. The total weight of the water is estimated to be 1.45 quintillion tons, or 0.022 percent of the Earth's total weight. The volume of the oceans is estimated to be 323.9 million cu mi compared to 8.4 million cu mi of fresh water. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Largest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Largest 20 22 24 26 4566|67 109626|1612 155186|2282 8268|1 91334|403 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Largest The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific. Excluding adjacent seas, it represents 45.9 percent of the world's oceans and covers 64.2 million sq mi in area. The average depth is 13,740 ft. ^<n The shortest navigable transpacific distance, from ^ Guayaquil, Ecuador to Bangkok, Thailand, is 10,905 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Deepest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Deepest 20 22 24 26 4634|68 6402|94 155050|2280 8268|2 11656|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Deepest The deepest part of the ocean was first pinpointed in 1951 by the British Survey Ship ^I in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. The depth was measured by wide-band sounding at 35,639 ft. Subsequent visits have resulted in ^ slightly deeper measurements. A survey by the Soviet research ship ^I in 1957 produced a depth that was later refined to 36,200 ft, and on 23 Jan 1960 the US Navy bathyscaphe ^I descended to the bottom at 35,813 ft. A ^ more recent visit produced a figure of 35,839 ft +/- 33 ft, from data obtained by the survey vessel ^I of the Hydrographic Department, Japan Maritime Safety Agency in 1984, using a narrow multi-beam echo sounder. ^<n A metal object, ^ for example, a kilogram (2.2 lb) ball of steel, dropped into water above this trench would take nearly 64 min to fall to the seabed, where hydrostatic pressure is over 18,000 lb/sq in. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Defining US waters as within 200 ^ nautical miles of any US territory (Economic Exclusive Zone [EEZ]), the deepest point in American waters is Challenger D in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. Challenger D is 5,973 fathoms (35,838 ft) deep, 170 nautical miles SW of Guam at ^ 11 deg 22.4 N, 142 deg 35.5 E. ^<n The deepest point from an American state is the Vega Basin in the Aleutian Trench, which is 4,198 fathoms (25,188 ft) deep at 50 deg 51 N, 177 deg 11 E, 60 nautical miles south of the Aleutian Islands, AK. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Largest sea T \p8\D01\3801011 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Largest sea 20 23 25 27 4702|69 109830|1615 758|11 155390|2285 8268|3 91334|406 1938|0 -PCAP- This composite of the whole earth, created from thousands of separate satellite images, clearly shows both the largest of the world's seas (the South China Sea, with an area of 1.1 million sq miles) and the greatest archipelago (the crescent of ^ more than 13,000 islands, 3,500 miles long, which forms Indonesia). (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Largest sea The largest of the world's seas is the South China Sea, with an area of 1.1 million sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Largest bay T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Largest bay 20 22 24 26 4770|70 109694|1613 155254|2283 8268|4 91334|404 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Largest bay The largest bay in the world measured by shoreline length is Hudson Bay, northern Canada, with a shoreline of 7,623 miles and an area of 476,000 sq mi. The area of the Bay of Bengal, in the Indian Ocean, is larger, at 839,000 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Largest gulf T \p8\D01\3901013 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Largest gulf 20 23 25 27 4838|71 109762|1614 826|12 155322|2284 8268|5 91334|405 1938|1 -PCAP- The Gulf of Mexico has an area of 596,000 sq miles and a shoreline of 3,100 miles, the Gulf Stream being the main current moving oceanic waters into and out of it. The continent of North America and the Gulf are clearly visible in this satellite ^ image. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Largest gulf The largest gulf in the world is the Gulf of Mexico, with an area of 596,000 sq mi and a shoreline of 3,100 miles from Cape Sable, FL, to Cabo Catoche, Mexico. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Longest fjord T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Longest fjord 20 22 24 26 4906|72 146210|2150 155458|2286 8268|6 139100|260 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Longest fjord The world's longest fjord is the Nordvest Fjord arm of the Scoresby Sound in eastern Greenland, which extends inland 195 miles from the sea. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Highest seamount T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Highest seamount 20 22 24 26 4974|73 70118|1031 155118|2281 8268|7 71062|110 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Highest seamount The highest known submarine mountain, or seamount, is one discovered in 1953 near the Tonga Trench, between Samoa and New Zealand in the South Pacific. It rises 28,500 ft from the seabed, with its summit 1,200 ft below the surface. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Most southerly T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Most southerly 20 22 24 26 5042|74 184766|2717 155526|2287 8268|8 175106|313 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Most southerly The most southerly part of the oceans is located at 85 deg 34' S, 154 deg W, at the snout of the Robert Scott Glacier, 305 miles from the South Pole. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Sea temperature T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Sea temperature 20 22 24 26 5110|75 160694|2363 155662|2289 8268|9 170594|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Sea temperature The temperature of water at the surface of the Earth's seas varies greatly. It is as low as 28 deg F in the White Sea and as high as 96 deg F in the shallow areas of the Persian Gulf in summer. ^<n The highest temperature recorded in the ocean is ^ 759 deg F, for a hot spring measured by an American research submarine some 300 miles off the west coast of the United States, in an expedition under the direction of Prof. Jack Diamond of Oregon State University in 1985. Remote probes measured ^ the temperature of the spring, which was only kept from vaporizing by the weight of water above it. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Clearest T \p8\D01\3703057a Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Clearest 20 23 25 27 5178|76 4090|60 894|13 154982|2279 8268|10 10542|0 1938|2 -PCAP- The Weddell Sea, 71 deg S, 15 deg W off Antarctica, has the clearest water of any sea. A ^I disc was visible to a depth of 262 ft, on 13 Oct 1986, as measured by Dutch researchers of the German Alfred-Wegener Institute. Such clarity ^ corresponds to what scientists consider attainable in distilled water. This shot shows broken pack ice in the Weddell Sea. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Clearest The Weddell Sea, 71 deg S, 15 deg W off Antarctica, has the clearest water of any sea. A Secchi disc was visible to a depth of 262 ft on 13 Oct 1986, as measured by Dutch researchers at the German Alfred Wegener Institute. Such clarity corresponds ^ to what is attainable in distilled water. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceans: Remotest spot from land T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Oceans|Remotest spot from land 20 22 24 26 5246|77 238690|3510 155594|2288 8268|11 252566|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceans: Remotest spot from land The world's most distant point from land is a spot in the South Pacific, approximately 48 deg 30' S, 125 deg 30' W, which is about 1,660 miles from the nearest points of land, namely Pitcairn Island, Ducie Island and Cape Dart, Antarctica. Centered ^ on this spot is a circle of water with an area of about 8,657,000 sq mi--about 2 million sq mi larger than Russia, the world's largest country. ^ -END- -CTRL- Straits: Longest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Straits|Longest 20 22 24 26 5314|78 152466|2242 213530|3140 9124|0 139100|352 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Straits: Longest The longest straits in the world are the Tatarskiy Proliv or Tartar Straits between Sakhalin Island and the Russian mainland, running from the Sea of Japan to Sakhalinsky Zaliv--500 miles, thus marginally longer than the Malacca Straits, between ^ Malaysia and Sumatra. ^ -END- -CTRL- Straits: Broadest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Straits|Broadest 20 22 24 26 5382|79 259634|3818 213462|3139 9124|1 274376|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Straits: Broadest The broadest ^I straits in the world are the Davis Straits between Greenland and Baffin Island, Canada, with a minimum width of 210 miles. The Drake Passage, a deep waterway between the Diego Ramirez Islands, Chile and the South ^ Shetland Islands, is 710 miles across. ^ -END- -CTRL- Straits: Narrowest T \p8\D01\3603058a Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Straits|Narrowest 20 23 25 27 5450|80 221554|3258 962|14 213598|3141 9124|2 234938|2 1938|3 -PCAP- The narrowest navigable straits in the world are those between the Agean island of Euboea and the mainland of Greece. This satellite image of the area shows the Aegean Sea at the top and right, with Euboea almost joined to the mainland. The gap ^ here is only 131 ft wide at the town of Khalkis. The color coding is red and pink for vegetation and cultivated areas, and light blue-grey for centers of urbanization and industrialization. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Straits: Narrowest The narrowest navigable straits are those between the Aegean island of Euboea and the mainland of Greece. The gap is only 131 ft wide at Khalkis. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waves: Highest T \p8\D01\3703056 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Waves|Highest 20 23 25 27 5518|81 74334|1093 1030|15 238962|3514 9350|0 71062|172 1938|4 -PCAP- Waves crash upon a Pacific shore. The Pacific represents 45.9 percent of the world's oceans and covers 64,185,600 sq miles, in area. The highest officially recorded sea wave was calculated at 112 ft from trough to crest, it was sighted from the USS ^ ^I during a Pacific voyage from Manila, Philippines to San Diego, CA in 1933. (Photo: Vince Cavataio/Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waves: Highest The highest officially recorded sea wave was calculated at 112 ft from trough to crest; it was measured by Lt Frederic Margraff, USN from the USS ^I proceeding from Manila, Philippines to San Diego, CA on the night of 6-7 Feb 1933, ^ during a 68-knot hurricane. The highest instrumentally measured wave was one 86 ft high, recorded by the British ship ^I , in the North Atlantic on 30 Dec 1972 at Lat. 59 deg N, Long. 19 deg W. It has been calculated on the ^ statistics of the Stationary Random Theory that one wave in more than 300,000 may exceed the average by a factor of four. On 9 Jul 1958 a landslip caused a 100 mph wave to wash 1,720 ft high along the fjord-like Lituya Bay in Alaska. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waves: Highest seismic T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Waves|Highest seismic 20 22 24 26 5586|82 74402|1094 239030|3515 14630|215 9350|1 71062|173 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waves: Highest seismic The highest estimated height of a ^I (often wrongly called a tidal wave) was one of 1,180 ft, which struck the northern Shetland Isles ^I . 4950 B.C. at 110 mph. It was generated by a massive undersea landslip from the ^ Storegga area of the South Norwegian Sea involving 430 sq mi of mud and rock. The highest known in modern times appeared off Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Chain on 24 Apr 1771. It tossed a 826.7-ton block of coral more than 1.3 miles. Tsunami (a ^ Japanese word: ^I , a wave; ^I , overflowing) have been observed to travel at 490 mph, and are usually caused by a submarine earthquake. ^ -END- -CTRL- Currents: Greatest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Currents|Greatest 20 22 24 26 5654|83 47542|699 59918|881 9506|0 52992|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Currents: Greatest The greatest current in the oceans is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current or West Wind Drift Current. On the basis of four measurements taken in 1982 in the Drake Passage, between South America and Antarctica, it was found to be flowing at a rate of ^ 4.3 billion cu ft per sec. Results from computer modeling in 1990 estimate a higher figure of 6.9 billion cu ft per sec. Its width ranges from 185-1,240 miles and it has a proven surface flow rate of 4/10 of a knot. ^ -END- -CTRL- Currents: Strongest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Currents|Strongest 20 22 24 26 5722|84 252290|3710 59986|882 9506|1 266742|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Currents: Strongest The world's strongest currents are the Nakwakto Rapids, Slingsby Channel, British Columbia, Canada (Lat. 51 deg 05' N, Long. 127 deg 30' W), where the flow rate may reach 16 knots. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tides: Causes T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Tides|Causes 20 22 24 26 5790|85 223866|3292 9662|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tides: Causes Extreme tides are due to lunar and solar gravitational forces affected by their perigee, perihelion and syzygies. Barometric and wind effects can superimpose an added "surge" element. Coastal and sea-floor configurations can accentuate these ^ forces. The normal interval between tides is 12 hr 25 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tides: Greatest T \p8\D01\3801012 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Tides|Greatest 20 23 25 27 5858|86 51826|762 1098|16 223934|3293 9662|1 52992|99 1938|5 -PCAP- The greatest tides occur in the Bay of Fundy, which divides the peninsula of Nova Scotia, Canada from Maine and the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Burncoat Head in the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia, has the greatest mean spring range with 47 ft 6 ^ in. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tides: Greatest The greatest tides occur in the Bay of Fundy, which divides the peninsula of Nova Scotia, Canada from Maine and the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Burncoat Head in the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia, has the greatest mean spring range, with 47 ft 6 ^ in. A range of 54 ft 6 in was recorded at springs in Leaf Basin, in Ungava Bay, Quebec, Canada in 1953. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tides: Least T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Tides|Least 20 22 24 26 5926|87 127510|1875 224002|3294 9662|2 136828|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tides: Least Tahiti, in the mid-Pacific Ocean, experiences virtually no tide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Icebergs: Largest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Icebergs|Largest 20 22 24 26 5994|88 101670|1495 108402|1594 9888|0 91334|286 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Icebergs: Largest The largest iceberg on record was an antarctic tabular iceberg of over 12,000 sq mi, 208 miles long and 60 miles wide, sighted 150 miles west of Scott Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, by the USS ^I on 12 Nov 1956. The 200 ft thick ^ arctic ice island T.1 (140 sq mi), discovered in 1946, was tracked for 17 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Icebergs: Tallest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Icebergs|Tallest 20 22 24 26 6062|89 255010|3750 108606|1597 9888|1 267614|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Icebergs: Tallest The tallest iceberg measured was one of 550 ft reported off western Greenland by the US icebreaker ^I in 1958. ^ -END- -CTRL- Icebergs: Most southerly arctic T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Icebergs|Most southerly arctic 20 22 24 26 6130|90 178238|2621 108538|1596 9888|2 175106|218 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Icebergs: Most southerly arctic The most southerly arctic iceberg was sighted in the Atlantic by a USN weather patrol at Lat. 28 deg 44' N, Long. 48 deg 42' W, in April 1935. ^ -END- -CTRL- Icebergs: Most northerly antarctic T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Icebergs|Most northerly antarctic 20 22 24 26 6198|91 178170|2620 108470|1595 9888|3 175106|217 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Icebergs: Most northerly antarctic The most northerly antarctic iceberg was a remnant sighted in the Atlantic by the ship ^I at Lat. 26 deg 30' S, Long. 25 deg 40' W, on 30 Apr 1894. ^ -END- -CTRL- Land: Origins of the continents T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Land|Origins of the continents 20 22 24 26 6266|92 116290|1710 10184|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Land: Origins of the continents There is satisfactory evidence that at one time the Earth's land surface comprised a single primeval continent of 80 million sq mi, now termed Pangaea, and that this split about 190 million years ago, during the Jurassic period, into two ^ supercontinents, which are called Laurasia (Eurasia, Greenland and North America) and Gondwana (Africa, Arabia, India, South America, Oceania and Antarctica), named after Gondwana, India, which itself split 120 million years ago. The South Pole ^ was apparently in the area of the Sahara as recently as the Ordovician period of ^I . 450 million years ago. Consequently the Sahara, now one of the hottest areas of the world, was at one time the coldest. ^ -END- -CTRL- Land: Total US Land area T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Land|Total US Land area 20 22 24 26 6334|93 116426|1712 10184|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Land: Total US Land area On 18 Dec 1991 the Census Bureau reported that the total land area of the United States is 3,787,425 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Land: Largest state T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Land|Largest state 20 22 24 26 6402|94 102894|1513 116222|1709 10184|2 91334|304 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Land: Largest state The largest state in land area is Alaska, with 591,004 sq mi. The largest in the 48 coterminous states is Texas, with 267,017 sq mi of land. ^ -END- -CTRL- Land: Smallest state T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Land|Smallest state 20 22 24 26 6470|95 247734|3643 116358|1711 10184|3 258628|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Land: Smallest state The smallest state is Rhode Island, with 1,212 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Land: US coastline T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Land|US coastline 20 22 24 26 6538|96 116494|1713 10184|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Land: US coastline According to the measurements of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the entire coastline of the United States, including Hawaii, Alaska and the Great Lakes states, is 94,112 miles. Excluding Hawaii and Alaska, the coastline ^ equals 59,156 miles. The state with the longest coastline is Alaska; it measures +/- 3,904 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Land: US extreme points T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Land|US extreme points 20 22 24 26 6606|97 222302|3269 116562|1714 10184|5 235756|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Land: US extreme points ^<4 Geographic Center (50 states) ^>4 Butte County, SD (west of Castle Rock), Lat. 44 deg 58' N, Long. 103 deg 46' W ^<n ^<4 Geographic Center (48 coterminous states) ^>4 Smith County, KS (near Lebanon), Lat. 39 deg 50' N, Long. 98 deg ^ 35' W ^<n ^<4 Northernmost Point ^>4 Point Barrow, AK, Lat. 71 deg 23' N, Long. 156 deg 29' W ^<n ^<4 Easternmost Point ^>4 West Quoddy Head, ME, Lat. 44 deg 49' N, Long. 66 deg 57' W ^<n ^<4 Southernmost Point ^>4 Ka Lae (South ^ Cape), HI, Lat. 18 deg 55' N, Long. 155 deg 41' W ^<n ^<4 Westernmost Point ^>4 Pochnoi, AK (Semisopochonoi Island), Lat. 51 deg 17' N, Long. 172 deg 09' E ^ -END- -CTRL- Land: Land remotest from the sea T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Land|Land remotest from the sea 20 22 24 26 6674|98 238622|3509 116154|1708 10184|6 252566|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Land: Land remotest from the sea The point of land remotest from the sea is at Lat. 46 deg 16.8' N, Long. 86 deg 40.2' E in the Dzungarian Basin, which is in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang Uygur Zu zhi ju), China's most northwesterly province. It is at a ^ straight-line distance of 1,645 miles from the nearest open sea--Baydaratskaya Guba to the north (Arctic Ocean), Feni Point to the south (Indian Ocean) and Bo Haiwan to the east (Yellow Sea). ^ -END- -CTRL- Rocks: Oldest T \p8\D01\3801013 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rocks|Oldest 20 24 26 29 6742|99 233454|3433 1166|17 189662|2789 13882|204 10690|0 236192|160 1938|6 -PCAP- The oldest reported age of any scientifically dated rocks is 3962 million years. Some Acasta Gneisses, a sample of which is shown here, were found approximately 200 miles north of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada in May 1984 by a team of ^ researchers led by Dr Samuel Bowring of Washington University, St Louis, USA. It was only in 1989 that a number of small crystals from the chunks of granite were analysed and their age established, at the Australian National University in ^ Canberra, using a special technique known as SHRIMP (Sensitive High-mass Resolution Ion MicroProbe). ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The age of the Earth is generally considered to be within the range of 4,500 +/- 70 million years, based on the lead isotope systematics. However, no rocks of this great age have yet been found on the Earth since geological processes have ^ presumably destroyed them. ^ -TEXT- Rocks: Oldest The greatest reported age for any scientifically dated rock is 3,962 million years in the case of the Acasta Gneisses, found in May 1984. The rocks were discovered approximately 200 miles north of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada by Dr ^ Samuel Bowring as part of an ongoing Canadian geology survey mapping project. When the samples were analyzed in June 1989, Dr Bowring and scientists from the Australian National University in Canberra established their age, using a machine called ^ SHRIMP (Sensitive High-mass Resolution Ion MicroProbe). ^<n Older minerals that are not rocks have also been identified. Some zircon crystals discovered by Bob Pidgeon and Simon Wilde in the Jack Hills, 430 miles north of Perth, Western Australia ^ in August 1984 were found to be 4,276 million years old, again using SHRIMP. These are the oldest fragments of the Earth's crust discovered so far. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest rocks in the United States are the Morton Gneisses, found ^ in 1935 by G.A. Phiel and C.E. Dutton scattered over an area of 50 miles from New Ulm, Brown Co. to Renville Co. in Minnesota. In 1980 these rocks were dated at 3.6 billion years by Sam Goldrich of the US Geological Survey in Denver, CO, using ^ the uranium-lead dating method. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rocks: Largest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rocks|Largest 20 22 24 27 6810|100 116698|1716 189594|2788 10690|1 91334|507 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The age of the Earth is generally considered to be within the range of 4,500 +/- 70 million years, based on the lead isotope systematics. However, no rocks of this great age have yet been found on the Earth since geological processes have ^ presumably destroyed them. ^ -TEXT- Rocks: Largest The largest exposed monolith in the world is Ayers Rock, which rises 1,143 ft above the surrounding desert plain in Northern Territory, Australia. It is 1.5 miles long and 1 mile wide. The nearest major town is Alice Springs, which is 250 miles to ^ the northeast. ^<n It was estimated in 1940 that La Gran Piedra, a volcanic plug located in the Sierra Maestra, Cuba, weighs 67,632 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Continents: Largest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Continents|Largest 20 22 24 26 6878|101 91062|1339 53458|786 10846|0 91334|130 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Continents: Largest Of the Earth's surface, 41.25 percent, or 81.2 million sq mi, is covered by continental masses of which only about 57,151,000 sq mi (about two-thirds, or 29.02 percent of the Earth's surface) is land above water, with a mean height of 2,480 ft ^ above sea level. The Eurasian landmass is the largest, with an area (including islands) of 20.7 million sq mi. The Afro-Eurasian landmass, separated artificially only by the Suez Canal, covers an area of 32.7 million sq mi or 57.2 percent of the ^ Earth's landmass. ^ -END- -CTRL- Continents: Smallest T \p8\D01\3901014 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Continents|Smallest 20 22 24 26 6946|102 246306|3622 1234|18 53594|788 10846|1 258628|30 1938|7 -PCAP- The smallest continent is the Australian mainland, with an area of 2,941,526 sq miles. This satellite picture is a mosaic of images made by Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer equipment. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Continents: Smallest The smallest continent is the Australian mainland, with an area of 2,941,526 sq mi, which, together with Tasmania, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands, is sometimes described as Oceania. ^ -END- -CTRL- Continents: Largest peninsula T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Continents|Largest peninsula 20 22 24 26 7014|103 91130|1340 53526|787 10846|2 91334|131 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Continents: Largest peninsula The world's largest peninsula is Arabia, with an area of about 1.25 million sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Largest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Largest 20 22 24 26 7082|104 102078|1501 110986|1632 11072|0 91334|292 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Largest Discounting Australia, which is usually regarded as a continental landmass, the largest island in the world is Greenland, with an area of about 840,000 sq mi. There is evidence that Greenland is in fact several islands overlaid by an ice cap, ^ without which it would have an area of 650,000 sq mi. ^<n The largest sand island in the world is Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia with a sand dune 75 miles long. ^<n The largest island in North America is Newfoundland, Canada, with an area ^ of 42,030 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Largest surrounded by fresh water T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Largest surrounded by fresh water 20 22 24 26 7150|105 102214|1503 111122|1634 11072|1 91334|294 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Largest surrounded by fresh water The largest island surrounded mostly by fresh water (18,500 sq mi) is the Ilha de Marajo in the mouth of the River Amazon, Brazil. ^<n The world's largest inland island (i.e., land surrounded by rivers) is Ilha do Bananal, Brazil (7,000 sq mi). The ^ largest island in a lake is Manitoulin Island (1,068 sq mi) in the Canadian section of Lake Huron. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Newest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Newest 20 22 24 26 7218|106 222030|3265 111258|1636 11072|2 235460|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Newest The world's newest island is Pulau Batu Hairan ("Surprise Rock Island"), some 40 miles to the northeast of Kudat, in Sabah, Malaysia. It was first sighted by three local fishermen on 14 Apr 1988. A week later it had doubled in height and now has an ^ area of 1.9 acres and a maximum height of 10 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Remotest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Remotest 20 22 24 26 7286|107 238554|3508 111394|1638 11072|3 252566|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Remotest The remotest island in the world is Bouvet Island (Bouvetoya), discovered in the South Atlantic by J. B. C. Bouvet de Lozier on 1 Jan 1739, and first landed on by Capt George Norris on 16 Dec 1825. Its position is 54 deg 26' S, 3 deg 24' E. This ^ uninhabited Norwegian dependency is about 1,050 miles from the nearest land---the uninhabited Queen Maud Land coast of eastern Antarctica. ^<n The remotest inhabited island in the world is Tristan da Cunha, discovered in the South Atlantic by ^ Tristao da Cunha, a Portuguese admiral, in March 1506. It has an area of 38 sq mi. The first permanent inhabitant was Thomas Currie, who landed in 1810. The island was annexed by Great Britain on 14 Aug 1816. After evacuation in 1961 (due to ^ volcanic activity), 198 islanders returned in November 1963. The nearest inhabited land to the group is the island of St Helena, 1,315 nautical miles to the northeast. The nearest continent, Africa, is 1,700 miles away. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Greatest archipelago T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Greatest archipelago 20 22 24 26 7354|108 49106|722 110850|1630 11072|4 52992|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Greatest archipelago The world's greatest archipelago is the crescent of more than 13,000 islands, 3,500 miles long, that forms Indonesia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Highest rock pinnacle T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Highest rock pinnacle 20 22 24 26 7422|109 67874|998 110918|1631 11072|5 71062|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Highest rock pinnacle The world's highest rock pinnacle is Ball's Pyramid near Lord Howe Island in the Pacific, which is 1,843 ft high, but has a base axis of only 660 ft. It was first scaled in 1965. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Northernmost land T \p8\D01\3703058 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Northernmost land 20 23 25 27 7490|110 222234|3268 1302|19 111326|1637 8374|123 11072|6 235756|1 1938|8 -PCAP- The northernmost land is Oodaq O, which is 1,478 yd north of Kaffeklubben off Pearyland, Kalaallit Nunaat (formerly Greenland) at Lat. 83 deg 40 min 32.5 sec N, Long. 30 deg 40 min 10.1 sec W. It was first observed on 26 July 1978 by Uffe Petersen ^ of the Danish Geodetic Institute. It is 438.9 miles from the North Pole. (Photo: Geodetic Institute, Denmark) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Northernmost land On 26 Jul 1978 Uffe Petersen of the Danish Geodetic Institute observed the islet of Oodaq O, 100 ft across, 0.8 miles north of Kaffeklubben O off Pearyland, Greenland at Lat. 83 deg 40' 32.5" N, Long. 30 deg 40' 10.1" W. It is 438.9 miles from the ^ North Pole. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Southernmost land T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Southernmost land 20 22 24 26 7558|111 251542|3699 111462|1639 11072|7 266080|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Southernmost land The South Pole, unlike the North Pole, is on land. The Amundsen-Scott South Polar station was built there at an altitude of 9,370 ft in 1957. The station is drifting bodily with the ice cap 27-30 ft per year in the direction 43 deg W and was ^ replaced by a new structure in 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Largest atoll T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Largest atoll 20 22 24 26 7626|112 102146|1502 111054|1633 11072|8 91334|293 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Largest atoll The largest atoll in the world is Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands, in the central Pacific Ocean. Its slender coral reef 176 miles long encloses a lagoon of 1,100 sq mi. ^<n The atoll with the largest land area is Christmas Atoll, in the Line ^ Islands in the central Pacific Ocean. It has an area of 251 sq mi, of which 124 sq mi is land. Its principal settlement, London, is only 2 1/2 miles distant from another settlement, Paris. ^ -END- -CTRL- Islands: Longest reef T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Islands|Longest reef 20 22 24 26 7694|113 140158|2061 111190|1635 11072|9 139100|171 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Islands: Longest reef The Great Barrier Reef off Queensland, northeastern Australia is 1,260 miles in length. It is not actually a single reef, but consists of thousands of separate reefs. Between 1959 and 1971, and again between 1979 and 1991, corals on large areas of ^ the central section of the reef--approximately between Cooktown and Proserpine--were devastated by the crown-of-thorns starfish ( ^I ). ^ -END- -CTRL- Depressions: Deepest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Depressions|Deepest 20 22 24 26 7762|114 5450|80 63522|934 11788|0 11656|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Depressions: Deepest The deepest depression so far discovered is the bedrock of the Bentley subglacial trench, Antarctica at 8,326 ft below sea level. The greatest submarine depression is an area of the northwest Pacific floor that has an average depth of 15,000 ft. ^ ^<n The deepest exposed depression on land is the shore surrounding the Dead Sea, now 1,310 ft below sea level. The deepest point on the bed of this saltiest of all lakes is 2,388 ft below sea level. The rate of fall in the lake surface since ^ 1948 has been 13 3/4 in per year. ^<n The deepest part of the bed of Lake Baikal in Russia is 4,872 ft below sea level. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The lowest-lying area in the United States is in Death Valley, CA at 282 ft below sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Depressions: Largest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Depressions|Largest 20 22 24 26 7830|115 92966|1367 63590|935 11788|1 91334|158 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Depressions: Largest The largest exposed depression in the world is the Caspian Sea basin in Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran. It is more than 200,000 sq mi, of which 143,550 sq mi is lake area. The preponderant land area of the depression is the ^ Prikaspiyskaya Nizmennost, lying around the northern third of the lake and stretching inland for a distance of up to 280 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Caves: Longest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Caves|Longest 20 22 24 26 7898|116 133154|1958 42850|630 11944|0 139100|68 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Caves: Longest The most extensive cave system in the world is that under the Mammoth Cave National Park, KY, first entered in 1799. Explorations by many groups of cavers have revealed the interconnected cave passages beneath the Flint, Mammoth Cave and Toohey ^ Ridges to make a system with a total mapped length that is now 348 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Caves: Longest underwater cave T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Caves|Longest underwater cave 20 22 24 26 7966|117 133290|1960 42986|632 11944|1 139100|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Caves: Longest underwater cave The longest explored underwater cave is the Nohoch Na Chich cave system in Quintana Roo, Mexico, with 43,600 ft of mapped passages. Exploration of the system, which began in November 1987, has been carried out by the CEDAM Cave Diving Team under ^ the leadership of Mike Madden. ^<n The longest dive from the bottom of a cave, following the water out to a daylight spring, was made by Geoff Yeadon and Geoff Crossley in August 1991. They took five hours to dive the 10,006 ft from King Pot to ^ Keld Head in the Yorkshire Dales, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Caves: Largest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Caves|Largest 20 22 24 26 8034|118 88342|1299 42782|629 22926|337 11944|2 91334|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Caves: Largest The world's largest cave chamber is the Sarawak Chamber, Lubang Nasib Bagus, in the Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, discovered and surveyed by the 1980 British-Malaysian Mulu Expedition. Its length is 2,300 ft; its average width is ^ 980 ft; and it is nowhere less than 230 ft high. It would be large enough to garage 7,500 buses. ^ -END- -CTRL- Caves: Greatest descent T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Caves|Greatest descent 20 22 24 26 8102|119 46522|684 42714|628 11944|3 52992|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Caves: Greatest descent The world depth record was set by the Groupe Vulcain in the Gouffre Jean Bernard, France at 5,256 ft in 1989. However, this cave, explored via multiple entrances, has never been entirely descended, so the "sporting" record for the greatest descent ^ into a cave is recognized as 4,947 ft in the Shakta Pantjukhina in the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia by a team of Ukrainian cavers in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Caves: Longest stalactite T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Caves|Longest stalactite 20 22 24 26 8170|120 133222|1959 42918|631 11944|4 139100|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Caves: Longest stalactite The longest known stalactite in the world is a wall-supported column extending 195 ft from roof to floor in the Cueva de Nerja, near Malaga, in Spain. ^<n The longest freehanging stalactite in the world is one of 20 ft 4 in, in the Poll an Ionain ^ cave in County Clare, Ireland. ^ -END- -CTRL- Caves: Tallest stalagmite T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Caves|Tallest stalagmite 20 22 24 26 8238|121 253786|3732 43054|633 11944|5 267614|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Caves: Tallest stalagmite The tallest known stalagmite in the world is one in the Krasnohorska cave in Czechoslovakia, which is generally accepted as being about 105 ft tall. ^<n The tallest cave column is considered to be the Flying Dragon Pillar, 128 ft high, in Nine ^ Dragons Cave (Daji Dong), Guizhou, China. ^ -END- -CTRL- Caves: Deepest T \p8\D01\3703059 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Caves|Deepest 20 22 24 26 8306|122 5246|77 1370|20 42646|627 11944|6 11656|2 1938|9 -PCAP- This photograph shows the lower steamway in the Complesso Fighiera Corchia cave in Italy, which is 3,986 ft deep. (Photo: Dr. A.C. Waltham) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Caves: Deepest The Reseau Jean Bernard cave in France is the deepest in the world, reaching a depth of 5,256 ft. In a ranking of countries by the deepest cave in each country, the CIS would come next, followed by Spain, Mexico, Austria and Italy. ^<n ^<4 The ^ United States ^>4 The deepest cave in the United States is Lechuguilla Cave in Carlsbad Caverns, Carlsbad, NM, which currently measures 1,565 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: Highest T \p8\D01\3801015 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|Highest 20 23 25 27 8374|123 69370|1020 1438|21 148658|2186 3682|54 12450|0 71062|99 1938|10 -PCAP- The highest mountain in the world is Mt Everest in the Himalayas. In recent years its status has been challenged by K2, but the Research Council in Rome, Italy announced on 23 Oct 1987 that new satellite measurements restored Everest to primacy at ^ 29,078 ft. (Photo: Allsport /Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountains: Highest An eastern Himalayan peak known as Peak XV on the Tibet-Nepal border (in an area first designated Zhu-mu-lang-ma on a map of 1717) was discovered to be the world's highest mountain in March 1856 by the Survey Department of the Government of India, ^ from theodolite readings taken in 1849 and 1850. Its height was computed to be 29,002 ft. It was named Mt Everest after Col. Sir George Everest (1790-1866), formerly surveyor-general of India, who pronounced his name "Eve-rest." ^<n The status of ^ Everest (Eve-rest) as the world's highest mountain was challenged after 131 years by K2 (formerly Godwin Austen), also known as Chogori, in the disputed Kashmiri northern areas of Pakistan, in an announcement on 6 Mar 1987 by the US K2 ^ Expedition. Their satellite transit surveyor yielded altitudes of between 29,064 and 29,228 ft for K2 as against the official 19th-century figure of 28,250 ft, and the 20th-century proposed height of 28,740 ft. However, on 13 Aug 1987 Chinese ^ authorities reaffirmed their own July 1973 height measurements of 29,029 ft 3 in for Everest and 28,250 ft for K2. The Research Council in Rome, Italy announced on 23 Oct 1987 that new satellite measurements restored Everest to primacy at 29,078 ^ ft, and put K2 down to 28,238 ft. (For details of ascents of Everest, see Mountaineering) ^<n The mountain whose summit is farthest from the Earth's center is the Andean peak of Chimborazo (20,561 ft), 98 miles south of the equator in Ecuador, ^ South America. Its summit is 7,057 ft further from the Earth's center than the summit of Mt Everest. ^<n The highest mountain on the equator is Volcan Cayambe (18,996 ft), Ecuador, at Long. 77 deg 58' W. A group of mountaineers on the summit ^ would be moving at 1,038 mph relative to the Earth's center, due to the Earth's rotation. If they were just south of the summit, passing through a glacier at 16,000 ft, they would be on the only spot on earth where both latitude and temperature ^ would be 0 deg . ^<n The highest insular mountain (of, relating to, or resembling an island) in the world is Puncak Jaya (formerly Puncak Sukarno, formerly Carstensz Pyramide) in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. A survey by the Australian Universities' ^ Expedition in 1973 yielded a height of 16,023 ft. Ngga Pulu (also in Irian Jaya), which is now 15,950 ft, was in 1936 possibly 16,110 ft before the melting of its snow cap. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest mountain in the United States is ^ Mt McKinley in Alaska, with a highest point of 20,320 ft. McKinley, so named in 1896, was called Denali (Great One) in the Athabascan language of North American Indians. The highest mountain in the 48 contiguous states is Mt Whitney in ^ California, with a highest point of 14,494 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: Highest unclimbed T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|Highest unclimbed 20 22 24 26 8442|124 69506|1022 148794|2188 12450|1 71062|101 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountains: Highest unclimbed The highest unclimbed mountain is Namcha Barwa (25,531 ft), in the Great Bend of the Cangpo (Brahmaputra), China. It is the 32nd highest mountain in the world. The highest unclimbed summit is Lhotse Middle (27,605 ft), one of the peaks of Lhotse, ^ in the Khumbu district of the Nepal Himalaya. It is the tenth highest individually recognized top in the world, Lhotse being the fourth highest mountain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: Tallest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|Tallest 20 22 24 26 8510|125 255622|3759 148998|2191 12450|2 267614|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountains: Tallest The world's tallest mountain measured from its submarine base (3,280 fathoms) in the Hawaiian Trough to its peak is Mauna Kea (White Mountain) on the island of Hawaii, with a combined height of 33,480 ft, of which 13,796 ft are above sea level. ^<n ^ Another mountain whose dimensions, but not height, exceed those of Mt Everest is the volcanic Hawaiian peak of Mauna Loa (Long Mountain) at 13,680 ft. The axes of its elliptical base, 16,322 ft below sea level, have been estimated at 74 miles and ^ 53 miles. It should be noted that Cerro Aconcagua (22,834 ft) is more than 38,800 ft above the Pacific abyssal plain (16,000 ft deep) or 42,834 ft above the Peru-Chile Trench, which is 180 miles distant in the South Pacific. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: Greatest ranges T \p8\D01\3603055 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|Greatest ranges 20 22 24 26 8578|126 50398|741 1506|22 148590|2185 12450|3 52992|78 1938|11 -PCAP- The greatest land mountain range is the Himalaya-Karakoram. The photograph was taken from the ^I shuttle, and is a southwestern view of the Karakoram range. (Photo: NASA/Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountains: Greatest ranges The greatest of all mountain ranges is the submarine Mid-Ocean Ridge, extending 40,000 miles from the Arctic Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, around Africa, Asia and Australia, and under the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of North America. It has a ^ greatest height of 13,800 ft above the base ocean depth. ^<n The world's greatest land mountain range is the Himalaya-Karakoram, which contains 96 of the world's 109 peaks of over 24,000 ft. ^I derives from the Sanskrit ^I , snow; ^I , home. The longest range is the Andes of South America, which is approximately 4,700 miles in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: US highest altitudes (table) B \t\D01\0101241a Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|US highest altitudes (table) 20 22 24 26 8646|127 69574|1023 149066|2192 12450|4 71062|102 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Pete Allard, Jim Grace, Shuan Lacher, David Sandway and Dennis Stewart reached each highpoint of the 48 contiguous states in a record time of 30 days 10 hours 51 minutes and 55 seconds 1--31 Jul 1991. ^ -TEXT- Mountains: US highest altitudes (table) Mountains: US Highest Altitudes US---HIGHEST ALTITUDES STATE HIGHEST POINT ELEVATION (ft) Alaska Mt McKinley 20,320 California Mt Whitney 14,494 Colorado Mt Elbert 14,433 Washington Mt Rainier 14,410 Wyoming Gannett Peak 13,804 Hawaii Mauna Kea ^ 13,796 Utah Kings Peak 13,528 New Mexico Wheeler Park 13,161 Nevada Boundary Peak 13,140 Montana Granite Peak 12,799 Idaho Borah Peak 12,662 Arizona Humphrey's Peak 12,633 Oregon Mt Hood 11,239 Texas Guadalupe Peak 8,749 South Dakota Harney Peak ^ 7,242 North Carolina Mt Mitchell 6,684 Tennessee Clingmans Dome 6,643 New Hampshire Mt Washington 6,288 Virginia Mt Rogers 5,729 Nebraska Johnson Township 5,426 New York Mt Marcy 5,344 Maine Mt Katahdin 5,267 Oklahoma Black Mesa 4,973 West ^ Virginia Spruce Knob 4,861 Georgia Brasstown Bald 4,784 Vermont Mt Mansfield 4,393 Kentucky Black Mountain 4,139 Kansas Mt Sunflower 4,039 South Carolina Sassafras Mountain 3,560 North Dakota White Butte 3,506 Massachusetts Mt Greylock 3,487 ^ Maryland Blackbone Mountain 3,360 Pennsylvania Mt Davis 3,213 Arkansas Magazine Mountain 2,753 Alabama Cheaha Mountain 2,405 Connecticut Mt Frissell 2,380 Minnesota Eagle Mountain 2,301 Michigan Mt Arvon 1,979 Wisconsin Timms Hill 1,951 New ^ Jersey High Point 1,803 Missouri Taum Sauk Mount 1,772 Iowa Sec. 29, T 100N, R 41W 1,670 Ohio Campbell Hill 1,549 Indiana Franklin Township 1,257 Illinois Charles Mound 1,235 Rhode Island Jerimoth Hill 812 Mississippi Woodall Mountain 806 ^ Louisiana Driskill Mountain 535 Delaware Ebright Road 442 Florida Sec. 30, T 6N, R 20W 345 ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: Longest lines of sight T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|Longest lines of sight 20 22 24 26 8714|128 145666|2142 148862|2189 12450|5 139100|252 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountains: Longest lines of sight Vatnajokull (6,952 ft), Iceland has been seen by refracted light from the Faeroe Islands 340 miles distant. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In Alaska, Mt McKinley (20,320 ft) has been sighted from Mt Sanford (16,237 ft), a distance of 230 miles. (See ^ also Mountains, Highest.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: Greatest plateau T \p8\D01\3703060 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|Greatest plateau 20 22 24 26 8782|129 50330|740 1574|23 148522|2184 19594|288 12450|6 52992|77 1938|12 -PCAP- The most extensive high plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau in Central Asia. The average altitude is 16,000 ft, and the area is 77,000 sq miles. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountains: Greatest plateau The most extensive high plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau in Central Asia. The average altitude is 16,000 ft and the area is 77,000 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: Sheerest wall T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|Sheerest wall 20 22 24 26 8850|130 239710|3525 148930|2190 12450|7 253874|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountains: Sheerest wall Mt Rakaposhi (25,550 ft) rises 3.72 miles from the Hunza Valley, Pakistan in 6.2 miles with an overall gradient of 31 deg . ^<n The 3,200-ft-wide northwest face of Half Dome, Yosemite, CA is 2,200 ft high but nowhere departs more than 7 deg from ^ the vertical. It was first climbed (Class VI) in 1957 by Royal Robbins, Jerry Gallwas and Mike Sherrick. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountains: Highest halites T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Mountains|Highest halites 20 22 24 26 8918|131 69438|1021 148726|2187 12450|8 71062|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountains: Highest halites Along the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico for 725 miles there exist 330 subterranean "mountains" of salt, some of which rise more than 60,000 ft from bedrock and appear as the low salt domes first discovered in 1862. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterfalls: Highest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Waterfalls|Highest 20 22 24 26 8986|132 74266|1092 238214|3503 13096|0 71062|171 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterfalls: Highest The highest waterfall (as opposed to vaporized "bridal-veil fall") in the world is the Salto Angel (Angel Falls) in Venezuela, on a branch of the Carrao River, an upper tributary of the Caroni, with a total drop of 3,212 ft---the longest single ^ drop is 2,648 ft. The Angel Falls were named after the US pilot Jimmy Angel (d. 8 Dec 1956), who recorded them in his log book on 14 Nov 1933. The falls, known by the Indians as Cherun-Meru, had been reported by Ernesto Sanchez La Cruz in 1910. ^ ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The tallest continuous waterfall in the United States is Ribbon Falls in Yosemite National Park, California, with a drop of 1,612 ft. This is a seasonal waterfall and is generally dry from late July to early ^ September. ^<n Yosemite Falls, also in Yosemite National Park, has the greatest ^I drop at 2,425 ft, but actually consists of three distinct waterfalls. These are the Upper (1,430 ft), Middle (675 ft) and Lower falls (320 ft). ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterfalls: Greatest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Waterfalls|Greatest 20 22 24 26 9054|133 52710|775 238146|3502 13096|1 52992|112 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterfalls: Greatest On the basis of the average annual flow, the greatest waterfalls in the world are the Boyoma (formerly Stanley) Falls in Zaire with 600,000 cusec. ^<n The flow of the Guaira (Salto das Sete Quedas) on the Alto Parana River between Brazil and ^ Paraguay did on occasions in the past attain a peak rate of 1.75 million cusec. However, the completion of the Itaipu dam in 1982 ended this claim to fame. ^<n It has been calculated that a waterfall 26 times greater than the Guaira and perhaps ^ 2,620 ft high was formed, when some 5.5 million years ago the Mediterranean basins began to be filled from the Atlantic through the Straits of Gibraltar. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterfalls: Widest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Waterfalls|Widest 20 22 24 26 9122|134 259770|3820 238282|3504 13096|2 274376|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterfalls: Widest The widest waterfalls in the world are the Khone Falls (50-70 ft high) in Laos, with a width of 6.7 miles and a flood flow of 1.5 million cusec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Longest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Longest 20 22 24 26 9190|135 149202|2194 188098|2766 13322|0 139100|304 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Longest The two longest rivers in the world are the Nile ( ^I ), flowing into the Mediterranean, and the Amazon ( ^I ), flowing into the South Atlantic. Which is the longer is more a matter of definition than of simple ^ measurement. ^<n Not until 1971 was the true source of the Amazon discovered, by Loren McIntyre (USA) in the snow-covered Andes of southern Peru. The Amazon begins with snowbound lakes and brooks--the actual source has been named Laguna ^ McIntyre--which converge to form the Apurimac, a torrent in a deep canyon. This joins other streams to become the Ene, the Tambo and then the Ucayali. From the confluence of the Ucayali and the Maranon above Iquitos, Peru the river is called the ^ Amazon for the final 2,300 miles as it flows eastwards through Brazil into the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon has several mouths that widen toward the sea, so that the exact point where the river ends is uncertain. If the Para estuary (the most ^ distant mouth) is counted, its length is approximately 4,195 miles. Because of seasonal flooding and changes in channels, geographers tend to round off the length at 4,000 miles. ^<n The length of the Nile watercourse, as surveyed by M. Devroey ^ (Belgium) before the loss of a few miles of meanders due to the formation of Lake Nasser, behind the Aswan High Dam, was 4,145 miles. This course is unitary from a hydrological standpoint and runs from the source in Burundi of the Luvironza ^ branch of the Kagera feeder of the Victoria Nyanza via the White Nile ( ^I ) to the delta in the Mediterranean. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest river in the United States is the Mississippi, with a length of 2,348 ^ miles. It flows from its source at Lake Itasca, MN through 10 states before reaching the Gulf of Mexico. The entire Mississippi River system, including the eastern and western tributaries, flows through 25 states in all. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Shortest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Shortest 20 22 24 26 9258|136 242430|3565 188234|2768 13322|1 253960|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Shortest As with the longest river, two rivers could also be considered to be the shortest river with a name. The Roe River, near Great Falls, MT, has two forks fed by a large freshwater spring. These relatively constant forks measure 201 ft (East Fork Roe ^ River) and 58 ft (North Fork Roe River) respectively. The Roe River flows into the larger Missouri River. The D River, located at Lincoln City, OR, connects Devil's Lake to the Pacific Ocean. Its length is officially quoted as 120 +/- 5 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Largest basin T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Largest basin 20 22 24 26 9326|137 116494|1713 187962|2764 13322|2 91334|504 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Largest basin The largest river basin in the world is that drained by the Amazon (4,007 miles), which covers about 2,720,000 sq mi. It has some 15,000 tributaries and sub-tributaries, including the Madeira, which at 2,100 miles in length is the longest tributary ^ in the world. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Longest estuary T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Longest estuary 20 22 24 26 9394|138 149270|2195 188166|2767 13322|3 139100|305 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Longest estuary The world's longest estuary is that of the often frozen Ob, in the north of Russia, at 550 miles. It is up to 50 miles wide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Largest delta T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Largest delta 20 22 24 26 9462|139 116562|1714 188030|2765 13322|4 91334|505 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Largest delta The world's largest delta is that created by the Ganges (Ganga) and Brahmaputra in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. It covers an area of 30,000 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Greatest flow T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Greatest flow 20 22 24 26 9530|140 51214|753 187826|2762 13322|5 52992|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Greatest flow The greatest flow of any river in the world is that of the Amazon, which discharges an average of 4.2 million cusec into the Atlantic Ocean, increasing to more than 7 million cusec in full flood. The lower 900 miles of the Amazon average 55 ft in ^ depth, but in some places the river reaches a depth of 300 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Highest river bore T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Highest river bore 20 22 24 26 9598|141 72090|1060 187894|2763 13322|6 71062|139 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Highest river bore The bore (an abrupt rise of tidal water) on the Qiantong Jiang (Hangzhou He) in eastern China is the most remarkable of the 60 in the world. At spring tides the wave attains a height of up to 25 ft and a speed of 13-15 knots. It is heard advancing ^ at a range of 14 miles. ^<n The annual downstream flood wave on the Mekong, in southeast Asia, sometimes reaches a height of 46 ft. ^<n The greatest volume of any tidal bore is that of the Furo do Guajaru, a shallow channel that splits Ilha ^ Caviana in the mouth of the Amazon. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Submarine river T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Submarine river 20 22 24 26 9666|142 188302|2769 13322|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Submarine river In 1952 a submarine river 250 miles wide, known as the Cromwell Current, was discovered flowing eastward 300 ft below the surface of the Pacific for 3,500 miles along the equator. Its volume is 1,000 times that of the Mississippi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rivers: Subterranean river T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Rivers|Subterranean river 20 22 24 26 9734|143 188370|2770 13322|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rivers: Subterranean river In August 1958 a crypto-river, tracked by radio isotopes, was discovered flowing under the Nile with six times its mean annual flow, or 20 trillion cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swamps and Marshes: Largest swamp T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Swamps and Marshes|Largest swamp 20 22 24 26 9802|144 122002|1794 215026|3162 13968|0 91334|585 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swamps and Marshes: Largest swamp The world's largest tract of swamp is the Gran Pantanal of Mato Grosso state in Brazil. It is about 42,000 sq mi in area. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swamps and Marshes: Largest marsh T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Swamps and Marshes|Largest marsh 20 22 24 26 9870|145 121934|1793 214958|3161 13968|1 91334|584 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swamps and Marshes: Largest marsh The Everglades is a vast plateau of subtropical saw-grass marsh in southern Florida, covering 2,185 sq mi. Fed by water from Lake Okeechobee, the third largest freshwater lake in the United States, the Everglades is the largest subtropical ^ wilderness in the continental United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lakes and Inland Seas: Largest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Lakes and Inland Seas|Largest 20 22 24 26 9938|146 102622|1509 115882|1704 14124|0 91334|300 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lakes and Inland Seas: Largest The largest inland sea or lake in the world is the Caspian Sea (in Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran). It is 760 miles long and its total area is 143,550 sq mi. Of the total area, some 55,280 sq mi (38.5 percent) are in Iran, ^ where it is named the Darya-ye-Khazar. Its maximum depth is 3,360 ft and the surface is 93 ft below sea level. Its estimated volume is 21,500 cu mi of saline water. Its surface has varied between 105 ft (11th century) and 72 ft (early 19th ^ century) below sea level. (See also Depressions, largest.) ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest lake in the United States is Lake Michigan, with a water surface area of 22,300 sq mi, a length of 307 miles, a breadth of 118 miles and a ^ maximum depth of 923 ft. Both Lake Superior and Lake Huron have larger areas, but these straddle the Canadian/American border. ^<n Excluding the Great Lakes, the largest natural lake wholly within the United States is the Great Salt Lake, UT, ^ which has a water surface area of 1,361 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lakes and Inland Seas: Largest underground T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Lakes and Inland Seas|Largest underground 20 22 24 26 10006|147 102826|1512 116086|1707 14124|1 91334|303 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lakes and Inland Seas: Largest underground The world's largest underground lake is believed to be that in the Drachenhauchloch cave near Grootfontein, Namibia, discovered in 1986. The surface of the lake is some 217 ft underground, and its depth 276 ft. ^<n Reputedly the United States' ^ largest underground lake is the Lost Sea, 300 ft subterranean in the Craighead Caverns, Sweetwater, TN, measuring 4 1/2 acres and discovered in 1905. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lakes and Inland Seas: Largest lake in a lake T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Lakes and Inland Seas|Largest lake in a lake 20 22 24 26 10074|148 102758|1511 116018|1706 14124|2 91334|302 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lakes and Inland Seas: Largest lake in a lake The largest lake in a lake is Manitou Lake (41.09 sq mi) on the world's largest lake island, Manitoulin Island (1,068 sq mi), in the Canadian part of Lake Huron. The lake itself contains a number of islands. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lakes and Inland Seas: Deepest T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Lakes and Inland Seas|Deepest 20 22 24 26 10142|149 5994|88 115678|1701 14124|3 11656|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lakes and Inland Seas: Deepest The deepest lake in the world is Lake Baikal in central Siberia, Russia. It is 385 miles long and between 20-46 miles wide. In 1957 the lake's Olkhon Crevice was measured and found to be 6,365 ft deep and hence 4,872 ft below sea level. (See also ^ Depressions.) ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The deepest lake in the United States is 6-mile-long Crater Lake, in Crater Lake National Park in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Its surface is 6,176 ft above sea level and its extreme depth is 1,932 ^ ft, with an average depth of 1,500 ft. The lake has neither inlets nor outlets; instead it is filled and maintained solely by precipitation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lakes and Inland Seas: Highest T \p8\D01\3801016 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Lakes and Inland Seas|Highest 20 22 24 26 10210|150 68146|1002 1642|24 115814|1703 14124|4 71062|81 1938|13 -PCAP- The highest navigable lake in the world is Lake Titicaca, in South America, which is 130 miles long and is situated 12,506 ft above sea level. (Photo: Images) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lakes and Inland Seas: Highest The highest navigable lake in the world is Lake Titicaca (maximum depth 1,214 ft, with an area of about 3,200 sq mi) in South America (1,850 sq mi in Peru and 1,350 sq mi in Bolivia). It is 110 miles long and is 12,506 ft above sea level. There are ^ higher lakes in the Himalayas, but most are glacial and of a temporary nature only. A survey of the area carried out in 1984 showed a lake at a height of 17,762 ft, named Panch Pokhri, which was 1 mile long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lakes and Inland Seas: Geatest freshwater T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Lakes and Inland Seas|Geatest freshwater 20 22 24 26 10278|151 49242|724 115746|1702 14124|5 52992|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lakes and Inland Seas: Geatest freshwater The freshwater lake with the greatest surface area is Lake Superior, one of the Great Lakes of North America. The total area is 31,800 sq mi, of which 20,700 sq mi are in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan and 11,100 sq mi in Ontario, Canada. It is ^ 600 ft above sea level. The freshwater lake with the greatest volume is Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, with an estimated volume of 5,500 cu mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lakes and Inland Seas: Largest lagoon T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Lakes and Inland Seas|Largest lagoon 20 22 24 26 10346|152 102690|1510 115950|1705 14124|6 91334|301 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lakes and Inland Seas: Largest lagoon Lagoa dos Patos in southernmost Brazil is 158 miles long and extends over 4,110 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Largest desert T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Largest desert 20 22 24 26 10414|153 112278|1651 167834|2468 14630|0 91334|442 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Largest desert Nearly an eighth of the world's land surface is arid, with a rainfall of less than 10 in per year. The Sahara in North Africa is the largest desert in the world. At its greatest length it is 3,200 miles from east to west. From north to south it is ^ between 800 and 1,400 miles. The area covered by the desert is about 3,579,000 sq mi. The land level varies from 436 ft below sea level in the Qattara Depression, Egypt to the mountain Emi Koussi (11,204 ft) in Chad. The daytime temperature range ^ in the western Sahara may be more than 80 deg F. Desert surfaces have been known to heat up to 180 deg F. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest desert in the United States is the Chihuahuan in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, which extends into ^ Mexico. It covers an area of approximately 140,000 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Highest sand dunes T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Highest sand dunes 20 22 24 26 10482|154 71274|1048 167766|2467 14630|1 71062|127 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Highest sand dunes The world's highest measured sand dunes are those in the Saharan sand sea of Isaouane-N-Tifernine of east-central Algeria at Lat. 26 deg 42' N, Long. 6 deg 43' E. They have a wavelength of 3 miles and attain a height of 1,410 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Largest mirage T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Largest mirage 20 22 24 26 10550|155 112414|1653 167970|2470 14630|2 91334|444 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Largest mirage The largest mirage on record was that sighted in the Arctic at 83 deg N 103 deg W by Donald B. MacMillan in 1913. This type of mirage, known as the Fata Morgana, appeared as the same "hills, valleys, snow-capped peaks extending through at least 120 ^ degrees of the horizon" that Peary had misidentified as Crocker Land six years earlier. ^<n On 17 Jul 1939 a mirage of the mountain Snaefells Jokull (4,715 ft) on Iceland was seen from the sea at a distance of 335-350 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Largest gorge T \p8\D01\3801017 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Largest gorge 20 22 24 26 10618|156 112346|1652 1710|25 167902|2469 14630|3 91334|443 1938|14 -PCAP- The largest land gorge in the world is the Grand Canyon, in Arizona. It extends over a distance of 277 miles, varying in width from 4-13 miles. It is some 5,300 ft deep. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Largest gorge The largest land gorge in the world is the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River in north-central Arizona. It extends from Marble Gorge to the Grand Wash Cliffs, over a distance of 277 miles. It varies in width from 4-13 miles and is 1 mile in depth. ^ The submarine Labrador Basin canyon is ^I 2,150 miles long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Deepest canyon T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Deepest canyon 20 22 24 26 10686|157 6470|95 167494|2463 14630|4 11656|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Deepest canyon The deepest canyon is El Canon de Colca, Peru, which is 10,574 ft deep. It was first traversed by the Polish Expedition CANOANDES' 79 kayak team from 12 May-14 Jun 1981. ^<n The deepest submarine canyon yet discovered is one 25 miles south of ^ Esperance, Western Australia; it is 6,000 ft deep and 20 miles wide. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The deepest canyon in the United States is Kings Canyon, East Fresno, CA, which runs through Sierra and Sequoia National Forests. The deepest point, ^ which measures 8,200 ft, is in the Sierra National Park Forest section of the canyon. ^<n The deepest canyon in low relief territory is Hell's Canyon, dividing Oregon and Idaho. It plunges 7,900 ft from the Devil Mountain down to the Snake River. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Deepest valley T \p8\D01\3901019 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Deepest valley 20 23 25 27 10754|158 6606|97 1778|26 167630|2465 15786|232 14630|5 11656|22 1938|15 -PCAP- The Kali Gandaki valley is 14,436 ft deep between the Dhaulagiri and Annapurna ranges of the Nepal Himalayas. Tukuche Peak (22,703 ft) and Nilgiri North Peak (23,166 ft), on either side of the valley, are just 11.3 miles apart. This view is from ^ Dhaulagiri. (Photo: Dr A.C. Waltham) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Deepest valley The Kali Gandaki valley lies 14,436 ft deep between the Dhaulagiri and Annapurna ranges of the Nepal Himalayas. The closest bastions of these ranges are Tukuche Peak (22,703 ft) and Nilgiri North Peak (23,166 ft), just 11.3 miles apart, with the ^ Gandaki River in between, at an elevation of 8,464 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Highest cliffs T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Highest cliffs 20 22 24 26 10822|159 71206|1047 167698|2466 14630|6 71062|126 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Highest cliffs The highest sea cliffs yet pinpointed anywhere in the world are those on the north coast of east Moloka'i, HI near Umilehi Point, which descend 3,300 ft to the sea at an average gradient of more than 55 deg . ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Longest natural arch T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Longest natural arch 20 22 24 26 10890|160 147570|2170 168106|2472 14630|7 139100|280 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Longest natural arch The longest natural arch in the world is the Landscape Arch in the Arches National Park, 25 miles north of Moab in Utah. This natural sandstone arch spans 291 ft and is set about 100 ft above the canyon floor. In one place erosion has narrowed its ^ section to 6 ft. Larger, however, is the Rainbow Bridge, UT, discovered on 14 Aug 1909, which although only 278 ft long, is more than 22 ft wide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Longest glaciers T \p8\D01\3703061 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Longest glaciers 20 22 24 26 10958|161 147502|2169 1846|27 168038|2471 6470|95 14630|8 139100|279 1938|16 -PCAP- The longest single glacier in the Himalayas is the Siachen, which is 47 miles long, in the Karakoram range. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Longest glaciers It is estimated that 6.02 million sq mi, or 10.5 percent of the Earth's land surface, is permanently glaciated. The world's longest known glacier is the Lambert Glacier, discovered by an Australian aircraft crew in Australian Antarctic Territory in ^ 1956-57. It is up to 40 miles wide and, with its upper section, known as the Mellor Glacier, it measures at least 250 miles in length. With the Fisher Glacier limb, the Lambert forms a continuous ice passage about 320 miles long. ^<n The longest ^ Himalayan glacier is the Siachen (47 miles) in the Karakoram range, though the Hispar and Biafo combine to form an ice passage 76 miles long. ^<n The fastest-moving major glacier is the Quarayaq in Greenland, flowing 65-80 ft per day. ^<n ^<4 ^ United States ^>4 The largest glacier in the United States is the Malaspina glacier, 30 miles north of Yakutut, AK. It measures 850 sq mi and is part of the 2,000-mile sq Malaspina Glacier Complex. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Thickest ice T Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Thickest ice 20 22 24 26 11026|162 258478|3801 168174|2473 14630|9 273230|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Thickest ice The greatest recorded thickness of ice is 2.97 miles, measured by radio echo soundings from a US Antarctic research aircraft at 69 deg 9' 38" S, 135 deg 20' 25" E, 250 miles from the coast of Wilkes Land on 4 Jan 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Features: Deepest permafrost T \p8\D01\3703064 Earth and Space|Structure and Dimensions|Physical Features|Deepest permafrost 20 23 25 27 11094|163 6538|96 1914|28 167562|2464 14630|10 11656|21 1938|17 -PCAP- The deepest recorded permafrost is more than 4,500 ft, reported from the upper reaches of the Viluy River, Siberia, USSR, in February 1982. Permafrost can give rise to spectacular crevasses, such as this one being negotiated by a climber in the ^ Antarctic Peninsula. (Photo: Doug Allan/Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Features: Deepest permafrost The deepest recorded permafrost is more than 4,500 ft, reported from the upper reaches of the Viluy River, Siberia, Russia in February 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Earthquakes: Greatest T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Earthquakes|Greatest 20 22 24 26 11162|164 47814|703 70594|1038 15712|0 52992|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Seismologists record all dates with the year ^I , based not on local time but on Universal Time/Greenwich Mean Time. ^ -TEXT- Earthquakes: Greatest It is estimated that each year there are some 500,000 detectable seismic or microseismic disturbances, of which 100,000 can be felt and 1,000 cause damage. The deepest recorded hypocenters are of 447 miles in Indonesia in 1933, 1934 and 1943. ^<n ^ The scale most commonly used to measure the size of earthquakes is Richter's magnitude scale (1954). It is named after Dr Charles Richter (USA; 1900-85), and the most commonly used form is M subscript s, based on amplitudes of surface waves, ^ usually at a period of 20 sec. The largest reported magnitudes on this scale are about 8.9, but the scale does not properly represent the size of the very largest earthquakes, above M subscript s about 8, for which it is better to use the concept ^ of seismic moment, M subscript o, devised by K. Aki in 1966. Moment can be used to derive a "moment magnitude," M subscript w, first used by Hiroo Kanamori in 1977. The largest recorded earthquake on the M subscript w scale is the Chilean shock ^ of 22 May 1960, which had M subscript w = 9.5, but only 8.3 on the M subscript s scale. For the largest events, such as the Chilean 1960 earthquake, the energy released is more than 10 to the power of 19 joules. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The ^ strongest earthquake in American history, measuring 8.4 on the Richter scale, was near Prince William Sound, AK (80 miles east of Anchorage) on 27 Mar 1964. It killed 131 people and caused an estimated $750 million in damage; it also caused a ^ tsunami 50 feet high that traveled 8,445 miles at 450 mph. The town of Kodiak was destroyed, and tremors were felt in California, Hawaii and Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Earthquakes: Worst death toll T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Earthquakes|Worst death toll 20 22 24 26 11230|165 260110|3825 70662|1039 15712|1 274968|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Seismologists record all dates with the year ^I , based not on local time but on Universal Time/Greenwich Mean Time. ^ -TEXT- Earthquakes: Worst death toll The greatest chronicled loss of life occurred in the earthquake that rocked every city of the Near East and eastern Mediterranean ^I . July 1201. Contemporary accounts estimate the loss of life at 1.1 million. Less uncertain is the figure ^ of 830,000 fatalities in a prolonged earthquake ( ^I ) in the Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces of China, of 1556 Feb 2 (new style; January 23 old style). ^<n The highest death toll in modern times has been in the Tangshan ^ earthquake (Mag. M subscript s = 7.9) in eastern China on 1976 Jul 27 (local time was 3 A.M. Jul 28). The first figure published on 4 Jan 1977 revealed 655,237 killed, later adjusted to 750,000. On 22 Nov 1979 the New China News Agency ^ inexplicably reduced the death toll to 242,000. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest death toll for the United States is 503 in the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 Apr 18, which measured an estimated 8.3 on the Richter Scale. Accurate ^ records were not kept at that time, and some experts believe the 503 deaths to be a low calculation. There was also no Richter Scale, and this measurement, although it is the consensus, is debated. ^ -END- -CTRL- Earthquakes: Worst death toll (table) B \t\D01\0101631a Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Earthquakes|Worst death toll (table) 20 22 24 31 11298|166 260178|3826 70730|1040 15712|2 274968|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- <1> This figure published in 1972 for the Bangladeshi disaster was from Dr Afzal, Principal Scientific Officer of the Atomic Energy Authority Centre, Dacca. One report asserted that less than half of the population of the four islands of Bhola, ^ Charjabbar, Hatia and Ramagati (1961 census 1.4 million) survived. The most damaging hurricane recorded was Hurricane Hugo from 17-22 Sep 1989, which was estimated to have done $7 billion worth of damage. <2> A total of 18,000 Austrian and ^ Italian troops were reported to have been lost in the Dolomite valleys of northern Italy on 13 Dec 1916 in more than 100 snow avalanches. Some of the avalanches were triggered by gunfire. <3> The dynamiting of a Yangtze Kiang dam at Huayuan Kow ^ by the Kuomintang during the Sino-Japanese war in 1938 is reputed to have resulted in 900,000 deaths. <4> More than 200,000 killed in the sack of Moscow, as a result of fires started by the invading Tartars in May 1571. Worst-ever hotel fire, ^ 162 killed, Hotel Daeyungak, Seoul, South Korea 25 Dec 1971. Worst circus fire killed 168 in Hartford, CT 6 Jul 1944. ^ ^<n Seismologists record all dates with the year ^I , based not on local time but on Universal Time/Greenwich Mean Time. ^ -TEXT- Earthquakes: Worst death toll (table) Earthquakes: Worst death toll WORST NATURAL DISASTERS IN THE WORLD TYPE OF NUMBER DISASTER KILLED LOCATION DATE Earthquake 1,100,000 Near East and E. Mediterranean c. July 1201 Circular Storm<1> 1,000,000 Ganges Delta Islands, Bangladesh 12--13 ^ Nov 1970 Flood 900,000 Hwang-ho River, China Oct 1887 Landslides (triggered off by single earthquake) 180,000 Kansu Province, China 16 Dec 1920 Volcanic Eruption 92,000 Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia 5--7 Apr 1815 Avalanches<2> c. 18,000 Yungay, ^ Huascara[ac]n, Peru 31 May 1970 Dam Burst<3> c. 5,000 Machhu River Dam, Morvi, Gujarat, India 11 Aug 1979 Smog 2,850 London fog, Great Britain (excess deaths) 5--13 Dec 1952 Fire<4> (Single building) 1,670 The Theatre, Canton, China May 1845 ^ Tornado c. 1,300 Shaturia, Bangladesh 26 Apr 1989 Hail 246 Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 20 Apr 1888 Lightning 81 Boeing 707 jet airliner, struck by 8 Dec 1963 lightning near Elkton, MD Mountaineering 43 Lenin Peak, Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan ^ border 13 Jul 1990 (then USSR) ^ -END- -CTRL- Volcanoes: Greatest explosion T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Volcanoes|Greatest explosion 20 22 24 27 11366|167 52438|771 234882|3454 12998|191 15938|0 52992|108 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The total number of known active volcanoes in the world is 1,343, of which many are submarine. The greatest active concentration is in Indonesia, with some 200 volcanoes. The word ^I derives from the now-dormant Vulcano Island (from ^ the Roman god of fire ^I ) in the Mediterranean. ^ -TEXT- Volcanoes: Greatest explosion The greatest explosion in historic times (possibly since Santorini in the Aegean Sea, 60 miles north of Crete, in 1628 B.C.) occurred at ^I 10 A.M. (local time), or 3:00 A.M. GMT, on 27 Aug 1883, with an eruption of Krakatoa, an island ^ (then 18 sq mi) in the Sunda Strait, between Sumatra and Java, in Indonesia. One hundred and sixty-three villages were wiped out and 36,380 people killed by the wave it caused. Pumice was thrown 34 miles high and dust fell 3,313 miles away 10 ^ days later. The explosion was recorded four hours later on the island of Rodrigues, 2,968 miles away, as "the roar of heavy guns," and was heard over one-thirteenth of the surface of the globe. This explosion, estimated to have had about 26 times ^ the power of the greatest H-bomb test (by the USSR; for details of thermonuclear explosions, see Bombs), was still only a third of the Santorini cataclysm. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volcanoes: Greatest eruption T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Volcanoes|Greatest eruption 20 22 24 27 11434|168 52370|770 234814|3453 15938|1 52992|107 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The total number of known active volcanoes in the world is 1,343, of which many are submarine. The greatest active concentration is in Indonesia, with some 200 volcanoes. The word ^I derives from the now-dormant Vulcano Island (from ^ the Roman god of fire ^I ) in the Mediterranean. ^ -TEXT- Volcanoes: Greatest eruption The total volume of matter discharged in the eruption of Tambora, a volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, 5-10 Apr 1815, was 36-43 cu mi. This compares with a probable 14-16 cu mi ejected by Santorini and 5 cu mi ejected by Krakatoa. The ^ energy of the Tambora eruption, which lowered the height of the island by 4,100 ft from 13,450 ft to 9,350 ft, was 8.4 x 10 to the power of 19 joules. A crater 5 miles in diameter was formed. More than 92,000 people were killed or died as a ^ result of the subsequent famine. ^<n The ejecta in the Taupo eruption in New Zealand ^I A.D. 130 has been estimated at 33 billion tons of pumice moving at one time at 400 mph. It flattened 6,200 sq mi (over 26 times the devastated area ^ of Mt St Helens, which erupted in Washington State on 18 May 1980). Less than 20 percent of the 15.4 billion tons of pumice carried up into the air in this most violent of all documented volcanic events fell within 125 miles of the vent. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volcanoes: Largest active T \p8\D01\3703063 Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Volcanoes|Largest active 20 23 25 28 11502|169 124518|1831 1982|29 235018|3456 7218|106 15938|2 91334|622 3214|0 -PCAP- Mauna Loa in Hawaii has a dome 75 miles long and 31 miles wide, with a lava flow that occupies more than 1,980 sq. miles of the island. Its pit crater, Mokuaweoweo, measures 4 sq. miles and is 500-600 ft. deep. It rises 13,680 ft. and has averaged ^ one eruption every 4 1/2 years since 1843, although none since 1984. (Photo: Peter Menzell/Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The total number of known active volcanoes in the world is 1,343, of which many are submarine. The greatest active concentration is in Indonesia, with some 200 volcanoes. The word ^I derives from the now-dormant Vulcano Island (from ^ the Roman god of fire ^I ) in the Mediterranean. ^ -TEXT- Volcanoes: Largest active Mauna Loa in Hawaii has the shape of a broad gentle dome 75 miles long and 31 miles wide (above sea level), with lava flows that occupy more than 1,980 sq mi of the island. It has a total volume of 10,200 sq mi, of which 84.2 per cent is below sea ^ level. Its caldera (Spanish ^I , boiling pot) or volcano crater, Mokuaweoweo, measures 4 sq mi and is 500-600 ft deep. Mauna Loa rises 13,680 ft and has averaged one eruption every 4 1/2 years since 1843, although none have ^ occurred since 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volcanoes: Largest active (table) B \t\D01\0101681a Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Volcanoes|Largest active (table) 20 22 24 29 11570|170 124586|1832 235086|3457 15938|3 91334|623 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- LARGEST ACTIVE VOLCANO: The largest active volcano is Mauna Loa, on Hawaii. In the past 150 years it has erupted 33 times, or on average every 4 1/2 years. Below is a list of these, from which it is clear that the eruptions have become ^ increasingly infrequent in recent times. *flank only ^ ^<n The total number of known active volcanoes in the world is 1,343, of which many are submarine. The greatest active concentration is in Indonesia, with some 200 volcanoes. The word ^I derives from the now-dormant Vulcano Island (from ^ the Roman god of fire ^I ) in the Mediterranean. ^ -TEXT- Volcanoes: Largest active (table) Volcanoes: Largest active LARGEST ACTIVE VOLCANO The largest active volcano is Mauna Loa, on Hawaii. In the past 150 years it has erupted 33 times, or on average every 4 1/2 years. Below is a list of these, from which it is clear that the ^ eruptions have become increasingly infrequent in recent times. Year and Volume of matter duration discharged (at summit) (m<3> <X> 10<6>) 1843 (5 days) 202 1849 (c. 15 days) 25 1851 (4 days) 35 1852 (1 day) 182 1855 (1 day) 280 1859 (1 day) ^ 383 1865 (c. 125 days) 50 1868 (1 day) 123 1871 (c. 20 days) 20 1872 (c. 1200 days) 630 1877 (1 day) 8 1879 (1 day) 1 1880 (Jan, 6 days) 10 1880 (Nov*) 130 1887 (1 day) 128 1892 (3 days) 12 1896 (16 days) 25 1899 (4 days) 81 1903 (Sep, 1 day) 3 ^ 1903 (Oct, 61 days) 70 1907 (1 day) 121 1914 (48 days) 55 1916* 31 1919 (1 day) 183 1926 (1 day) 121 1933 (17 days) 100 1935 (6 days) 87 1940 (134 days) 110 1942 (2 days) 176 1949 (145 days) 116 1950 (1 day) 376 1975 (1 day) 30 1984 (1 day) 220 ^ -END- -CTRL- Volcanoes: Highest active T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Volcanoes|Highest active 20 22 24 27 11638|171 74198|1091 234950|3455 15938|4 71062|170 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The total number of known active volcanoes in the world is 1,343, of which many are submarine. The greatest active concentration is in Indonesia, with some 200 volcanoes. The word ^I derives from the now-dormant Vulcano Island (from ^ the Roman god of fire ^I ) in the Mediterranean. ^ -TEXT- Volcanoes: Highest active The highest volcano regarded as active is Ojos del Salado (which has fumaroles), at a height of 22,595 ft, on the frontier between Chile and Argentina. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volcanoes: Northernmost and southernmost T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Volcanoes|Northernmost and southernmost 20 22 24 27 11706|172 222506|3272 235290|3460 15938|5 235756|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The total number of known active volcanoes in the world is 1,343, of which many are submarine. The greatest active concentration is in Indonesia, with some 200 volcanoes. The word ^I derives from the now-dormant Vulcano Island (from ^ the Roman god of fire ^I ) in the Mediterranean. ^ -TEXT- Volcanoes: Northernmost and southernmost The northernmost volcano is Beeren Berg (7,470 ft) on the island of Jan Mayen (71 deg 05' N) in the Greenland Sea. It erupted on 20 Sep 1970, and the island's 39 inhabitants (all male) had to be evacuated. It was possibly discovered by Henry ^ Hudson, the English navigator and explorer (d. 1611), in 1607 or 1608, but was definitely visited by Jan Jacobsz Mayen (Netherlands) in 1614. It was annexed by Norway on 8 May 1929. The Ostenso seamount (5,825 ft), 346 miles from the North Pole ^ at Lat. 85 deg 10' N, Long. 133 deg W, was volcanic. The most southerly known active volcano is Mt Erebus (12,450 ft), on Ross Island (77 deg 35' S) in Antarctica. It was discovered on 28 Jan 1841 by the expedition of Capt. (later Rear-Admiral ^ Sir) James Clark Ross of the British Navy (1800-62), and first climbed at 10 A.M. on 10 Mar 1908 by a British party of five, led by Prof. Tannatt William Edgeworth David (1858-1934). ^ -END- -CTRL- Volcanoes: Largest crater T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Volcanoes|Largest crater 20 22 24 27 11774|173 124654|1833 235154|3458 15938|6 91334|624 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The total number of known active volcanoes in the world is 1,343, of which many are submarine. The greatest active concentration is in Indonesia, with some 200 volcanoes. The word ^I derives from the now-dormant Vulcano Island (from ^ the Roman god of fire ^I ) in the Mediterranean. ^ -TEXT- Volcanoes: Largest crater The world's largest caldera (Spanish ^I , boiling pot) or volcano crater is that of Toba, north-central Sumatra, Indonesia, covering 685 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volcanoes: Longest lava flow T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Volcanoes|Longest lava flow 20 22 24 27 11842|174 155594|2288 235222|3459 15938|7 139100|398 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The total number of known active volcanoes in the world is 1,343, of which many are submarine. The greatest active concentration is in Indonesia, with some 200 volcanoes. The word ^I derives from the now-dormant Vulcano Island (from ^ the Roman god of fire ^I ) in the Mediterranean. ^ -TEXT- Volcanoes: Longest lava flow The longest lava flow in historic times is a mixture of ^I , ropey lava (twisted cordlike solidifications) and ^I , blocky lava, resulting from the eruption of Laki in 1783 in southeast Iceland, which flowed 40 1/2-43 1/2 ^ miles. The largest-known prehistoric flow is the Roza basalt flow in North America ^I 15 million years ago, which had an unsurpassed length (190 miles), area (15,400 sq mi) and volume (300 cu mi). ^ -END- -CTRL- Avalanches: Greatest T Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Avalanches|Greatest 20 22 24 26 11910|175 45774|673 15242|224 16514|0 52992|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Avalanches: Greatest The greatest natural avalanches, though rarely observed, occur in the Himalayas, but no estimates of their volume have been published. It was estimated that 120 million cu ft of snow fell in an avalanche in the Italian Alps in 1885. ^<n The 250-mph ^ avalanche triggered by the Mt St Helens eruption in Washington State on 18 May 1980 was estimated to measure 96 billion cu ft (see Accidents and Disasters). ^ -END- -CTRL- Geysers: Tallest T \m\00000026 Earth and Space|Natural Phenomena|Geysers|Tallest 20 22 24 26 11978|176 254330|3740 92218|1356 16600|0 267614|21 296|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- The world's tallest geyser, Steamboat Geyser erupted unexpectedly in March 1978 after having been dormant for 9 years. Water was thrown to heights of up to 150 ft for almost 15 minutes and steam gushed out for nearly 40 hours. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Geysers: Tallest The Waimangu (Maori "black water") geyser, in New Zealand, erupted to a height in excess of 1,500 ft in 1904, but has not been active since it erupted violently at 6:20 A.M. on 1 Apr 1917 and killed four people. ^<n Currently the world's tallest ^ active geyser is the National Park Service's Steamboat Geyser, in Yellowstone National Park, WY. During the 1980s it erupted at intervals ranging from 19 days to more than four years, although there were occasions in the 1960s when it erupted as ^ frequently as every 4-10 days. The maximum height ranges from 195-380 ft. ^<n The greatest measured water discharge was an estimated 740,000-1,000,000 gallons by the Giant Geyser, also in Yellowstone National Park. However, this estimate, made in ^ the 1950s, was only a rough calculation. ^<n The Geysir (Icelandic ^I , to gush) near Mt Hekla in south-central Iceland, from which all others have been named, spurts on occasions to 180 ft, while the adjacent Strokkur, reactivated by ^ drilling in 1963, spurts at 10-15 min intervals. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Most equable temperature T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Most equable temperature 20 22 24 27 12046|177 193674|2848 241546|3552 16772|0 175106|444 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Most equable temperature The location with the most equable recorded temperature over a short period is Garapan, on Saipan in the Mariana Islands, Pacific Ocean. During the nine years from 1927-35, inclusive, the lowest temperature recorded was 67.3 deg F on 30 Jan 1934 ^ and the highest was 88.5 deg F on 9 Sep 1931, giving an extreme range of 21.2 deg F. ^<n Between 1911 and 1966 the Brazilian offshore island of Fernando de Noronha had a minimum temperature of 65.5 deg F on 17 Nov 1913 and a maximum of 89.6 deg F ^ on 2 Mar 1965, an extreme range of 24.1 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Greatest temperature ranges T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Greatest temperature ranges 20 22 24 27 12114|178 52982|779 240458|3536 13814|203 16772|1 52992|116 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Greatest temperature ranges The greatest recorded temperature ranges in the world are around the Siberian "cold pole" in the east of Russia. Temperatures in Verkhoyansk (67 deg 33' N, 133 deg 23' E) have ranged 188 deg F, from -90 deg F to 98 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Highest shade temperature T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Highest shade temperature 20 22 24 27 12182|179 74810|1100 240662|3539 16772|2 71062|179 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Highest shade temperature The highest shade temperature ever recorded is 136 deg F at Al'Az iz iyah, Libya (alt. 367 ft) on 13 Sep 1922. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Hottest place T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Hottest place 20 22 24 27 12250|180 82154|1208 240866|3542 16772|3 91038|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Hottest place On an annual mean basis, with readings taken over a six-year period from 1960 to 1966, the temperature at Dallol, in Ethiopia, was 94 deg F. ^<n At Marble Bar, Western Australia (maximum 121 deg F), 162 consecutive days with maximum temperatures of ^ over 100 deg F were recorded between 30 Oct 1923 and 8 Apr 1924. ^<n At Wyndham, also in Western Australia, the temperature reached 90 deg F or more on 333 days in 1946. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Driest place T \p8\D02\3901021 Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Driest place 20 22 24 27 12318|181 7218|106 2050|30 240322|3534 10142|149 16772|4 13874|0 3300|0 -PCAP- The driest part of the world is the Pacific coast of northern Chile between Arica and Antofagasta, where the annual mean rainfall is less than 0.004 in. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Driest place The annual mean rainfall on the Pacific coast of Chile between Arica and Antofagasta is less than 0.004 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Longest drought T \p8\D02\3801021b Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Longest drought 20 23 25 28 12386|182 156002|2294 2118|31 241206|3547 4702|69 16772|5 139100|404 3300|1 -PCAP- Desierto de Atacama, near Calama, Chile experienced a drought for some 400 years up to 1971. With its annual rainfall being effectively zero, water is piped 60 miles from a water collection and storage site in the mountains to this town in the ^ desert. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Longest drought Desierto de Atacama, in Chile, experiences virtually no rain, although several times a century a squall may strike a small area of it. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Least sunshine T \p8\D02\3801021a Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Least sunshine 20 22 24 27 12454|183 127578|1876 2186|32 241070|3545 16772|6 136828|18 3300|2 -PCAP- At the South Pole there is no sunshine for 182 days every year. Work continues, however, frequently with the aid of floodlights, as is the case here at the Halley Station on Antarctica. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Least sunshine At the South Pole there is zero sunshine for 182 days every year, and at the North Pole the same applies for 176 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Most sunshine T \p8\D02\3703066 Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Most sunshine 20 22 24 27 12522|184 193810|2850 2254|33 241682|3554 16772|7 175106|446 3300|3 -PCAP- At Yuma, in Arizona, USA the annual average sunshine is just over 90 percent (approximately 4,000 hours). The picture shows a cloudless sky at a farm in the area. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Most sunshine The annual average at Yuma, AZ is 90 percent (over 4,000 hours of sunshine). ^<n St Petersburg, FL recorded 768 consecutive sunny days from 9 Feb 1967 to 17 Mar 1969. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Lowest screen temperature T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Lowest screen temperature 20 22 24 27 12590|185 162258|2386 241410|3550 16772|8 170594|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Lowest screen temperature A record low of -128.6 deg F was registered at Vostok, Antarctica (alt. 11,220 ft) on 21 Jul 1983. ^<n The coldest permanently inhabited place is the Siberian village of Oymyakon (pop. 4,000), 63 deg 16' N, 143 deg 15' E (2,300 ft), in Russia, ^ where the temperature reached -90 deg F in 1933, and an unofficial -98 deg F has been published more recently. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Lowest upper atmosphere temperature T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Lowest upper atmosphere temperature 20 22 24 27 12658|186 162326|2387 241478|3551 16772|9 170594|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Lowest upper atmosphere temperature The lowest temperature ever recorded in the atmosphere is -225 deg F at an altitude of about 50-60 miles, during noctilucent cloud research above Kronogard, Sweden from 27 Jul to 7 Aug 1963. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Coldest place T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Coldest place 20 22 24 27 12726|187 4634|68 240254|3533 16772|10 11064|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Coldest place Polus Nedostupnosti (Pole of Cold), Antarctica at 78 deg S, 96 deg E, is the coldest place in the world, with an extrapolated annual mean of -72 deg F. ^<n The coldest measured mean is -70 deg F, at Plateau Station, Antarctica. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Wettest place T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Wettest place 20 22 24 27 12794|188 259294|3813 241818|3556 4226|62 16772|11 274290|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Wettest place By average annual rainfall, the wettest place in the world is Tutunendo, in Colombia, with 463 1/2 in per year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Most intense rainfall T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Most intense rainfall 20 22 24 27 12862|189 193742|2849 241614|3553 16772|12 175106|445 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Most intense rainfall Difficulties attend rainfall readings for very short periods, but the figure of 1 1/2 in in one min at Barst, Guadeloupe on 26 Nov 1970 is regarded as the most intense recorded in modern times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Longest-lasting rainbow T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Longest-lasting rainbow 20 22 24 27 12930|190 156138|2296 241342|3549 16772|13 139100|406 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Longest-lasting rainbow A rainbow lasting over three hours was reported from the coastal border of Gwynedd and Clwyd, North Wales, Great Britain on 14 Aug 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Greatest rainfall T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Greatest rainfall 20 22 24 27 12998|191 52914|778 240390|3535 16772|14 52992|115 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Greatest rainfall A record 73.62 in of rain fell in 24 hours in Cilaos (alt. 3,940 ft), La Reunion, Indian Ocean on 15 and 16 Mar 1952. This is equal to 8,327 tons of rain per acre. ^<n For a calendar month, the record is 366 in, at Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India in ^ July 1861. ^<n The 12-month record was also at Cherrapunji, with 1,041.8 in between 1 Aug 1860 and 31 Jul 1861. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Highest surface wind speed T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Highest surface wind speed 20 22 24 27 13066|192 74878|1101 240730|3540 16772|15 71062|180 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Highest surface wind speed The fastest speed at a low altitude was registered on 8 Mar 1972 at the USAF base at Thule, Greenland (145 ft), when a peak speed of 207 mph was recorded. ^<n The fastest speed measured to date in a tornado is 280 mph at Wichita Falls, TX on 2 Apr ^ 1958. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Windiest place T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Windiest place 20 22 24 27 13134|193 259838|3821 241886|3557 16772|16 274882|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Windiest place The Commonwealth Bay, George V Coast, Antarctica, where gales reach 200 mph, is the world's windiest place. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Hurricanes T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Hurricanes 20 22 24 27 13202|194 241002|3544 16772|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Hurricanes The most commonly used scale to measure the size of a hurricane is the Saffir-Simpson Scale, which rates hurricanes on a scale of one to five, five being the most severe. ^<n The most damaging hurricane in the United States was Hurricane Hugo, ^ which hit the mainland 21-22 Sep 1989 after devastating a number of islands in the Caribbean. The storm made landfall at Sullivan Island, northeast of Charleston, SC. On crossing the mainland, Hugo measured four on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Winds ^ measured 135 mph and 28 people were killed. ^<n The greatest number of fatalities from an American hurricane is an estimated 6,000 deaths on 8 Sep 1900 in Galveston Island, TX. The second highest death toll was 1,836 people killed by a hurricane ^ that hit Lake Okeechobee, FL on 17 Sep 1928. Both hurricanes measured four on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Highest waterspout T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Highest waterspout 20 22 24 27 13270|195 74946|1102 240798|3541 16772|18 71062|181 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Highest waterspout The highest waterspout of which there is a reliable record was one observed on 16 May 1898 off Eden, New South Wales, Australia. A theodolite reading from the shore gave its height as 5,014 ft. It was about 10 ft in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Heaviest hailstones T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Heaviest hailstones 20 22 24 27 13338|196 61958|911 240526|3537 14290|210 16772|19 65726|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Heaviest hailstones The heaviest hailstones on record, weighing up to 2 1/4 lb, are reported to have killed 92 people in the Gopalganj district of Bangladesh on 14 Apr 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Highest and lowest clouds T \p8\D02\3703065 Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Highest and lowest clouds 20 22 24 27 13406|197 162190|2385 2322|34 240594|3538 16772|20 170594|46 3300|4 -PCAP- The highest standard cloud form is cirrus, averaging 27,000 ft, and above. Cirrus clouds at 26,500 ft contain unfrozen but super-cooled water at -35 deg C, -31 deg F. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Highest and lowest clouds The highest standard cloud form is cirrus, averaging 27,000 ft and above, but the rare nacreous or mother-of-pearl formation may reach nearly 80,000 ft (see also Noctilucent clouds). A cirrus cloud is composed almost entirely of ice crystals at ^ temperatures of -40 deg F or below. The lowest is stratus, below 3,500 ft. The cloud form with the greatest vertical range is cumulonimbus, which has been observed to reach a height of nearly 68,000 ft in the tropics. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Thunder-days T \p8\D02\3902022b Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Thunder-days 20 22 24 27 13474|198 2390|35 241750|3555 16772|21 3300|5 -PCAP- Between Lat. 35 deg N and 35 deg S there are some 3,200 thunderstorms each 12 nighttime hours. The picture shows a summer lightning storm near Tucson, AZ, which is at a latitude of 32 deg N. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Thunder-days In Tororo, Uganda an average of 251 days of thunder per year was recorded for the 10-year period 1967-76. ^<n Between Lat. 35 deg N and 35 deg S there are some 3,200 thunderstorms every 12 nighttime hours, some of which can be heard at a range of ^ 18 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Lightning T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Lightning 20 22 24 27 13542|199 241138|3546 16772|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Lightning The visible length of lightning strokes varies greatly. In mountainous regions, when clouds are very low, the flash may be less than 300 ft long. In flat country with very high clouds, a cloud-to-Earth flash may measure 4 miles, though in the most ^ extreme cases such flashes have been measured at 20 miles. The intensely bright central core of the lightning channel is extremely narrow. Some authorities suggest that its diameter is as little as 1/2 in. This core is surrounded by a "corona ^ envelope" (glow discharge), which may measure 10-20 ft in diameter. ^<n The speed of a discharge varies from 100-1,000 miles/sec for the downward leader track, and reaches up to 87,000 miles/sec (nearly half the speed of light) for the powerful ^ return stroke. ^<n Every few million strokes there is a giant discharge, in which the cloud-to-Earth and return strokes flash from and to the top of the thunderclouds. In these "positive giants" energy of up to 3 billion joules (3 x 10 to the ^ power of 16 ergs) has been recorded. The temperature reaches about 54,032 deg F, which is higher than that of the surface of the Sun. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Longest sea-level fogs T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Longest sea-level fogs 20 22 24 27 13610|200 156070|2295 241274|3548 16772|23 139100|405 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Longest sea-level fogs Sea-level fogs--with visibility less than 3,000 ft--persist for weeks on the Grand Banks, Newfoundland, Canada, with the average being more than 120 days per year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Barometric pressure T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Barometric pressure 20 22 24 27 13678|201 162122|2384 240186|3532 16772|24 170594|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Barometric pressure The highest barometric pressure ever recorded was 32 in at Agata, Siberia, Russia (alt. 862 ft) on 31 Dec 1968. ^<n The lowest sea-level pressure was 25.69 in in Typhoon Tip, 300 miles west of Guam, Pacific Ocean, at Lat. 16 deg 44' N, Long. 137 ^ deg 46' E, on 12 Oct 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weather: Humidity and discomfort T Earth and Space|Weather|General Records|Humidity and discomfort 20 22 24 27 13746|202 240934|3543 16772|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These meteorological records necessarily relate largely to the last 140-160 years, since data before that time are both sparse and often unreliable. Reliable registering thermometers were introduced as recently as ^I . 1820. The longest ^ continuous observations have been maintained at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, Great Britain since 1815, though discontinuous records have enabled the Chinese to assert that 903 B.C. was a very bad winter. ^ -TEXT- Weather: Humidity and discomfort Human comfort or discomfort depends not merely on temperature but on the combination of temperature, humidity, radiation and wind speed. The United States Weather Bureau uses a Temperature-Humidity Index (THI), which equals two-fifths of the sum of ^ the dry and wet bulb thermometer readings plus 15. A THI of 98.2 has been twice recorded in Death Valley, CA--on 27 Jul 1966 (119 deg F and 31 percent) and on 12 Aug 1970 (117 deg F and 37 percent). A person driving at 45 mph in a car without a ^ windshield in a temperature of -45 deg F would, by the chill factor, experience the equivalent of -125 deg F, i.e., within 3.6 deg F of the world record. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diamond: Largest T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Diamond|Largest 20 22 24 26 13814|203 93034|1368 64066|942 19394|0 91334|159 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diamond: Largest The largest diamond is 3,106 carats and was found on 25 Jan 1905 in the Premier Mine, Pretoria, South Africa. It was named ^I after the mine's discoverer, Sir Thomas Cullinan, and was presented to Britain's King Edward VII in ^ 1907. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diamond: Largest uncut T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Diamond|Largest uncut 20 22 24 26 13882|204 93306|1372 64338|946 19394|1 91334|163 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diamond: Largest uncut Currently the largest uncut stone is one of 1,462 carats, that belongs to the De Beers central selling organization in London, Great Britain. It is of low quality and is not expected to be cut. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diamond: Largest cut T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Diamond|Largest cut 20 22 24 26 13950|205 93102|1369 64134|943 19394|2 91334|160 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diamond: Largest cut The largest cut diamond is the 530.2-carat, 74-facet pear-shaped gem named ^I , that was cleaved from ^I by Jak Asscher and polished by Henri Koe in Amsterdam, Netherlands in 1908. It is now in the Royal ^ Sceptre, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diamond: Largest natural intense fancy blue T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Diamond|Largest natural intense fancy blue 20 22 24 26 14018|206 93170|1370 64202|944 19394|3 91334|161 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diamond: Largest natural intense fancy blue The largest diamond that is a natural intense fancy blue is the 136.25 carat ^I cushion-shaped brilliant-cut diamond, which was found in 1904. It was cut by F. Freedman & Co. in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and was exhibited at ^ the Paris Exhibition in 1925. It was then sold to an Indian maharaja, but its current owner is unknown. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diamond: Largest natural intense fancy green T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Diamond|Largest natural intense fancy green 20 22 24 26 14086|207 93238|1371 64270|945 19394|4 91334|162 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diamond: Largest natural intense fancy green The largest natural intense fancy green diamond is 41-carats. It is located in the Green Vaults in Dresden, Germany. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diamond: Smallest T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Diamond|Smallest 20 22 24 26 14154|208 246646|3627 64474|948 19394|5 258628|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diamond: Smallest The smallest diamond is 0.0001022 carat. D. Drukker & Zn NV of Amsterdam, Netherlands has produced a 57-facet brilliant with a diameter of 0.009 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diamond: Rarest color T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Diamond|Rarest color 20 22 24 26 14222|209 236718|3481 64406|947 19394|6 250310|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diamond: Rarest color The rarest diamond color is blood red. The largest is a 5.05-carat flawless stone found in Tichtenburg, South Africa in 1927 and now in a private collection in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diamond: Highest-priced T \p8\D02\3703067a Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Diamond|Highest-priced 20 22 24 26 14290|210 77802|1144 2458|36 63998|941 19394|7 85040|24 3736|0 -PCAP- This flawless pear-shaped 85.91 carat diamond was sold to Laurence Graff of London at Sotheby's in New York, USA for $9,130,000 on 19 Apr 1988. (Photo: Sotheby's) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diamond: Highest-priced A superb 11-sided pear-shaped mixed-cut diamond of 101.84 carats was sold to Robert Mouawad at Sotheby's, Geneva, Switzerland on 14 Nov 1990 for $12,760,000. The record per carat is $926,315 for a 0.95-carat purplish-red stone sold at Christie's, ^ New York on 28 Apr 1987. A record price of $10 million was paid for a rough uncut diamond by Chow Tai Fook of Hong Kong on 4 Mar 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ruby: Largest star T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Ruby|Largest star 20 22 24 26 14358|211 117038|1721 192858|2836 19970|0 91334|512 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ruby: Largest star The ^I ruby, believed to be of Indian origin, is the largest ruby, at 6,465 carats. It is an oval cabochon with a six line star cut in it, and measures 4 1/4 x 3 5/8 x 2 1/4 in. It is owned by Eminent Gems Inc. of New York. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ruby: Largest double star T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Ruby|Largest double star 20 22 24 26 14426|212 116970|1720 192790|2835 19970|1 91334|511 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ruby: Largest double star A 1,370-carat cabochon cut gem, ^I , also owned by G. Vidyaraj of Bangalore, India, displays 12 star lines and measures 3 in in height and 2 in in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ruby: Largest T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Ruby|Largest 20 22 24 26 14494|213 116902|1719 192722|2834 19970|2 91334|510 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ruby: Largest In July 1985 jeweler James Kazanjian of Beverly Hills, CA displayed an 8,500-carat 5 1/2-in-tall red corundum (Al subscript 2 O subscript 3) carved to resemble the Liberty Bell. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ruby: Highest-priced T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Ruby|Highest-priced 20 22 24 26 14562|214 79298|1166 192654|2833 19970|3 85040|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ruby: Highest-priced A ruby and diamond ring made by Chaumet, in Paris, France, weighs 32.08 carats and was sold at Sotheby's, New York on 26 Oct 1989 for $4,620,000. The record per carat is $227,300 for a ruby ring with a stone weighing 15.97 carats, which was sold at ^ Sotheby's, New York on 18 Oct 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Emerald: Largest cut T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Emerald|Largest cut 20 22 24 26 14630|215 94870|1395 73654|1083 20266|0 91334|186 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Emerald: Largest cut An 86,136-carats 37-lb 15.6 oz natural beryl was found in Carnaiba, Brazil in August 1974. It was carved by Richard Chan in Hong Kong and valued at 718,000 pounds ($1,120,080) in 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Emerald: Largest single crystal T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Emerald|Largest single crystal 20 22 24 26 14698|216 94938|1396 73722|1084 20266|1 91334|187 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Emerald: Largest single crystal The largest single emerald crystal of gem quality was 7,025 carats. It was found in 1969 at the Cruces Mine, near Gachala, Colombia, and is owned by a private mining concern. Larger Brazilian and Russian stones do exist, but they are of low ^ quality. ^ -END- -CTRL- Emerald: Highest-priced T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Emerald|Highest-priced 20 22 24 26 14766|217 77870|1145 73586|1082 20266|2 85040|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Emerald: Highest-priced The highest price paid for a single lot of emeralds was $3,080,000, for an emerald and diamond necklace made by Cartier, London, Great Britain in 1937 (a total of 12 stones weighing 108.74 carats), which was sold at Sotheby's, New York on 26 Oct ^ 1989. The highest price for a single emerald is $2,126,646, for a 19.77-carat emerald and diamond ring made by Cartier in 1958, which was sold at Sotheby's, Geneva, Switzerland on 2 Apr 1987. This also represented the record price per carat for ^ an emerald, at $107,569. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sapphire: Largest carved T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Sapphire|Largest carved 20 22 24 26 14834|218 117378|1726 194286|2857 20492|0 91334|517 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sapphire: Largest carved The largest carved sapphire was 2,302 carats and was found at Anakie, Queensland, Australia in ^I . 1935. This corundum (Al subscript 2 O subscript 3) was carved into a 1,318-carat head of Abraham Lincoln and is now in the custody of the ^ Kazanjian Foundation of Los Angeles, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sapphire: Largest star sapphire T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Sapphire|Largest star sapphire 20 22 24 26 14902|219 117446|1727 194354|2858 20492|1 91334|518 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sapphire: Largest star sapphire The largest star sapphire, ^I , was 9,719.50 carats and was cut in London, Great Britain in November 1989. It is owned by Harold Roper. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sapphire: Highest-priced T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Sapphire|Highest-priced 20 22 24 26 14970|220 79366|1167 194218|2856 20492|2 85040|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sapphire: Highest-priced A step-cut stone of 62.02 carats was sold as a sapphire and diamond ring at Sotheby's, St Moritz, Switzerland on 20 Feb 1988 for $2,791,723. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opal: Largest T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Opal|Largest 20 22 24 26 15038|221 110238|1621 156886|2307 20718|0 91334|412 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opal: Largest The largest single piece of gem-quality white opal was 26,350 carats, found in July 1989 at the Jupiter Field at Coober Pedy in South Australia. It has been named ^I and is in private ownership. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opal: Largest polished opal T \p8\D02\3801022 Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Opal|Largest polished opal 20 22 24 26 15106|222 110374|1623 2526|37 157022|2309 20718|1 91334|414 3736|1 -PCAP- ^I , shaped like a head, weighs 3,749 carats and was excavated at Boi Morto mine in Brazil in 1976. It was displayed by Steven Sodokoff at the Tucson Gem Show, AZ in February 1991. (Photo: Harold and Erica Van Pelt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opal: Largest polished opal The largest free-form cabochon cut precious opal, ^I , is 3,749 carats and measures 5 1/2 x 4 x 1 5/8 in. It was excavated in Brazil in 1976 and was displayed by Steven Sodokoff at the Tucson Gem Show at Tucson, AZ in February 1991. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Opal: Largest black opal T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Opal|Largest black opal 20 22 24 26 15174|223 110306|1622 156954|2308 20718|2 91334|413 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opal: Largest black opal A stone found on 4 Feb 1972 at Lightning Ridge in Australia produced a finished gem of 1,520 carats, called the ^I . It measures 4 3/4 x 3 1/8 x 5/8 in, and is owned by Peter Gray. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opal: Largest rough black opal T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Opal|Largest rough black opal 20 22 24 26 15242|224 110442|1624 157090|2310 20718|3 91334|415 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opal: Largest rough black opal The largest gem-quality uncut black opal was also found at Lightning Ridge, on 3 Nov 1986. After cleaning, it weighs 2,020 carats and measures 4 x 2 5/8 x 2 1/2 in. It has been named ^I and is owned by a team of opal miners ^ known as The Lunatic Hill Syndicate. ^ -END- -CTRL- Topaz: Largest T \p8\D02\3703067b Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Topaz|Largest 20 23 25 27 15310|225 123838|1821 2594|38 224614|3303 21014|0 91334|612 3736|2 -PCAP- The 22,892.5 carat rectangular, cushion-cut ^I , with 172 facets and an overall width of 5 7/8 in, has been on display at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. since 4 May 1988. (Photo: Smithsonian Institution) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Topaz: Largest The rectangular, cushion-cut 22,892.5 carat ^I with 172 facets and 5 7/8 in in overall width has been on display at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. since 4 May 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Jade: Largest T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Jade|Largest 20 22 24 26 15378|226 102282|1504 111530|1640 21100|0 91334|295 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Jade: Largest A single boulder of nephrite jade was found in northeast China in March 1990. It measured 23 x 20 x 16 ft and weighed 291 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crystal: Largest crystal ball T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Crystal|Largest crystal ball 20 22 24 26 15446|227 92218|1356 59238|871 21186|0 91334|147 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crystal: Largest crystal ball The world's largest flawless rock crystal ball is 106.75 lb and 13 in in diameter, and was cut in China from Burmese rough material. It is now in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pearl: Largest T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Pearl|Largest 20 22 24 26 15514|228 111734|1643 163686|2407 21272|0 91334|434 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pearl: Largest The 14 lb 1 oz ^I (also known as the ^I ) was found at Palawan, Philippines on 7 May 1934 in the shell of a giant clam. The property of Wilburn Dowell Cobb until his death, this 9 1/2 -in long by 5 1/2 ^ -in diameter molluscan concretion was bought at auction on 15 May 1980 in San Francisco, CA by Peter Hoffman and Victor Barbish for $200,000. An appraisal by the San Francisco Gem Laboratory in May 1984 suggested a value of $40-42 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pearl: Largest abalone pearl T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Pearl|Largest abalone pearl 20 22 24 26 15582|229 111802|1644 163754|2408 21272|1 91334|435 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pearl: Largest abalone pearl A baroque abalone pearl measuring 2 3/4 x 2 x 1 1/8 in and 469.13 carats was found at Salt Point State Park, CA in May 1990. It is owned by Wesley Rankin and is called the ^I . It has been valued in the United States at $4.7 million. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Pearl: Largest cultured pearl T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Pearl|Largest cultured pearl 20 22 24 26 15650|230 111870|1645 163822|2409 21272|2 91334|436 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pearl: Largest cultured pearl A 1 1/2 -in round, 138.25-carat cultured pearl weighing 1 oz was found near Samui Island, off Thailand, in January 1988. The stone is owned by the Mikimoto Pearl Island Company, Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pearl: Highest-priced T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Pearl|Highest-priced 20 22 24 26 15718|231 78958|1161 163618|2406 21272|3 85040|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pearl: Highest-priced ^I , an egg-shaped pearl weighing 302.68 grains and formerly part of the French crown jewels, was sold at Christie's, Geneva, Switzerland on 12 May 1988 for $864,280. ^ -END- -CTRL- Amber: Largest T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Amber|Largest 20 22 24 26 15786|232 82834|1218 4974|73 21568|0 91334|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Amber: Largest The largest amber, ^I , is 33 lb 10 oz and is located in the Natural History Museum, London, Great Britain. Amber is a fossil resin derived from extinct coniferous trees, and often contains trapped insects. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gold: Largest nugget T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Gold|Largest nugget 20 22 24 26 15854|233 99902|1469 93170|1370 21654|0 91334|260 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gold: Largest nugget The 7,560-oz ^I , found on 19 Oct 1872 in the Beyers & Holtermann Star of Hope mine, Hill End, New South Wales, Australia, contained some 220 lb of gold in a 630-lb slab of slate. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gold: Largest pure nugget T Earth and Space|Gems, Jewels and Precious Stones|Gold|Largest pure nugget 20 22 24 26 15922|234 99970|1470 93238|1371 21654|1 91334|261 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gold: Largest pure nugget The ^I , found at Moliagul, Victoria, Australia in 1869, yielded 2,248 troy oz of pure gold from 2,280 1/4 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Largest organism T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Largest organism 20 22 24 26 15990|235 83106|1222 5858|86 11230|165 23662|0 91334|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Largest organism The discovery of the world's largest living organism was reported on 2 Apr 1992. Scientists from the University of Toronto, Canada and Michigan Technological University, MI showed that the network of filaments of the fungus ^I found in the forests of Michigan represents an individual organism originating from a single fertilized spore at least 1,500 years ago. It covers some 37 acres and calculations suggest a weight of over 100 tons, comparable with the blue whale ^ ( ^I ). Giant redwood trees can attain greater weights, but much of this is dead wood. (See Largest mammal and Kingdom Fungi, Largest.) ^<n In May 1992 it was reported that the fungus ^I has ^ been dwarfed by a network of the closely related ^I , said to be covering some 1,500 acres in Washington State. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Noisiest T \m\00000019 Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Noisiest 20 22 24 26 16058|236 158586|2332 6266|92 20206|297 23662|1 170088|0 296|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- The territorial call of the howling monkey can be heard from distances as great as 10 miles. Native to tropical America, it is considered the noisiest animal on land. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Noisiest The noisiest land animals in the world are the howling monkeys ( ^I ) of Central and South America. The males have an enlarged bony structure at the top of the windpipe that enables the sound to reverberate, and their fearsome screams ^ have been described as a cross between the bark of a dog and the bray of a donkey increased a thousandfold. Once they are in full voice they can be clearly heard for distances up to 10 miles. ^<n The low-frequency pulses made by blue whales when ^ communicating with each other have been measured up to 188 decibels, making them the loudest sounds emitted by any living source. They have been detected 530 miles away. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Most fertile T \p8\D02\3902026 Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Most fertile 20 22 24 26 16126|237 164162|2414 2662|39 5994|88 6334|93 23662|2 175106|11 5098|0 -PCAP- A single cabbage aphid ( ^I ) can give rise to a mass of 906 million tons of descendants in one year. (Photo: Jacana Agence de Presse/R. Dulhoste) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Most fertile It has been calculated that a single cabbage aphid ( ^I ) can give rise in a year to a mass of descendants weighing 906 million tons, more than three times the total weight of the world's human population. Fortunately the ^ mortality rate is tremendous! ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Strongest T \p8\D02\3802044 Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Strongest 20 22 24 26 16194|238 252086|3707 2730|40 6470|95 6266|92 23662|3 266742|0 5098|1 -PCAP- Rhinoceros beetles of the Dynastes and Oryctes genera of the Scarabaeidae family are the strongest animals in proportion to their size, with one specimen able to support 850 times its own body weight. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Strongest In proportion to their size, the strongest animals are the larger beetles of the family Scarabaeidae, which are found mainly in the tropics. In tests carried out on a rhinoceros beetle ( ^I ) it was able to support 850 times its own ^ weight on its back (compared with 25 percent of its body weight for an adult elephant). ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Strongest bite T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Strongest bite 20 22 24 26 16262|239 252154|3708 6538|96 23662|4 266742|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Strongest bite Experiments carried out with a Snodgrass gnathodynamometer (shark-bite meter) at the Lerner Marine Laboratory in Bimini, Bahamas revealed that a 6-ft-6 3/4-in-long dusky shark ( ^I ) could exert a force of 132 lb between ^ its jaws. This is equivalent to a pressure of 22 tons/sq in or 22 tons at the tips of the teeth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Suspended animation T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Suspended animation 20 22 24 26 16330|240 6606|97 23662|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Suspended animation In 1846 two specimens of the desert snail ^I were presented to the British Museum (Natural History) in London as dead exhibits. They were glued to a small tablet and placed on display. Four years later, in March 1850, the ^ museum staff, suspecting that one of the snails was still alive, removed it from the tablet and placed it in tepid water. The snail moved and later began to feed. This hardy little creature lived for another two years before it fell into a torpor ^ and then died. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Regeneration T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Regeneration 20 22 24 26 16398|241 6334|93 23662|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Regeneration The sponge (Porifera) has the most remarkable powers of regeneration of lost parts of any animal, as it can regrow its entire body from a tiny fragment of itself. If a sponge is squeezed through a fine-meshed silk gauze, each piece of separated ^ tissue will live as an individual. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Most dangerous T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Most dangerous 20 22 24 26 16466|242 164094|2413 5926|87 23662|7 175106|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Most dangerous The world's most dangerous animals (excluding human beings) are the malarial parasites of the genus ^I carried by mosquitoes of the genus ^I , which, if we exclude wars and accidents, have probably been responsible ^ directly or indirectly for 50 percent of all human deaths since the Stone Age. Even today, despite major campaigns to eradicate malaria, at least 200 million people are afflicted by the disease each year, and more than one million babies and ^ children die annually from it in Africa alone. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Most poisonous T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Most poisonous 20 22 24 26 16534|243 164230|2415 6062|89 23662|8 175106|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Most poisonous The most active known poison found naturally among animals is the batrachotoxin derived from the skin secretions of the golden poison-dart frog ( ^I ) of western Colombia, which are at least 20 times more toxic than ^ those of any other known poison-dart frog (human handlers have to wear thick gloves); an average adult specimen contains enough poison (0.000067 oz) to kill nearly 1,500 people. This species is preyed upon by the frog-eating snake ( ^I ), which is thought to be immune to its poison. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Largest colonies T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Largest colonies 20 22 24 26 16602|244 82970|1220 5722|84 23662|9 91334|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Largest colonies The black-tailed prairie dog ( ^I ), a rodent of the family Sciuridae found in the western United States and northern Mexico, builds the largest colonies. One single "town" discovered in 1901 contained about 400 million ^ individuals and was estimated to cover 24,000 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Greatest concentration T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Greatest concentration 20 22 24 26 16670|245 45298|666 5518|81 23662|10 52992|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Greatest concentration The greatest concentration of animals ever recorded was a huge swarm of Rocky Mountain locusts ( ^I ) that passed over Nebraska on 15-25 Aug 1875. According to one local scientist who watched their movements for five days, ^ these locusts covered an area of 198,600 sq mi as they flew over the state. If he overestimated the size of the swarm by 50 percent, it still covered 99,300 sq mi, which is approximately the area of Colorado or Oregon. It has been calculated that ^ this swarm of locusts contained at least 12.5 trillion (10 to the power of 12) insects, with an aggregate weight of 27.5 million tons. For unexplained reasons, this pest mysteriously disappeared in 1902 and has not been seen since. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Most prodigious eater T \p8\D02\3802024 Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Most prodigious eater 20 22 24 26 16738|246 164298|2416 2798|41 6130|90 17486|257 23662|11 175106|13 5098|2 -PCAP- A small snack for the larva of the polyphemus moth ( ^I ), which feeds on oak, maple and birch leaves and can eat the equivalent of 86,000 times its own body weight in 56 days. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Most prodigious eater The larva of the Polyphemus moth ( ^I ) of North America consumes an amount equal to 86,000 times its own birth weight in the first 56 days of its life. In human terms, this would be equivalent to a 7-lb baby taking in 301 ^ tons of nourishment! ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Greatest weight loss T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Greatest weight loss 20 22 24 26 16806|247 45434|668 5654|83 23662|12 52992|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Greatest weight loss During the 7-month lactation period, a 132-ton female blue whale ( ^I ) can lose up to 25 percent of her body weight nursing her calf. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Most valuable T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Most valuable 20 22 24 26 16874|248 212918|3131 6198|91 20070|295 23662|13 226156|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Most valuable The most valuable animals in cash terms are thoroughbred racehorses. The most ever paid for a yearling was $13.1 million on 23 Jul 1985 at Keeneland, KY by Robert Sangster and partners for Seattle Dancer. (See Horse Racing.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Greatest size difference T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Greatest size difference 20 22 24 26 16942|249 45366|667 5586|82 23662|14 52992|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Greatest size difference Although many differences exist in the animal world between the males and females of species, the most striking difference in size can be seen in the marine worm ^I . The females of this species are 4-40 in long compared with ^ just 0.04-0.12 in for the male, making the females millions of times heavier than the males. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Slowest growth T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Slowest growth 20 22 24 26 17010|250 243314|3578 6402|94 23662|15 257632|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Slowest growth The slowest growth in the animal kingdom is that of the deep-sea clam ^I of the North Atlantic, which takes ^I . 100 years to reach a length of 0.31 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Animals: Largest eye T Living World|Animal Kingdom|General Records|Largest eye 20 22 24 26 17078|251 83038|1221 5790|85 23662|16 91334|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Unless otherwise stated, all measurements refer to adult specimens. ^ -TEXT- Animals: Largest eye The Atlantic giant squid has the largest eye of any animal, living or extinct. It has been estimated that the one recorded at Thimble Tickle Bay had eyes 15.75 in in diameter. (See Mollusks.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Largest T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 17146|252 103778|1526 122614|1803 26144|0 139100|190 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Largest The longest and heaviest mammal in the world, and the largest animal ever recorded, is the blue or sulphur-bottom whale ( ^I ), also called Sibbald's rorqual. Newborn calves measure 21 ft 3 1/2 in-28 1/2 ft in length and ^ weigh up to 6,614 lbs. The barely visible ovum of the blue whale, weighing a fraction of a milligram, grows to a weight of ^I . 29 tons in 22 3/4 months, made up of 10 3/4 months' gestation and the first 12 months of life. This is ^ equivalent to an increase of 30 billion. (See General records.) ^<n Despite being protected by law since 1967 and the implementation of a global ban on commercial whaling, the population of the blue whale has declined to tens of thousands from ^ peak estimates of about 200,000 at the turn of the century. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 A female blue whale measuring 90 ft 6 in, caught in the Southern Ocean by the Soviet Slava whaling fleet on 20 Mar 1947, weighed 209 tons. ^<n ^<4 Longest ^>4 ^ The longest specimen ever recorded was a female blue whale landed in 1909 at Grytviken, South Georgia, Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic; it measured 110 ft 2 1/2 in in length. ^<n ^<4 Largest toothed ^>4 The largest toothed mammal ever ^ recorded is the sperm whale ( ^I ), also called the cachalot. In the summer of 1950 a record-sized bull measuring 67 ft 11 in was captured off the Kurile Islands in the Pacific by a Soviet whaling fleet, but much larger ^ bulls were reported in the early days of whaling. The 16-ft-4 3/4-in-long lower jaw of a sperm whale exhibited in the British Museum (Natural History) in London belonged to a bull measuring nearly 84 ft, and similar lengths have been reported for ^ other outsized individuals killed. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Deepest dive T \p8\D02\3902027 Living World|Mammals|General Records|Deepest dive 20 22 24 26 17214|253 6130|90 2866|42 122342|1799 6130|90 26144|1 11656|15 5324|0 -PCAP- A welcome breather for this sperm whale ( ^I ), which may descend to depths of over 9,840 ft, for dives lasting almost two hours. (Photo: Planet Earth Pictures) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Deepest dive In 1970 American scientists, by triangulating the location clicks of sperm whales, calculated that the ^I depth reached by this species was 8,202 ft. However, on 25 Aug 1969 another bull sperm whale was killed 100 miles south of ^ Durban, South Africa after it had surfaced from a dive lasting 1 hr 52 min, and inside its stomach were found two small sharks that had been swallowed about an hour earlier. These were later identified as ^I ., a type of ^ dogfish found only on the seafloor. At this point from land the depth of water exceeds 9,876 ft for a radius of 30-40 miles, which suggests that the sperm whale sometimes descends to a depth of over 9,840 ft when seeking food and is limited by ^ pressure of time rather than by water pressure. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Largest on land T \p8\D02\3710198e \m\00000020 Living World|Mammals|General Records|Largest on land 20 22 24 26 17282|254 103982|1529 2934|43 122818|1806 26144|2 267614|34 5324|1 296|0 -PCAP- The largest living land animal is the African bush elephant ( ^I ). The average adult bull stands 10 ft 6 in at the shoulder and weighs 6.3 tons. (Photo: Storm Stanley/WWF UK) ^ -MCAP- The endangered African bush elephant uses its trunk to strip tree bark and branches for food. Its trunk is so powerful that it will sometimes uproot entire trees. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Largest on land The largest living land animal is the African bush elephant ( ^I ). The average adult bull stands 10 ft 6 in at the shoulder and weighs 6.3 tons. The largest specimen ever recorded was a bull shot in Mucusso, Angola on 7 Nov ^ 1974. Lying on its side this elephant measured 13 ft 8 in in a projected line from the highest point of the shoulder to the base of the forefoot, indicating that its standing height must have been about 13 ft. Other measurements included an ^ overall length of 35 ft (tip of extended trunk to tip of extended tail) and a forefoot circumference of 5 ft 11 in. The weight was computed to be 13.5 tons. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The endangered desert elephant of Damaraland in Namibia (reduced to ^ 84 individuals in August 1981) is the tallest species of elephant in the world because it has proportionately longer legs than other elephants. ^<n The tallest elephant ever recorded was a bull shot near Sesfontein in Damaraland, Namibia on 4 Apr ^ 1978 after it had reportedly killed 11 people and caused widespread crop damage. Lying on its side, this mountain of flesh measured 14 1/2 ft in a projected line from the shoulder to the base of the forefoot, indicating a standing height of about ^ 13 ft 10 in. Other measurements included an overall length of 34 ft 1 in, and a forefoot circumference of 5 ft 2 in. This particular animal weighed an estimated 8.8 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Tallest on land T \p8\D02\3902022 \m\00000021 Living World|Mammals|General Records|Tallest on land 20 24 26 28 17350|255 255282|3754 3002|44 124042|1824 12522|184 26144|3 267614|35 5324|2 296|2 -PCAP- The Giraffe ( ^I ), which is now found only in the dry savannah and semi-desert areas of Africa south of the Sahara, is the tallest living animal, reaching an overall height of 18 ft. The tallest ever recorded was a ^ Masai bull ( ^I ) named ^I , received at Chester Zoo on 8 Jan 1959 from Kenya. His ^I almost grazed the roof of the 20-ft-high Giraffe House when he was nine years old. ^I died on 22 July 1969. Despite its awkward appearance, because of its long stride the Giraffe is surprisingly swift and can attain speeds of about 30 mph, at a gallop. (Photo: HOA-QUI) ^ -MCAP- Giraffes, the tallest land animals, live in the grasslands of Africa. Their diet consists primarily of acacia and mimosa leaves. A giraffe can gallop up to 30 mph, but its gait makes it appear to be moving in slow motion. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Tallest on land The giraffe ( ^I ), which is now found only in the dry savannah and semidesert areas of Africa south of the Sahara, is the tallest living animal. The tallest ever recorded was a Masai bull ( ^I ) named George, received at Chester Zoo, Great Britain on 8 Jan 1959 from Kenya. His "horns" ^I grazed the roof of the 20-ft-high Giraffe House when he was nine years old. George died on 22 Jul 1969. Less-credible ^ heights of up to 23 ft (measured between pegs) have been claimed for bulls shot in the field. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Smallest on land T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Smallest on land 20 22 24 26 17418|256 248006|3647 123974|1823 7014|103 26144|4 258628|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Smallest on land Kitti's hog-nosed bat ( ^I ), also called the bumblebee bat, has a wing span of about 6.3 in and weighs 0.06-0.07 oz. It is confined to about 21 limestone caves on the Kwae Noi River, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. (See ^ Bats.) ^<n The smallest land mammal in terms of length is Savi's white-toothed pygmy shrew, also called the Etruscan shrew ( ^I ), which has a head and body length of 1.32-2.04 in, a tail length of 0.94-1.14 in and weighs ^ 0.05-0.09 oz. It is found along the Mediterranean coast and southwards to Cape Province, South Africa. (See Insectivores.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Smallest marine T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Smallest marine 20 22 24 26 17486|257 247938|3646 123906|1822 26144|5 258628|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Smallest marine In terms of weight, the smallest totally marine mammal is probably Commerson's dolphin ( ^I ), also known as Le Jacobite, which is found off the tip of South America. The weights of a group of six adult specimens ^ ranged from 50.7 lb to 77.1 lb. The sea otter ( ^I ) of the North Pacific is of comparable size (55-81.4 lb), but this species sometimes comes ashore during storms. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Fastest on land T \p8\D02\3702023 \m\00000022 Living World|Mammals|General Records|Fastest on land 20 23 26 28 17554|258 24150|355 3070|45 122478|1801 8578|126 26144|6 23878|107 5324|3 296|1 -PCAP- Seen here in full flight in the Masai Mara Reserve, Kenya, the Cheetah or Hunting leopard ( ^I ) of the open plains of east Africa, Iran, Turkmenia and Afghanistan can attain a speed of 60-63 mph, over distances of up to 1,800 ^ ft, on suitably level ground. (Photo: Ace) ^ -MCAP- Unlike most cats, which stalk their prey until they are close enough to catch it with a short burst of speed, the cheetah can run down its prey in a lengthy chase. The cheetah relies on its long legs for speed and its heavy tail for balance when it ^ makes sharp turns. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Fastest on land Over a short distance (i.e., up to 1,800 ft) the cheetah or hunting leopard ( ^I ) of the open plains of East Africa, Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan has a probable maximum speed of 60-63 mph on level ground. ^<n The ^ fastest land animal over a sustained distance (i.e., 3,000 ft or more) is the pronghorn antelope ( ^I ) of the western United States. Specimens have been observed to travel at 35 mph for 4 miles, at 42 mph for 1 mile, ^ and at 55 mph for 1/2 mile. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Fastest marine T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Fastest marine 20 22 24 26 17622|259 24082|354 122410|1800 26144|7 23878|106 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Fastest marine On 12 Oct 1958 a bull killer whale ( ^I ), measuring an estimated 20-25 ft in length, was timed at 34.5 mph in the east Pacific. Similar speeds have also been reported for Dall's porpoise ( ^I ) in short ^ bursts. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Slowest T \m\00000023 Living World|Mammals|General Records|Slowest 20 22 24 26 17690|260 244062|3589 123838|1821 9870|145 26144|8 257632|11 296|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- Generally nocturnal, the three-toed sloth spends most of its time upside down in trees. If forced to the ground, it must crawl because its back legs are too weak to support its body. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Slowest The ai or three-toed sloth ( ^I ) of tropical South America has an average ground speed of 6-8 ft per minute (0.07-0.1 mph), but in the trees it can "accelerate" to 15 ft per minute (0.17 mph). ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Sleepiest T \p8\D02\3802025 Living World|Mammals|General Records|Sleepiest 20 23 25 27 17758|261 243246|3577 3138|46 123770|1820 26144|9 257546|0 5324|4 -PCAP- In common with some opossums and sloths, armadillos spend up to 80 percent of their lives sleeping or dozing. Emerging here is a nine-banded armadillo ( ^I ), the only species of this tropical animal to range into the ^ United States. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Sleepiest Some armadillos (Dasypodidae), opossums (Didelphidae) and sloths (Bradypodidae) spend up to 80 percent of their lives sleeping or dozing, while it is claimed that Dall's porpoise ( ^I ) never sleeps at all. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 17826|262 229442|3374 122954|1808 26144|10 236192|101 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Oldest No other mammal can match the extreme proven age of 120 years attained by humans ( ^I . It is probable that the closest approach is made by the Asiatic elephant ( ^I ). Sri Lanka's famous bull elephant Rajah, ^ which had led the annual Perahera procession through Kandi carrying the Sacred Tooth of the Buddha since 1931, died on 16 Jul 1988, reportedly at the age of 81 years. The greatest age that has been verified with certainty is 78 years in the case ^ of a cow named Modoc, which died at Santa Clara, CA on 17 Jul 1975. She was imported into the United States from Germany in 1898 at the age of two. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Highest-living T \p8\D02\3902028 Living World|Mammals|General Records|Highest-living 20 22 24 26 17894|263 68350|1005 3206|47 122546|1802 23742|349 26144|11 71062|84 5324|5 -PCAP- A head for heights is useful to the yak ( ^I ) when foraging for food at altitudes of 20,000 ft. (Photo: Jacana Agence de Presse/E. Dragesco) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Highest-living The yak ( ^I ), of Tibet and the Sichuanese Alps, China, occasionally climbs to an altitude of 20,000 ft when foraging. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Largest herds T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Largest herds 20 22 24 26 17962|264 103846|1527 122682|1804 26144|12 91334|318 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Largest herds The largest herds on record were those of the springbok ( ^I ) during migration across the plains of the western parts of southern Africa in the 19th century. In 1849 John Fraser observed a herd that took three days to ^ pass through the settlement of Beaufort West, Cape Province, South Africa. Another herd seen moving near Nels Poortje, Cape Province in 1888 was estimated to contain 100 million head, although 10 million is probably a more realistic figure. A ^ herd estimated to be 15 miles wide and more than 100 miles long was reported from Karree Kloof, Orange River, South Africa in July 1896. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Longest gestation period T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Longest gestation period 20 22 24 26 18030|265 141518|2081 122886|1807 26144|13 139100|191 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Longest gestation period The Asiatic elephant ( ^I ) has an average gestation period of 609 days (over 20 months) and a maximum of 760 days---more than two and a half times that of a human. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Shortest gestation period T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Shortest gestation period 20 22 24 26 18098|266 241614|3553 123702|1819 26144|14 253960|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Shortest gestation period The gestation periods of the American opossum ( ^I ), also called the Virginian opossum, the rare water opossum or yapok ( ^I ) of central and northern South America, and the eastern native cat ( ^ ^I ) of Australia are all normally 12-13 days but can be as short as eight days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Largest litter T Living World|Mammals|General Records|Largest litter 20 22 24 26 18166|267 103914|1528 122750|1805 26144|15 91334|319 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Largest litter The greatest number of young born to a ^I mammal at a single birth is 31 (30 of which survived) in the case of the tailless tenrec ( ^I ) found in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. The normal litter size is 12-15, ^ although females can suckle up to 24. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Youngest breeder T \p8\D02\3802026 Living World|Mammals|General Records|Youngest breeder 20 22 24 26 18234|268 263850|3880 3274|48 124110|1825 26144|16 275964|44 5324|6 -PCAP- The streaked tenrec ( ^I ) of Madagascar is weaned after just five days, with females able to breed 3-4 weeks after their birth. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mammals: Youngest breeder The streaked tenrec ( ^I ) of Madagascar is weaned after only five days, and females can breed 3-4 weeks after their birth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Carnivores: Largest on land T \p8\D02\3702024 Living World|Mammals|Carnivores|Largest on land 20 23 25 27 18302|269 58354|858 3342|49 40810|600 10278|151 27350|0 65726|14 5324|7 -PCAP- Brown bears ( ^I ) are the largest living terrestrial carnivores. The largest variety is the Kodiak bear ( ^I ) found on Kodiak Island and the adjacent Afognak and Shuyak islands off Alaska, USA. The ^ average adult male measures 8 ft, from nose to tail, stands 52 in, at the shoulder and weighs 1,050-1,175 lb, although it may attain a length of 9 ft 7 in, and weigh up to 1,719 lb. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Carnivores: Largest on land The average adult male Kodiak bear ( ^I ), native to Kodiak Island and the adjacent Afognak and Shuyak islands in the Gulf of Alaska, has a nose-to-tail length of 8 ft, with the tail measuring about 4 in. It stands 52 ^ in at the shoulder and weighs 1,050-1,175 lb. In 1894 a weight of 1,656 lb was recorded for a male shot at English Bay, Kodiak Island, whose ^I skin measured 13 1/2 ft from nose to tail. This weight was exceeded by a "cage-fat" ^ male in the Cheyenne Mountain Zoological Park, Colorado Springs, CO, which weighed 1,670 lb at the time of its death on 22 Sep 1955. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 In 1981 an unconfirmed weight of over 2,000 lb was reported for a peninsula giant bear ( ^ ^I ) from Alaska on exhibition at the Space Farms Zoological Park in Beemerville, NJ. ^<n Weights exceeding 2,000 lb have also been reported for the polar bear ( ^I ), but the average adult male weighs ^ 850-900 lb and measures 7 ft 9 in from nose to tail. In 1960 a polar bear reportedly weighing 2,210 lb was shot at the polar entrance to Kotzebue Sound, AK. In April 1962 the 11-ft-1 1/4-in-tall mounted specimen was put on display at the Seattle ^ World's Fair. ^ -END- -CTRL- Carnivores: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Carnivores|Smallest 20 22 24 26 18370|270 245694|3613 40878|601 27350|1 258628|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Carnivores: Smallest The smallest living member of the order Carnivora is the least weasel ( ^I ), also called the dwarf weasel, which is circumpolar in distribution. Four races are recognized, the smallest of which is ^I ^ of Siberia, Russia. Mature specimens have an overall length of 6.96-8.14 in and weigh 1 1/4-2 1/2 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Carnivores: Largest feline T \p8\D02\3802027 Living World|Mammals|Carnivores|Largest feline 20 23 25 27 18438|271 87730|1290 3410|50 40674|598 27350|2 91334|81 5324|8 -PCAP- The largest member of the cat family (Felidae) is the endangered Siberian tiger ( ^I ), an inhabitant of grassy or swampy regions. The average adult male is 10 ft 4 in long, stands 39-42 in at the shoulder and weighs ^ 585 lb. Despite its relaxed air, the tiger can leap about 16 1/2 ft from a stationary crouched position. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Carnivores: Largest feline The largest member of the cat family (Felidae) is the protected long-furred Siberian tiger ( ^I ), also called the Amur or Manchurian tiger. Adult males average 10 ft 4 in in length from the nose to the tip of the ^ extended tail, stand 39-42 in at the shoulder and weigh about 585 lb. In 1950 a male weighing 846.5 lb was shot in the Sikhote Alin Mountains, Maritime Territory, Russia. ^<n An outsized Indian tiger ( ^I ) shot in ^ northern Uttar Pradesh in November 1967 measured 10 ft 7 in between pegs (11 ft 1 in over the curves) and weighed 857 lb (compared with 9 ft 3 in and 420 lb for an average adult male). Its stuffed body is now on display in the Museum of Natural ^ History at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ^<n ^<4 Captive ^>4 The largest tiger ever held in captivity, and the heaviest "big cat" on record, is a nine-year-old Siberian male named Jaipur, owned by animal trainer Joan ^ Byron-Marasek of Clarksburg, NJ. This specimen measured 10 ft 11 in in total length and weighed 932 lb in October 1986. ^<n ^<4 Lions ^>4 The average adult African lion ( ^I ) measures 9 ft overall, stands 36-38 in at the ^ shoulder and weighs 400-410 lb. The heaviest wild specimen on record weighed 690 lb and was shot near Hectorspruit, Transvaal, South Africa in 1936. ^<n In July 1970 a weight of 826 lb was reported for a black-maned lion named Simba (b. Dublin ^ Zoo, Ireland, 1959) at Colchester Zoo, Essex, Great Britain. He died on 16 Jan 1973 at the now-defunct Knaresborough Zoo, North Yorkshire, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Carnivores: Smallest feline T Living World|Mammals|Carnivores|Smallest feline 20 22 24 26 18506|272 245762|3614 40946|602 27350|3 258628|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Carnivores: Smallest feline The smallest member of the cat family is the rusty-spotted cat ( ^I ) of southern India and Sri Lanka. The average adult male has an overall length of 25-28 in (the tail measures 9-10 in) and weighs about 3 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Carnivores: Largest litigon T Living World|Mammals|Carnivores|Largest litigon 20 22 24 26 18574|273 87798|1291 40742|599 27350|4 91334|82 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Carnivores: Largest litigon An adult male litigon (a hybrid of an Indian lion and a tigon--itself the offspring of a tiger and a lioness) named Cubanacan at Alipore Zoological Gardens, Calcutta, India is believed to weigh at least 800 lb. This animal stands 52 in at the ^ shoulder (compared with 44 in for the lion Simba) and measures a record 11 1/2 ft in total length. This animal, the first and only one of its kind, was reported to have died on 12 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Primates: Largest living T Living World|Mammals|Primates|Largest living 20 22 24 26 18642|274 115202|1694 179870|2645 10210|150 27716|0 267614|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Primates: Largest living The average adult male eastern lowland gorilla ( ^I ) of the lowland forests of eastern Zaire and southwestern Uganda stands 5 ft 9 in tall and weighs 360 lb. ^<n The mountain gorilla ( ^I ) of the ^ volcanic mountain ranges of western Rwanda, south-western Uganda and eastern Zaire is of comparable size, i.e., 5 ft 8 in tall and 343 lb, and most of the exceptionally large gorillas taken in the field have been of this race. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^ ^>4 The greatest height (top of crest to heel) recorded for a gorilla in the wild is 6 ft 2 in for a male of the mountain race shot in the eastern Congo (Zaire) c. 1920. The tallest gorilla ever kept in captivity is reportedly an eastern ^ lowland male named Colossus (b. 1966), who is currently on display at a zoo in Gulf Breeze, FL. He reportedly stands 6 ft 2 in tall and weighs 575 lb, but these figures have not yet been confirmed. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The heaviest gorilla ^ ever kept in captivity was a male of the mountain race named N'gagi, who died in San Diego Zoo in California on 12 Jan 1944 at the age of 18. He weighed 683 lb at his heaviest in 1943, and 635 lb at the time of his death. He was 5 ft 7 3/4 in ^ tall and boasted a record chest measurement of 78 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Primates: Largest monkey T Living World|Mammals|Primates|Largest monkey 20 22 24 26 18710|275 115270|1695 179938|2646 27716|1 91334|486 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Primates: Largest monkey The only species of monkey reliably credited with weights of more than 100 lb is the mandrill ( ^I ) of equatorial West Africa. The greatest reliable weight recorded is 119 lb for a captive male, but an unconfirmed weight of ^ 130 lb has been reported. (Adult females are about half the size of males.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Primates: Smallest monkey T \p8\D02\3702025 Living World|Mammals|Primates|Smallest monkey 20 22 24 26 18778|276 249366|3667 3478|51 180074|2648 3546|52 27716|2 258628|75 5324|9 -PCAP- One of the smallest known monkeys is the Pygmy marmoset ( ^I ) of the Upper Amazon Basin. Average adults have a head and body length of 6 in, and weigh about 2.65 oz. (Photo: Jacana) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Primates: Smallest monkey Adult specimens of the rare pen-tailed shrew ( ^I --classified by some experts as part of the Insectivore family instead of the Primate family) of Malaysia have a total length of 9-13 in (head and body 4-5 1/2 in; tail 5-7 ^ 1/2 in) and weigh 1.23-1.76 oz. ^<n The pygmy marmoset ( ^I ) of the upper Amazon basin and the lesser mouse-lemur ( ^I ) of Madagascar are of comparable length to the shrew but heavier, with adults ^ weighing 1.75-2.65 oz and 1.6-2.8 oz respectively. The pygmy marmoset is also the smallest monkey. ^ -END- -CTRL- Primates: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Primates|Oldest 20 22 24 26 18846|277 232842|3424 180006|2647 27716|3 236192|151 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Primates: Oldest The greatest age recorded for a nonhuman primate is 59 years 5 months for a chimpanzee ( ^I ) named Gamma, who died at the Yerkes Primate Research Center in Atlanta, GA on 19 Feb 1992. Gamma was born at the Florida branch of ^ the Yerkes Center in September 1932. A similar age was reached by a male orangutan ( ^I ) named Guas, who died in Philadelphia Zoological Garden, PA on 9 Feb 1977. He was at least 13 years old on his arrival at the zoo on 1 ^ May 1931. ^<n ^<4 Monkey ^>4 The world's oldest monkey, a male white-throated capuchin ( ^I ) called Bobo, died on 10 Jul 1988 at the age of 53 following complications related to a stroke. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pinnipeds: Largest T \p8\D02\3702027 Living World|Mammals|Pinnipeds|Largest 20 25 27 29 18914|278 112618|1656 3546|52 168718|2481 16806|247 28012|0 91334|447 5324|10 -PCAP- The largest of the 34 known species of pinniped is the Southern elephant seal ( ^I ), which inhabits the sub-Antarctic islands. Adult bulls average 16 1/2 ft, in length (tip of inflated snout to the extremities of the ^ outstretched tail flippers), 12 ft in maximum body girth and weigh about 5000 lb. The largest accurately measured specimen on record was a bull killed in Possession Bay, South Georgia in the South Atlantic on 28 Feb 1913 which measured 21 ft 4 in ^ after flensing (original length about 22 1/2 ft) and probably weighed at least 3.94 tons. Adult cows are much smaller, averaging 10 ft in length and weighing about 1500 lb. The specimen seen here is accompanied by a California sea-lion ( ^I ). (Photo: Klaus Paysan) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The pinnipeds constitute the mammalian order Pinnipedia, which includes species of seals, sea lions, and walruses. ^ -TEXT- Pinnipeds: Largest The largest of the 34 known species of pinniped is the southern elephant seal ( ^I ) of the sub-Antarctic islands. Adult bulls average 16 1/2 ft in length from the tip of the inflated snout to the tips of the outstretched tail ^ flippers, have a maximum girth of 12 ft and weigh about 5,000 lb. The largest accurately measured specimen was a bull that probably weighed at least 4.4 tons and measured 21 ft 4 in after flensing (stripping of the blubber or skin). Its original ^ length was about 22 1/2 ft. It was killed in the South Atlantic at Possession Bay, South Georgia on 28 Feb 1913. ^<n ^<4 Live ^>4 The largest recorded live specimen is a bull nicknamed "Stalin" from South Georgia. It was tranquilized by ^ members of the British Antarctic Survey on 14 Oct 1989 when it weighed 5,869 lb and measured 16 1/2 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pinnipeds: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Pinnipeds|Smallest 20 22 24 26 18982|279 248958|3661 168922|2484 28012|1 258628|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The pinnipeds constitute the mammalian order Pinnipedia, which includes species of seals, sea lions, and walruses. ^ -TEXT- Pinnipeds: Smallest The smallest pinnipeds are the ringed seal ( ^I ) of the Arctic and the closely related Baikal seal ( ^I ) of Lake Baikal and the Caspian seal ( ^I ) of the Caspian Sea, Asia. Adult males measure ^ up to 5 1/2 ft in length and can weigh up to 280 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pinnipeds: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Pinnipeds|Oldest 20 22 24 26 19050|280 231822|3409 168854|2483 28012|2 236192|136 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The pinnipeds constitute the mammalian order Pinnipedia, which includes species of seals, sea lions, and walruses. ^ -TEXT- Pinnipeds: Oldest A female gray seal ( ^I ) shot at Shunni Wick, Shetland, Great Britain on 23 Apr 1969 was believed to be "at least 46 years old" based on a count of dentine rings. The captive record is an estimated 41 years (1901-42) for a ^ bull gray seal named "Jacob" held in Skansen Zoo, Stockholm, Sweden. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pinnipeds: Most abundant T \p8\D02\3802028 Living World|Mammals|Pinnipeds|Most abundant 20 22 24 26 19118|281 186602|2744 3614|53 168786|2482 28012|3 175106|340 5324|11 -PCAP- The population of the crabeater seal ( ^I ) of Antarctica was estimated at almost 15 million in 1977. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The pinnipeds constitute the mammalian order Pinnipedia, which includes species of seals, sea lions, and walruses. ^ -TEXT- Pinnipeds: Most abundant The total population of the crabeater seal ( ^I ) of Antarctica was estimated in 1977 to be nearly 15 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pinnipeds: Fastest T Living World|Mammals|Pinnipeds|Fastest 20 22 24 26 19186|282 27482|404 168650|2480 28012|4 23878|156 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The pinnipeds constitute the mammalian order Pinnipedia, which includes species of seals, sea lions, and walruses. ^ -TEXT- Pinnipeds: Fastest The highest swimming speed recorded for a pinniped is a short spurt of 25 mph by a California sea lion. The fastest-moving pinniped on land is the crabeater seal, which has been timed at speeds up to 12 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pinnipeds: Deepest dive T Living World|Mammals|Pinnipeds|Deepest dive 20 22 24 26 19254|283 6674|98 168582|2479 28012|5 11656|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The pinnipeds constitute the mammalian order Pinnipedia, which includes species of seals, sea lions, and walruses. ^ -TEXT- Pinnipeds: Deepest dive In May 1988 a team of scientists from the University of California at Santa Cruz tested the diving abilities of the northern elephant seal ( ^I ) off Ano Nuevo Point, CA. One female reached a record depth of 4,135 ft, ^ and another remained submerged for 48 minutes. Similar experiments carried out by Australian scientists on southern elephant seals ( ^I ) in the Southern Ocean recorded a dive of 3,720 ft, with other dives lasting nearly two hours ^ also observed. It was discovered that the seals regularly swam down to about 2,500 ft and when they resurfaced apparently had no "oxygen debt." ^ -END- -CTRL- Bats: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Bats|Largest 20 22 24 26 19322|284 84534|1243 23606|347 28448|0 91334|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bats: Largest The only flying mammals are bats (order Chiroptera), of which there are about 950 species. The largest in terms of wingspan is the Bismarck flying fox ( ^I ) of the Bismarck Archipelago and New Guinea. One specimen ^ preserved in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City has a wing spread of 5 ft 5 in, but some unmeasured bats probably reach 6 ft. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Mature specimens of the large mastiff bat ( ^I ), ^ found in southern Texas, California, Arizona and New Mexico, have a wingspan of 22.04 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bats: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Bats|Smallest 20 22 24 26 19390|285 244810|3600 23810|350 28448|1 258628|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bats: Smallest The smallest bat in the world is Kitti's hog-nosed bat at 6.3 in and 0.06-0.07 oz. (See Smallest land mammal.) ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The smallest native bat is the Western pipistrelle ( ^I ), found in the western ^ United States. Mature specimens have a wingspan of 7.9 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bats: Fastest T Living World|Mammals|Bats|Fastest 20 22 24 26 19458|286 19118|281 23470|345 28448|2 23878|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bats: Fastest Because of the great practical difficulties, little data on bat speeds has been published. The greatest velocity attributed to a bat is 32 mph in the case of a Mexican free-tailed bat ( ^I ), but this may have been ^ wind-assisted. In one American experiment using an artificial mine tunnel and 17 different kinds of bat, only four of them managed to exceed 13 mph in level flight. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bats: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Bats|Oldest 20 22 24 26 19526|287 223594|3288 23742|349 28448|3 236192|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bats: Oldest The greatest age reliably reported for a bat is 32 years for a banded female little brown bat ( ^I ) in the United States in 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bats: Largest colonies T Living World|Mammals|Bats|Largest colonies 20 22 24 26 19594|288 84602|1244 23674|348 28448|4 91334|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bats: Largest colonies The largest concentration of bats found living anywhere in the world today is that of the Mexican free-tailed bat ( ^I ) in Bracken Cave, San Antonio, TX, where up to 20 million animals assemble after migration. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bats: Deepest T Living World|Mammals|Bats|Deepest 20 22 24 26 19662|289 5110|75 23402|344 28448|5 11656|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bats: Deepest The little brown bat ( ^I ) has been recorded at a depth of 3,805 ft in a zinc mine in New York State. The mine serves as winter quarters for 1,000 members of this species, which normally roost at a depth of 650 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bats: Highest detectable pitch T Living World|Mammals|Bats|Highest detectable pitch 20 22 24 26 19730|290 63522|934 23538|346 28448|6 71062|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bats: Highest detectable pitch Because of their ultrasonic echolocation, bats have the most acute hearing of any terrestrial animal. Vampire bats (family Desmodontidae) and fruit bats (Pteropodidae) can hear frequencies as high as 120-210 kHz, compared with 20 kHz for the adult ^ human limit and 280 kHz for the common dolphin ( ^I ). ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodents: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Rodents|Largest 20 22 24 26 19798|291 116766|1717 189798|2791 28954|0 91334|508 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodents: Largest The capybara ( ^I ), also called the carpincho or water hog, of tropical South America, has a head and body length of 3 1/4-4 1/2 ft and can weigh up to 250 lb (cage-fat specimen). ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodents: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Rodents|Smallest 20 22 24 26 19866|292 249706|3672 190002|2794 28954|1 258628|80 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodents: Smallest The northern pygmy mouse ( ^I ) of central Mexico and southern Arizona and Texas measures up to 4.3 in in total length and weighs 0.24-0.28 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodents: Oldest T \p8\D02\3702032 Living World|Mammals|Rodents|Oldest 20 22 24 26 19934|293 233522|3434 3682|54 189934|2793 28954|2 236192|161 5324|12 -PCAP- ^I , owned by Rodney Mitchell of Tulsa, OK, holds the title of the world's longest-lived domestic rat. Born in January 1983, he died in 1990 aged 7 years 1 month. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodents: Oldest The greatest reliable age reported for a rodent is 27 years 3 months for a Sumatran crested porcupine ( ^I ) that died in the National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. on 12 Jan 1965. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodents: Fastest breeder T Living World|Mammals|Rodents|Fastest breeder 20 22 24 26 20002|294 28298|416 189730|2790 28954|3 23878|168 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodents: Fastest breeder The female meadow vole ( ^I ), found in Great Britain, can reproduce from the age of 25 days and can have up to 17 litters of 6-8 young in a year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodents: Longest hibernation T Living World|Mammals|Rodents|Longest hibernation 20 22 24 26 20070|295 149542|2199 189866|2792 28954|4 139100|309 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodents: Longest hibernation The barrow ground squirrel ( ^I ) of Point Barrow, AK hibernates for nine months of the year. During the remaining three months it feeds, breeds and collects food for storage in its burrow. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insectivores: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Insectivores|Largest 20 22 24 26 20138|296 101942|1499 109490|1610 29320|0 65726|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insectivores: Largest The moon rat ( ^I ), also known as Raffles' gymnure, which is found in Myanmar (formerly Burma), Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo, has a head and body length of 10 1/2-17 1/2 in, a tail measuring 7.9-8.3 in and ^ weighs up to 3.1 lb. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The European hedgehog ( ^I ) is much shorter overall (7.7-11.7 in), but well-fed examples have been known to weigh as much as 4.19 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insectivores: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Insectivores|Smallest 20 22 24 26 20206|297 247530|3640 109626|1612 29320|1 258628|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insectivores: Smallest The smallest insectivore is Savi's white-toothed pygmy shrew ( ^I ). (See Smallest land mammals.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Insectivores: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Insectivores|Oldest 20 22 24 26 20274|298 228558|3361 109558|1611 29320|2 236192|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insectivores: Oldest The greatest reliable age recorded for an insectivore is over 16 years for a lesser hedgehog-tenrec ( ^I ), which was born in Amsterdam Zoo, Netherlands in 1966 and was later sent to Jersey Zoo, Channel Islands, Great ^ Britain. It died on 27 Nov 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antelopes: Largest T \p8\D02\3702020 Living World|Mammals|Antelopes|Largest 20 23 25 27 20342|299 83174|1223 3750|55 6674|98 29546|0 91334|14 5324|13 -PCAP- The distinctive Giant, or Derby, eland ( ^I ) of western and central Africa can attain a height of 6 ft at the shoulder and weigh over 2,000 lbs. Here it is compared to the smallest antelope, the Royal antelope ( ^I ) which reaches a height of 10 in at the shoulder and weighs only 7-8 lbs. (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Antelopes: Largest The rare giant eland ( ^I ) of western and central Africa may surpass 2,000 lb. The common eland ( ^I ) of eastern and southern Africa has the same shoulder height of up to 5 ft 10 in but is not ^ quite so massive, although there is one record of a 5 ft 5 in bull shot in Malawi ^I . 1937 that weighed 2,078 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antelopes: Smallest T \p8\D02\3902030 Living World|Mammals|Antelopes|Smallest 20 22 24 26 20410|300 127646|1877 3818|56 6810|100 29546|1 138174|0 5324|14 -PCAP- Mature specimens of the tiny Royal antelope ( ^I ) measure 10-12 in at the shoulder and weigh only 7-8 lb. They are found in the dense forests of West Africa. (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Antelopes: Smallest Mature specimens of the royal antelope ( ^I ) of western Africa measure 10-12 in at the shoulder and weigh only 7-8 lb, which is the size of a large brown hare ( ^I ). ^<n ^<4 Lightest ^>4 Salt's ^ dik-dik ( ^I ) of northeastern Ethiopia and Somalia weighs only 5-6 lb when adult, but this species stands about 14 in at the withers (highest part of the back of an animal). ^ -END- -CTRL- Antelopes: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Antelopes|Oldest 20 22 24 26 20478|301 222846|3277 6742|99 29546|2 236192|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Antelopes: Oldest The greatest reliable age recorded for an antelope is 25 years 4 months for an addax ( ^I ) that died in Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, IL on 15 Oct 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Deer: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Deer|Largest 20 22 24 26 20546|302 92898|1366 62910|925 29772|0 91334|157 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Deer: Largest The largest deer is the Alaskan moose ( ^I ). Adult bulls average 6 ft at the shoulder and weigh ^I . 1,100 lb. A bull standing 7 ft 8 in between pegs and weighing an estimated 1,800 lb was shot on the Yukon River in ^ the Yukon Territory, Canada in September 1897. Unconfirmed measurements of up to 8 ft 6 in at the shoulder and estimated weights of up to 2,600 lb have been claimed. ^ -END- -CTRL- Deer: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Deer|Smallest 20 22 24 26 20614|303 246578|3626 63046|927 29772|1 258628|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Deer: Smallest The smallest true deer (family Cervidae) is the northern pudu ( ^I ) of Ecuador and Colombia. Mature specimens measure 13-14 in at the shoulder and weigh 16-18 lb. ^<n The smallest ruminant is the lesser Malay chevrotain ( ^ ^I ) of southeast Asia, Sumatra and Borneo. Adults measure 8-10 in at the shoulder and weigh 6-7 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Deer: Oldest T \p8\D02\3702028 Living World|Mammals|Deer|Oldest 20 22 24 26 20682|304 226178|3326 3886|57 62978|926 29772|2 236192|53 5324|15 -PCAP- The Red deer ( ^I ) named ^I (b. 8 June 1963), owned by the Fraser family of Kiltarlity, Beauly, Highland reached the greatest reliably recorded age for a deer in February 1990. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Deer: Oldest The world's oldest recorded deer is a red deer ( ^I ) named Bambi (b. 8 Jun 1963), owned by the Fraser family of Kiltarlity, Great Britain. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The greatest reliable age recorded for a deer is ^ 26 years 8 months for a red deer ( ^I ) that died in the Milwaukee Zoo, WI on 28 Jun 1954. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marsupials: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Marsupials|Largest 20 22 24 26 20750|305 106090|1560 130706|1922 29998|0 91334|351 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marsupials: Largest The adult male red kangaroo ( ^I or ^I ) of central, southern and eastern Australia stands up to 7 ft tall, measures up to 8 ft 1/2 in in total length and weighs up to 187 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marsupials: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Marsupials|Smallest 20 22 24 26 20818|306 248074|3648 130910|1925 29998|1 258628|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marsupials: Smallest The smallest-known marsupial is the rare long-tailed planigale ( ^I ), a flat-skulled mouse of northeastern and northwestern Australia. Adult males have a head and body length of 2.16-2.48 in, a tail length of 2.24-2.36 in ^ and weigh 0.13-0.19 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marsupials: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Marsupials|Oldest 20 22 24 26 20886|307 230054|3383 130842|1924 29998|2 236192|110 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marsupials: Oldest The greatest reliable age recorded for a marsupial is 26 years 22 days for a common wombat ( ^I ) that died in London Zoo, Great Britain on 20 Apr 1906. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marsupials: Fastest T Living World|Mammals|Marsupials|Fastest 20 22 24 26 20954|308 24966|367 130570|1920 29998|3 23878|119 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marsupials: Fastest The fastest speed recorded for a marsupial is 40 mph for a mature female eastern gray kangaroo ( ^I or ^I ). One large male red kangaroo died from his exertions after being paced for one mile at 35 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marsupials: Highest jump T Living World|Mammals|Marsupials|Highest jump 20 22 24 26 21022|309 68486|1007 130638|1921 29998|4 71062|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marsupials: Highest jump A captive eastern gray kangaroo once cleared an 8-ft fence when an automobile backfired, and there is also a record of a hunted red kangaroo clearing a stack of timber 10 ft high. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marsupials: Longest jump T Living World|Mammals|Marsupials|Longest jump 20 22 24 26 21090|310 142334|2093 130774|1923 5042|74 29998|5 139100|203 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marsupials: Longest jump During the course of a chase in New South Wales, Australia in January 1951, a female red kangaroo made a series of bounds that included one of 42 ft. There is also an unconfirmed report of an eastern gray kangaroo jumping nearly 44 ft 8 1/2 in on ^ level ground. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tusks: Longest T Living World|Mammals|Tusks|Longest 20 22 24 26 21158|311 155322|2284 232230|3415 30434|0 139100|394 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tusks: Longest The longest recorded elephant tusks (excluding prehistoric examples) are a pair from Zaire preserved in the National Collection of Heads and Horns kept by the New York Zoological Society (Bronx Zoo), New York City. The right tusk measures 11 ft 5 ^ 1/2 in along the outside curve and the left tusk measures 11 ft. Their combined weight is 293 lb. A single tusk of 11 ft 6 in has been reported. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tusks: Heaviest T Living World|Mammals|Tusks|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 21226|312 61754|908 232162|3414 30434|1 65726|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tusks: Heaviest A pair of tusks in the British Museum (Natural History), London collected from an aged bull shot at the foot of Mt Kilimanjaro, Kenya in 1897 originally weighed 240 lb (length 10 ft 2 1/2 in) and 225 lb (length 10 ft 5 1/2 in) respectively, giving ^ a total weight of 465 lb, but their combined weight today is 440 1/2 lb. A single elephant tusk collected in Benin, Africa and exhibited at the Paris Exposition, France in 1900 weighed 258 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horns: Longest T Living World|Mammals|Horns|Longest 20 22 24 26 21294|313 139750|2055 104390|1535 30590|0 139100|165 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horns: Longest The longest horns grown by any living animal are those of the water buffalo ( ^I ) of India. One huge bull shot in 1955 had horns measuring 13 ft 11 in from tip to tip along the outside curve across the forehead. The ^ longest single horn on record measured 81 1/4 in along the outside curve and was found on a specimen of domestic ankole cattle ( ^I ) near Lake Ngami, Botswana. ^<n ^<4 Domestic animal ^>4 The largest spread recorded for a ^ Texas longhorn steer is 10 ft 6 in. The horns are currently on exhibition at the Heritage Museum, Big Springs, TX. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antlers: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Antlers|Largest 20 22 24 26 21362|314 83378|1226 8646|127 30676|0 91334|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Antlers: Largest The record antler spread or "rack" is 78 1/2 in (skull and antlers 91 lb) for a set taken from a moose killed near the headwaters of the Stewart River in the Yukon Territory, Canada in October 1897. The antlers are now on display in the Field ^ Museum, Chicago, IL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horses and Ponies: US Population T Living World|Mammals|Horses and Ponies|US Population 20 22 24 26 21430|315 106158|1561 30762|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horses and Ponies: US Population There are approximately 5.25 to 6.0 million domestic horses in the United States. The documented population of wild horses on public lands in the United States is 47,720, of which 33,987 can be found in Nevada. The population of wild burros in the ^ nation stands at 7,241, with 3,018 in Arizona. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horses and Ponies: Earliest domestication T Living World|Mammals|Horses and Ponies|Earliest domestication 20 22 24 26 21498|316 10686|157 105750|1555 30762|1 13960|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horses and Ponies: Earliest domestication Evidence from the Ukraine indicates that horses may have been ridden by at least 4000 B.C. (See Agriculture.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Horses and Ponies: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Horses and Ponies|Largest 20 22 24 26 21566|317 100922|1484 105818|1556 30762|2 91334|275 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horses and Ponies: Largest The tallest and heaviest documented horse was the shire gelding Sampson (later renamed Mammoth), bred by Thomas Cleaver of Toddington Mills, Bedfordshire, Great Britain. This horse (foaled 1846) measured 21.2 1/2 hands (7 ft 2 1/2 in) in 1850 and ^ was later said to have weighed 3,360 lb. ^<n Boringdon Black King (foaled 1984), a shire gelding born and bred at the National Shire Horse Center in Plymouth, Great Britain, stands 19.2 hands (6 1/2 ft), making him the world's tallest living ^ horse. ^<n ^<4 Thoroughbred ^>4 The tallest recorded non-draft horse was a Canadian thoroughbred gelding named Tritonis, owned by Christopher Ewing of Southfield, MI. This show jumper, which died in September 1990 at the age of 7, stood 19.2 ^ hands (6 1/2 ft) and weighed 2,100 lb. (For record horse prices see Agriculture.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Horses and Ponies: Largest mule T Living World|Mammals|Horses and Ponies|Largest mule 20 22 24 26 21634|318 100990|1485 105886|1557 30762|3 91334|276 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horses and Ponies: Largest mule Apollo (foaled 1977) and Anak (foaled 1976), owned by Herbert L. Mueller of Chicago, IL, are the largest mules on record. Apollo measures 19.1 hands (6 ft 5 in) and weighs 2,200 lb, with Anak at 18.3 hands (6 ft 3 in) and 2,100 lb. Both are the ^ hybrid offspring of Belgian mares and mammoth jacks. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horses and Ponies: Smallest T \p8\D02\3702031b Living World|Mammals|Horses and Ponies|Smallest 20 23 25 27 21702|319 247462|3639 3954|58 106090|1560 30762|4 258628|47 5324|16 -PCAP- The Falabella of Argentina was developed over a period of 70 years by inbreeding and crossing a small group of undersized horses originally discovered in the southern part of the country. Most adult specimens stand less than 30 in, high and average ^ 80-100 lbs. Rayford Ely, founder of the Worldwide Miniature Horse Association is shown with ^I , one of his eight miniature horses. (Photo: Retna) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horses and Ponies: Smallest The Falabela of Argentina was developed over a period of 70 years by inbreeding and crossing a small group of undersized horses originally discovered in the southern part of the country. Most adult specimens stand less than 30 in and average 80-100 ^ lb in weight. The smallest mature horse bred by Julio Falabela of Recco de Roca before he died in 1981 was a mare that stood 15 in and weighed 26 1/4 lb. ^<n The stallion Little Pumpkin (foaled 15 Apr 1973), owned by J.C. Williams Jr. of Della ^ Terra Mini Horse Farm, Inman, SC, stood 14 in and weighed 20 lb on 30 Nov 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horses and Ponies: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Horses and Ponies|Oldest 20 22 24 26 21770|320 228354|3358 105954|1558 30762|5 236192|85 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horses and Ponies: Oldest The greatest age reliably recorded for a horse is 62 years in the case of Old Billy (foaled 1760), believed to be a cross between a Cleveland and eastern blood, bred by Edward Robinson of Wild Grave Farm, Woolston, Great Britain. Old Billy later ^ worked along the local canals until 1819 and died on 27 Nov 1822. ^<n ^<4 Thoroughbred ^>4 The greatest age recorded for a thoroughbred racehorse is 42 years, in the case of the chestnut gelding Tango Duke (foaled 1935), owned by Mrs Carmen J. ^ Koper of Barongarook, Victoria, Australia. The horse died on 25 Jan 1978. ^<n ^<4 Pony ^>4 The greatest reliable age recorded for a pony is 54 years for a stallion owned by a farmer in central France (foaled 1919). ^ -END- -CTRL- Horses and Ponies: Oldest living pony T Living World|Mammals|Horses and Ponies|Oldest living pony 20 22 24 26 21838|321 228422|3359 106022|1559 30762|6 236192|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horses and Ponies: Oldest living pony The oldest living pony in the United States is Trigger, at 47 years of age on 26 Feb 1992. He is owned by Dorothy B. Cruise in Whiteside, MO. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: US Population T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|US Population 20 22 24 26 21906|322 67126|987 31268|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: US Population The canine population of the United States for 1991 was estimated by the Pet Food Institute at 53.3 million. There was at least one dog as a pet in 39 percent of the households in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Largest 20 22 24 26 21974|323 93782|1379 66378|976 31268|1 91334|170 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Largest The heaviest breeds of domestic dogs ( ^I ) are the Old English mastiff and the St Bernard, with adult males of both species regularly weighing 170-200 lb. The heaviest (and longest) dog ever recorded is Aicama Zorba of ^ La-Susa (whelped 26 Sep 1981), an Old English mastiff owned by Chris Eraclides of London, Great Britain. Zorba stands 37 in at the shoulder and weighed 343 lb in November 1989. Other statistics include a chest girth of 58 3/4 in, a length of 8 ft ^ 3 1/2 in and a neck measurement of 37 1/2 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Tallest T \p8\D02\3702031 Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Tallest 20 22 24 26 22042|324 254126|3737 4022|59 66990|985 31268|2 267614|18 5324|17 -PCAP- The tallest known Great Dane, standing 41 1/2 in at the shoulder, was almost three times taller than the 15 in horse bred by Julio Falabella, the pioneer of miniature-horse breeding. (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Tallest The Great Dane and the Irish wolfhound can exceed 39 in at the shoulder. The tallest dog ever recorded was Shamgret Danzas (whelped 1975), owned by Wendy and Keith Comley of Milton Keynes, Great Britain. He stood 41 1/2 in, or 42 in when his ^ hackles were raised, and weighed up to 238 lb. He died on 16 Oct 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Smallest 20 22 24 26 22110|325 246782|3629 66922|984 31268|3 258628|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Smallest ^I versions of the Yorkshire terrier, the chihuahua and the toy poodle have been known to weigh less than 16 oz as adults. ^<n The smallest mature dog on record was a matchbox-sized Yorkshire terrier owned by Arthur Marples of ^ Blackburn, Great Britain, a former editor of ^I . This tiny atom, which died in 1945 at the age of nearly two years, stood 2 1/2 in at the shoulder and measured 3 3/4 in from the tip of its nose to the root of its tail. Its weight ^ was just 4 oz. ^<n The smallest living adult dog is a miniature chihuahua named Peanuts (whelped 23 Sep 1986), owned by Grace Parker of Wilson's Mills, NC. She measures 9.84 in from head to tail, 5.5 in at the shoulder and weighed 18 oz on 25 Oct ^ 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Oldest 20 22 24 26 22178|326 226246|3327 66854|983 31268|4 236192|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Oldest Most dogs live between 8 and 15 years, and authentic records of dogs living over 20 years are rare. They are generally the smaller breeds. The greatest reliable age recorded for a dog is 29 years 5 months for an Australian cattle-dog named Bluey, ^ owned by Les Hall of Rochester, Victoria, Australia. The dog was obtained as a puppy in 1910 and worked among cattle and sheep for nearly 20 years. He was put to sleep on 14 Nov 1939. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Most prolific T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Most prolific 20 22 24 26 22246|327 202922|2984 66718|981 31268|5 215538|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Most prolific The greatest sire ever was the champion greyhound Low Pressure, nicknamed Timmy (whelped Sep 1957), owned by Bruna Amhurst of London, Great Britain. From Dec 1961 until his death on 27 Nov 1969 he fathered 2,414 registered puppies, with at least ^ 600 others unregistered. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Most valuable T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Most valuable 20 22 24 26 22314|328 213598|3141 66786|982 16534|243 31268|6 226156|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Most valuable The largest legacy devoted to a dog was by Miss Ella Wendel of New York, who bequeathed her standard poodle Toby $75 million in 1931. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Highest jump T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Highest jump 20 22 24 26 22382|329 65630|965 66310|975 31268|7 71062|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Highest jump The canine "high jump" record for a leap and a scramble over a smooth wooden wall (without ribs or other aids) is held by a German shepherd dog named Volse, who scaled 11 ft 9 in at a demonstration in Avignon, France in November 1989. The dog is ^ owned by Phillipe Clement of Aix-en-Provence, France. ^<n Duke, a three-year-old German shepherd dog, handled by Cpl Graham Urry of the Royal Air Force base at Newton, Great Britain, scaled a ribbed wall with regulation shallow slats to a height ^ of 11 ft 9 in on the British Broadcasting Corporation Record Breakers TV program on 11 Nov 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Longest jump T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Longest jump 20 22 24 26 22450|330 135874|1998 66582|979 31268|8 139100|108 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Longest jump A greyhound named Bang jumped 30 ft while chasing a hare at Brecon Lodge, Gloucestershire, Great Britain in 1849. He cleared a 4-ft-6-in gate and landed on a hard road, damaging his pastern bone. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Best tracker T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Best tracker 20 22 24 26 22518|331 282|4 66174|973 31268|9 6246|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Best tracker In 1925 a Doberman pinscher named Sauer, trained by Detective-Sergeant Herbert Kruger, tracked a stock thief 100 miles across the Great Karroo, South Africa by scent alone. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Top show dogs T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Top show dogs 20 22 24 26 22586|332 258886|3807 67058|986 31268|10 273542|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Top show dogs The greatest number of Challenge Certificates won by a dog is the 78 compiled by the famous chow chow Ch. U'Kwong King Solomon (whelped 21 Jun 1968). Owned and bred by Mrs Joan Egerton of Bramhall, Great Britain, Solly won his first CC at the ^ Cheshire Agricultural Society Championship Show on 4 Jun 1969, and his 78th CC was awarded at the City of Birmingham Championship Show on 4 Sep 1976. He died on 3 Apr 1978. ^<n The greatest number of Best-in-Show awards won by any dog in ^ all-breed shows is 203, compiled by the Scottish terrier bitch Ch. Braeburn's Close Encounter (whelped 22 Oct 1978) by 10 Mar 1985. She is owned by Sonnie Novick of Plantation Acres, FL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: US top dogs (table) B \t\D01\0201041a Living World|Mammals|Dogs|US top dogs (table) 20 22 24 26 22654|333 258954|3808 67194|988 31268|11 273542|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Source: American Kennel Club ^ -TEXT- Dogs: US top dogs (table) Dogs: US Top Dogs (Table) US TOP DOGS (1991) BREED REGISTRATIONS Labrador retriever 105,876 Cocker spaniel 98,937 Poodle 77,709 Rottweiller 6,889 German shepherd 68,844 ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Drug sniffing T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Drug sniffing 20 22 24 26 22722|334 66242|974 31268|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Drug sniffing The greatest sniffer-dogs on record are a pair of malinoises called Rocky and Barco. These Belgian sheepdogs (whelped 1984) are members of an American stop-and-search team that patrols the Rio Grande Valley ("Cocaine Alley") along the southern ^ Texas border. In 1988 alone they were involved in 969 seizures of drugs worth $182 million, and they are so proficient at their job that Mexican drug smugglers have put a $30,000 price on their heads. Rocky and Barco were awarded honorary titles ^ of sergeant major and always wear their stripes when on duty. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Longest guide dog service T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Longest guide dog service 20 22 24 26 22790|335 135806|1997 66514|978 31268|13 139100|107 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Longest guide dog service The longest period of ^I reported for a guide dog is 14 years 8 months (August 1972-March 1987) in the case of a Labrador retriever bitch named Cindy-Cleo (whelped 20 Jan 1971), owned by Aron Barr of Tel Aviv, Israel. The dog ^ died on 10 Apr 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Most guide dogs placed T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Most guide dogs placed 20 22 24 26 22858|336 170758|2511 66650|980 31268|14 175106|108 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Most guide dogs placed In the United States the record for the most guide dogs placed with users is held by the Seeing Eye of Morristown, NJ, with a total of 230 placements in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dogs: Largest dog show T Living World|Mammals|Dogs|Largest dog show 20 22 24 26 22926|337 93850|1380 66446|977 31268|15 91334|171 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dogs: Largest dog show The centennial of the annual Crufts show, held at the National Exhibition Center, Birmingham, Great Britain on 9-12 Jan 1991, attracted a record 22,993 entries. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cats: US Population T Living World|Mammals|Cats|US Population 20 22 24 26 22994|338 41898|616 32404|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cats: US Population The feline population of the United States for 1991 was estimated by the Pet Food Institute to be 62.4 million. There was at least one pet in 32 percent of the households in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cats: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Cats|Largest 20 22 24 26 23062|339 88070|1295 41558|611 32404|1 91334|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cats: Largest The largest of the 330 breeds of domestic cat is the ragdoll, with males weighing 15-20 lb. In the majority of domestic cats ( ^I ) the average weight of the adult male (tom) is 8.6 lb, compared with 7.2 lb for female or queen. ^ Neuters and spays are generally heavier. ^<n In February 1988 an unconfirmed weight of 48 lb was reported for a cat named Edward Bear, owned by Jackie Fleming of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ^<n The heaviest reliably recorded domestic cat ^ was a neutered male tabby named Himmy, owned by Thomas Vyse of Redlynch, Queensland, Australia. At the time of his death (from respiratory failure) on 12 Mar 1986 at the age of 10 years 4 months he weighed 46 lb 15 1/4 oz (neck 15 in, waist 33 ^ in, length 38 in). ^ -END- -CTRL- Cats: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Cats|Smallest 20 22 24 26 23130|340 245830|3615 41830|615 32404|2 258628|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cats: Smallest The smallest breed of domestic cat is the Singapura or drain cat of Singapore. Adult males average 6 lb in weight and adult females 4 lb. ^<n A male Siamese cross named Ebony-Eb-Honey Cat, owned by Angelina Johnston of Boise, ID, weighed only 1 lb ^ 12 oz in February 1984 at the age of 23 months. ^<n "Peanut," owned by Jacob and Jamie Piekarski of North Haven, CT, weighs 1 lb 8 oz and is 10 in long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cats: Oldest T Living World|Mammals|Cats|Oldest 20 22 24 26 23198|341 224682|3304 41762|614 32404|3 236192|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cats: Oldest Cats generally live longer than dogs. The average life expectancy of intact (unaltered) well-fed males raised under household conditions and receiving good medical attention is 13-15 years (15-17 years for intact females), but neutered males and ^ females live on the average one to two years longer. ^<n A tabby named Puss, owned by Mrs T. Holway of Clayhidon, Great Britain, reportedly celebrated his 36th birthday on 28 Nov 1939 and died the next day, but conclusive evidence is lacking. The ^ oldest reliably recorded cat was the female tabby Ma, owned by Alice St George Moore of Drewsteignton, Great Britain. This cat was put to sleep on 5 Nov 1957 at the age of 34. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cats: Most prolific T Living World|Mammals|Cats|Most prolific 20 22 24 26 23266|342 202718|2981 41694|613 32404|4 215538|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cats: Most prolific A tabby named Dusty (b. 1935) of Bonham, TX produced 420 kittens during her breeding life. She gave birth to her last litter (a single kitten) on 12 Jun 1952. ^<n In May 1987 Kitty, owned by George Johnstone of Croxton, Great Britain, produced two ^ kittens at the age of 30 years, making her the oldest feline mother on record. She died in June 1989, just short of her 32nd birthday, having given birth to a known total of 218 kittens. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cats: Best climber T Living World|Mammals|Cats|Best climber 20 22 24 26 23334|343 146|2 41490|610 8442|124 32404|5 6246|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cats: Best climber On 6 Sep 1950 a four-month-old kitten belonging to Josephine Aufdenblatten of Geneva, Switzerland followed a group of climbers to the top of the 14,691 ft Matterhorn in the Alps. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cats: Largest cat show T Living World|Mammals|Cats|Largest cat show 20 22 24 26 23402|344 88138|1296 41626|612 32404|6 91334|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cats: Largest cat show The largest cat show ever held in the United States was at the Cerrantes Convention Center, St. Louis, MO from 19-20 Nov 1988; it attracted a record 814 entries. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cats: US top cats (table) B \t\D01\0201133a Living World|Mammals|Cats|US top cats (table) 20 22 24 26 23470|345 258818|3806 41966|617 32404|7 273542|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Source: Cat Fanciers' Association, Inc. ^ -TEXT- Cats: US top cats (table) Cats: US Top Cats (Table) US TOP CATS (1991) BREED REGISTRATIONS Persian Traditional 20,109 Pointed Pattern 19,730 Colorpoint Carrier 12,998 Siamese 3,188 Maine Coon 2,844 Abyssinian 1,688 Exotic Shorthair 1,329 ^ -END- -CTRL- Rabbits and Hares: US pet population T Living World|Mammals|Rabbits and Hares|US pet population 20 22 24 26 23538|346 183202|2694 32980|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rabbits and Hares: US pet population According to the American Rabbit Breeders Association, as of 1 Jan 1992 there were at least 250,000 families in the United States with at least one pet rabbit. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rabbits and Hares: Largest T Living World|Mammals|Rabbits and Hares|Largest 20 22 24 26 23606|347 115610|1700 182862|2689 32980|1 91334|491 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rabbits and Hares: Largest The largest breed of domestic rabbit ( ^I ) is the Flemish giant. Adults weigh 15.4-18.7 lb (average toe-to-toe length when fully stretched is 36 in), but weights of up to 25 lb have been reliably reported for this breed. ^ In April 1980 a five-month-old French lop doe weighing 26.45 lb was exhibited at the Reus Fair in northeast Spain. ^<n The heaviest recorded wild rabbit (average weight 3 1/2 lb) weighed 8 lb 4 oz and was killed on 20 Nov 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rabbits and Hares: Smallest T Living World|Mammals|Rabbits and Hares|Smallest 20 22 24 26 23674|348 249502|3669 183134|2693 32980|2 258628|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rabbits and Hares: Smallest The Netherland dwarf and the Polish dwarf both have a weight range of 2-2 1/2 lb when fully grown. In 1975 Jacques Bouloc of Coulommiere, France announced a new cross of the above breeds that weighed 14 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rabbits and Hares: Most prolific T Living World|Mammals|Rabbits and Hares|Most prolific 20 22 24 26 23742|349 203330|2990 183066|2692 32980|3 215538|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rabbits and Hares: Most prolific The most prolific domestic breeds are the New Zealand white and the Californian. Does produce 5-6 litters a year, each containing 8-12 kittens during their breeding life (compare with five litters and 3-7 young for the wild rabbit). ^ -END- -CTRL- Rabbits and Hares: Longest ears T \p8\D03\3902032a Living World|Mammals|Rabbits and Hares|Longest ears 20 23 25 27 23810|350 148726|2187 4090|60 182998|2691 17962|264 32980|4 139100|297 5324|18 -PCAP- Therese Seward (left) holds up the record-breaking 28 1/2 in ears of her champion English lop ^I , whose record will no doubt soon be challenged by the ears of son ^I , shown off by Therese's daughter, ^ Cheryl. (Photo: Therese and Cheryl Seward) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rabbits and Hares: Longest ears The longest ears are found in the Lop family (four strains), and in particular the English Lop. The ears of a typical example measure about 24 in from tip to tip (taken across the skull), and 5.51 in in width. In 1901 a specimen was exhibited in ^ England that had 30.5-in ears; it is not known, however, if this was a natural attainment or if weights had been used to stretch the ears and left the veins inside badly varicosed. ^<n "Sweet Majestic Star," a black English lop rabbit owned by ^ Therese and Cheryl Seward of Exeter, Great Britain, has ears measuring 28 1/2 in long and 7.4 in wide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rabbits and Hares: Largest hare T Living World|Mammals|Rabbits and Hares|Largest hare 20 22 24 26 23878|351 115678|1701 182930|2690 32980|5 91334|492 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rabbits and Hares: Largest hare In Nov 1956 a Brown hare weighing 15 lb 1 oz was shot near Welford, Great Britain. The average adult weight is 8 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pets: Longest caged pet longevity (table) B \t\D01\0201191a Living World|Mammals|Pets|Longest caged pet longevity (table) 20 22 24 26 23946|352 147366|2167 165386|2432 33416|0 139100|277 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pets: Longest caged pet longevity (table) Pets: Caged Pet Longevity CAGED PET LONGEVITY ANIMAL/SPECIES NAME (OWNER), ETC. YR MONTHS BIRD Canary Joey bought 1941, died 8 Apr 1975 (K. Ross) Hull, Great Britain 34 1/8 Budgerigar Charlie April 1948--20 Jun 1977 (J. Dinsey) ^ London, Great Britain 29 2 RABBIT Wild Flopsy caught 6 Aug 1964 d. 29 Jun 1983 (L.B. Walker) 18 10_ Longford, Tasmania, Australia GUINEA PIG Snowball d. 14 Feb 1979 (M. A. Wall) 14 10 1/2 Bingham, Great Britain GERBIL Mongolian Sahara ^ May 1973--4 Oct 1981 (Aaron Milstone) 8 4 1/2 Lathrup Village, MI MOUSE House Fritzy 11 Sep 1977--24 Apr 1985 (Bridget Beard) 7 7 West House School, Birmingham, Great Britain RAT Common Rodney b. Jan 1983 (Rodney Mitchell) Tulsa, OK ^ 7 1 ^ -END- -CTRL- Pets: Largest pet litters (table) B \t\D01\0201192a Living World|Mammals|Pets|Largest pet litters (table) 20 22 24 26 24014|353 112210|1650 165318|2431 33416|1 91334|441 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- <1> 4 stillborn <2> 14 survived <3> 16 survived <4> Litter of 15 recorded 1960s by George Meares, geneticist-owner of gerbil-breeding farm, St Petersburg, FL. Used special food formula. <5> 18 killed by mother <6> 33 survived ^ -TEXT- Pets: Largest pet litters (table) Pets: Largest Pet Litters LARGEST PET LITTERS ANIMAL/BREED NO. OWNER/LOCATION DATE CAT Burmese/Siamese 19<1> Mrs Valerie Gane August 970 Church Westcote, Great Britain DOG American foxhound 23 Cdr W. N. Ely June 1944 Ambler, PA DOG St ^ Bernard 23<2> R. and A. Rodden February 1975 Lebanon, MO DOG Great Dane 23<3> Mrs Marjorie Harris June 1987 Little Hall, Great Britain FERRET 15 John Cliff 1981 Denstone, Great Britain GERBIL Mongolian 14<4> Sharon Kirkman May 1983 ^ Bulwell, Great Britain GUINEA PIG (CAVY) 12 Laboratory specimen 1972 HAMSTER Golden 26<5> L. and S. Miller February 1974 Baton Rouge, LA MOUSE House 34<6> Marion Ogilvie February 1982 Blackpool, Great Britain RABBIT New Zealand white 24 ^ Joseph Filek, Sydney 1978 Nova Scotia, Canada ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Largest ratite T \p8\D03\3702033 Living World|Birds|General Records|Largest ratite 20 23 25 27 24082|354 85146|1252 4158|61 27074|398 33658|0 91334|43 6670|0 -PCAP- The largest living bird is the North African ostrich ( ^I ). The average adult male (seen here with the black and white plumage) of this flightless or ratite subspecies can reach 9 ft in height and weigh up to 345 lb. ^ In spite of its bulk, a startled ostrich can run at up to 40 mph and delivers a vicious kick if cornered. (Photo: Jacana) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Largest ratite The largest living bird is the North African ostrich ( ^I ), which is found in reduced numbers south of the Atlas Mountains from Upper Senegal and Niger across to the Sudan and central Ethiopia. Male examples (adult hens ^ are smaller) of this flightless (ratite) subspecies have been recorded up to 9 ft in height and 345 lb in weight. The heaviest subspecies is ^I , which can weigh 330 lb, although there is an unsubstantiated record of 353 lb. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Largest carinate T Living World|Birds|General Records|Largest carinate 20 22 24 26 24150|355 84942|1249 26870|395 33658|1 91334|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Largest carinate The world's heaviest flying birds are the Kori bustard or paauw ( ^I ) of northeast and southern Africa and the great bustard ( ^I ) of Europe and Asia. Weights of 42 lb have been reported for the former, and ^ there is an unconfirmed record of 46.3 lb for a male great bustard shot in Manchuria that was too heavy to fly. The heaviest reliably recorded great bustard weighed 39.7 lb. ^<n The mute swan ( ^I ), which is resident in Britain, ^ can reach 40 lb on very rare occasions, and there is a record from Poland of a male weighing 49.6 lb that had temporarily lost the power of flight. ^<n ^<4 Bird of prey ^>4 The heaviest bird of prey is the Andean condor ( ^I ), adult males averaging 20-25 lb. A weight of 31 lb has been claimed for an outsized male California condor ( ^I ) now preserved in the California Academy of Sciences at Los Angeles. This species is appreciably ^ smaller than the Andean condor and rarely exceeds 23 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Largest wingspan T \p8\D03\3802033 Living World|Birds|General Records|Largest wingspan 20 22 24 26 24218|356 85214|1253 4226|62 27142|399 33658|2 91334|44 6670|1 -PCAP- The marabou stork ( ^I ) of tropical Africa is the only bird, after the wandering albatross ( ^I ), reliably credited with a wingspan exceeding 11 ft. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Largest wingspan The wandering albatross ( ^I ) of the southern oceans has the largest wingspan of any living bird, adult males averaging 10 ft 4 in with wings at full stretch. The largest recorded specimen was a very old male with a wingspan ^ of 11 ft 11 in, caught by members of the Antarctic research ship USGS ^I in the Tasman Sea on 18 Sep 1965. Unconfirmed measurements up to 13 ft 10 in have been claimed for this species. ^<n The only other bird reliably credited ^ with a wingspan exceeding 11 ft is the vulturelike marabou stork ( ^I ) of tropical Africa. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Smallest T \p8\D03\3702034 \m\00000001 Living World|Birds|General Records|Smallest 20 23 25 27 24286|357 245014|3603 4294|63 28094|413 33658|3 258628|11 6670|2 296|4 -PCAP- The world's smallest species of duck is the Indian cotton teal, or Indian pygmy goose ( ^I ), found in freshwater habitats of tropical Asia and northeastern Australia. The adult bird is 12-14 in, long and the drake ^ weighs on average 13.4 oz. (Photo: Martin Smith) ^ -MCAP- A hummingbird feeds on a flower's nectar, helping the plant reproduce by spreading pollen. (Oxford) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Smallest The smallest bird in the world is the bee hummingbird ( ^I ) of Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Adult males (females are slightly larger) measure 2.24 in in total length, half of which is taken up by the bill and tail, and weigh ^ 0.056 oz (females are slightly heavier). ^<n ^<4 Bird of prey ^>4 The smallest bird of prey is the 1.23 oz white-fronted falconet ( ^I ) of northwestern Borneo, which is sparrow-sized. ^<n ^<4 Duck ^>4 The World's ^ smallest species of duck is the Indian cotton teal, or Indian pygmy goods ( ^I ), found in freshwater habitats of tropical Asia and northeastern Australia. The adult bird is 12-14 in long and the drake weighs on ^ average 13.4 oz. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The smallest American bird is the calliope hummingbird ( ^I ). Adult specimens measure 2 3/4-3 1/2 in from bill to tail with a wingspan of 4 1/2 in and an approximate weight of ^ 1/10 oz. The calliope is found in the western United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Most abundant T \p8\D03\3902033 Living World|Birds|General Records|Most abundant 20 22 24 26 24354|358 166950|2455 4362|64 27482|404 21294|313 33658|4 175106|52 6670|3 -PCAP- Gazelle and ibex in Botswana veiled by just a few of the estimated breeding population of 1.5 billion red-billed queleas ( ^I ). (Photo: Jacana Agence de Presse/P Jaunet) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Most abundant The red-billed quelea ( ^I ), a seed-eating weaver of the drier parts of Africa south of the Sahara, has an estimated adult breeding population of 1.5 billion, and at least 1 billion of these "feathered locusts" are slaughtered ^ annually without having any impact on the population. One huge roost in the Sudan contained 32 million birds. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The red-winged blackbird ( ^I ) had a population of 25.6 million birds as of ^ January 1983. The US Fish and Wildlife Service estimates the current total is at least 30 million. The blackbird is found throughout the country, except for desert and mountainous regions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Fastest-flying T \p8\D03\3702035 \m\00000024 Living World|Birds|General Records|Fastest-flying 20 23 25 27 24422|359 19458|286 4430|65 26666|392 11706|172 33658|5 23878|38 6670|4 296|6 -PCAP- The fastest creature on the wing is the endangered Peregrine falcon ( ^I ) when stooping from great heights during territorial displays. A velocity of 168 mph, at a 30 deg angle of stoop, rising to a maximum of 217 mph, at 45 ^ degrees was registered in a series of German experiments carried out ^I . 1968. (Photo: Jacana) ^ -MCAP- Classified with hawks and eagles as a bird of prey, the peregrine falcon uses its speed and agility in diving from high altitudes to catch reptiles, birds, and small mammals. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Fastest-flying The fastest creature on the wing is the peregrine falcon ( ^I ) when swooping from great heights during territorial displays. In one series of German experiments, a velocity of 168 mph was recorded at a 30 deg angle of ^ descent, rising to a maximum of 217 mph at an angle of 45 deg . ^<n The fastest fliers in level flight are found among the ducks and geese (Anatidae); some powerful species such as the red-breasted merganser ( ^I ), the eider ^ ( ^I ), the canvasback ( ^I ) and the spur-winged goose ( ^I ) can probably exceed an airspeed of 65 mph. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 America's fastest bird is the ^ white-throated swift ( ^I ), which has been estimated to fly at speeds of 200 mph. The peregrine falcon ( ^I ) has been credited with a speed of 175 mph while in a dive. The dunlin ( ^I ) has been clocked from a plane at 110 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Fastest wing-beat T Living World|Birds|General Records|Fastest wing-beat 20 22 24 26 24490|360 19390|285 26598|391 33658|6 23878|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Fastest wing-beat The wing-beat of the horned sungem ( ^I ) of tropical South America is 90 beats/sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Slowest-flying T \p8\D03\3802034 Living World|Birds|General Records|Slowest-flying 20 22 24 26 24558|361 243382|3579 4498|66 28026|412 33658|7 257632|1 6670|5 -PCAP- The American woodcock ( ^I ) has been timed at 5 mph without sinking during courtship flights. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Slowest-flying Probably at least 50 percent of the world's flying birds cannot exceed an air speed of 40 mph in level flight. The slowest-flying bird is the American woodcock ( ^I ), which, during courtship flights, has been timed at 5 mph ^ without stalling. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Oldest T Living World|Birds|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 24626|362 223798|3291 27754|408 33658|8 236192|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Oldest An unconfirmed age of ^I . 82 years was reported for a male Siberian white crane ( ^I ) named Wolf at the International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, WI. The bird was said to have hatched in a zoo in Switzerland ^I . 1905. He died in late 1988 after breaking his bill while repelling a visitor near his pen. ^<n The greatest irrefutable age reported for any bird is over 80 years for a male sulfur-crested cockatoo ( ^I ) named Cocky, ^ who died at London Zoo, Great Britain in 1982. He was presented to the zoo in 1925, and had been with his previous owner since 1902 when he was already fully mature. ^<n ^<4 Domestic ^>4 The longest-lived domesticated bird (excluding the ^ ostrich, which has been known to live up to 68 years) is the domestic goose ( ^I ), which may live about 25 years. On 16 Dec 1976 a gander named George, owned by Florence Hull of Thornton, Great Britain, died at the age ^ of 49 years 8 months. He was hatched in April 1927. ^<n ^<4 Brooding ^>4 A female royal albatross ( ^I ) named Grandma (Blue White), the oldest ringed seabird on record, laid an egg in November 1988 at the age of 60. ^ She was first banded as a breeding adult in 1937 (such birds do not start breeding until they are 9 years old). She has raised 10 chicks of her own and fostered three others with her mate Green White Green, who is 47. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Longest flights T Living World|Birds|General Records|Longest flights 20 22 24 26 24694|363 130842|1924 27346|402 33658|9 139100|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Longest flights The greatest distance covered by a ringed bird is 14,000 miles by an arctic tern ( ^I ), which was banded as a nestling on 5 Jul 1955 in the Kandalaksha Sanctuary on the White Sea coast, Russia, and was captured alive by a ^ fisherman 8 miles south of Fremantle, Western Australia on 16 May 1956. The bird had flown south via the Atlantic Ocean and then circled Africa before crossing the Indian Ocean. It did not survive to make the return journey. ^<n In 1990 six ^ foraging wandering albatrosses ( ^I ) were tracked across the Indian Ocean by satellite via radio transmitters fitted by Pierre Jouventin and Henri Weimerskirch of the National Center for Scientific Research at Beauvoir, ^ France. Results showed that the birds covered anywhere between 2,240 and 9,320 miles in a single feeding trip and that they easily maintained a speed of 35 mph over a distance of more than 500 miles, with the males going to sea for up to 33 days ^ while their partners remained ashore to incubate the eggs. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Highest-flying T Living World|Birds|General Records|Highest-flying 20 22 24 26 24762|364 63726|937 26802|394 7626|112 33658|10 71062|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Highest-flying Most migrating birds fly at relatively low altitudes (i.e., below 300 ft) and only a few dozen species fly higher than 3,000 ft. ^<n The highest irrefutable altitude recorded for a bird is 37,000 ft for a Ruppell's vulture ( ^I ^ ), which collided with a commercial aircraft over Abidjan, Ivory Coast on 29 Nov 1973. The impact damaged one of the aircraft's engines, causing it to shut down, but the plane landed safely without further incident. Sufficient feather remains of ^ the bird were recovered to allow the US Museum of Natural History to make a positive identification of this high-flier, which is rarely seen above 20,000 ft. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest verified altitude record for a bird in America ^ is 21,000 ft for a mallard ( ^I ) that collided with a commercial jet on 9 Jul 1963 over Nevada. The jet crashed, killing all aboard. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Most airborne T \p8\D03\3902034 Living World|Birds|General Records|Most airborne 20 22 24 26 24830|365 167018|2456 4566|67 27550|405 19458|286 33658|11 175106|53 6670|6 -PCAP- An adolescent sooty tern ( ^I ) can remain aloft continuously for up to 10 years before landing to breed. (Photo: Jacana Agence de Presse/Francois Gohier) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Most airborne The most aerial of all birds is the sooty tern ( ^I ), which, after leaving the nesting grounds, remains continuously aloft from 3-10 years as a sub-adult before returning to land to breed. ^<n The most aerial land bird is the ^ common swift ( ^I ), which remains airborne for 2-3 years, during which time it sleeps, drinks, eats and even mates on the wing. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Most talkative T Living World|Birds|General Records|Most talkative 20 22 24 26 24898|366 167154|2458 27686|407 33658|12 175106|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Most talkative A number of birds are renowned for their talking ability (i.e., the reproduction of words) but the African gray parrot ( ^I ) excels in this ability. A female named "Trudie," formerly owned by Lyn Logue (died January 1988) ^ and now in the care of Iris Frost of Seaford, Great Britain, won the "Best talking parrot-like bird" title at the National Cage and Aviary Bird Show in London each December for 12 consecutive years (1965-76). "Trudie," who has a vocabulary of ^ nearly 800 words, was taken from a nest at Jinja, Uganda in 1958. She retired undefeated. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Fastest swimmer T Living World|Birds|General Records|Fastest swimmer 20 22 24 26 24966|367 19322|284 26530|390 33658|13 23878|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Fastest swimmer The gentoo penguin ( ^I ) has a maximum burst of speed of ^I . 17 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Deepest dive T Living World|Birds|General Records|Deepest dive 20 22 24 26 25034|368 5178|76 26462|389 33658|14 11656|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Deepest dive In 1969 a depth of 870 ft was recorded for a small group of 10 emperor penguins ( ^I ) at Cape Crozier, Antarctica by a team of US scientists. One bird remained submerged for 18 minutes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Best vision T Living World|Birds|General Records|Best vision 20 22 24 26 25102|369 10|0 26326|387 33658|15 6246|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Best vision Birds of prey (Falconiformes) have the keenest eyesight in the avian world, and large species with eyes similar in size to those of humans have visual acuity at least twice that of human vision. It has also been calculated that a large eagle can ^ detect a target object at a distance 3-8 times greater than that achieved by humans. Thus a peregrine falcon ( ^I ) can spot a pigeon at a range of over 5 miles. ^<n In experiments carried out on the tawny owl ( ^I ) at the University of Birmingham, Great Britain in 1977, it was revealed that the bird's eye on average was only 2 1/2 times more sensitive than the human eye. It was also discovered that the tawny owl sees perfectly adequately in ^ daylight and that its visual acuity is only slightly inferior to that of humans. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Longest bills T \p8\D03\3602034 Living World|Birds|General Records|Longest bills 20 23 25 27 25170|370 130706|1922 4634|68 27210|400 33658|16 139100|32 6670|7 -PCAP- The longest bill in relation to overall body length is that of the sword-billed hummingbird ( ^I ) of the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia. It measures 4 in in length and is longer than the bird's actual body if the tail is ^ excluded. (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Longest bills The bill of the Australian pelican ( ^I ) is 13.3-18.5 in long. ^<n The longest bill in relation to overall body length is that of the sword-billed hummingbird ( ^I ) of the Andes from Venezuela ^ to Bolivia. It measures 4 in in length and is longer than the bird's actual body if the tail is excluded. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Shortest bills T Living World|Birds|General Records|Shortest bills 20 22 24 26 25238|371 240390|3535 27890|410 33658|17 253960|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Shortest bills The shortest bills in relation to body length are found among the smaller swifts (Apodidae) and in particular that of the glossy swiftlet ( ^I ), whose bill is almost nonexistent. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Highest beak velocity T Living World|Birds|General Records|Highest beak velocity 20 22 24 26 25306|372 63658|936 26734|393 33658|18 71062|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Highest beak velocity Experiments have revealed that the beak of the red-headed woodpecker ( ^I ) hits the bark of a tree with an impact velocity of 13 mph. This means that when the head snaps back the brain is subject to a deceleration ^ of about 10 g. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Longest feathers T Living World|Birds|General Records|Longest feathers 20 22 24 26 25374|373 130774|1923 27278|401 33658|19 139100|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Longest feathers The longest feathers grown by any bird are those of the phoenix fowl or onagadori (a strain of red jungle fowl ^I ), which has been bred in southwestern Japan since the mid-17th century. In 1972 a tail covert measuring 34 ft 9 ^ 1/2 in was reported for a rooster owned by Masasha Kubota of Kochi, Shikoku, Japan. ^<n Among flying birds the tail feathers of the male crested pheasant ( ^I ) of southeast Asia regularly reach 5 ft 8 in in length and 5 ^ in in width, and the central tail feathers of the Reeves' pheasant ( ^I ) of central and northern China have reached 8 ft in exceptional cases. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Most and least feathers T Living World|Birds|General Records|Most and least feathers 20 22 24 26 25442|374 126490|1860 27618|406 33658|20 136828|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Most and least feathers In a series of feather counts on various species of bird, a whistling swan ( ^I ) was found to have 25,216 feathers, 20,177 of which were on the head and neck. The ruby-throated hummingbird ( ^I ) ^ has only 940. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Largest egg T Living World|Birds|General Records|Largest egg 20 22 24 26 25510|375 85010|1250 26938|396 10346|152 33658|21 91334|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Largest egg The average ostrich ( ^I ) egg measures 6-8 in in length, 4-6 in in diameter and weighs 3.6-3.9 lb (around two dozen hens' eggs in volume). The egg requires about 40 min for boiling, and the shell, though only 0.06 in thick, ^ can support the weight of a 280 lb man. On 28 Jun 1988 a 2-year-old cross between a northern and a southern ostrich ( ^I and ^I ) laid an egg weighing a record 5.1 lb at the Kibbutz Ha'on ^ collective farm, Israel. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest egg on the list of American birds is that of the trumpeter swan; it measures 4.3 in in length, 2.8 in in diameter. The average California condor egg measures 4.3 in in length and ^ 2.6 in in diameter and weighs 9.5 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Smallest egg T Living World|Birds|General Records|Smallest egg 20 22 24 26 25578|376 245082|3604 28162|414 33658|22 258628|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Smallest egg Eggs emitted from the oviduct before maturity, known as "sports," are not considered to be of significance. The smallest egg laid by any bird is that of the vervain hummingbird ( ^I ) of Jamaica. Two specimens measuring less ^ than 0.39 in in length weighed 0.0128 oz and 0.0132 oz. (See Smallest nest.) ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The smallest egg laid by a bird on the American list is that of the Costa hummingbird ( ^I ); it measures 0.48 in in ^ length and 0.33 in in diameter with a weight of 0.017 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Longest incubation T Living World|Birds|General Records|Longest incubation 20 22 24 26 25646|377 130910|1925 27414|403 33658|23 139100|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Longest incubation The longest normal incubation period is that of the wandering albatross ( ^I ), with a normal range of 75-82 days. There is an isolated case of an egg of the mallee fowl ( ^I ) of Australia taking 90 days ^ to hatch, against its normal incubation of 62 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Shortest incubation T Living World|Birds|General Records|Shortest incubation 20 22 24 26 25714|378 240458|3536 27958|411 33658|24 253960|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Shortest incubation The shortest incubation period is 10 days in the case of the great spotted woodpecker ( ^I ) and the black-billed cuckoo ( ^I ). ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Largest nest T Living World|Birds|General Records|Largest nest 20 22 24 26 25782|379 85078|1251 27006|397 33658|25 91334|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Largest nest A nest measuring 9 1/2 ft wide and 20 ft deep was built by a pair of bald eagles ( ^I ), and possibly their successors, near St Petersburg, FL. It was examined in 1963 and was estimated to weigh more than 2.2 tons. The ^ golden eagle ( ^I ) also constructs huge nests, and one 15 ft deep was reported from Scotland in 1954. It had been used for 45 years. ^<n The incubation mounds built by the mallee fowl ( ^I ) of ^ Australia are much larger, measuring up to 15 ft in height and 35 ft across, and it has been calculated that the nest site may involve the mounding of 900 cu ft of material weighing 330 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Smallest nest T \p8\D03\3802035 Living World|Birds|General Records|Smallest nest 20 23 25 27 25850|380 245150|3605 4702|69 28230|415 33658|26 258628|13 6670|8 -PCAP- The smallest nests in the avian world are built, not surprisingly, by hummingbirds (family Trochilidae). Sizes range from the equivalent of about half a walnut to the deeper thimble-type residence. Pictured here is the broadbill hummingbird ( ^I ). (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Smallest nest The smallest nests are built by hummingbirds ( ^I ). That of the vervain hummingbird ( ^I ) is about half the size of a walnut, while the deeper one of the bee hummingbird ( ^I ) is ^ thimble-sized. (See Smallest egg.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Bird-watchers T Living World|Birds|General Records|Bird-watchers 20 22 24 26 25918|381 26394|388 33658|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Bird-watchers The world's leading bird-watcher or "twitcher" is Harvey Gilston (b. 12 Oct 1922) of Lausanne, Switzerland, who had logged 7,085 of the 9,672 known species, representing over 73 percent of the available total. (The exact number of species at a ^ given time can vary because of changes in classifications.) ^<n The greatest number of species spotted in a 24-hour period is 342, by Kenyans Terry Stevenson, John Fanshawe and Andy Roberts on day two of the Birdwatch Kenya '86 event held on ^ 29-30 November. The 48-hour record is held by Don Turner and David Pearson of Kenya, who spotted 494 species at the same event. ^<n Peter Kaestner of Washington, D.C. was the first person to see at least one species of each of the world's 159 ^ bird families. He saw his final family on 1 Oct 1986. Since then Dr Ira Abramson of Miami, FL, Dr Martin Edwards of Kingston, Ontario, Canada and Harvey Gilston (last family seen in December 1988) have also succeeded in this achievement. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crocodilians: Largest T \p8\D03\us380204 Living World|Reptiles|Crocodilians|Largest 20 23 25 27 25986|382 91742|1349 4770|70 56722|834 17146|252 36000|0 91334|140 7316|0 -PCAP- The estuarine or saltwater crocodile ( ^I ) of southeast Asia can average up to 16 ft in length and weigh up to 1,150 lb. At 17 ft 5 1/2 in, Gomek, an attraction at the St Augustine Alligator Farm in Florida, is one of the ^ largest examples in captivity. (Photo: St Augustine Alligator Farm) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crocodilians: Largest The largest reptile in the world is the estuarine or saltwater crocodile ( ^I ) of southeast Asia, the Malay Archipelago, Indonesia, northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam and the Philippines. Adult males average ^ 14-16 ft in length and weigh about 900-1,150 lb. There are four protected estuarine crocodiles at the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa State, eastern India that measure more than 19 ft 8 in in length. The largest individual is over 23 ft ^ long. ^<n ^<4 Captive ^>4 The largest crocodile ever held in captivity is an estuarine/Siamese hybrid named Yai (b. 10 Jun 1972) at the Samutprakarn Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Thailand. He measures 19 ft 8 in in length and weighs 2,465 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crocodilians: Smallest T Living World|Reptiles|Crocodilians|Smallest 20 22 24 26 26054|383 246442|3624 56858|836 36000|1 258628|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crocodilians: Smallest Osborn's dwarf crocodile ( ^I ), found in the upper region of the Congo River, West Africa, rarely exceeds 3 ft 11 in in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crocodilians: Oldest T Living World|Reptiles|Crocodilians|Oldest 20 22 24 26 26122|384 225974|3323 56790|835 36000|2 236192|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crocodilians: Oldest The greatest age authenticated for a crocodile is 66 years for a female American alligator ( ^I ) which arrived at Adelaide Zoo, South Australia on 5 Jun 1914 as a two-year-old, and died there on 26 Sep 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lizards: Largest T \p8\D03\3702021 \m\00000025 Living World|Reptiles|Lizards|Largest 20 24 27 29 26190|385 103574|1523 4838|71 120778|1776 16738|246 36226|0 91334|314 7316|1 296|5 -PCAP- The largest of all lizards is the Komodo monitor or Ora ( ^I ) a dragonlike reptile found on the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rintja, Padar and Flores. Adult males average 7 ft 5 in in length and weigh about 130 lb. Lengths ^ up to 30 ft have been claimed for this species, but the largest specimen to be accurately measured was a male presented to an American zoologist in 1928 by the Sultan of Bima which measured 10 ft 1 in. In 1937 this animal was put on display in ^ St. Louis Zoological Gardens, Missouri, USA for a short period. It then measured 10 ft 2 in in length and weighed 365 lb. (Photo: Harvey Mann) ^ -MCAP- Named for Komodo Island, an island near Indonesia on which they live, the carnivorous Komodo monitors eat animals as large as deer. While the young can climb trees for shelter, older and larger monitors cannot do this and dig burrows or remain ^ under bushes during the heat of the day. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Lizards: Largest The largest of all lizards is the komodo monitor or ora ( ^I ), a dragonlike reptile found on the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rintja, Padar and Flores. Adult males average 7 ft 5 in in length and weigh about 130 lb. ^ Lengths up to 30 ft have been claimed for this species, but the largest specimen to be accurately measured was a male presented to an American zoologist in 1928 by the Sultan of Bima which was taped at 10 ft 1 in. In 1937 this animal was put on ^ display in St Louis Zoological Gardens, MO for a short period. It then measured 10 ft 2 in in length and weighed 365 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lizards: Longest T Living World|Reptiles|Lizards|Longest 20 22 24 26 26258|386 141314|2078 120846|1777 36226|1 139100|188 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lizards: Longest The slender Salvadori monitor ( ^I ) of Papua New Guinea has been reliably measured up to 15 ft 7 in, but nearly 70 percent of the total length is taken up by the tail. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lizards: Smallest T Living World|Reptiles|Lizards|Smallest 20 22 24 26 26326|387 247870|3645 120982|1779 36226|2 258628|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lizards: Smallest ^I , a tiny gecko indigenous to the island of Virgin Gorda, one of the British Virgin Islands, is believed to be the world's smallest lizard. It is known only from 15 specimens, including some pregnant females ^ found between 10-16 Aug 1964. The three largest females measured 0.70 in from snout to vent, with a tail of approximately the same length. ^<n It is possible that another gecko, ^I , may be even smaller. The ^ only known specimen was an apparently mature female with a snout-vent measurement of 0.67 in and a tail of the same length. This specimen was found on 15 Mar 1966 among the roots of a tree in the western part of the Massif de la Hotte in Haiti. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lizards: Fastest T Living World|Reptiles|Lizards|Fastest 20 22 24 26 26394|388 23946|352 120710|1775 36226|3 23878|104 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lizards: Fastest The fastest speed measured for any reptile on land is 18 mph for a six-lined race runner ( ^I ) near McCormick, SC in 1941. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lizards: Oldest T Living World|Reptiles|Lizards|Oldest 20 22 24 26 26462|389 228898|3366 120914|1778 36226|4 236192|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lizards: Oldest The greatest age recorded for a lizard is over 54 years for a male slow worm ( ^I ) kept in the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark from 1892 until 1946. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chelonians: Largest turtle T Living World|Reptiles|Chelonians|Largest turtle 20 22 24 26 26530|390 88750|1305 44890|660 36592|0 91334|96 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chelonians: Largest turtle The largest living chelonian is the leatherback turtle ( ^I ), which is circumglobal in distribution. The average adult measures 6-7 ft from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail (carapace 5-5 1/2 ft), about 7 ft ^ across the front flippers and weighs up to 1,000 lb. ^<n The largest leatherback turtle ever recorded is a male found dead on the beach at Harlech, Great Britain on 23 Sep 1988. It measured 9 ft 5 1/2 in in total length over the carapace (nose to ^ tail), 9 ft across the front flippers and weighed an astonishing 2,120 lb. It is now in the possession of the National Museum of Wales, Great Britain and was put on public display on 16 Feb 1990. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The greatest weight ^ reliably recorded is 1,908 lb recorded for a male captured off Monterey, CA on 29 Aug 1961, which measured 8 ft 4 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chelonians: Smallest turtle T Living World|Reptiles|Chelonians|Smallest turtle 20 22 24 26 26598|391 246102|3619 45026|662 36592|1 258628|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chelonians: Smallest turtle The smallest marine turtle in the world is the Atlantic ridley ( ^I ), which has a shell length of 19.7-27.6 in and does not exceed 80 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chelonians: Largest tortoise T \p8\D03\3802037 Living World|Reptiles|Chelonians|Largest tortoise 20 23 25 27 26666|392 88682|1304 4906|72 44822|659 36592|2 91334|95 7316|2 -PCAP- The Aldabra giant tortoise ( ^I ) inhabits the Indian Ocean islands of Aldabra, Mauritius and the Seychelles. The largest recorded specimen, a male named ^I from Bird Island, Seychelles, weighed 657 lb in ^ 1989. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chelonians: Largest tortoise The largest living tortoise is the Aldabra giant tortoise ( ^I ) of the Indian Ocean islands of Aldabra, Mauritius and the Seychelles (introduced 1874). A male tortoise named Esmerelda, a longtime resident on Bird Island in ^ the Seychelles, recorded a weight of 657 lb on 26 Feb 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chelonians: Oldest tortoise T Living World|Reptiles|Chelonians|Oldest tortoise 20 22 24 26 26734|393 224954|3308 44958|661 12794|188 36592|3 236192|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chelonians: Oldest tortoise The greatest authentic age recorded for a tortoise is over 152 years for a male Marion's tortoise ( ^I ), brought from the Seychelles to Mauritius in 1766 by the Chevalier de Fresne, who presented it to the Port Louis army ^ garrison. This specimen, which went blind in 1908, was accidentally killed in 1918. The greatest proven age of a continuously observed tortoise is more than 116 years for a Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise ( ^I ). ^ -END- -CTRL- Chelonians: Fastest T Living World|Reptiles|Chelonians|Fastest 20 22 24 26 26802|394 20002|294 44754|658 36592|4 23878|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chelonians: Fastest The fastest speed claimed for any reptile in water is 22 mph by a frightened Pacific leatherback turtle. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chelonians: Deepest dive T Living World|Reptiles|Chelonians|Deepest dive 20 22 24 26 26870|395 5314|78 44686|657 36592|5 11656|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chelonians: Deepest dive In May 1987 it was reported by Dr Scott Eckert that a leatherback turtle ( ^I ) fitted with a pressure-sensitive recording device had dived to a depth of 3,973 ft off the Virgin Islands in the West Indies. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snakes: Longest T Living World|Reptiles|Snakes, General|Longest 20 22 24 26 26938|396 151106|2222 201018|2956 37028|0 139100|332 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snakes: Longest The reticulated python ( ^I ) of southeast Asia, Indonesia and the Philippines regularly exceeds 20 ft 6 in. In 1912 a specimen measuring 32 ft 9 1/2 in was shot near a mining camp on the north coast of Celebes in the Malay ^ Archipelago. ^<n ^<4 Captive ^>4 The longest (and heaviest) snake ever held in captivity was a female reticulated python named Colossus who died in Highland Park Zoo, PA on 15 Apr 1963. She measured 28 ft 6 in in length, and weighed 320 lb at ^ her heaviest. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snakes: Shortest T Living World|Reptiles|Snakes, General|Shortest 20 22 24 26 27006|397 242702|3569 201154|2958 37028|1 253960|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snakes: Shortest The shortest snake in the world is the rare thread snake ( ^I ), which is known only from the islands of Martinique, Barbados and St Lucia in the West Indies. In one series of eight specimens the two longest both ^ measured 4.25 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snakes: Heaviest T \p8\D03\3702037 Living World|Reptiles|Snakes, General|Heaviest 20 23 25 27 27074|398 60870|895 4974|73 200950|2955 10006|147 37028|2 65726|51 7316|3 -PCAP- The giant Anaconda, or great water boa ( ^I ), can be almost twice as heavy as a Reticulated python ( ^I ) of the same length. A female shot in Brazil ^I . 1960 was not weighed but, as it ^ measured 27 ft 9 in in length with a girth of 44 in, it must have scaled nearly 500 lb. This specimen was captured near the Xingu River, Brazil by members of the Suia tribe. (Photo: ZEFA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snakes: Heaviest The anaconda ( ^I ) of tropical South America and Trinidad is nearly twice as heavy as a reticulated python ( ^I ) of the same length. A female shot in Brazil ^I . 1960 was not weighed, but as ^ it measured 27 ft 9 in in length with a girth of 44 in, it must have weighed nearly 500 lb. The average adult length is 18-20 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snakes: Oldest T Living World|Reptiles|Snakes, General|Oldest 20 22 24 26 27142|399 233930|3440 201086|2957 37028|3 236192|167 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snakes: Oldest The greatest reliable age recorded for a snake is 40 years 3 months 14 days for a male common boa ( ^I ) named Popeye, who died at the Philadelphia Zoo, PA on 15 Apr 1977. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Three species, ^ in the southeastern United States, have average measurements of 8 ft 6 in. These include the indigo snake ( ^I ), the eastern coachwhip ( ^I ) and the black ratsnake ( ^I ). ^ -END- -CTRL- Venomous Snakes: Longest T \p8\D03\3902036 Living World|Reptiles|Venomous Snakes|Longest 20 22 24 26 27210|400 155390|2285 5042|74 232910|3425 18846|277 37324|0 139100|395 7316|4 -PCAP- The king cobra ( ^I ), which has an average length of up to 15 ft, is unusual among snakes, in that it uses twigs and leaves to build a nest in which to lay its eggs. (Photo: Planet Earth Pictures/Ken Lucas) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Venomous Snakes: Longest The longest venomous snake in the world is the king cobra ( ^I ), also called the hamadryad, of southeast Asia and the Philippines; it has an average adult length of 12-15 ft. A 18-ft-2-in specimen, captured alive near Fort ^ Dickson in the state of Negri Sembilan, Malaya in April 1937, later grew to 18 ft 9 in in London Zoo, Great Britain. It was destroyed at the outbreak of war in 1939. ^ -END- -CTRL- Venomous Snakes: Shortest T Living World|Reptiles|Venomous Snakes|Shortest 20 22 24 26 27278|401 243042|3574 233114|3428 37324|1 253960|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Venomous Snakes: Shortest The namaqua dwarf adder ( ^I ) of Namibia has an average adult length of 8 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Venomous Snakes: Heaviest T Living World|Reptiles|Venomous Snakes|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 27346|402 61822|909 232842|3424 37324|2 65726|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Venomous Snakes: Heaviest The heaviest venomous snake is probably the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( ^I ) of the southeastern United States. One specimen, measuring 7 ft 9 in in length, weighed 34 lb. Adult examples average 5-6 ft in length and ^ weigh 12-15 lb. ^<n The West African gaboon viper ( ^I ) of the tropical rain forests is probably bulkier than the eastern diamond, but its average length is only 4-5 ft. A female 6 ft long was found to weigh 25 lb, and ^ another female measuring 5 ft 8 1/2 in weighed 18 lb with an empty stomach. ^ -END- -CTRL- Venomous Snakes: Most venomous T \p8\D03\3802038 Living World|Reptiles|Venomous Snakes|Most venomous 20 23 25 27 27414|403 192926|2837 5110|75 233046|3427 37324|3 175106|433 7316|5 -PCAP- Although all sea snakes are venomous, the Hydrophis belcheri, found among the coral reefs off northwest Australia, has a myotoxin which is 100 times more powerful than that of the Australian taipan ( ^I ), whose bite can ^ kill a man within minutes. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Venomous Snakes: Most venomous The sea snake ( ^I ) has a myotoxic venom a hundred times as toxic as that of the Australian taipan ( ^I ). The snake abounds in the Ashmore Reef in the Timor Sea, off the coast of northwest ^ Australia. ^<n The most venomous land snake is the 6-ft-6 3/4-in-long smooth-scaled snake ( ^I ) of the Diamantina River and Cooper's Creek drainage basins in Channel County, Queensland and western New South ^ Wales, Australia, which has a venom nine times as toxic as that of the tiger snake ( ^I ) of South Australia and Tasmania. One specimen yielded 0.00385 oz of venom after milking, enough to kill 125,000 mice, but so far no ^ human fatalities have been reported. ^<n More people die of snakebites in Sri Lanka than in any comparable area in the world. An average of 800 people are killed annually on the island by snakes, and more than 95 percent of the fatalities are ^ caused by the common krait ( ^I ), the Sri Lankan cobra ( ^I ), and Russell's viper ( ^I ). ^<n The saw-scaled or carpet viper ( ^I ) bites and kills ^ more people in the world than any other species. Its geographical range extends from West Africa to India. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The most venomous snake in the United States is the coral snake ( ^I ). In a standard ^ LD99-100 test, which kills 99-100 percent of all mice injected with the venom, it takes 0.55 grain of venom per 2.2 lbs of mouse weight injected intravenously. In this test, the smaller the dosage, the more toxic the venom. However, the teeth of ^ the coral snake point back into its mouth, and therefore it cannot inject the venom until it has a firm hold on the victim. ^ -END- -CTRL- Venomous Snakes: Longest fangs T Living World|Reptiles|Venomous Snakes|Longest fangs 20 22 24 26 27482|404 155458|2286 232978|3426 37324|4 139100|396 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Venomous Snakes: Longest fangs The longest fangs of any snake are those of the highly venomous gaboon viper ( ^I ) of tropical Africa. In a specimen of 6 ft length they measured 1.96 in. On 12 Feb 1963 a gaboon viper under severe stress sank its fangs into ^ its own back at the Philadelphia Zoo, PA and died from traumatic injury to a vital organ. It did not, as has been widely reported, succumb to its own venom. ^ -END- -CTRL- Venomous Snakes: Fastest T Living World|Reptiles|Venomous Snakes|Fastest 20 22 24 26 27550|405 31834|468 232774|3423 37324|5 23878|220 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Venomous Snakes: Fastest The fastest-moving land snake is probably the slender black mamba ( ^I ) of the eastern part of tropical Africa. It is possible that this snake can achieve speeds of 10-12 mph in short bursts over level ground. ^ -END- -CTRL- Amphibians: Largest T Living World|Amphibians|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 27618|406 82902|1219 5110|75 37986|0 91334|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Amphibians: Largest The largest species of amphibian is the Chinese giant salamander ( ^I ), which lives in northeastern, central and southern China. The average adult measures 3 ft 9 in in length and weighs 55-66 lb. One specimen collected in ^ Hunan province weighed 143 lb and measured 5 ft 11 in in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Amphibians: Smallest T Living World|Amphibians|General Records|Smallest 20 22 24 26 27686|407 244402|3594 5382|79 37986|1 258628|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Amphibians: Smallest The smallest-known amphibian is the tiny Cuban frog ( ^I ), which is less than 1/2 in long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Amphibians: Oldest T Living World|Amphibians|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 27754|408 222778|3276 5246|77 37986|2 236192|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Amphibians: Oldest The greatest authentic age recorded for an amphibian is 55 years for a Japanese giant salamander that died in Amsterdam Zoo in the Netherlands in 1881. ^ -END- -CTRL- Amphibians: Longest gestation T Living World|Amphibians|General Records|Longest gestation 20 22 24 26 27822|409 129006|1897 5178|76 37986|3 139100|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Amphibians: Longest gestation The viviparous alpine black salamander ( ^I ) has a gestation period of up to 38 months at altitudes above 4,600 ft in the Swiss Alps, but this drops to 24-26 months at lower altitudes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Amphibians: Highest and lowest T Living World|Amphibians|General Records|Highest and lowest 20 22 24 26 27890|410 159130|2340 5042|74 37986|4 170594|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Amphibians: Highest and lowest The greatest altitude at which an amphibian has been found is 26,246 ft for a common toad ( ^I ) collected in the Himalayas. This species has also been found at a depth of 1,115 ft in a coal mine. ^ -END- -CTRL- Frogs: Largest T Living World|Amphibians|Frogs|Largest 20 22 24 26 27958|411 99358|1461 90722|1334 38352|0 91334|252 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Frogs: Largest The largest-known frog is the rare African giant frog or goliath frog ( ^I ) of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. A specimen captured in April 1989 on the Sanaga River, Cameroon by Andy Koffman of Seattle, WA had a snout-to-vent ^ length of 14.5 in (34.5 in overall with legs extended) and weighed 8 lb 1 oz on 30 Oct 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Frogs: Smallest T Living World|Amphibians|Frogs|Smallest 20 22 24 26 28026|412 247190|3635 90858|1336 38352|1 258628|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Frogs: Smallest The smallest frog in the world is ^I of Cuba. (See Smallest amphibians.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Frogs: Longest jump T Living World|Amphibians|Frogs|Longest jump 20 22 24 26 28094|413 138390|2035 90790|1335 38352|2 139100|145 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Frogs: Longest jump (Competition frog jumps are the aggregate of three consecutive leaps.) ^<n The greatest distance covered by a frog in a triple jump is 33 ft 5 1/2 in by a South African sharp-nosed frog ( ^I ) named Santjie at a frog ^ derby held at Lurula Natal Spa, Paulpietersburg, Natal, South Africa on 21 May 1977. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 At the annual Calaveras Jumping Jubilee held at Angels Camp, CA on 18 May 1986, an American bullfrog ( ^I ) ^ called Rosie the Ribeter, owned and trained by Lee Giudicci of Santa Clara, CA, leapt 21 ft 5 3/4 in. Santjie would have been ineligible for this contest because entrants must measure at least 4 in "stem to stern." ^ -END- -CTRL- Toads: Largest T Living World|Amphibians|Toads|Largest 20 22 24 26 28162|414 123770|1820 224342|3299 38578|0 91334|611 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Toads: Largest The largest-known toad is the marine toad ( ^I ) of tropical South America and Queensland, Australia. An average adult specimen weighs 1 lb. The largest ever recorded was a male named Prinsen (The Prince), owned by Hakan Forsberg ^ of Akers Styckebruk, Sweden. The toad weighed 5 lb 13 1/2 oz and measured 15 in from snout to vent (21 1/5 in when extended) in March 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Toads: Smallest T Living World|Amphibians|Toads|Smallest 20 22 24 26 28230|415 250998|3691 224410|3300 38578|1 258628|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Toads: Smallest The smallest toad in the world is the subspecies ^I , originally of Mozambique, the largest specimen of which was 1 in long. (See Smallest amphibians.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Largest T \p8\D03\3802040 Living World|Fish|General Records|Largest 20 23 25 27 28298|416 59034|868 5178|76 83038|1221 16262|239 38820|0 65726|24 7752|0 -PCAP- The harmless, plankton-feeding whale shark ( ^I ), found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, often reaches 29 1/2 ft in length. The longest recorded specimen, captured off Karachi, Pakistan in 1949, ^ measured 41 1/2 ft. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Largest The largest fish in the world is the rare plankton-feeding whale shark ( ^I ), which is found in the warmer areas of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The longest scientifically measured one on record was a 41 1/2-ft ^ specimen captured off Baba Island near Karachi, Pakistan on 11 Nov 1949. It measured 23 ft around the thickest part of the body and weighed an estimated 16.5 tons. ^<n ^<4 Bony ^>4 The longest of the bony or "true" fishes (Pisces) is the ^ oarfish ( ^I ), also called the "King of the Herrings," which has a worldwide distribution. In ^I . 1885 a specimen 25 ft long, weighing 600 lb, was caught by fishermen off Pemaquid Point, ME, but unconfirmed claims ^ of 50 ft have been made. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The heaviest bony fish in the world is the ocean sunfish ( ^I ), which is found in all tropical, subtropical and temperate waters. On 18 Sep 1908 a specimen accidentally injured off ^ Bird Island near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia weighed 4,927 lb and measured 14 ft between the anal and dorsal fins. ^<n ^<4 Carnivorous ^>4 The largest carnivorous fish (excluding plankton-eaters) is the comparatively rare great white ^ shark ( ^I ), also called the "man-eater." Adult females (males are smaller) average 14-15 ft in length and generally weigh between 1,150-1,700 lb. The largest example accurately measured was 20 ft 4 in long and ^ weighed 5,000 lb. It was harpooned and landed in the harbor of San Miguel, Azores in June 1978. (See Fishing.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Largest freshwater T Living World|Fish|General Records|Largest freshwater 20 22 24 26 28366|417 97454|1433 83106|1222 38820|1 91334|224 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Largest freshwater The largest fish that spends its whole life in fresh or brackish water is the rare pla beuk ( ^I ). It is confined to the Mekong River and its major tributaries in China, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. The largest specimen, ^ captured in the River Ban Mee Noi, Thailand, was reportedly 9 ft 10 1/4 in long and weighed 533 1/2 lb. This was exceeded by the European catfish or wels ( ^I ) in earlier times (in the 19th century lengths up to 15 ft and ^ weights up to 720 lb were reported for Russian specimens), but today anything over 6 ft and 200 lb is considered large. ^<n The arapaima ( ^I ), also called the pirarucu, found in the Amazon and other South American rivers ^ and often claimed to be the largest freshwater fish, averages 6 1/2 ft and 150 lb. The largest authentically recorded specimen measured 8 ft 1 1/2 in in length and weighed 325 lb. It was caught in the Rio Negro, Brazil in 1836. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Smallest T Living World|Fish|General Records|Smallest 20 22 24 26 28434|418 128190|1885 83718|1231 38820|2 138174|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Smallest The shortest recorded marine fish--and the shortest known vertebrate--is the dwarf goby ( ^I ) of the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean. In one series of 92 specimens collected by the 1978-79 Joint Services Chagos ^ Research Expedition of the British Armed Forces, the adult males averaged 0.338 in in length and the adult females 0.35 in. ^<n ^<4 Lightest ^>4 The lightest of all vertebrates and the smallest catch possible for any fisherman is the dwarf ^ goby ^I from Samoa, which weighs only 2 mg (equivalent to 14,184 fish to the ounce) and is 1/2-3/4 in long. ^<n ^<4 Shark ^>4 The spined pygmy shark ( ^I ) of the western Pacific ^ matures at 6 in in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Smallest freshwater T Living World|Fish|General Records|Smallest freshwater 20 22 24 26 28502|419 247122|3634 83786|1232 38820|3 258628|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Smallest freshwater The shortest and lightest freshwater fish is the dwarf pygmy goby ( ^I ), a colorless and nearly transparent species found in the streams and lakes of Luzon in the Philippines. Adult males measure only 0.28-0.38 in in length ^ and weigh 0.00014-0.00018 oz. ^<n The world's smallest commercial fish is the now-endangered sinarapan ( ^I ), a goby found only in Lake Buhi, Luzon, Philippines. Adult males measure 0.39-0.51 in in length, and a dried ^ 1-lb fish cake contains about 70,000 of them! ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Fastest T \p8\D03\3502037 Living World|Fish|General Records|Fastest 20 23 25 27 28570|420 22110|325 5246|77 82902|1219 38820|4 23878|77 7752|1 -PCAP- The Cosmopolitan sailfish ( ^I ) is considered to be the fastest species of fish over short distances, although the practical difficulties of measuring make data extremely difficult to secure. In a series of speed ^ trials carried out at the Long Key Fishing Camp, Florida, one sailfish took out 100 yd in 3 sec, which is equivalent to a velocity of 68 mph. (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Fastest The maximum swimming speed of a fish is dependent on the shape of its body and tail and its internal temperature. The cosmopolitan sailfish ( ^I ) is considered to be the fastest species of fish over short distances, ^ although the practical difficulties of measuring make data extremely difficult to secure. In a series of speed trials carried out at the Long Key Fishing Camp, FL, one sailfish took out 300 ft of line in 3 sec, which is equivalent to a velocity ^ of 68 mph (compare with 60 mph for the cheetah). ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Oldest T \p8\D03\3702039 Living World|Fish|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 28638|421 226994|3338 5314|78 83514|1228 38820|5 236192|65 7752|2 -PCAP- These Lion-headed fish represent one of the many varieties of Goldfish ( ^I ), specimens of which have been reported to live for over 50 years. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Oldest Aquaria are of too-recent origin to be able to establish with certainty which species of fish can be regarded as being the longest-lived. Early indications are, however, that it may be the lake sturgeon ( ^I ) of North ^ America. In one study of the growth rings (annuli) of 966 specimens caught in the Lake Winnebago region in Wisconsin between 1951 and 1954, the oldest sturgeon was found to be a male (length 6 ft 7 in) that gave a reading of 82 years and was ^ still growing. ^<n In 1948 the death was reported of an 88-year-old female European eel ( ^I ) named Putte in the aquarium at Halsingborg Museum, southern Sweden. She was allegedly born in the Sargasso Sea, in the North ^ Atlantic, in 1860, and was caught in a river as a 3-year-old elver. ^<n In July 1974 a growth ring count of 228 years was reported for a female koi fish (a form of fancy carp) named Hanako living in a pond in Higashi Shirakawa, Gifu Prefecture, ^ Japan, but the greatest authoritatively accepted age for this species is "more than 50 years." ^<n The perch-like marine fish ^I of the Antarctic Ocean, whose blood contains a natural antifreeze, is reported to live up ^ to 150 years, but this claim has not yet been verified. ^<n Goldfish ( ^I ) have been reported to live for over 50 years in China. A goldfish named "Fred," owned by A.R. Wilson of Worthing, Great Britain, died on 1 Aug 1980 ^ at 41 years of age. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Shortest-lived T Living World|Fish|General Records|Shortest-lived 20 22 24 26 28706|422 241478|3551 83650|1230 38820|6 253960|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Shortest-lived The shortest-lived fish are probably certain species of the suborder Cyprinodontei (killifish), found in Africa and South America, which normally live about eight months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Deepest T Living World|Fish|General Records|Deepest 20 22 24 26 28774|423 5926|87 82834|1218 38820|7 11656|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Deepest Brotulids of the genus ^I are generally regarded as the deepest-living vertebrates. The greatest depth from which a fish has been recovered is 27,230 ft in the Puerto Rico Trench (27,488 ft) in the Atlantic by Dr Gilbert L. Voss ^ of the US research vessel ^I , who took a 6 1/2-in-long ^I in April 1970. It was only the fifth such brotulid ever caught. ^<n Dr Jacques Piccard and Lt Don Walsh of the US Navy reported seeing ^ a sole-like fish about 1 ft long (tentatively identified as ^I ) from the bathyscaphe ^I at a depth of 35,820 ft in the Challenger Deep (Mariana Trench) in the western Pacific on 24 Jan 1960. This ^ sighting, however, has been questioned by some authorities. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Most eggs T Living World|Fish|General Records|Most eggs 20 22 24 26 28842|424 173342|2549 83174|1223 38820|8 175106|146 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Most eggs The ocean sunfish ( ^I ) produces up to 30 million eggs, each of them measuring about 0.05 in in diameter, at a single spawning. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Fewest eggs T Living World|Fish|General Records|Fewest eggs 20 22 24 26 28910|425 32786|482 82970|1220 38820|9 39994|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Fewest eggs The mouth-brooding cichlid ^I of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, produces seven eggs or less during normal reproduction. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Most valuable T Living World|Fish|General Records|Most valuable 20 22 24 26 28978|426 213666|3142 83378|1226 38820|10 226156|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Most valuable The world's most valuable fish is the Russian sturgeon ( ^I ). One 2,706-lb female caught in the Tikhaya Sosna River in 1924 yielded 541 lb of best-quality caviar, which would be worth $330,000 on today's market. ^<n The 30-in-long ^ Ginrin Showa koi, which won the supreme championship in nationwide Japanese koi shows in 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1980, was sold two years later for 17 million yen. In March 1986 this ornamental carp was acquired by Derry Evans, owner of the Kent Koi ^ Centre near Sevenoaks, Great Britain, for an undisclosed sum, but the 15-year-old fish died five months later. It has since been stuffed and mounted to preserve its beauty. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Most venomous T Living World|Fish|General Records|Most venomous 20 22 24 26 29046|427 173546|2552 83446|1227 38820|11 175106|149 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Most venomous The most venomous fish in the world are the stonefish (Synanceidae) of the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, and in particular ^I , which has the largest venom glands of any known fish. Direct contact with the spines of ^ its fins, which contain a strong neurotoxic poison, often proves fatal. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Most ferocious T Living World|Fish|General Records|Most ferocious 20 22 24 26 29114|428 173478|2551 83310|1225 20818|306 38820|12 175106|148 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Most ferocious The razor-toothed piranhas of the genera ^I and ^I are the most ferocious freshwater fish in the world. They live in the sluggish waters of the large rivers of South America, and will attack any ^ creature, regardless of size, if it is injured or making a commotion in the water. On 19 Sep 1981 more than 300 people were reportedly killed and eaten when an overloaded passenger-cargo boat capsized and sank as it was docking at the Brazilian ^ port of Obidos. According to one official, only 178 of the boat's passengers survived. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Most electric T \p8\D03\3902038 Living World|Fish|General Records|Most electric 20 22 24 26 29182|429 173410|2550 5382|79 83242|1224 19866|292 38820|13 175106|147 7752|3 -PCAP- The electric eel ( ^I ) of South America can produce an electrical discharge of up to 650 volts, enough to stun a man but used mainly to immobilize fish and other prey. (Photo: Jacana Agence de Presse/T. McHugh) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Most electric The most powerful electric fish is the electric eel ( ^I ), which is found in the rivers of Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru. An average-sized specimen can discharge 400 volts at 1 amp, but measurements up to 650 ^ volts have been recorded. ^ -END- -CTRL- Starfish: Largest T Living World|Starfish|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 29250|430 121118|1781 211014|3103 39902|0 65726|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Starfish: Largest The largest of the 1,600 known species of starfish in terms of total arm-span is the very fragile brisingid ^I . A specimen collected by the Texas A & M University research vessel ^I in the southern part of ^ the Gulf of Mexico in the late summer of 1968 measured 4 1/2 ft tip to tip, but the diameter of its disc was only 1.02 in. Its dry weight was 2.46 oz. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The heaviest species of starfish is the five-armed ^I of the western Pacific. One specimen collected off Ilot Amedee, New Caledonia on 14 Sep 1969 and later deposited in Noumea Aquarium weighed an estimated 13.2 lb (total arm span 24.8 in). ^ -END- -CTRL- Starfish: Smallest T Living World|Starfish|General Records|Smallest 20 22 24 26 29318|431 250522|3684 211150|3105 39902|1 258628|92 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Starfish: Smallest The smallest-known starfish is the asterinid sea star ^I , discovered by Wolfgang Zeidler on the west coast of the Eyre peninsula, South Australia in 1975. It has a maximum radius of only 0.18 in and a diameter of less ^ than 0.35 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Starfish: Most destructive T \p8\D03\3702040 Living World|Starfish|General Records|Most destructive 20 23 25 27 29386|432 191090|2810 5450|80 211082|3104 11162|164 39902|2 175106|406 8048|0 -PCAP- The Crown of Thorns starfish ( ^I ) of the Indo-Pacific region and the Red Sea has between 12 and 19 arms and can measure up to 24 in in diameter. It feeds on coral polyps and can destroy 46 1/2 - 62 sq in of coral in one ^ day. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Starfish: Most destructive The crown of thorns ( ^I ) of the Indo-Pacific region and the Red Sea has 12-19 arms and can measure up to 24 in in diameter. It feeds on coral polyps and can destroy 46 1/2-62 sq in of coral in one day. It has been ^ responsible for the destruction of large parts of the Great Barrier Reef off Australia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Starfish: Deepest T Living World|Starfish|General Records|Deepest 20 22 24 26 29454|433 6946|102 210946|3102 39902|3 11656|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Starfish: Deepest The greatest depth from which a starfish has been recovered is 24,881 ft for a specimen of ^I collected by the USSR research ship ^I in the Mariana Trench, in the western Pacific, ^I . 1962. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crustaceans: Largest marine T \p8\D03\3702041 Living World|Crustaceans|General Records|Largest marine 20 23 25 27 29522|434 92150|1355 5518|81 59034|868 16670|245 40284|0 91334|146 8134|0 -PCAP- The largest of all crustaceans (although not the heaviest) is the Takashigani or giant spider crab ( ^I ), also called the stilt crab, which is found in deep waters off the southeastern coast of Japan. Mature specimens ^ usually have a body measuring 10 x 12 in, and a claw span of 8-9 ft. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, barnacles, water fleas, fish lice, woodlice, sandhoppers, krill, etc. ^ -TEXT- Crustaceans: Largest marine The largest of all crustaceans (although not the heaviest) is the takashigani or giant spider crab ( ^I ), also called the stilt crab, which is found in deep waters off the southeastern coast of Japan. Mature specimens ^ usually have a body measuring 10 x 12 in and a claw-span of 8-9 ft, but unconfirmed measurements up to 19 ft have been reported. A specimen with a claw-span of 12 ft 1 1/2 in weighed 41 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crustaceans: Largest freshwater T Living World|Crustaceans|General Records|Largest freshwater 20 22 24 26 29590|435 92082|1354 58966|867 40284|1 91334|145 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, barnacles, water fleas, fish lice, woodlice, sandhoppers, krill, etc. ^ -TEXT- Crustaceans: Largest freshwater The largest freshwater crustacean is the crayfish, or crawfish ( ^I ), found in the streams of Tasmania, Australia. It has been measured up to 2 ft in length and may weigh as much as 9 lb. In 1934 an unconfirmed weight of 14 ^ lb (total length 29 in) was reported for an outsized specimen caught at Bridport. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crustaceans: Heaviest T Living World|Crustaceans|General Records|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 29658|436 58694|863 58830|865 40284|2 65726|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, barnacles, water fleas, fish lice, woodlice, sandhoppers, krill, etc. ^ -TEXT- Crustaceans: Heaviest The heaviest of all crustaceans, and the largest species of lobster, is the American or North Atlantic lobster ( ^I ). On 11 Feb 1977 a specimen weighing 44 lb 6 oz and measuring 3 ft 6 in from the end of the tail fan to the ^ tip of the largest claw was caught off Nova Scotia, Canada and later sold to a New York restaurant owner. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crustaceans: Smallest T Living World|Crustaceans|General Records|Smallest 20 22 24 26 29726|437 246510|3625 59170|870 40284|3 258628|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, barnacles, water fleas, fish lice, woodlice, sandhoppers, krill, etc. ^ -TEXT- Crustaceans: Smallest Water fleas of the genus ^I may measure less than 0.01 in in length. They are found in British waters. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crustaceans: Oldest T Living World|Crustaceans|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 29794|438 226042|3324 59102|869 40284|4 236192|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, barnacles, water fleas, fish lice, woodlice, sandhoppers, krill, etc. ^ -TEXT- Crustaceans: Oldest Very large specimens of the American lobster ( ^I ) may be as much as 50 years old. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crustaceans: Deepest T Living World|Crustaceans|General Records|Deepest 20 22 24 26 29862|439 5382|79 58762|864 40284|5 11656|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, barnacles, water fleas, fish lice, woodlice, sandhoppers, krill, etc. ^ -TEXT- Crustaceans: Deepest The greatest depth from which a crustacean has been recovered is 34,450 ft for ^I amphipods from the Challenger Deep (Mariana Trench), western Pacific by the US research vessel ^I in November 1980. ^<n ^<4 ^ Highest ^>4 Amphipods and isopods have also been collected in the Ecuadorean Andes at a height of 13,300 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crustaceans: Largest concentration T Living World|Crustaceans|General Records|Largest concentration 20 22 24 26 29930|440 92014|1353 58898|866 40284|6 91334|144 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, barnacles, water fleas, fish lice, woodlice, sandhoppers, krill, etc. ^ -TEXT- Crustaceans: Largest concentration The largest single concentration of crustaceans ever recorded was an enormous swarm of krill ( ^I ) estimated to weigh 11 million tons and tracked by US scientists off Antarctica in March 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Spiders: Largest T Living World|Arachnids|Spiders|Largest 20 22 24 26 29998|441 208838|3071 40946|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Spiders: Largest The world's largest-known spider is the goliath bird-eating spider ( ^I ) of the coastal rain forests of Surinam, Guyana and French Guiana, northeastern South America; isolated specimens have also been reported from ^ Venezuela and Brazil. A male example collected by members of the Pablo San Martin Expedition at Rio Cavro, Venezuela in April 1965 had a leg span of 11.02 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Spiders: Heaviest T Living World|Arachnids|Spiders|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 30066|442 61074|898 208770|3070 40946|1 65726|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Spiders: Heaviest Female bird-eating spiders are more heavily built than males, and in February 1985 Charles J. Seiderman of New York City captured a female example near Paramaribo, Surinam which weighed a record peak 4.3 oz before its death from moulting problems ^ in January 1986. Other measurements included a maximum leg span of 10 1/2 in, a total body length of 4 in, and 1-in-long fangs. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The ^I , a type of tarantula found in the Southwest, is the ^ heaviest spider and has the longest body. However, the orb web spider ( ^I ) of the family ^I , found in the southern Gulf states, and the wolf spider ( ^I ) of the family ^I , found in the Southeast, equal its leg span. ^ -END- -CTRL- Spiders: Smallest T Living World|Arachnids|Spiders|Smallest 20 22 24 26 30134|443 250318|3681 209110|3075 40946|2 258628|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Spiders: Smallest The smallest-known spider is ^I (family Symphytognathidae) of Western Samoa in the Pacific. The type specimen (male), found in moss at ^I . 2,000 ft in Madolelei, Western Samoa in January 1965, measured 0.017 in ^ overall, which means that it was about the size of a period on a printed page. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The ^I of the family ^I is the smallest spider in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Spiders: Oldest T Living World|Arachnids|Spiders|Oldest 20 22 24 26 30202|444 234406|3447 209042|3074 40946|3 236192|174 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Spiders: Oldest The longest-lived of all spiders are the primitive ^I (tarantulas and allied species). One female therasophid collected in Mexico in 1935 lived for an estimated 26-28 years. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest-lived ^ species of American spider is the ^I of the family ^I , which has an average life span of 25 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Spiders: Most venomous T Living World|Arachnids|Spiders|Most venomous 20 22 24 26 30270|445 190954|2808 208974|3073 40946|4 175106|404 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Spiders: Most venomous The world's most venomous spiders are the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus ^I , and particularly ^I , which has the most active neurotoxic venom of any living spider. These large and highly aggressive ^ creatures frequently enter human dwellings and hide in clothing or shoes. When disturbed they bite furiously several times, and hundreds of accidents involving these species are reported annually. When deaths do occur, they are usually in ^ children under the age of seven. Fortunately, an effective antivenin is available. ^ -END- -CTRL- Spiders: Fastest T \p8\D03\3502038 Living World|Arachnids|Spiders|Fastest 20 22 24 26 30338|446 29590|435 5586|82 208702|3069 40946|5 23878|187 8220|0 -PCAP- The long-legged sun spider of the order Solifugae from Africa and the Middle East, feeds on geckos and other lizards and can reach speeds of over 10 mph. (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Spiders: Fastest The fastest-moving arachnids are the long-legged sun spiders of the order ^I , which live in the arid semidesert regions of Africa and the Middle East. They feed on geckos and other lizards and can reach speeds of over 10 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Spiders: Largest webs T Living World|Arachnids|Spiders|Largest webs 20 22 24 26 30406|447 120710|1775 208906|3072 40946|6 91334|566 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Spiders: Largest webs Aerial webs spun by the tropical orb weavers of the genus ^I have been measured up to 18 ft 9 3/4 in in circumference. ^ -END- -CTRL- Spiders: Smallest webs T Living World|Arachnids|Spiders|Smallest webs 20 22 24 26 30474|448 250386|3682 209178|3076 40946|7 258628|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Spiders: Smallest webs The smallest webs are spun by spiders such as ^I and cover about 0.75 sq in. (See Smallest spiders.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Scorpions: Largest T \p8\D03\3702042 Living World|Arachnids|Scorpions|Largest 20 22 24 26 30542|449 117854|1733 5654|83 195510|2875 41522|0 91334|524 8220|1 -PCAP- The largest of the 800 or so species of scorpion is the black Pandinus imperator of Guinea, which can attain a body length of 7 in and over. (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scorpions: Largest The largest of the 800 or so species of scorpion is the tropical "emperor" ^I of Guinea, adult males of which can attain a body length of 7 in or more. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scorpions: Smallest T Living World|Arachnids|Scorpions|Smallest 20 22 24 26 30610|450 250046|3677 195646|2877 41522|1 258628|85 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scorpions: Smallest The smallest scorpion in the world is ^I from the Red Sea coast, which measures about 0.5 in in total length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scorpions: Most venomous T Living World|Arachnids|Scorpions|Most venomous 20 22 24 26 30678|451 189934|2793 195578|2876 41522|2 175106|389 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scorpions: Most venomous The most venomous scorpion in the world is the Palestine yellow scorpion ( ^I ), which ranges from the eastern part of North Africa through the Middle East to the shores of the Red Sea. Fortunately, the amount of venom ^ it delivers is very small (0.000009 oz) and adult lives are seldom endangered; however, it has been responsible for a number of fatalities among children under the age of five. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Population T Living World|Insects|General Records|Population 20 22 24 26 30746|452 110442|1624 42044|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Population It is estimated that there may be as many as 30 million species of insect---more than all other phyla and classes put together---but thousands are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Earliest T Living World|Insects|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 30814|453 10958|161 109694|1613 3478|51 42044|1 13960|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Earliest A shrimp-like creature from Western Australia found in 1991 in rocks dated at 420 million years is the oldest known insect. A euthycarcinoid, the insect was a large (5 in long) freshwater predator. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Heaviest T Living World|Insects|General Records|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 30882|454 102010|1500 109966|1617 14426|212 42044|2 52992|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Heaviest The heaviest living insects are the Goliath beetles (family Scarabaeidae) of Equatorial Africa. The largest members of the group are ^I , ^I (= ^I ) and ^I , and in one ^ series of fully-grown males (females are smaller) the lengths from the tips of the small frontal horns to the end of the abdomen measured up to 4.33 in and the weights ranged from 2.5-3.5 oz. ^<n ^<4 Greatest ^>4 The elephant beetles ( ^I ) of Central America and the West Indies attain the greatest dimensions in terms of volume, but they lack the massive build-up of heavy chiton forming the thorax and anterior sternum of the goliaths, and this gives them a distinct ^ weight advantage. ^<n ^<4 Largest cockroach ^>4 The world's largest cockroach is ^I of Colombia. A preserved female in the collection of Akira Yokokura of Yamagata, Japan measures 3.81 in in length and 1.77 in ^ across. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Loudest T Living World|Insects|General Records|Loudest 20 22 24 26 30950|455 158654|2333 110238|1621 42044|3 170088|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Loudest The loudest of all insects is the male cicada (family Cicadidae). At 7,400 pulses/min its tymbal organs produce a noise (officially described by the US Department of Agriculture as "Tsh-ee-EEEE-e-ou") detectable more than a quarter of a mile ^ distant. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Longest T Living World|Insects|General Records|Longest 20 22 24 26 31018|456 140090|2060 110170|1620 42044|4 139100|170 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Longest The longest insects in the world are stick-insects (walking sticks), especially of the African species ^I , which can attain lengths of 15 3/4 in in the case of ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Smallest T Living World|Insects|General Records|Smallest 20 22 24 26 31086|457 247598|3641 110714|1628 42044|5 258628|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Smallest The smallest insects recorded so far are the "feather-winged" beetles of the family Ptiliidae (=trichopterygidae) and the "battledore-wing fairy flies" (parasitic wasps) of the family Mymaridae; they are smaller than some species of protozoa ^ (single-celled animals). ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Lightest T Living World|Insects|General Records|Lightest 20 22 24 26 31154|458 128326|1887 110102|1619 42044|6 138174|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Lightest The male bloodsucking banded louse ( ^I ) and the parasitic wasp ( ^I ) may each weigh as little as 5,670,000 to an oz. Eggs of the latter each weigh 141,750,000 to an oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Fastest-flying T Living World|Insects|General Records|Fastest-flying 20 22 24 26 31222|459 23674|348 109830|1615 42044|7 23878|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Fastest-flying Acceptable modern experiments have now established that the highest maintainable air speed of any insect, including the deer botfly, hawkmoths (Sphingidae), horseflies ( ^I ) and some tropical butterflies (Hesperiidae) is 24 ^ mph, rising to a maximum of 36 mph for the Australian dragonfly ^I for short bursts. Experiments have proved that the widely publicized claim by an American scientist in 1926 that the deer botfly ( ^I ) could attain a speed of 818 mph at an altitude of 12,000 ft was wildly exaggerated. If true, the fly would have had to develop the equivalent of 1.5 hp and consume 1 1/2 times its own weight in food per second to acquire the energy ^ that would be needed and, even if this were possible, it would still be crushed by the air pressure and incinerated by the friction. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Fastest-moving T Living World|Insects|General Records|Fastest-moving 20 22 24 26 31290|460 23742|349 109898|1616 42044|8 23878|101 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Fastest-moving The fastest-moving insects are certain large tropical cockroaches, and the record is 3.36 mph, or 50 body lengths per second, registered by ^I at the University of California at Berkeley in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Oldest T Living World|Insects|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 31358|461 228626|3362 110374|1623 42044|9 236192|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Oldest The longest-lived insects are the splendor beetles (Buprestidae). On 27 May 1983 a ^I appeared from the staircase timber in the the home of Mr W. Euston of Prittlewell, Great Britain, after 47 years as a larva. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Fastest wing-beat T Living World|Insects|General Records|Fastest wing-beat 20 22 24 26 31426|462 23606|347 109762|1614 42044|10 23878|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Fastest wing-beat The fastest wing-beat of any insect under natural conditions is 62,760 per min by a tiny midge of the genus ^I . In experiments with truncated wings at a temperature of 98.6 deg F the rate increased to 133,080 beats/min. The ^ muscular contraction-expansion cycle in 0.00045 or 1/2218th of a sec represents the fastest muscle movement ever measured. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Slowest wing-beat T \p8\D03\3702043 Living World|Insects|General Records|Slowest wing-beat 20 22 24 26 31494|463 243926|3587 5722|84 110646|1627 42044|11 257632|9 8376|0 -PCAP- At 300 per min, the swallowtail butterfly ( ^I ) has the slowest wing beat of any insect. The average is 460-636 beats per min. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Slowest wing-beat The slowest wing-beat of any insect is 300 per min by the swallowtail butterfly ( ^I ). The average is 460-636 per min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Highest g force T Living World|Insects|General Records|Highest g force 20 22 24 26 31562|464 67806|997 110034|1618 42044|12 71062|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Highest g force The click beetle ( ^I ) averages 400 ^I when "jack-knifing" into the air to escape predators. One example measuring 1/2 in in length and weighing 0.00014 oz that jumped to a height of 11 3/4 in was calculated to ^ have "endured" a peak brain deceleration of 2,300 ^I by the end of the movement. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Tallest termite mound T Living World|Insects|General Records|Tallest termite mound 20 22 24 26 31630|465 255146|3752 110782|1629 42044|13 267614|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Tallest termite mound In 1968 W. Page photographed a termite mound south of Horgesia, Somalia estimated to be 28.5 ft tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Mantle of bees T Living World|Insects|General Records|Mantle of bees 20 22 24 26 31698|466 110306|1622 6810|100 42044|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Insects: Mantle of bees Jed Shaner was covered by a mantle of an estimated 343,000 bees weighing an aggregate of 80 lb at Staunton, VA on 29 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dragonflies: Largest T Living World|Insects|Dragonflies|Largest 20 22 24 26 31766|467 93918|1381 67398|991 43110|0 91334|172 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dragonflies: Largest ^I of Central and South America has been measured up to 4.72 in across the wings and 7.52 in in body length. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The giant green darner ( ^I ), found in the West, has a ^ body length of up to 4 1/2 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dragonflies: Smallest T Living World|Insects|Dragonflies|Smallest 20 22 24 26 31834|468 246850|3630 67466|992 43110|1 258628|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dragonflies: Smallest The smallest dragonfly in the world is ^I of Myanmar (formerly Burma). A specimen in the British Museum (Natural History), London, Great Britain had a wing expanse of 0.69 in and a body length of 0.71 in. ^<n ^<4 United ^ States ^>4 The smallest dragonfly in the United States is the elfin skimmer ( ^I ), which has a body length of 4/5 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fleas: Largest T Living World|Insects|Fleas|Largest 20 22 24 26 31902|469 97590|1435 84602|1244 43266|0 91334|226 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fleas: Largest Siphonapterologists recognize 1,830 varieties, of which the largest-known is ^I , which was described from a single specimen taken from the nest of a mountain beaver ( ^I ) at Puyallup, WA in ^ 1913. Females measure up to 0.3 in in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fleas: Longest jump T Living World|Insects|Fleas|Longest jump 20 22 24 26 31970|470 137438|2021 84670|1245 43266|1 139100|131 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fleas: Longest jump The champion jumper among fleas is the common flea ( ^I ). In one American experiment carried out in 1910, a specimen allowed to leap at will performed a long jump of 13 in and a high jump of 7 3/4 in. In jumping 130 times its ^ own height a flea subjects itself to a force of 200 g. ^ -END- -CTRL- Butterflies and Moths: Largest T Living World|Insects|Butterflies and Moths|Largest 20 22 24 26 32038|471 86914|1278 37886|557 43422|0 91334|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Butterflies and Moths: Largest The largest-known butterfly is the protected Queen Alexandra's birdwing ( ^I ), which is restricted to the Popondetta Plain in Papua New Guinea. Females may have a wingspan exceeding 11 in and weigh over 0.9 oz. (See ^ Species on the Brink, Insects.) ^<n The largest moth in the world (although not the heaviest) is the Hercules moth ( ^I ) of tropical Australia and New Guinea. A wing area of up to 40.8 sq in and a wingspan of 11 in ^ have been recorded. In 1948 an unconfirmed measurement of 14.2 in was reported for a female captured in Innisfail, Queensland, Australia. ^<n The rare owlet moth ( ^I ) of Brazil has been measured up to 12.2 in wingspan in ^ the case of a female taken in 1934. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest ^I butterfly in the United States is the giant swallowtail ( ^I ), found in the eastern states. ^ -END- -CTRL- Butterflies and Moths: Smallest T Living World|Insects|Butterflies and Moths|Smallest 20 22 24 26 32106|472 245558|3611 38158|561 43422|1 258628|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Butterflies and Moths: Smallest The smallest of the 140,000 known species of Lepidoptera is ^I , which has a wingspan of 0.079 in with a similar body length and is found in the Canary Islands. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The smallest butterfly in the ^ United States is the pygmy blue ( ^I ), found in the Southeast. ^ -END- -CTRL- Butterflies and Moths: Most acute sense of smell T Living World|Insects|Butterflies and Moths|Most acute sense of smell 20 22 24 26 32174|473 168310|2475 38090|560 43422|2 175106|72 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Butterflies and Moths: Most acute sense of smell The most acute sense of smell exhibited in nature is that of the male emperor moth ( ^I ), which, according to German experiments in 1961, can detect the sex attractant of the virgin female at the almost unbelievable range of 6.8 ^ miles upwind. This scent has been identified as one of the higher alcohols, of which the female carries less than 0.0000015 grain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Butterflies and Moths: Longest migration T Living World|Insects|Butterflies and Moths|Longest migration 20 22 24 26 32242|474 132474|1948 38022|559 43422|3 139100|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Butterflies and Moths: Longest migration A tagged female monarch butterfly ( ^I ) released by Donald Davis at Presqu'ile Provincial Park near Brighton, Ontario, Canada on 6 Sep 1986 was recaptured 2,133 miles away, on a mountain near Angangueo, Mexico on 15 Jan 1987. ^ This distance was obtained by measuring a line from the release site to the recapture site, but the actual distance traveled could be up to double that figure. ^ -END- -CTRL- Butterflies and Moths: Largest butterfly farm T Living World|Insects|Butterflies and Moths|Largest butterfly farm 20 22 24 26 32310|475 86982|1279 37954|558 43422|4 91334|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Butterflies and Moths: Largest butterfly farm The Stratford-upon-Avon Butterfly Farm, Warwickshire, Great Britain can accommodate 2,000 exotic butterflies in authentic rain forest conditions. The total capacity of all flight areas at the farm, which opened on 15 Jul 1985, is over 141,258 cu ^ ft. The complex also comprises insect and plant houses and educational facilities. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Butterfly World, in Coconut Creek, FL, accommodates between 2,000 and 3,000 butterflies in authentic rain forest or North American ^ conditions. About 80 species of butterfly can be seen at any one time, and in the course of a year up to 300 species are shown in the 37 screened enclosures. The museum, founded by Ron Boender, Clive Farrell, and John Chalk, cost $1.5 million and ^ was built in five months to open in March 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Centipedes: Longest T Living World|Centipedes|General Records|Longest 20 22 24 26 32378|476 133562|1964 43666|642 43874|0 139100|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Centipedes: Longest The longest-known species of centipede is a large variant of the widely distributed ^I , found on the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Specimens have been measured up to 13 in in length and 1 1/2 in in breadth. ^<n ^ ^<4 United States ^>4 ^I , found in California and Washington, has been measured up to 5.9 in in length and 0.1 in in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Centipedes: Shortest T Living World|Centipedes|General Records|Shortest 20 22 24 26 32446|477 240798|3541 43802|644 43874|1 253960|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Centipedes: Shortest The shortest recorded centipede is an unidentified species that measures only 0.19 in. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^I , found in Georgia, measures up to 0.19 in in length and 0.03 in in diameter. ^I , found in Iowa, is smaller in diameter at 0.007 in, but has a length of 0.25 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Centipedes: Most legs T Living World|Centipedes|General Records|Most legs 20 22 24 26 32514|478 168582|2479 43734|643 43874|2 175106|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Centipedes: Most legs ^I , found in southern Europe, has 171-177 pairs of legs when adult. ^ -END- -CTRL- Centipedes: Fastest T Living World|Centipedes|General Records|Fastest 20 22 24 26 32582|479 19934|293 43598|641 43874|3 23878|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Centipedes: Fastest The fastest centipede is probably ^I of southern Europe, which can travel at 1.1 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Millipedes: Longest T Living World|Millipedes|General Records|Longest 20 22 24 26 32650|480 143354|2108 135466|1992 44256|0 139100|218 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Millipedes: Longest Both ^I of Africa and ^I of the Seychelles have been measured up to 11 in in length and 0.8 in in diameter. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^I , found in Texas ^ and Arizona, measures up to 7.28 in in length and 0.55 in in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Millipedes: Shortest T Living World|Millipedes|General Records|Shortest 20 22 24 26 32718|481 241750|3555 135602|1994 44256|1 253960|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Millipedes: Shortest The shortest millipede in the world is the British species ^I , which measures 0.082-0.15 in. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^I , found in the Southeast, measures only 0.07 in in length and 0.03 in ^ in diameter. The next-shortest millipede is ^I , found in North Carolina and Virginia, which has been measured at 0.11 in in length and only 0.01 in in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Millipedes: Most legs T Living World|Millipedes|General Records|Most legs 20 22 24 26 32786|482 180890|2660 135534|1993 44256|2 175106|257 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Millipedes: Most legs The greatest number of legs reported for a millipede is 375 pairs (750 legs) for ^I of California. ^ -END- -CTRL- Segmented Worms: Longest T Living World|Segmented Worms|General Records|Longest 20 22 24 26 32854|483 150222|2209 196598|2891 18982|279 44568|0 139100|319 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Segmented Worms: Longest The longest-known species of earthworm is ^I (= ^I ) of South Africa. In ^I . 1937 a giant earthworm measuring 22 ft in length when naturally extended and 0.8 in in diameter was collected in ^ the Transvaal. ^ -END- -CTRL- Segmented Worms: Shortest T Living World|Segmented Worms|General Records|Shortest 20 22 24 26 32922|484 242634|3568 196666|2892 44568|1 253960|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Segmented Worms: Shortest ^I measures less than 0.02 in in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Segmented Worms: Worm-charming T Living World|Segmented Worms|General Records|Worm-charming 20 22 24 26 32990|485 196734|2893 44568|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Segmented Worms: Worm-charming At the first World Worm Charming Championship held at Willaston, Great Britain on 5 Jul 1980, Tom Shufflebotham (b. 1960) charmed a record 511 worms out of the ground (a 9.84 sq ft plot) in the allotted time of 30 min. Garden forks or other ^ implements are vibrated in the soil by competitors to coax up the worms, but water is banned. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cephalopods: Largest invertebrate T Living World|Mollusks|Cephalopods|Largest invertebrate 20 22 24 26 33058|486 88478|1301 43870|645 45020|0 91334|92 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The cephalopods are a group of marine mollusks that include the chambered nautilus, cuttlefish, octopus, and squid. ^ -TEXT- Cephalopods: Largest invertebrate The Atlantic giant squid, ^I , is the world's largest-known invertebrate. The heaviest ever recorded was a 2.2-ton monster that ran aground in Thimble Tickle Bay, Newfoundland, Canada on 2 Nov 1878. Its body was 20 ft long ^ and one tentacle measured 35 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cephalopods: Longest T \p8\D03\3402040 Living World|Mollusks|Cephalopods|Longest 20 23 25 27 33126|487 133630|1965 5790|85 44006|647 45020|1 139100|75 8462|0 -PCAP- The longest giant squid ( ^I ) ever recorded was a 57-ft giant that was washed up on Lyall Bay, Cook Strait, New Zealand in October 1887. In this artist's reconstruction it is compared to the size of a human. (Artwork: ^ Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The cephalopods are a group of marine mollusks that include the chambered nautilus, cuttlefish, octopus, and squid. ^ -TEXT- Cephalopods: Longest There are numerous types of squids, ranging in size from 0.75 in to the longest ever recorded---a 57-ft giant ^I that was washed up on Lyall Bay, Cook Strait, New Zealand in October 1887. Its two long slender ^ tentacles each measured 49 ft 3 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cephalopods: Largest octopus T Living World|Mollusks|Cephalopods|Largest octopus 20 22 24 26 33194|488 88546|1302 43938|646 45020|2 91334|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The cephalopods are a group of marine mollusks that include the chambered nautilus, cuttlefish, octopus, and squid. ^ -TEXT- Cephalopods: Largest octopus The largest-known octopus is the Pacific giant ( ^I ), which ranges from California to Alaska and off eastern Asia south to Japan. It is not known exactly how large these creatures can grow but the average mature male weighs ^ about 51 lb and has an arm span of about 8 ft. The largest recorded specimen, found off western Canada in 1957, had an estimated arm span of 31 1/2 ft and weighed about 600 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cephalopods: Smallest T Living World|Mollusks|Cephalopods|Smallest 20 22 24 26 33262|489 246034|3618 44142|649 45020|3 258628|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The cephalopods are a group of marine mollusks that include the chambered nautilus, cuttlefish, octopus, and squid. ^ -TEXT- Cephalopods: Smallest The smallest cephalopod is the squid ^I , which rarely reaches 1 in in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cephalopods: Most tentacles T Living World|Mollusks|Cephalopods|Most tentacles 20 22 24 26 33330|490 168650|2480 44074|648 45020|4 175106|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The cephalopods are a group of marine mollusks that include the chambered nautilus, cuttlefish, octopus, and squid. ^ -TEXT- Cephalopods: Most tentacles Most cephalopods have eight or 10 tentacles, but some types of ^I use up to 94 suckerless tentacles for catching prey on the ocean floor. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bivalves: Largest T Living World|Mollusks|Bivalves|Largest 20 22 24 26 33398|491 85282|1254 28298|416 45386|0 91334|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bivalves: Largest The largest of all existing bivalve shells is that of the marine giant clam ^I , found on the Indo-Pacific coral reefs. An outsized specimen measuring 45.2 in in length and weighing 734 lb was collected off Ishigaki Island, ^ Okinawa, Japan in 1956 but was not scientifically examined until August 1984. It probably weighed just over 750 lb when alive (the soft parts weigh up to 20 lb). ^ -END- -CTRL- Bivalves: Longest T Living World|Mollusks|Bivalves|Longest 20 22 24 26 33466|492 130978|1926 28366|417 45386|1 139100|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bivalves: Longest Another giant clam collected at Tapanoeli (Tapanula) on the northwest coast of Sumatra, Indonesia before 1817 and now preserved at Arno's Vale measures 54 in in length and weighs 507 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bivalves: Smallest T Living World|Mollusks|Bivalves|Smallest 20 22 24 26 33534|493 245218|3606 28570|420 45386|2 258628|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bivalves: Smallest The smallest bivalve shell is the coinshell ^I , which is known only from a few examples collected off Guernsey, Channel Islands, Great Britain and western Ireland. It has an average diameter of 0.047 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bivalves: Most venomous T \p8\D03\3902041 Living World|Mollusks|Bivalves|Most venomous 20 22 24 26 33602|494 167222|2459 5858|86 28434|418 24150|355 45386|3 175106|56 8462|1 -PCAP- The geographer cone ( ^I ) delivers its neurotoxin through a unique harpoon-like proboscis and one in five of its known victims has died after being stung. (Photo: Jacana Agence de Presse/P. Laboute) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bivalves: Most venomous There are some 400-500 species of cone shell ( ^I ), all of which can deliver a poisonous neurotoxin. The geographer cone ( ^I ) and the court cone ( ^I ), marine mollusks found from Polynesia to ^ East Africa, are considered to be the most deadly. The venom is injected by a unique, fleshy harpoon-like proboscis, and symptoms include impaired vision, dizziness, nausea, paralysis and death. Of the 25 people known to have been stung by these ^ creatures, five have died, giving a mortality rate exceeding that for common cobras and rattlesnakes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bivalves: Oldest T Living World|Mollusks|Bivalves|Oldest 20 22 24 26 33670|495 223866|3292 28502|419 45386|4 236192|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bivalves: Oldest The longest-lived mollusk is the ocean quahog ( ^I ), a thick-shelled clam found in the mid-Atlantic. A specimen with 220 annual growth rings was collected in 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gastropods: Largest T Living World|Mollusks|Gastropods|Largest 20 22 24 26 33738|496 99766|1467 92082|1354 45752|0 91334|258 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gastropods: Largest The largest-known gastropod is the trumpet or baler conch ( ^I ) of Australia. One specimen collected off Western Australia in 1979 and now owned by Don Pisor of San Diego, CA measures 30.4 in in length and has a maximum girth ^ of 39.8 in. It weighed nearly 40 lb when alive. ^<n The largest-known land gastropod is the African giant snail ( ^I ). A specimen named Gee Geronimo owned by Christopher Hudson (1955-79) of Hove, Great Britain, measured 15 1/2 ^ in from snout to tail when fully extended (shell length 10 3/4 in) in December 1978 and weighed exactly 2 lb. The snail was collected in Sierra Leone in June 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gastropods: Smallest T Living World|Mollusks|Gastropods|Smallest 20 22 24 26 33806|497 247258|3636 92150|1355 45752|1 258628|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gastropods: Smallest The smallest-known shellbearing species is the gastropod ^I , which is found in British waters. It measures 0.02 in in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gastropods: Fastest T Living World|Mollusks|Gastropods|Fastest 20 22 24 26 33874|498 22382|329 92014|1353 45752|2 23878|81 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gastropods: Fastest The world's fastest gastropods are probably banana slugs of the species ^I . The fastest recorded speed was 0.28 in/sec over 36 in set by a specimen of ^I in a slug race at Northwest Trek, WA in July 1983. ^<n ^ ^<4 Snail ^>4 The fastest-moving species of land snail is probably the common garden snail ( ^I ). It is probable, however, that the carnivorous (and cannibalistic) snail ^I could outrun other snails ^ in its hunt for prey. The snail-racing equivalent of a four-minute mile is 24 in in 3 min, or a 5 1/2-day mile. ^<n ^<4 Snail racing ^>4 On 20 Feb 1990 a garden snail named Verne completed a 12.2 in course at West Middle School in Plymouth, MI ^ in a record 2 min 13 sec at 0.233 cm/sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ribbon Worms: Longest T Living World|Ribbon Worms|General Records|Longest 20 22 24 26 33942|499 149134|2193 187758|2761 46064|0 139100|303 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ribbon Worms: Longest The longest of the 550 recorded species of ribbon worm, also called nemertines (or nemerteans), is the "boot-lace" worm ( ^I ), which is found in the shallow waters of the North Sea, Great Britain. A specimen that washed ^ ashore at St Andrews, Fife, Great Britain in 1864 after a severe storm measured more than 180 ft in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Jellyfish: Largest T Living World|Jellyfish|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 34010|500 102418|1506 111870|1645 46236|0 91334|297 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Jellyfish: Largest The largest jellyfish is the Arctic giant jellyfish ( ^I ) of the northwestern Atlantic. One that washed up in Massachusetts Bay had a bell diameter of 7 ft 6 in and tentacles stretching 120 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Jellyfish: Most venomous T Living World|Jellyfish|General Records|Most venomous 20 22 24 26 34078|501 178510|2625 111938|1646 46236|1 175106|222 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Jellyfish: Most venomous The beautiful but deadly Australian sea wasp ( ^I ) is the most venomous jellyfish in the world. Its cardiotoxic venom has caused the deaths of 66 people off the coast of Queensland since 1880, with victims dying within 1-3 ^ minutes if medical aid is not available. One effective defense is women's pantyhose, outsize versions of which are now worn by Queensland lifesavers at surfing tournaments. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coral: Largest T Living World|Coral|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 34146|502 91198|1341 54070|795 46478|0 91334|132 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coral: Largest The world's greatest stony coral structure is the Great Barrier Reef off Queensland, northeast Australia. It stretches 1,260 miles and covers 80,000 sq mi. (See Most destructive starfish.) ^<n The world's largest reported example of discrete coral ^ is a stony colony of ^I found in Sakiyama Bay off Irimote Island, Okinawa on 7 Aug 1982 by Dr Shohei Shirai of the Institute for Development of Pacific Natural Resources. It has a long axis measurement of 23 ft 9 in, a ^ height of 13 ft 1 1/2 in and a maximum circumference of 59 ft 5 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sponges: Largest T \p8\D03\3802047 Living World|Sponges|General Records|Largest 20 23 25 27 34214|503 120778|1776 5926|87 209314|3078 46650|0 65726|55 8618|0 -PCAP- The barrel-shaped loggerhead sponge ( ^I ) of the Caribbean can reach 3 ft 6 in in height and 3 ft in diameter. Neptune's cup or goblet ( ^I ) of Indonesia grows to 4 ft, but is less bulky. (Photo: ^ Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sponges: Largest The largest-known sponge is the barrel-shaped loggerhead sponge ( ^I ) of the West Indies and the waters off Florida. Individuals measure up to 3 ft 6 in in height and 3 ft in diameter. Neptune's cup or goblet ( ^I ) of Indonesia grows to 4 ft in height, but it is a less bulky animal. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 In 1909 a wool sponge ( ^I ) measuring 6 ft in circumference was collected off the Bahamas. When ^ taken from the water it weighed between 80-90 lb but after it had been dried and relieved of all excrescences it weighed 12 lb. (This sponge is now preserved in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Sponges: Smallest T Living World|Sponges|General Records|Smallest 20 22 24 26 34282|504 250454|3683 209382|3079 46650|1 258628|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sponges: Smallest The widely distributed ^I measures 0.11 in in height when fully grown. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sponges: Deepest T Living World|Sponges|General Records|Deepest 20 22 24 26 34350|505 6878|101 209246|3077 46650|2 11656|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sponges: Deepest Sponges have been recovered from depths of up to 18,500 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest T \p8\D03\3802043a Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest 20 24 26 28 34418|506 237262|3489 5994|88 123022|1809 47452|0 250310|14 8704|0 -PCAP- The Javan rhinoceros ( ^I ), the solitary, single-horned species is the world's rarest large mammal--standing up to 5 1/2 ft at the shoulder and weighing 3,086 Ib. A once widely distributed population has declined to 50-70 ^ wild specimens, with none held in captivity. Its decline is mainly a result of illegal hunting to provide horns for use in traditional Oriental medicines and the destruction of its habitats for human development and settlement. Continued ^ protection in the wild, captive breeding and population relocation programs and, of course, the elimination of commercial markets are vital to its survival. (Artwork by Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest The Javan rhinoceros ( ^I ), the solitary, single-horned species, is the world's rarest large mammal (it is up to 5 1/2 ft tall at the shoulder and weighs 3,086 lb). Once widely distributed, its population has declined to ^ just 50-70 wild specimens, mainly as a result of illegal hunting of its horns for use in traditional Oriental medicines and the destruction of its habitats. There are none held in captivity. ^<n The red wolf ( ^I ) of the ^ southeast United States became extinct in the wild in the early 1970s, but there are now over 125 individuals (not all of them genetically pure) held by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. In June 1988 it was announced that two pairs released in ^ North Carolina by the captive breeding program had produced cubs. ^<n The black-footed ferret ( ^I ) of the northern United States is also extinct in the wild, but in 1988 the captive population of 25, housed in a special ^ center in Cheyenne, WY, more than doubled when the second breeding season produced 38 pups. There are now at least 300 individuals in captivity and the ferret will be reintroduced to the wild in Wyoming in the early 1990s. ^<n The three-banded ^ armadillo of the species ^I was rediscovered in Brazil in 1991 after being thought extinct following no sightings of it for 20 years. One of the two species able to roll itself into a ball when threatened, this armadillo is a ^ poor digger and therefore easy prey for humans hunting for food, a situation which has prompted the launch of a captive breeding program. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest felines T \p8\D03\3802042c Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest felines 20 24 26 28 34486|507 237602|3494 6062|89 123362|1814 47452|1 250310|19 8704|1 -PCAP- The Iriomote cat ( ^I ) is confined to the small (113 sq mile) Japanese-owned island from which it takes its name. This average domestic cat-sized feline is not only protected by law, it has also been declared a Japanese ^ national monument. A nocturnal and strictly territorial animal, the Iriomote was only discovered in 1967; since then its population has fallen to about 80 because of the agricultural development, tourism and indigenous hostility towards ^ conservation, which is considered prejudicial to the island's economic development. (Artwork by Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest felines The Irimote cat ( ^I ), confined to the small (113 sq mi) Japanese-owned island from which it takes its name, was only discovered in 1967; since then its population has fallen to about 80. A nocturnal animal, the Iriomote, ^ which is the size of an average domestic cat, is protected by Japanese law and has been declared a national monument. ^<n The general population of the tiger in the wild, estimated at about 1,000,000 in 1900, has fallen to some 7,000, and three ^ of the eight subspecies, the Bali, Caspian and Javan tigers, are already extinct. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest primates T Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest primates 20 22 24 26 34554|508 237806|3497 123566|1817 47452|2 250310|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest primates The greater bamboo broad-nosed gentle lemur ( ^I ) of Madagascar reportedly became extinct in the early 1970s, but in 1986 a group consisting of 60-80 individuals was found living in a remote rain forest near Ranomafana in the ^ southeastern part of the island by an expedition from Duke University, Durham, NC. ^<n The golden-rumped tamarin ( ^I ), which is now restricted to two areas of forest in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, is also on ^ the verge of extinction, with only 75-100 individuals surviving in 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest bats T Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest bats 20 22 24 26 34622|509 237398|3491 123158|1811 47452|3 250310|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest bats At least three species of bat are known only from the type specimen. They are: the small-toothed fruit bat ( ^I ) from Tamalanti, Sulawesi (Celebes; 1938-39); ^I from Vinh, Vietnam (1945); and ^I from the High Wavy Mountains, India (1948). ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest rodents T Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest rodents 20 22 24 26 34690|510 237874|3498 123634|1818 47452|4 250310|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest rodents The rarest rodents in the world are Garrido's hutia ( ^I ) of the Canarreos Archipelago, Cuba, and the little earth hutia ( ^I ) of Juan Garcia Cay, an islet off southern Cuba. The latter species has not ^ been recorded since its discovery in 1970. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest antelopes T \p8\D04\3801029 Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest antelopes 20 23 25 27 34758|511 237330|3490 6130|90 123090|1810 47452|5 250310|15 8704|2 -PCAP- Saved from the brink of extinction by a captive breeding program at San Diego Zoo, CA and strict protective measures in the wild, the Arabian oryx ( ^I ) has been successfully reintroduced into the deserts of Oman and Jordan, ^ where its population has now reached at least 1,500. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest antelopes The Arabian oryx ( ^I ) has been saved from the brink of extinction by a captive breeding program at San Diego Zoo, CA and strict protective measures in the wild, resulting in its successful reintroduction into the deserts of ^ Oman and Jordan, where the population has reached at least 1,500. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest deer T Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest deer 20 22 24 26 34826|512 237534|3493 123294|1813 47452|6 250310|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest deer Until recently, Fea's muntjac ( ^I ) was known only from two specimens collected on the borders of southern Myanmar (formerly Burma) and western Thailand. In December 1977 a female was received at Dusit Zoo, in Bangkok, followed ^ by two females in 1981 and three males and three females from Xizang, Tibet between February 1982 and April 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest marsupials T Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest marsupials 20 22 24 26 34894|513 237670|3495 123430|1815 47452|7 250310|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest marsupials The thylacine or tasmanian wolf or tiger ( ^I ), feared extinct since the last captive specimen died in Beaumaris Zoo, Tasmania, Australia on 7 Sep 1936, was possibly identified in July 1982 when a wildlife ranger ^ claimed he saw one of these predatory marsupials in the spotlight of his parked car. Since then, however, there have been no more positive sightings. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest cetaceans T \p8\D04\3802042b Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest cetaceans 20 24 26 28 34962|514 237466|3492 6198|91 123226|1812 47452|8 250310|17 8704|3 -PCAP- The Baiji (or Yangtze River) dolphin ( ^I ) which can reach lengths of 8 ft, is probably the most endangered of the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). Its population is estimated at about 300 and falling due to ^ competition for fish supplies with China's human population (dolphins are often caught up in fishing gear) and the reduction of overall food supplies because of environmental degradation. Its survival is a high priority of the Chinese government, ^ which has implemented an information program especially aimed at local fishermen, and a captive breeding project is also envisaged. (Artwork by Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest cetaceans Longman's beaked whale ( ^I ) is known only from two skulls. The type specimen was discovered on a beach near MacKay, Queensland, Australia in 1922, and the second near Muqdisho, Somalia in 1955. ^<n Sightings of the ^ vaquita or gulf porpoise ( ^I ) in the Gulf of California in 1986 (the first since 1980) suggest an estimated population of just 30, making this now the most probable contender for the rarest cetacean. ^<n The Baiji, or Yangzi ^ River, dolphin ( ^I ) is probably the most endangered of all the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), with a population estimated at about 300 and falling due to competition for fish supplies with China's human ^ population (dolphins are often caught up in fishing gear) and the reduction of overall food supplies because of environmental degradation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mammals: Rarest pinnipeds T Living World|Species on the Brink|Mammals|Rarest pinnipeds 20 22 24 26 35030|515 237738|3496 123498|1816 47452|9 250310|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- A number of mammals are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Mammals: Rarest pinnipeds The last reliable sighting of the Caribbean or West Indian monk seal ( ^I ) was on Serranilla Bank off the coast of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula in 1952, and this species is almost certainly extinct. Monk seals were once ^ common throughout the Pacific, the Caribbean and the Mediterranean. The first pinnipeds recorded by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), monk seals were the first to be spotted by Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) in the New World. ^ -END- -CTRL- Birds: Rarest T \p8\D04\3802042a Living World|Species on the Brink|Birds|Rarest 20 24 26 28 35098|516 236514|3478 6266|92 27822|409 48168|0 250310|3 8704|4 -PCAP- Spix's macaw ( ^I ), also known as the little blue macaw. The wild population of this 2 ft long parrot has declined to a solitary male driven to mate with an equally endangered blue-winged macaw ( ^I ). ^ Between 1977 and 1987 at least 23 birds were handled illegally by two traders, all taken from the last known population. Only 15 birds are held in legitimate zoological collections and, unless the main contributors to its plight can be persuaded ^ to release their private collections to breeding programs, this species is heading for certain extinction in the wild. (Artwork by Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Birds: Rarest The number of threatened bird species worldwide has risen in the past 10 years from 290 to 1,029 as a result of human activity, according to a survey published in October 1988. Many species are now extinct in the wild but may be surviving in ^ captivity, usually as a result of breeding programs. Because of the practical difficulties in assessing bird populations in the wild, it is virtually impossible to establish the identity of the world's rarest living bird. The most probable ^ contender, however, is Spix's macaw ( ^I ) of Brazil, the world's most endangered parrot, which was reduced to a single specimen in the wild in July 1990. There are only 15 left in captivity around the world. ^<n The ^ Kakapo ( ^I ), a flightless parrot from New Zealand, is also in imminent danger of extinction from hunting and predation by introduced alien species, despite several attempts to relocate it to increasingly inaccessible ^ islands. In 1990 there were 43 known survivors but, as the Kakapo breeds somewhat sporadically (only once in 4 or 5 years), it may go the way of the dodo, the only bird with which it apparently shares any features. ^ -END- -CTRL- Reptiles: Rarest crocodilians T \p8\D04\3802042d Living World|Species on the Brink|Reptiles|Rarest crocodilians 20 24 26 28 35166|517 238350|3505 6334|93 187146|2752 48254|0 250310|30 8704|5 -PCAP- The Chinese alligator ( ^I ), a 5 ft long crocodilian, is protected by Chinese law and was thought to be close to extinction in the early 1980s, although a few hundred probably exist in the wild. The population has been ^ severely affected by hunters, traders and the pollution of its diet of fish, snails and crustaceans as a result of the heavy use of pesticides. Although captive breeding programs are proving successful, the alligators cannot be reintroduced into ^ the wild because of the lack of suitable remaining habitat, and their extinction outside captivity is expected before the end of the century, if not sooner. (Artwork by Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Reptiles: Rarest crocodilians The total wild population of the protected Chinese alligator ( ^I ) of the lower Yangtze River in the Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces of China is currently estimated at no more than a few hundred. Although captive ^ breeding programs are proving successful, the alligator cannot be reintroduced into the wild because of the destruction of its habitats and its extinction outside captivity is expected before the end of the century, if not sooner. ^ -END- -CTRL- Reptiles: Rarest chelonians T Living World|Species on the Brink|Reptiles|Rarest chelonians 20 22 24 26 35234|518 238282|3504 187078|2751 48254|1 250310|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Reptiles: Rarest chelonians The world's rarest chelonian is the protected short-necked swamp tortoise ( ^I ), which is confined to Ellen Brook and Twin reserves near Perth, Western Australia. The total wild population is now only 20-25, with another ^ 22 held at Perth Zoo. ^ -END- -CTRL- Reptiles: Rarest snakes T \p8\D04\3702038 Living World|Species on the Brink|Reptiles|Rarest snakes 20 23 25 27 35302|519 238418|3506 6402|94 187214|2753 48254|2 250310|31 8704|6 -PCAP- The total population of the St Lucia racer ( ^I ), which now inhabits only Maria Island (24.71 acres), off St Lucia, West Indies following the introduction of rats and mongooses on St Lucia itself, was estimated to be 50-100 in ^ 1989. (Photo: Dr. David Corke) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Reptiles: Rarest snakes The world's rarest snake is now considered to be the St Lucia racer or couresse ( ^I ), found only on Maria Island, off St Lucia, West Indies. Estimates by Dr David Corke of the Polytechnic of East London, Great Britain put its ^ population at under 100 in 1989, with no specimens held in captivity. ^<n The Round Island boa ( ^I ) is known from only two specimens collected in the past 40 years and probably became extinct in 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Amphibians: Rarest T Living World|Species on the Brink|Amphibians|Rarest 20 22 24 26 35370|520 236242|3474 5314|78 48480|0 250310|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Amphibians: Rarest Only five specimens of the painted frog ( ^I ) of Lake Huleh, Israel have been reported since 1940. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fish: Rarest T Living World|Species on the Brink|Fish|Rarest 20 22 24 26 35438|521 236854|3483 83582|1229 48566|0 250310|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fish: Rarest A coelacanth, a large, deep-water fish formerly known only from fossilized remains dating from 400 to 65 million years old, was landed at East London, South Africa on 22 Dec 1938 and only later identified as such and named ^I . It has been claimed to be the "missing link" between man and fish. Since this discovery, living coelacanths were observed in their natural habitat 656 ft below the waters off the Comoros in the Indian Ocean in the late 1980s. ^<n The ^ elusive plankton-feeding megamouth shark has been recorded off Los Angeles, CA. After its rescue from a gill net, the shark was fitted with a transmitter before being released and tracked by researchers. It was only the fifth specimen seen since ^ its discovery in 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Arachnids: Rarest T Living World|Species on the Brink|Arachnids|Rarest 20 22 24 26 35506|522 236310|3475 8986|132 48652|0 250310|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Arachnids: Rarest The most elusive of all spiders are the rare trapdoor spiders of the genus ^I , which are found in southeast Asia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Rarest T Living World|Species on the Brink|Insects|Rarest 20 22 24 26 35574|523 237058|3486 110510|1625 48738|0 250310|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that there may be as many as 30 million species of insect--more than all other phyla and classes put together--but thousands are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Insects: Rarest The current status of the St Helena earwig of the order Dermaptera (about 1,100 species) is unknown and, as the last reliable sightings were between 1965 and 1967, this nocturnal insect may be on the brink of extinction. It is the largest of the ^ order Dermaptera, with a maximum recorded total length (body and tail pincers) of 3 in. Its decline is a result of the accidental introduction of rats to its habitat and predation by the fearsome Giant centipede, which can attack the earwigs deep ^ in their protective burrows. ^ -END- -CTRL- Insects: Rarest butterflies and moths T Living World|Species on the Brink|Insects|Rarest butterflies and moths 20 22 24 26 35642|524 237126|3487 110578|1626 48738|1 250310|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that there may be as many as 30 million species of insect--more than all other phyla and classes put together--but thousands are known only from a single or type specimen. ^ -TEXT- Insects: Rarest butterflies and moths The rarest butterfly is considered to be Queen Alexandra's birdwing ( ^I ), which is found with its only source of nutrition, the vine ^I , in Papua New Guinea. Its population is extremely ^ difficult to estimate as it flies very high and is seldom seen. The caterpillars are also somewhat elusive in their habitat 131 ft above the ground in the vine leaves. However, only three individuals were sighted in 1990 during surveys of an area ^ covering 220-320 acres. (See Largest butterfly.) ^<n Another birdwing, ^I (= ^I ) ^I of Bougainville, Solomon Islands, is known from less than a dozen specimens. This is not a true species, but a ^ natural hybrid of ^I and ^I . ^<n One new discovery reported in June 1991 was a moth of the genus ^I , found in Great Britain and subsequently named ^I . ^ Moyses, the Greek version of Moses, was chosen because the moth spends its youth hidden in rushes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Rarest T \p8\D04\3802043b Living World|Species on the Brink|Plants|Rarest 20 25 27 29 35710|525 238078|3501 6470|95 171506|2522 48894|0 250310|26 8704|7 -PCAP- Rothschild's slipper orchid ( ^I ). The spectacular beauty of this plant has, naturally, contributed greatly to its imminent extinction at the hands of illegal collectors and traders, although its highly specific ^ ecological requirements are also a major factor. Growing to 22 in tall, this species was discovered in 1888 and thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1959. The plant is automatically doomed if exact locations are known, as a single ^ commercial collector can eliminate a whole colony for illegal gain. Seeds were gathered in 1982 and its only chance for survival in the wild is propagation and re-release in new and highly secret locations. Also illustrated is the St Helena giant ^ earwig ( ^I ), an insect that may also be on the brink of extinction. (Artwork by Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Rarest Plants that had been thought to be extinct are rediscovered each year, and there are thus many plants that are found in only a single locality. ^<n The last surviving specimen (a female) of the cycad ^I , a palmlike ^ tropical plant of a group known to have existed for 65-225 million years, is held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Great Britain. It is possible that this plant is a hybrid of the specimen ^I , also at Kew. (See ^ Plant Kingdom, Oldest pot plant.) ^<n In May 1983 it was reported that there was a sole surviving specimen of the lady's slipper orchid ( ^I ) in Britain. ^<n Rothchild's slipper orchid ( ^I ) was discovered in 1888 and thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1959. The spectacular beauty of this plant has, naturally, contributed greatly to its imminent extinction at the hands of illegal collectors and ^ traders, although its highly specific ecological requirements are also a major force. Seeds were gathered in 1982 and its only chance for survival in the wild is propogation and re-release in new and highly secret locations. ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Rarest trees T Living World|Species on the Brink|Plants|Rarest trees 20 22 24 26 35778|526 238146|3502 171574|2523 48894|1 250310|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Rarest trees The palm tree genus ^I contains only five species and is endemic to the Mascarene Islands. All five species are considered endangered, but especially the Mauritius palm ( ^I ), whose once abundant population has ^ been reduced to a single specimen, probably planted deliberately, at the Curepipe Botanic Garden, Mauritius. Attempts at propagation have so far proved unsuccessful and this species faces certain extinction. ^<n ^I , a ^ tree found in 1945 on Three Kings Island off New Zealand, exists only as a female and cannot bear fruit. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Animals: First on land T Living World|Extinct Animals|General Records|First on land 20 22 24 26 35846|527 40198|591 177422|2609 49626|0 40936|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Animals: First on land Animals moved from the sea to the land 414 million years ago, according to discoveries made in 1990 near Ludlow, Great Britain. The first land animals include two kinds of centipede and a tiny spider found among plant debris, suggesting that life ^ moved onto land much earlier than previously thought. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: First description T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|First description 20 22 24 26 35914|528 36662|539 64814|953 49712|0 40936|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: First description Part of the reptile order, dinosaurs are undoubtably the best-known group of extinct animals. The first dinosaur to be scientifically described was ^I ("great fossil lizard") in 1824. The remains of this bipedal ^ flesh-eater were found by workmen before 1818 in a slate quarry near Woodstock, Great Britain and later placed in the University Museum, in Oxford, Great Britain. The first fossil bone of ^I was actually illustrated in 1677, ^ but its true nature was not realized until much later. It was not until 1841 that the name Dinosauria ("terrible lizards") was given to these newly discovered giants. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Disappearance T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Disappearance 20 22 24 26 35982|529 64610|950 49712|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Disappearance No wholly satisfactory theory has been offered for the dinosaurs' sudden extinction 65 million years ago. Evidence from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana suggests that dinosaurs dwindled in importance over a period of 5-10 million years and were ^ replaced progressively by mammals, possibly because of long-term climatic changes. Another theory is their sudden elimination by the impact of an asteroid, which would have had a diameter of some 5.6 miles, or by a shower of comets causing clouds ^ of dust to block out the sun. The asteroid theory is supported strongly by the discovery of significant levels of the element iridium, a good indicator of extraterrestrial impact, at numerous locations around the world. A further hypothesis is ^ that of a period of severe volcanic activity, which would also result in darkness caused by dust, and acid rain and iridium ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Earliest-known T \p8\D04\3702045 Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Earliest-known 20 25 27 29 36050|530 9802|144 6538|96 64678|951 11434|168 49712|2 13960|37 9280|0 -PCAP- The earliest and most primitive known dinosaur is the ^I discovered in 1989 at the foot of the Andes in Argentina by an expedition led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago, Illinois. Named after Victorino Herrera, a ^ fossil hunter responsible for the discovery of fragments of bone many years earlier, this bipedal carnivore is believed to be nearly 230 million years old. The almost complete skeleton suggested that this predator stood 6 1/2 - 8 ft, tall and ^ weighed over 220 lb. Despite its otherwise primitive features, the ^I had a dual-hinged jaw which did not appear in other dinosaurs for another 50 million years, anticipating a turning point in the evolutionary process. ^ (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Earliest-known The earliest dinosaur is believed to be the ^I , a carnivore known from an almost complete skeleton discovered in 1989 in the foothills of the Andes in Argentina. ^I is thought to date from 230 million years ^ ago and stood about 6 1/2-8 ft, with a weight of over 220 lb. Its evolutionary importance is suggested by its dual-hinged jaw, a feature that did not appear in other dinosaurs for another 50 million years. Other dinosaurs of a similar age from ^ the Late Triassic are known from incomplete remains found in Brazil, Argentina, Morocco, India and Scotland. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The earliest dated remains of dinosaurs found in the United States are those of ^I , found ^ at Ghost Ranch, MI in 1947. They are slightly younger than the ^I remains found in Argentina. The creatures ranged in size from smaller than a chicken to larger than a turkey. The find represents the largest concentration of ^ skeletal remains, over 1,000, of meat-eating dinosaurs in the world. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Largest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Largest 20 22 24 26 36118|531 93374|1373 64950|955 49712|3 91334|164 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Largest The largest-ever land animals were sauropod dinosaurs, a group of long-necked, long-tailed, four-legged plant-eaters that lumbered around most of the world during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods 208-65 million years ago. However, it is ^ difficult to determine precisely which of these sauropod dinosaurs was the largest (longest, tallest or heaviest). This is because many of the supposed giants are based only on incomplete fossil remains, and also because many discoverers have ^ tended to exaggerate the sizes of their dinosaur finds. Estimating dinosaur lengths and heights is relatively straightforward when there is a complete skeleton. Sauropods are divided into five main groups: cetiosaurids, brachiosaurids, ^ diplodocids, camarasaurids, and titanosaurids. The world's biggest dinosaur has been identified at different times as a brachiosaurid, a diplodocid or a titanosaurid. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Tallest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Tallest 20 22 24 26 36186|532 254058|3736 65698|966 49712|4 267614|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Tallest The tallest and largest dinosaur is the ^I from the Tendaguru site in Tanzania, dated as Late Jurassic (150 million years ago). The site was excavated by German expeditions during the period 1909-11 and ^ the bones prepared and assembled at the Humboldt Museum in Berlin. A complete skeleton was constructed from the remains of several individuals and put on display in 1937. It is the world's largest and tallest mounted dinosaur skeleton, measuring ^ 72 ft 9 1/2 in in overall length (height at shoulder 19 ft 8 in), a raised head height of 46 ft, and a likely weight of 30-40 tons. However, larger sizes are suggested by an isolated fibula from another ^I in the same museum. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Heaviest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 36254|533 58762|864 64882|954 49712|5 65726|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Heaviest The largest-known sauropods appear to have weighed around 55-110 tons, but this does not necessarily represent the ultimate weight limit for a land vertebrate. Theoretical calculations suggest that some dinosaurs approached the maximum body weight ^ possible for a terrestrial animal, namely 120 tons. At weights greater than this, the legs would have to be so massive to support the bulk that the dinosaur could not have moved! ^<n The main contenders for the heaviest dinosaur are probably the ^ titanosaurid ^I ("Antartic lizard") from Argentina and India, at 45-88 tons; the brachiosaurid ^I (49-59 tons); the diplodocids ^I and ^I (both over 50 tons). ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Longest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Longest 20 22 24 26 36322|534 135602|1994 65358|961 49712|6 139100|104 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Longest Based on the evidence of footprints, the brachiosaurid ^I attained a length of 157 ft, which would make it the longest vertebrate on record. However, a diplodocid from New Mexico named ^I was estimated ^ in 1991 to be 128-170 ft long based on comparisons of individual bones. ^<n ^<4 Complete ^>4 The longest dinosaur known from a complete skeleton is the diplodocid ^I ("double beam"), assembled at the Carnegie Museum ^ in Pittsburgh, PA from remains found in Wyoming in 1899. ^I was 87 1/2 ft long, with much of that length made up of an extremely long whiplike tail, and probably weighed 6.4-20.4 tons, the higher estimates being the more likely. ^ The mounted skeleton was so spectacular that casts were requested by other museums, and copies may be seen in London, Great Britain; La Plata, Argentina; Washington, D.C.; Frankfurt, Germany; and Paris, France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Largest predator T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Largest predator 20 22 24 26 36390|535 135534|1993 65222|959 49712|7 139100|103 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Largest predator The largest flesh-eating dinosaur recorded so far is ^I ("king tyrant lizard"), which seventy million years ago reigned over what are now the states of Montana, Wyoming and Texas and the provinces of Alberta and ^ Saskatchewan, Canada. The largest and heaviest example, as suggested by a discovery in South Dakota in 1991, was 19 1/2 ft tall, had a total length of 36 1/2 ft and weighed an estimated 6-8 tons. ^<n A composite skeleton of a slightly smaller ^ specimen of this nightmarish beast can be seen in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. ^<n ^<4 Longest ^>4 The discovery of the allosaur ^I from Masonville, CO has suggested that this theropod ^ reached a length of 50 ft and a weight of 4.4 tons, but remains are incomplete. Similar lengths were also attained by ^I ("thorn lizard") of Niger and Egypt. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 ^I ^ ("dynamic lizard") of Shandong Province, China had a bipedal length of 20 ft and an overall length of 46 ft, but these tyrannosaurids were not as heavily built as those from North America. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Smallest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Smallest 20 22 24 26 36458|536 246714|3628 65630|965 49712|8 258628|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Smallest The chicken-sized ^I ("pretty jaw") of southern Germany and southeast France, and an undescribed plant-eating fabrosaurid from Colorado, measured 29.5 in from the snout to the tip of the tail and weighed about 15 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Longest tracks T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Longest tracks 20 22 24 26 36526|537 135738|1996 65494|963 49712|9 139100|106 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Longest tracks In 1983 a series of four ^I (= ^I ) tracks that ran parallel for a distance of over 705 ft were recorded from 145-million-year-old Morrison strata in southeast Colorado. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Fastest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Fastest 20 22 24 26 36594|538 21362|314 64746|952 49712|10 23878|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Fastest Tracks can be used to estimate dinosaur speeds, and one from the Late Morrison of Texas discovered in 1981 indicated that a carnivorous dinosaur had been moving at 25 mph. Some ornithomimids were even faster, and the large-brained, 220-lb ^I ("emu mimic lizard") of the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada could probably outsprint an ostrich, which has a top speed of 40 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Largest footprints T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Largest footprints 20 22 24 26 36662|539 93578|1376 65154|958 49712|11 91334|167 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Largest footprints In 1932 the gigantic footprints of a large bipedal hadrosaurid ("duckbill") measuring 53 1/2 in in length and 32 in wide were discovered in Salt Lake City, UT, and other reports from Colorado and Utah refer to footprints 37.5-39.5 in wide. ^ Footprints attributed to the largest brachiosaurids also range up to 40 in wide for the hind feet. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Longest neck T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Longest neck 20 22 24 26 36730|540 135670|1995 65426|962 49712|12 139100|105 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Longest neck The sauropod ^I ("mamenchi lizard") of the Late Jurassic of Sichuan, China had the longest neck of any animal that has ever lived. It measured 36 ft---half the total length of the dinosaur. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Largest skull T \p8\D04\3602045 Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Largest skull 20 23 25 27 36798|541 93714|1378 6606|97 65290|960 49712|13 91334|169 9280|1 -PCAP- The skulls of the long-frilled ceratopsids were the largest of all known land animals and culminated in the long-frilled Torosaurus sp ( ^I ). This herbivore had a skull measuring up to 9 ft 10 in in length (including fringe) ^ compared to the 2 ft 8 in long skull of the White rhino ( ^I ). (Artwork: Matthew Hillier for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Largest skull The skulls of the long-frilled ceratopsids were the largest of all known land animals and culminated in the long-frilled ^I . ("piercing lizard"). This herbivore, which measured ^I . 25 ft in total length and weighed up ^ to 8.8 tons, had a skull measuring up to 9 ft 10 in in length (including fringe) and weighing up to 2.2 tons. It ranged from Montana to Texas. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Most brainless T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Most brainless 20 22 24 26 36866|542 170690|2510 65562|964 5926|87 49712|14 175106|107 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Most brainless ^I ("plated lizard"), which roamed across Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah and Wyoming about 150 million years ago, measured up to 30 ft in total length but had a walnut-sized brain weighing only 2 1/2 oz. This represented 0.004 of 1 ^ percent of its computed body weight of 1.9 tons (compare with 0.074 of 1 percent for an elephant and 1.88 percent for a human). ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Largest claws T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Largest claws 20 22 24 26 36934|543 93442|1374 65018|956 49712|15 91334|165 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Largest claws The therizinosaurids ("scythe lizards") from the Late Cretaceous of the Nemegt Basin, southern Mongolia, had the largest claws of any known animal, and in the case of ^I the claws measured up to 36 in around the ^ outer curve (compare with 8 in for ^I ). It has been suggested that these sickle claws were designed for grasping and tearing apart large victims, but this creature had a feeble skull partially or entirely lacking teeth and probably ^ lived on termites. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dinosaurs: Largest eggs T Living World|Extinct Animals|Dinosaurs|Largest eggs 20 22 24 26 37002|544 93510|1375 65086|957 49712|16 91334|166 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dinosaurs: Largest eggs The largest-known dinosaur eggs are those of ^I ("high ridge lizard"), a 40-ft-long titanosaurid that lived about 80 million years ago. Examples found in the Durance valley near Aix-en-Provence, France in October 1961 ^ would have had, uncrushed, a length of 12 in and a diameter of 10 in (capacity 5.8 pt). ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Reptiles: Earliest fossil T Living World|Extinct Animals|Other Reptiles|Earliest fossil 20 22 24 26 37070|545 14562|214 178986|2632 50918|0 13960|107 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Reptiles: Earliest fossil The oldest reptile fossil, nicknamed "Lizzie the Lizard," was found on a site in Scotland by palaeontologist Stan Wood in March 1988. The 8-in-long reptile is estimated to be 340 million years old, 40 million years older than previously discovered ^ reptiles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Reptiles: Largest predator T Living World|Extinct Animals|Other Reptiles|Largest predator 20 22 24 26 37138|546 115066|1692 179258|2636 50918|1 139100|285 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Reptiles: Largest predator The largest-ever land predator may have been an alligator found on the banks of the Amazon in rocks dated as 8 million years old. Estimates from a 5-ft-long jaw (complete with 4-in-long teeth) indicate a length of 40 ft and a weight of about 13 ^ tons, making it even larger than the fearsome ^I . However, this find has yet to be studied in detail. ^<n ^<4 Longest ^>4 Other fossil crocodiles suggest that the longest predator was probably the euschian ^I ("terrible crocodile") from the lakes and swamps of what is now Texas about 75 million years ago. Fragmentary remains discovered in Big Bend National Park, TX indicate a hypothetical length of 52 ft 6 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Reptiles: Largest chelonians T Living World|Extinct Animals|Other Reptiles|Largest chelonians 20 22 24 26 37206|547 114862|1689 179054|2633 50918|2 91334|480 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Reptiles: Largest chelonians The largest prehistoric chelonian was ^I , a pelomedusid turtle that lived about 5 million years ago. Fossil remains discovered by Harvard University palaeontologists in northern Venezuela in 1972 indicate that this ^ turtle had a carapace (shell) measuring 7 ft 2 in-7 ft 6 1/2 in in mid-line length, measured 9 ft 10 in in overall length and had a computed weight of 4,500 lb. ^<n ^<4 Tortoise ^>4 The largest prehistoric tortoise was probably ^I ( = ^I ) ^I , which lived in what is now northern India, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Java, the Celebes and Timor, about 2 million years ago. In 1923 the fossil remains of a specimen with a carapace 5 ft 11 in ^ long (7 ft 4 in over the curve) and 2 ft 11 in high were discovered near Chandigarh in the Siwalik Hills, India. This animal had a total length of 8 ft and is computed to have weighed 2,100 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Reptiles: Longest snake T Living World|Extinct Animals|Other Reptiles|Longest snake 20 22 24 26 37274|548 147978|2176 179326|2637 50918|3 139100|286 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Reptiles: Longest snake The longest prehistoric snake was the pythonlike ^I , which inhabited what is now Egypt about 38 million years ago. Parts of a spinal column and a small piece of jaw discovered at Fayum in the Western Desert indicate a ^ length of about 37 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Reptiles: Largest marine reptile T Living World|Extinct Animals|Other Reptiles|Largest marine reptile 20 22 24 26 37342|549 114998|1691 179190|2635 50918|4 91334|482 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Reptiles: Largest marine reptile ^I , a short-necked pliosaur from the Early Cretaceous period (135 million years ago) of Australia, measured up to 50 ft in length and had a 10-ft-long skull containing 80 massive teeth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Reptiles: Largest flying creature T Living World|Extinct Animals|Other Reptiles|Largest flying creature 20 22 24 26 37410|550 114930|1690 179122|2634 50918|5 91334|481 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Reptiles: Largest flying creature The largest-ever flying creature was the pterosaur ^I ("feathered serpent"). About 70 million years ago it soared over what is now Texas, Wyoming and New Jersey; Alberta, Canada; and Senegal and Jordan. Partial ^ remains discovered in Big Bend National Park, TX in 1971 indicate that this reptile must have had a wingspan of 36-39 ft and weighed about 190-250 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Mammals: Largest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Mammals|Largest 20 22 24 26 37478|551 114590|1685 178646|2627 51354|0 91334|476 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Mammals: Largest The largest land mammal ever recorded was ^I (= ^I ), a long-necked, hornless rhinocerotid that roamed across western Asia and Europe (Yugoslavia) about 35 million years ago and was first known from bones ^ discovered in the Bugti Hills of Baluchistan, Pakistan in 1907-1908. A restoration in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City measures 17 ft 9 in to the top of the shoulder hump and 37 ft in total length, and this gigantic browser ^ must have weighed about 36 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Mammals: Mammoths T \p8\D04\3902045 Living World|Extinct Animals|Mammals|Mammoths 20 23 25 27 37546|552 60394|888 6674|98 178918|2631 16942|249 51354|1 65726|44 9280|2 -PCAP- The largest of the prehistoric elephants, mammoths are believed to have been hunted to extinction by Ice Age people. A single tusk from a specimen of this woolly mammoth ( ^I ) measured a record 16 ft 5 1/2 in long. ^ (Photo: Syndication International Ltd) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Mammals: Mammoths The largest prehistoric elephant was the steppe mammoth ( ^I ), which, one million years ago, roamed what is now central Europe. A fragmentary skeleton found in Mosbach, Germany indicates a shoulder height ^ of 14 ft 9 in. ^<n ^<4 Tusks ^>4 The longest tusks of any prehistoric animal were those of the straight-tusked elephant ( ^I ), which lived in northern Germany ^I . 300,000 years ago. The average ^ length for tusks of adult bulls was 16 ft 5 in. A single tusk of a woolly mammoth ( ^I ) preserved in the Franzens Museum at Brno, Czechoslovakia measures 16 ft 5 1/2 in along the outside curve. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 ^ The heaviest single fossil tusk on record weighed 330 lb with a maximum circumference of 35 in and is now preserved in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy. The specimen, which is in two pieces, measures 11 ft 9 in in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Mammals: Largest primates T Living World|Extinct Animals|Mammals|Largest primates 20 22 24 26 37614|553 114794|1688 178850|2630 51354|2 91334|479 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Mammals: Largest primates The largest-known primate was ^I of the Middle Pleistocene in what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. Males would have stood an estimated 9 ft tall and weighed about 600 lb. It is risky, however, to correlate tooth ^ size and jaw depth of primates with their height and body weight, and ^I may have had a disproportionately large head, jaws and teeth in relation to body size. The only remains discovered so far are three partial lower jaws ^ and more than 1,000 teeth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Mammals: Largest marine mammal T Living World|Extinct Animals|Mammals|Largest marine mammal 20 22 24 26 37682|554 114726|1687 178782|2629 51354|3 91334|478 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Mammals: Largest marine mammal The serpentine ^I ( ^I ) ^I , which swam in the seas that covered modern-day Arkansas and Alabama 50 million years ago, measured up to 70 ft in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Mammals: Earliest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Mammals|Earliest 20 22 24 26 37750|555 14494|213 178578|2626 51354|4 13960|106 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Mammals: Earliest The first true mammals appeared about 220 million years ago during the Late Triassic, and by the end of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago, the first primate, ^I , had emerged. This creature was similar in appearance to ^ modern tree shrews of the order Scandentia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Mammals: Largest antlers T Living World|Extinct Animals|Mammals|Largest antlers 20 22 24 26 37818|556 114658|1686 178714|2628 51354|5 91334|477 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Mammals: Largest antlers The prehistoric giant deer ( ^I ), which lived in northern Europe and northern Asia as recently as 8000 B.C., had the longest horns of any known animal. One specimen recovered from an Irish bog had greatly palmated ^ antlers measuring 14 ft across, which corresponds to a shoulder height of 6 ft and a weight of 1,100 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Birds: Earliest T \p8\D04\3802049 Living World|Extinct Animals|Birds|Earliest 20 22 24 26 37886|557 13950|205 6742|99 177490|2610 51790|0 13960|98 9280|3 -PCAP- ^I , one of the earliest known birds, dates from the Jurassic period about 175 million years ago. (Museum of Natural History, London) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Birds: Earliest The earliest fossil bird is known from two partial skeletons found in Texas in rocks dating from 220 million years ago. Named ^I in 1991, this pheasant-sized creature has caused much controversy by pushing the age of birds ^ back 45 million years from the previous record, that of the more familiar ^I from Germany. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Birds: Largest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Birds|Largest 20 22 24 26 37954|558 114386|1682 177558|2611 51790|1 91334|473 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Birds: Largest The largest prehistoric bird was the flightless ^I , a huge emulike creature that lived in central Australia 11 million years ago. Fossil leg bones found near Alice Springs in 1974 indicate that the bird must have stood ^ ^I . 10 ft tall and weighed about 1,100 lb. ^<n The giant moa ^I of New Zealand was even taller, attaining a maximum height of 12 ft, though 8 ft is the maximum accepted by most experts. It weighed only about 500 ^ lb. ^<n ^<4 Flying bird ^>4 The largest-known flying bird was the giant teratorn ( ^I ), which lived in Argentina about 6 million years ago. Fossil remains discovered at a site 100 miles west of Buenos Aires, ^ Argentina in 1979 indicate that this gigantic vulture had a wingspan of over 19 ft 8 in, up to possibly 25 ft, and weighed 220-265 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Amphibians: Largest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Amphibians|Largest 20 22 24 26 38022|559 114318|1681 177354|2608 51946|0 91334|472 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Amphibians: Largest The largest amphibian ever recorded was the gharial-like ^I , which lived 270 million years ago. Fragmented remains were discovered in northern Brazil in 1972. These were reported in 1991 and the total body length was ^ estimated at 30 ft based on a 5-ft-3-in-long skull. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Fish: Largest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Fish|Largest 20 22 24 26 38090|560 114454|1683 177626|2612 52032|0 91334|474 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Fish: Largest No prehistoric fish larger than living species has yet been discovered. Modern estimates suggest that the great shark ^I , which abounded in Miocene seas some 15 million years ago, did not exceed 43 ft in length, far ^ less than the 80 ft claimed in early, erroneous estimates based on ratios from fossil teeth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Insects: Oldest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Insects|Oldest 20 22 24 26 38158|561 232638|3421 178510|2625 52118|0 236192|148 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Insects: Oldest A shrimp-like creature found in 1991 in rocks dated as 420 million years old may be the world's oldest insect. Found in Western Australia, this euthy-carcinoid was a large (5 in long) freshwater predator. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Insects: Largest T Living World|Extinct Animals|Insects|Largest 20 22 24 26 38226|562 114522|1684 178442|2624 52118|1 91334|475 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prehistoric Insects: Largest The largest prehistoric insect was the dragonfly ^I , which lived about 300 million years ago. Fossil remains (impressions of wings) discovered at Commentry, France indicate a wing extending up to 27 1/2 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Oldest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 38294|563 232230|3415 171370|2520 6946|102 53200|0 236192|142 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Oldest "King Clone," the oldest-known clone of the creosote plant ( ^I ), found in southwest California, was estimated in February 1980 by Prof. Frank C. Vasek to be 11,700 years old. It is possible that crustose lichens in excess ^ of 19.6 in in diameter may be as old. ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Oldest pot plant T \p8\D04\3702048 Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Oldest pot plant 20 23 25 27 38362|564 232298|3416 6810|100 171438|2521 8782|129 53200|1 236192|143 9576|0 -PCAP- The oldest known potted plant (and one of the world's rarest plants) is a single specimen of the palmlike cycad ^I , brought from South Africa in 1775 and now housed at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Great Britain. ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Oldest pot plant The world's oldest, and probably rarest, pot plant is the single cycad ^I brought from South Africa in 1775 and now housed at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Great Britain. (See Species on the Brink, Plants.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Most massive T \p8\D04\3702050 Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Most massive 20 23 25 27 38430|565 186738|2746 6878|101 171234|2518 53200|2 175106|342 9576|1 -PCAP- The Sequoia National Park in California is the home of the largest trees in the world, including the most massive living thing on earth, the Giant Sequoia ( ^I ) known as ^I which stands 274.9 ft ^ and has a true girth of 83 ft measured 4.5 ft above the ground. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Most massive The most massive tree on earth is the biggest-known giant sequoia ( ^I ), a tree named the General Sherman, standing 274.9 ft tall, in the Sequoia National Park, CA. In 1989 it had a girth of 83 ft 2 in, measured 4.5 ^ ft above the ground. (See Trees.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Northernmost T Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Northernmost 20 22 24 26 38498|566 222370|3270 171302|2519 53200|3 235756|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Northernmost The yellow poppy ( ^I ) and the Arctic willow ( ^I ) survive, the latter in an extremely stunted form, on the northernmost land at Lat 83 deg N. ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Southernmost T Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Southernmost 20 22 24 26 38566|567 251678|3701 171642|2524 53200|4 266080|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Southernmost Lichens resembling ^I have been found in Moraine Canyon at Lat. 86 deg 09' S, Long. 157 deg 30' W in 1971 and in the Horlick Mountain area, Antarctica at Lat. 86 deg 09' S, Long. 131 deg 14' W in 1965. ^<n The southernmost ^ recorded flowering plant is the Antarctic hair grass ( ^I ), which was found at Lat. 68 deg 21' S on Refuge Island, Antarctica on 11 Mar 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Highest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Highest 20 22 24 26 38634|568 71410|1050 171166|2517 53200|5 71062|129 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Highest The greatest certain altitude at which any flowering plants have been found is 21,000 ft on Kamet (25,447 ft) by N.D. Jayal in 1955. They were ^I and ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Deepest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Deepest 20 22 24 26 38702|569 6742|99 170962|2514 53200|6 11656|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Deepest The greatest depth at which plant life has been found is 884 ft by Mark and Diane Littler off San Salvadore Island, Bahamas in October 1984. These maroon-colored algae survived although 99.9995 percent of sunlight was filtered out. ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Deepest roots T Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Deepest roots 20 22 24 26 38770|570 6810|100 171030|2515 53200|7 11656|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Deepest roots The greatest reported depth to which roots have penetrated is an estimated 400 ft for a wild fig tree at Echo Caves, near Ohrigstad, Transvaal, South Africa. A single winter rye plant ( ^I ) has been shown to produce 387 miles ^ of roots in 1.83 cu ft of earth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Plants: Fastest-growing T Living World|Plant Kingdom|General Records|Fastest-growing 20 22 24 26 38838|571 27618|406 171098|2516 53200|8 23878|158 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Plants: Fastest-growing Some species of the 45 genera of bamboo have been found to grow up to 3 ft per day (0.00002 mph). (See Fastest-growing and Tallest grass.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Earliest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Earliest 20 22 24 26 38906|572 8238|121 29046|427 53846|0 13960|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Earliest A flower believed to be 120 million years old was identified in 1989 by Dr Leo Hickey and Dr David Taylor of Yale University, New Haven, CT from a fossil discovered near Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The flowering angiosperm, which resembles a ^ modern black pepper plant, had two leaves and one flower and is known as the Koonwarra plant. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest fossil of a flowering plant with palmlike imprints in America was found in Colorado in 1953 and dated about 65 ^ million years old. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Largest T \p8\D04\3802052b Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Largest 20 22 24 26 38974|573 85486|1257 6946|102 29182|429 16602|244 53846|1 91334|48 9576|2 -PCAP- Grown by Francois Santini of Indre-et-Loire, France, this giant chrysanthemum stands 8 ft 2 in tall and has 4,041 blooms. (Photo: Michael Vohmann) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Largest The largest of all blooms are those of the parasitic stinking corpse lily ( ^I ), which measure up to 3 ft across and 3/4 in thick, and attain a weight of 15 lb. The plants attach themselves to the cissus vines in the ^ jungles of southeast Asia. True to its name, the plant has an extremely offensive scent. ^<n ^<4 Inflorescence ^>4 The largest-known inflorescence (as distinct from the largest of all blooms) is that of ^I , a rare ^ Bolivian monocarpic member of the Bromeliaceae family. Its erect panicle (diameter 8 ft) emerges to a height of 35 ft and each of these bears up to 8,000 white blooms. (See Slowest-flowering plant.) The flower-spike of an agave measured in ^ Berkeley, CA in 1974 was found to be 52 ft long. ^<n ^<4 Blossoming plant ^>4 The giant Chinese wisteria ( ^I ) at Sierra Madre, CA was planted in 1892 and now has branches 500 ft long. It covers nearly 1 acre, weighs ^ 248 tons and has an estimated 1.5 million blossoms during its blossoming period of five weeks, when up to 30,000 people pay admission to visit it. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Smallest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Smallest 20 22 24 26 39042|574 245354|3608 29726|437 53846|2 258628|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Smallest The floating, flowering aquatic duckweed ( ^I ) of Australia, described in 1980, is only 0.0236 in long and 0.0129 in wide. It weighs about 1/100,000 oz and its fruit, which resembles a minuscule fig, weighs 1/400,000 oz. ^<n ^ ^<4 United States ^>4 The smallest plant regularly flowering in the United States is ^I , which is found in the San Joaquin Valley, central California, and rivers draining the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The plant weighs ^ about 150 micrograms, and is listed as 0.015 in to 0.027 in length and 0.011 in in width. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Fastest-growing T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Fastest-growing 20 22 24 26 39110|575 19526|287 29114|428 53846|3 23878|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Fastest-growing It was reported from Tresco Abbey, Isles of Scilly, Great Britain in July 1978 that a ^I of the family Liliaceae grew 12 ft in 14 days, a rate of about 10 in per day. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Slowest-flowering T \p8\D04\3802051 Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Slowest-flowering 20 23 25 27 39178|576 243450|3580 7014|103 29658|436 53846|4 257632|2 9576|3 -PCAP- Well worth the wait, after about 80-150 years this rare ( ^I ) from Bolivia produces the largest inflorescence (as distinct from bloom) of any flower, with its 8 ft diameter panicle reaching a height of 35 ft. (Photo: Images) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Slowest-flowering The slowest-flowering of all plants is the rare ^I , the largest of all herbs, discovered at 13,000 ft in Bolivia in 1870. The panicle emerges after about 80-150 years of the plant's life. It then dies. One planted near sea ^ level at the University of California's Botanical Garden, Berkeley in 1958 grew to 25 ft and bloomed as early as August 1986 after only 28 years. (See Largest blooms.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Orchids T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Orchids 20 22 24 26 39246|577 245286|3607 29590|435 53846|5 258628|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Orchids ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The tallest of all orchids is ^I , a native of Malaysia. Specimens have been recorded up to 25 ft in height. ^<n A height of 49 ft has been recorded for ^I , a saprophyte of ^ the vanilla family. It grows in the decaying rain forests of Queensland, Australia, but is not freestanding. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The tallest of all American orchids is the ^I , with a recorded height of 5.6 ft. ^ There are five species of vanilla orchids that are vines and can spread to almost any length depending on the environment. These include ^I , ^I , ^I , ^I , and ^I . ^ These orchids root in the ground and will grow in any direction over their surroundings. ^<n ^<4 Largest flower ^>4 The largest orchid flower is that of ^I , whose petals are reported to grow up to 3 ft long in ^ the wild. It was discovered in 1886 in the Malay Archipelago. A plant of this variety grown in Somerset, Great Britain in 1991 had three flowers averaging 2 ft from the top of the dorsal sepal to the bottom of the ribbon petals, giving a record ^ stretched length of 4 ft. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest flowering orchid in the United States is the yellow ladyslipper ( ^I ) of the Pubsecens variety. Its petals grow up to 7 in long. ^<n ^<4 Smallest ^>4 ^ The smallest orchid is ^I , found in Central America. Its flowers are just 0.04 in in diameter. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The smallest orchid in the United States is ^I ,with a ^ petal spread of 0.02 in and a maximum height of 1.6 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Largest cactus T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Largest cactus 20 22 24 26 39314|578 85554|1258 29250|430 53846|6 91334|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Largest cactus The largest of all cacti is the saguaro ( ^I or ^I ), found in Arizona, southeastern California and Sonora, Mexico. The green fluted column is surmounted by candelabra-like branches rising to a height ^ of 57 ft 11 3/4 in in the case of a specimen discovered in the Maricopa Mountains, near Gila Bend, AZ on 17 Jan 1988. ^<n An armless cactus 78 ft in height was measured in April 1978 by Hube Yates in Cave Creek, AZ. It was toppled in a windstorm ^ in July 1986 at an estimated age of 150 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Largest rhododendron T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Largest rhododendron 20 22 24 26 39382|579 85690|1260 29386|432 53846|7 91334|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Largest rhododendron Examples of the scarlet ^I reach a height of 65 ft on Mt Japfu, Nagaland, India. The cross-section of the trunk of a ^I , reputedly 90 ft high, from Yunnan, China, is preserved at Inverewe ^ Gardens, Highland, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Largest rose tree T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Largest rose tree 20 22 24 26 39450|580 85758|1261 29454|433 53846|8 91334|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Largest rose tree A Lady Banks rose tree at Tombstone, AZ has a trunk 40 in thick, stands 9 ft high and covers an area of 5,380 sq ft. It is supported by 68 posts and several thousand feet of piping, which enables 150 people to be seated under the arbor. The cutting ^ came from Scotland in 1884. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Largest hanging basket T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Largest hanging basket 20 22 24 26 39518|581 85622|1259 29318|431 53846|9 91334|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Largest hanging basket A giant hanging basket measuring 20 ft in diameter and containing about 600 plants was created by Rogers of Exeter Garden Centre, Great Britain in 1987. Its volume was approximately 4,167 cu ft and weighed an estimated 4.4 tons. Another example ^ from France with the same diameter but more conical in shape was smaller in terms of volume. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Longest daisy chain T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Longest daisy chain 20 22 24 26 39586|582 131046|1927 29522|434 53846|10 139100|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Longest daisy chain The longest daisy chain measured 6,980 ft 7 in and was made in 7 hr by villagers of Good Easter, Great Britain on 27 May 1985. The team is limited to 16. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blooms and Flowers: Biggest aspidistra T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Blooms and Flowers|Biggest aspidistra 20 22 24 26 39654|583 1030|15 28978|426 53846|11 7328|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blooms and Flowers: Biggest aspidistra The biggest aspidistra in the world measures 56 in and belongs to Cliff Evans of Kiora, Moruya, New South Wales, Australia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fruits and Vegetables: World records T \p8\D04\3802054 Living World|Plant Kingdom|Fruits and Vegetables|World records 20 22 24 26 39722|584 138526|2037 7082|104 91334|1343 54702|0 139100|147 9576|4 -PCAP- Bill Carson of Arrington, TN proudly displays his 262-lb watermelon, grown in 1990. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fruits and Vegetables: World records In the interest of fairness and to minimize the risk of mistakes being made, all plants should, where possible, be entered in official international, national or local garden contests. Only produce grown primarily for human consumption will be ^ considered for publication. The assistance of ^I and the World Pumpkin Confederation is gratefully acknowledged. ^<n ^<4 Apple ^>4 3 lb 1 oz, V. Loveridge, Ross-on-Wye, Great Britain, 1965. ^<n ^<4 Broad bean ^>4 23 3/8 ^ in, T. Currie Jedburgh, Great Britain, 1963, also 23 3/8 in, M. Adrian Irvine, Great Britain, 1982. ^<n ^<4 Cabbage ^>4 124 lb. B. Lavery, Llanharry, Great Britain, 1989. ^<n ^<4 Cabbage, red ^>4 42 lb, R. Straw, Staveley, Great Britain, ^ 1925. The Swalwell, County Durham red cabbage of 1865, grown by William Collingwood (d. 8 Oct 1867), reputedly weighed 123 lb and had a circumference of 259 in. ^<n ^<4 Cantaloupe ^>4 62 lb, G. Draughtridge, Rocky Mount, NC, 1991. ^<n ^<4 ^ Carrot ^>4 15 lb 7 oz, I. Scott, Nelson, New Zealand, 1978. ^<n ^<4 Celery ^>4 46 lb 1 oz, B. Lavery, Llanharry, Great Britain, 1990. ^<n ^<4 Cucumber ^>4 20 lb 1 oz, B. Lavery, Llanharry, Great Britain, 1991. A Vietnamese variety 6 ft ^ long was reported by L. Szabo of Debrecen, Hungary in September 1976. The giant cucumbers grown by Eileen Chappel, which were featured for several years, have subsequently been identified as gourds. ^<n ^<4 Garlic ^>4 2 lb 10 oz, R. ^ Kirkpatrick, Eureka, CA, 1985, Elephant garlic variety. The garlic had a circumference of 18 1/2 in. ^<n ^<4 Grapefruit ^>4 6 lb 8 1/2 oz, J. and A. Sosnow, Tucson, AZ, 1984. ^<n ^<4 Leek (pot) ^>4 12 lb 2 oz, P. Harrigan, Linton, Great ^ Britain, 1987. ^<n ^<4 Lemon ^>4 8 lb 8 oz, C. and D. Knutzen, Whittier, CA, 1983. ^<n ^<4 Marrow ^>4 108 lb 2 oz, B. Lavery, Llanharry, Great Britain, 1990. ^<n ^<4 Onion ^>4 10 lb 2 oz, R. Holland, Cumnock, Great Britain, 1992. ^<n ^ ^<4 Parsnip ^>4 171 3/4 in, B. Lavery, Llanharry, Great Britain, 1990. ^<n ^<4 Pineapple ^>4 17 lb 8 oz, Dole Philippines Inc., South Cotabato, Philippines, 1984. Pineapples weighing up to 28 lb 11 oz were reported from Tarauaca, Brazil in ^ 1978. ^<n ^<4 Potato ^>4 7 lb 1 oz, J. East, Spalding, Great Britain, 1963, also 7 lb 1 oz, J. Busby, Atherstone, Great Britain, 1982. ^<n ^<4 Pumpkin ^>4 816 lb 8 oz, E. and R. Gancarz, Wrightstown, NJ, 1990. ^<n ^<4 Radish ^>4 28 lb 1 ^ oz, B. Lavery, Llanharry, Great Britain, 1990. ^<n ^<4 Rhubarb ^>4 5 lb 14 oz, E. Stone, East Woodyates, Great Britain, 1985. ^<n ^<4 Runner bean ^>4 39 1/2 in, J. Taylor, Shifnal, Great Britain, 1986. ^<n ^<4 Rutabaga ^>4 48 lb 12 oz, ^ A. Foster, Alnwick, Great Britain, 1980. A rutabaga weighing 51 lb was reported from Alaska in 1981, but this has not been substantiated. ^<n ^<4 Squash ^>4 821 lb, L. Stellpflug, Rush, NY, 1990. ^<n ^<4 Strawberry ^>4 8.17 oz, G. Anderson, ^ Folkestone, Great Britain, 1983. ^<n ^<4 Tomato ^>4 7 lb 12 oz, G. Graham, Edmond, OK, 1986. ^<n ^<4 Tomato plant ^>4 53 ft 6 in, G. Graham, Edmond, OK, 1985. It was reported at the Tsukuba Science Expo Center, Japan on 28 Feb, 1988 that a s ^ ingle plant produced 16,897 tomatoes. ^<n ^<4 Watermelon ^>4 262 lb, B. Carson, Arrington, TN, 1990. Bill Rogerson of Robersonville, NC grew a watermelon which weighed 279 lb on 3 Oct 1988, but this was not measured under competition conditions. ^ ^<n ^<4 Zucchini ^>4 64 lb 8 oz, B. Lavery, Llanharry, Great Britain, 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fruits and Vegetables: Most nutritive T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Fruits and Vegetables|Most nutritive 20 22 24 26 39790|585 175654|2583 91266|1342 54702|1 175106|180 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fruits and Vegetables: Most nutritive An analysis of the 38 commonly eaten raw (as opposed to dried) fruits shows that the one with the highest caloric value is the avocado ( ^I ), with 741 calories per edible pound; it also contains vitamins A, C and E and 2.2 ^ percent protein. Avocados probably originated in Central and South America. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fruits and Vegetables: Least nutritive T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Fruits and Vegetables|Least nutritive 20 22 24 26 39858|586 126830|1865 91062|1339 54702|2 136828|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fruits and Vegetables: Least nutritive That with the lowest caloric value is the cucumber ( ^I ), with 73 cal/lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fruits and Vegetables: Most apples picked T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Fruits and Vegetables|Most apples picked 20 22 24 26 39926|587 175586|2582 91198|1341 54702|3 175106|179 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fruits and Vegetables: Most apples picked The greatest recorded performance of apple picking is 15,830 lb picked in 8 hr by George Adrian of Indianapolis, IN on 23 Sep 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fruits and Vegetables: Longest apple peel T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Fruits and Vegetables|Longest apple peel 20 22 24 26 39994|588 138458|2036 91130|1340 54702|4 139100|146 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fruits and Vegetables: Longest apple peel The longest single unbroken apple peel on record is one of 172 ft 4 in, peeled by Kathy Wafler of Wolcott, NY in 11 hr 30 min at Long Ridge Mall, Rochester, NY on 16 Oct 1976. The apple weighed 20 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fruits and Vegetables: Fastest cucumber slicing T \p8\D04\3709176 Living World|Plant Kingdom|Fruits and Vegetables|Fastest cucumber slicing 20 22 24 26 40062|589 22246|327 7150|105 90926|1337 54702|5 23878|79 9576|5 -PCAP- Norman Johnson of Blackpool, Lancashire, Great Britain holds the record for fast cucumber slicing, with 264 slices in 13.4 sec. He is seen here demonstrating his skills at Covent Garden, London. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fruits and Vegetables: Fastest cucumber slicing Norman Johnson of Blackpool College, Lancashire, Great Britain set a record of 13.4 sec for slicing a 12-in cucumber, 1 1/2 in in diameter, at 22 slices to the inch (total 264 slices) at West Deutscher Rundfunk in Cologne, Germany on 3 Apr 1983. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Fruits and Vegetables: Fastest potato peeling T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Fruits and Vegetables|Fastest potato peeling 20 22 24 26 40130|590 22314|328 90994|1338 54702|6 23878|80 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fruits and Vegetables: Fastest potato peeling The greatest quantity of potatoes peeled by five people to an institutional cookery standard with standard kitchen knives in 45 min is 830 lb 11 oz (net) by Lia Sombroek, Marlene Guiamo, Ria Grol, Yvonne Renting and Nguyet Nguyen at Emmeloord, ^ Netherlands on 15 Sep 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Vines and Vineyards: Largest vine T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Vines and Vineyards|Largest vine 20 22 24 26 40198|591 124314|1828 233522|3434 55208|0 91334|619 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vines and Vineyards: Largest vine This was planted in 1842 at Carpinteria, CA. By 1900 it was yielding more than 9.9 tons of grapes in some years, and averaged 7.7 tons per year until it died in 1920. A single bunch of grapes (Red Thompson seedless) of 20 lb 11 1/2 oz was weighed ^ in Santiago, Chile in May 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Vines and Vineyards: Largest vineyard T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Vines and Vineyards|Largest vineyard 20 22 24 26 40266|592 124382|1829 233590|3435 55208|1 91334|620 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vines and Vineyards: Largest vineyard The world's largest vineyard extends over the Mediterranean slopes between the Pyrenees and the Rhone in the ^I Gard, Herault, Aude and Pyrenees-Orientales. It covers an area of 2,075,685 acres, 52.3 percent of which is ^I . ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest continuous vineyard in the United States is Minor Thornton Ranch in Fresno, CA. Owned by the Golden State Vintners Corp., the vineyard covers 5,200 acres and produces 6,500 tons ^ of grapes each year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Vines and Vineyards: Most northerly vineyard T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Vines and Vineyards|Most northerly vineyard 20 22 24 26 40334|593 192994|2838 233658|3436 55208|2 175106|434 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vines and Vineyards: Most northerly vineyard There is a vineyard at Sabile, Latvia just north of Lat. 57 deg N. ^ -END- -CTRL- Vines and Vineyards: Most southerly vineyard T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Vines and Vineyards|Most southerly vineyard 20 22 24 26 40402|594 193062|2839 233726|3437 55208|3 175106|435 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vines and Vineyards: Most southerly vineyard The most southerly commercial vineyards are to be found in central Otago, South Island, New Zealand, south of Lat. 45 deg S. ^ -END- -CTRL- Leaves: Largest T \p8\D04\3802055 Living World|Plant Kingdom|Leaves|Largest 20 22 24 26 40470|595 102962|1514 7218|106 117446|1727 16466|242 55504|0 91334|305 9576|6 -PCAP- Specimens of the Amazon, or royal, water lily ( ^I ). The largest recorded example of this species reached a diameter of 8 ft at the Stratford-upon-Avon Butterfly Farm, Great Britain in 1989. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Leaves: Largest The largest leaves of any plant belong to the raffia palm ( ^I ) of the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, and the Amazonian bamboo palm ( ^I ) of South America, whose leaf blades may measure ^ up to 65 ft in length with petioles up to 13 ft. ^<n ^<4 Undivided ^>4 The largest undivided leaf is that of ^I , found in Sabah, Malaysia. A specimen found in 1966 was 9 ft 11 in long and 6 ft 3 1/2 in wide, with a ^ surface area of 34.12 sq ft. A specimen of the water lily ^I (Longwood hybrid) on the grounds of the Stratford-upon-Avon Butterfly Farm, Warwickshire, Great Britain measured 8 ft in diameter on 2 Oct 1989. ^<n ^<4 ^ United States ^>4 The largest leaves to be found in outdoor plants in America are those of the climbing fern ( ^I ) of the Gulf coast, with leaves of 23 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Leaves: Most clover leaves T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Leaves|Most clover leaves 20 22 24 26 40538|596 179190|2635 117514|1728 55504|1 175106|232 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Leaves: Most clover leaves A fourteen-leafed white clover ( ^I ) was found by Randy Farland near Sioux Falls, SD on 16 Jun 1975. A fourteen-leafed red clover ( ^I ) was reported by Paul Haizlip at Bellevue, WA on 22 Jun 1987. Clovers ^ are not invariably three-leafed, and their collection is not considered to be botanically significant. ^ -END- -CTRL- Seeds: Largest T \p8\D04\3702052b Living World|Plant Kingdom|Seeds|Largest 20 22 24 26 40606|597 118058|1736 7286|107 196394|2888 17214|253 55660|0 91334|527 9576|7 -PCAP- The largest seeds in the world are those of the double coconut or coco der mer ( ^I ), which grows only in the Seychelles and bears a single-seeded fruit which may weigh 44 lb. (Picturepoint Ltd.) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Seeds: Largest The largest seed in the world is that of the double coconut or coco de mer ( ^I ), the single-seeded fruit of which may weigh 44 lb. This grows only in the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean. ^ -END- -CTRL- Seeds: Smallest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Seeds|Smallest 20 22 24 26 40674|598 250114|3678 196530|2890 55660|1 258628|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Seeds: Smallest The smallest are those of epiphytic (nonparasitic plants growing on others) orchids, at 35 million/oz (compare with grass pollens at up to 6 billion grains/oz). ^ -END- -CTRL- Seeds: Most viable T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Seeds|Most viable 20 22 24 26 40742|599 190070|2795 196462|2889 55660|2 175106|391 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Seeds: Most viable The most conclusive claim for the viability of seeds is that made for the Arctic lupine ( ^I ) found in frozen silt at Miller Creek in the Yukon, Canada in July 1954 by Harold Schmidt. The seeds were germinated in 1966 and ^ were radiocarbon dated to at least 8000 B.C., and more probably to 13,000 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ferns: Largest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Ferns|Largest 20 22 24 26 40810|600 96910|1425 79570|1170 55886|0 91334|216 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ferns: Largest The largest of the more than 6,000 species of fern is the tree fern ( ^I ) of Norfolk Island in the South Pacific, which attains a height of 60-80 ft. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest in America is the giant fern ( ^ ^I ) of the Gulf coast, which measures up to 16.4 ft. However, the bracken fern ( ^I ) is the largest fern plant. It grows to a height of 4.9 ft above ground, but also grows giant clones or ^ stem systems underground that can reach up to a quarter of a mile. This fern is found throughout the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ferns: Smallest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Ferns|Smallest 20 22 24 26 40878|601 246986|3632 79638|1171 55886|1 258628|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ferns: Smallest The world's smallest ferns are ^I , found in Central America, and ^I , which is native to the United States and has fronds as small as 1/2 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Grasses: Tallest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Grasses|Tallest 20 22 24 26 40946|602 254806|3747 97046|1427 56042|0 267614|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Grasses: Tallest A thorny bamboo culm ( ^I ) felled at Pattazhi, Travancore, India in November 1904 was 121 1/2 ft tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Grasses: Fastest-growing T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Grasses|Fastest-growing 20 22 24 26 41014|603 22586|332 96978|1426 56042|1 23878|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Grasses: Fastest-growing Some species of bamboo have a growth rate of 3 ft per day. (See also Plant Kingdom, General records.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Grasses: Commonest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Grasses|Commonest 20 22 24 26 41082|604 4702|69 96910|1425 56042|2 11220|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Grasses: Commonest The world's commonest grass is Bermuda grass ( ^I ), which is native to tropical Africa and the Indo-Malaysian region, but which extends from Lat. 45 deg N to 45 deg S. It is possibly the most troublesome weed of the grass ^ family, affecting 40 crops in over 80 countries. The Callie hybrid, selected in 1966, grows as much as 6 in a day and stolons reach 18 ft in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mosses: Tallest and smallest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Mosses|Tallest and smallest 20 22 24 26 41150|605 248210|3650 145870|2145 56268|0 258628|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mosses: Tallest and smallest ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The tallest variety of moss is the Australian species ^I , which can reach a height of 12 in. The longest is the mainly aquatic species ^I , especially ^I , which ^ forms streamers well over 3 ft long in flowing water. ^<n ^<4 Smallest ^>4 The smallest variety of moss is the microscopic pygmy moss ( ^I ) and the longest is the brook moss ( ^I ), which forms streamers up to 3 ^ ft long in flowing water. Its leaves are notable, however, for their large cells, which can measure up to 120 m long and 25 m wide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weeds: Largest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Weeds|Largest 20 22 24 26 41218|606 125198|1841 241954|3558 56354|0 91334|632 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weeds: Largest The largest weed is the giant hogweed ( ^I ), originally from the Caucasus. It reaches 12 ft tall and has leaves 3 ft long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weeds: Most damaging T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Weeds|Most damaging 20 22 24 26 41286|607 193878|2851 242022|3559 56354|1 175106|447 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weeds: Most damaging The virulence of weeds tends to be measured by the number of crops they affect and the number of countries in which they occur. On this basis, the worst would appear to be the purple nutsedge, nutgrass or nutsedge ( ^I ), a ^ land weed which is native to India but which attacks 52 crops in 92 countries. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The most damaging and widespread weed in America is the purple nut sedge ( ^I ), primarily found in the southern ^ states. Its seeds can germinate at 95 deg F and will withstand temperatures of -68 deg F for two hours and remain viable. The purple nutsedge will grow to 39 in in height and speeds underground through its system of rhyzomes and tubers. It ^ remains dormant underground in extreme weather conditions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weeds: Tallest weeds T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Weeds|Tallest weeds 20 22 24 26 41354|608 258274|3798 242158|3561 56354|2 267614|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weeds: Tallest weeds The tallest weed in the United States is the Melaleuca tree ( ^I ), introduced to the Florida and Gulf coasts from Australia in 1900. Growing to an average of 39 ft, the weed has infested 3.7 million of the 4.7 million ^ acres of Florida wetlands. Very dense and resistant to fire, the crowns are destroyed but the stem survives. It is a fire hazard in that it contains "essential" petroleums that spread fire quickly. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weeds: Most spreading T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Weeds|Most spreading 20 22 24 26 41422|609 193946|2852 242090|3560 56354|3 175106|448 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weeds: Most spreading The greatest area covered by a single clonal growth is that of the wild box huckleberry ( ^I ), a mat-forming evergreen shrub first reported in 1796. A colony covering about 100 acres was found on 18 Jul 1920 near the ^ Juniata River, PA. It has been estimated that this colony began 13,000 years ago. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weeds: Worst aquatic weeds T \p8\D04\3902051 Living World|Plant Kingdom|Weeds|Worst aquatic weeds 20 22 24 26 41490|610 260790|3835 7354|108 242226|3562 23674|348 56354|4 274968|13 9576|8 -PCAP- The rapid growth of aquatic plants in man-made lakes is exemplified by the free-floating fern ^I , which choked about 10 percent (200 sq miles) of Lake Kariba in just 13 months. (Photo: Bruce Coleman Collection) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weeds: Worst aquatic weeds The worst aquatic weeds of the tropics and subtropics is the water hyacinth ( ^I ), which is a native of the Amazon basin but extends from Lat. 40 deg N to 45 deg S. The intransigence of aquatic plants in man-made lakes is ^ illustrated by the mat-forming water weed ^I , found in Africa. It was detected when Lake Kariba, which straddles the border of Zimbabwe and Zambia, was filled in May 1959, and within 11 months had choked an area of 77 ^ sq mi, rising to 387 sq mi in 1963. ^ -END- -CTRL- Seaweed: Longest T \p8\D04\3802052a Living World|Plant Kingdom|Seaweed|Longest 20 22 24 26 41558|611 150154|2208 7422|109 196326|2887 56720|0 139100|318 9576|9 -PCAP- The Pacific giant kelp ( ^I ) can grow to a length of 215 ft. Its distribution is limited because it only reproduces at temperatures below 64-68 deg F, although it can grow 18 in in one day. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Seaweed: Longest The longest species of seaweed is the Pacific giant kelp ( ^I ), which, although it does not exceed 215 ft in length, can grow 18 in in a day. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Earliest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Earliest 20 22 24 26 41626|612 16398|241 229578|3376 56806|0 13960|134 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Earliest The earliest species of tree still surviving is the Maiden-hair tree ( ^I ), of Zhexiang, China, which first appeared about 160 million years ago, during the Jurassic era. It has been grown since ^I . 1100 in Japan, where ^ it was known as ^I ("silver apricot") and is now known as ^I . ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest species is the bristlecone pine, which grows in the desert regions of southern California and Nevada. The exact date ^ of the oldest tree is not known; however, some living species are believed to be at least 4,000 years old. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Oldest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Oldest 20 22 24 26 41694|613 235562|3464 230462|3389 4634|68 56806|1 236192|191 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Oldest Dendrochronologists estimate the ^I life span of a bristlecone pine at nearly 5,500 years, and that of a giant sequoia ( ^I ) at perhaps 6,000 years. No single cell lives more than 30 years. The oldest ^ recorded tree was a bristlecone pine ( ^I ) designated WPN-114, which grew at 10,750 ft above sea level on the northeast face of Mt Wheeler, NV. It was found to be 5,100 years old. ^<n ^<4 Living ^>4 The oldest known ^I tree is the bristlecone pine named Methuselah, growing at 10,000 ft on the California side of the White Mountains, confirmed as 4,700 years old. In March 1974 it was reported that this tree had produced 48 live seedlings. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Most massive T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Most massive 20 22 24 26 41762|614 192858|2836 230394|3388 19730|290 56806|2 175106|432 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Most massive The most massive tree on earth is the biggest-known giant sequoia ( ^I ), a tree named the General Sherman, standing 274.9 ft tall, in the Sequoia National Park, CA. In 1991 it had a girth of 83 ft 2 in, measured 4.5 ^ ft above the ground. The General Sherman has been estimated to contain the equivalent of 600,120 board feet of timber, sufficient to make 5 billion matches. The foliage is blue-green, and the red-brown bark may be up to 24 in thick in parts. ^ Estimates place its weight, including its root system, at 2,756 tons, but the timber is light (18 lb/cu ft). ^<n The seed of a "big tree" weighs only 1/6,000 of an oz. Its growth at maturity may therefore represent an increase in weight of 13 x ^ 10 to the power of 11. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Greatest spread T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Greatest spread 20 22 24 26 41830|615 52166|767 230054|3383 56806|3 52992|104 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Greatest spread The tree canopy covering the greatest area is that of the great banyan ( ^I ) in the Indian Botanical Garden, Calcutta, with 1,775 prop or supporting roots and a circumference of 1,350 ft. It covers some 3 acres and dates ^ from before 1787. However, it is reported that a 550-year-old banyan tree known as "Thimmamma Marrimanu" in Gutibayalu village near Kadiri Taluk, Andrha Pradesh, India spreads over 5.2 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Greatest girth T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Greatest girth 20 22 24 26 41898|616 52098|766 229986|3382 56806|4 52992|103 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Greatest girth A circumference of 190 ft was recorded for the pollarded (trimmed to encourage a more bushy growth) European chestnut ( ^I ) known as the "Tree of the Hundred Horses" ( ^I ) on Mt Etna, Sicily, ^ Italy in 1770 and 1780. It is now in three parts, widely separated. ^<n "El Arbol del Tule" in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico is a 135-ft-tall Montezuma cypress ( ^I ) with a girth in 1982 of 117.6 ft, measured 5 ft above ^ the ground. Generally speaking, however, the largest girths are attributed to African baobob trees ( ^I ), trunks of which have measured 180 ft in circumference. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The Giant Sequoia in the ^ Sequoia National Park, CA has a girth of 83 ft 2 in (See Most massive). ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Giant trees of the US (table) B \t\D01\0203931a Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Giant trees of the US (table) 20 22 24 28 41966|617 258002|3794 229918|3381 56806|5 267614|75 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Source: National Register of Big Trees The National Register of Big Trees, a program of the American Forestry Association (AFA), sponsored by The Davey Tree Expert Company, officially recognizes the largest {champion} tree of each species in the ^ United States. Trees are measured in three sections: circumference (of the tree in inches at 4 1/2 ft from the ground); total vertical height; average diameter of the crown to the nearest foot (calculated by measuring the widest spread and the ^ narrowest, adding them together and dividing by two). To calculate the champion tree the AFA uses a point system based on the following calculation: circumference + height + 1/4 of the crown spread. * Two trees listed as largest ^ -TEXT- Trees: Giant trees of the US (table) Trees: Giant Trees of the US (Table) GIANT TREES OF THE UNITED STATES TREE CIRC. HEIGHT SPREAD POINTS LOCATION (inches) (feet) (feet) (AFA) Ash (White) 304 95 82 420 Palisades, NY (Fraximus americana) Beech (American) 222 130 75 371 Ashtabula ^ County, OH (Fagus grandifolia) Birch (Yellow) 252 76 91 351 Deer Isle, ME (Betula alleghaniensis) Cedar (Port-Orford) 451 219 39 680 Siskiyou National Forest, OR (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Cherry (Black) 181 138 128 351 Washtenaw County, MI ^ (Prunus serotina) Chestnut (American) 202 110 108 339 Grand Traverse, MI (Castanea dentata) Cypress (Monterey) 341 93 83 455 Mendocino, CA (Cupressus macrocarpa) Dogwood (Pacific) 169 60 58 244 Clatskanie, OR (Cornus nuttalli) Douglas-Fir (Coast) ^ 438 329 60 782 Coos County, OR (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Elm (American) 312 100 95 435 Louisville, KS (Ulmus americana) Fir (Noble) 300 272 49 584 Mt St Helens National Monument, WA (Abies procera) Hemlock (Western)* 316 202 47 530 Olympic National ^ Park, WA (Tsuga heterophylla) Hemlock (Western)* 291 227 49 530 Olympic National Park, WA (Tsuga heterophylla) Hickory (Pignut) 157 190 78 367 Robbinsville, NC (Carya glabra) Juniper (Western) 480 86 58 581 Stanislaus National Forest, CA ^ (Juniperus occidentalis) Magnolia (Cucumbertree) 293 75 83 389 Waukon, IA (Magnolia acuminata) Maple (Norway) 235 137 116 401 New Paltz, NY (Acer platanoides) Maple (Red) 222 179 120 431 St Clair County, MI (Acer rubrum) Maple (Sugar) 269 91 80 ^ 380 Norwich, CT (Acer saccharum) Oak (White) 374 79 102 479 Wye Mills State Park, MD (Quercus alba) Oak (Swamp Chestnut) 197 200 148 434 Fayette County, AL (Quercus michauxii) Pecan 231 143 115 403 Cocke County, TN (Carya illinoensis) Pine ^ (Sugar) 348 270 68 635 Yosemite National Park, CA (Pinus lambertiana) Redcedar (Western) 732 178 54 924 Forks, WA (Juniperus virginiana) Redwood (Coast) 638 363 62 1,017 Humboldt Redwoods State Park, CA (Sequoia sempervirens) Sequoia (Giant) 998 ^ 275 107 1,300 Sequoia National Park, CA (Sequoiadendron giganteum) Spruce (Sitka) 707 191 96 922 Seaside, OR (Picea sitchensis) Spruce (Blue) 186 122 36 317 Ashley National Forest, UT (Picea pungens) Sycamore 582 129 105 737 Jeromesville, OH ^ (Platanus occidentalis) Walnut (Black) 278 130 140 443 Sauvie Island, OR (Juglans nigra) Willow (Black) 379 114 136 527 Grand Traverse County, MI (Salix nigra) ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Tallest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Tallest 20 22 24 26 42034|618 258070|3795 230666|3392 56806|6 267614|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Tallest A ^I at Mt Baw Baw, Victoria, Australia is believed to have measured 470 ft in 1885. According to the researches of Dr A.C. Carder, the tallest tree ever measured was an Australian eucalyptus ( ^I ) ^ at Watts River, Victoria, Australia, reported in 1872 by forester William Ferguson. It was 435 ft tall and almost certainly measured over 500 ft originally. ^<n ^<4 Living ^>4 The tallest tree currently standing is the "National Geographic ^ Society" coast redwood ( ^I ) in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, CA. Its revised height, following earlier miscalculations, was 365 ft in October 1991, according to Ron Hildebrant of California. ^<n The tallest ^ nonconiferous flowering tree is an Australian mountain ash, or giant gum ( ^I ), which grows to over 315 ft. The tallest is currently one of 312 ft in the Styx Valley, Tasmania, Australia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Tallest Christmas tree T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Tallest Christmas tree 20 22 24 26 42102|619 258138|3796 230734|3393 56806|7 267614|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Tallest Christmas tree The world's tallest cut Christmas tree was a 221 ft Douglas fir ( ^I ) erected at Northgate Shopping Center, Seattle, WA in December 1950. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Fastest-growing T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Fastest-growing 20 22 24 26 42170|620 31562|464 229850|3380 56806|8 23878|216 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Fastest-growing Discounting bamboo, which is not botanically classified as a tree but as a woody grass, the fastest rate of growth recorded is 35 ft 3 in in 13 months by an ^I planted on 17 Jun 1974 in Sabah, Malaysia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Slowest-growing T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Slowest-growing 20 22 24 26 42238|621 244198|3591 230598|3391 56806|9 257632|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Slowest-growing Excluding ^I , the 14th century Oriental art of cultivating miniature trees, the extreme in slow growth is represented by the ^I (Cycadaceae), measured in Mexico between 1981 and 1986 by Dr Charles M. Peters, who ^ found the average annual growth rate to be 0.03 in; a specimen 120 years old measured 3.9 in in height. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Most leaves T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Most leaves 20 22 24 26 42306|622 192790|2835 230326|3387 56806|10 175106|431 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Most leaves Little work has been done on the laborious task of establishing which species has the most leaves. A large oak has perhaps 250,000 but a cypress may have some 45-50 million leaf scales. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Remotest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Remotest 20 22 24 26 42374|623 238962|3514 230530|3390 56806|11 252566|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Remotest The tree believed to be the remotest from any other is a sole Norwegian spruce on Campbell Island, Antarctica. Its nearest companion would be over 120 nautical miles away on the Auckland Islands. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Largest forest T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Largest forest 20 22 24 26 42442|624 123974|1823 230122|3384 56806|12 91334|614 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Largest forest The largest forested areas in the world are the vast coniferous forests of northern Russia, lying between Lat. 55 deg N and the Arctic Circle. The total wooded area amounts to 2.7 billion acres (25 percent of the world's forests), of which 38 ^ percent is Siberian larch. The former USSR is 34 percent forested. In comparison, the largest area of forest in the tropics remains the Amazon basin, amounting to some 815 million acres. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest forest in the ^ United States is the Tongass National Forest (16.7 million acres), in Alaska. The United States is 32.25 percent forested. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Longest avenue T \c8\D01\3802057z Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Longest avenue 20 22 24 26 42510|625 154506|2272 7490|110 230190|3385 56806|13 139100|382 9576|10 -PCAP- Composed of three parts converging on Imaichi City, Japan, the Cryptomeria Avenue stretches for a total of 22 miles. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Longest avenue The world's longest avenue of trees is the Nikko Cryptomeria Avenue, comprising three parts converging on Imaichi City in the Tochigi Prefecture of Japan and measuring a total of 22 miles. It was planted in the period 1628-48, and over 13,500 of ^ its original 200,000 Japanese cedar ( ^I ) trees survive, at an average height of 88.6 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Fastest wood cutting T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Fastest wood cutting 20 22 24 26 42578|626 31494|463 229782|3379 56806|14 23878|215 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Fastest wood cutting The first recorded lumberjack sports competition was held in 1572 in the Basque region of Spain. Records set at the Lumberjack World Championships at Hayward, WI (founded 1960): ^<n Power saw (three slices of a 20-in diameter white pine with a ^ single-engine saw from a dead start)--8.71 sec by Ron Johnson (USA) in 1986. ^<n One-man bucking (one slice from a 20-in diameter white-pine log with a crosscut saw)--18.96 sec by Rolin Eslinger (USA) in 1987. ^<n Two-man bucking (one slice from ^ a 20-in diameter white-pine log with a crosscut saw)--7.27 sec by Jim Colbert and Mike Sullivan (both USA) in 1988. ^<n Standing block chop (chopping through a vertical 14 in diameter white-pine log 30 in in length)--22.05 sec by Melvin Lentz ^ (USA) in 1988. ^<n Underhand block chop (chopping through a horizontal 14 in diameter white-pine log [length 30 in])--17.84 sec by Laurence O Toole (Australia) in 1985. ^<n Springboard chopping (scaling a 9 ft spar pole on springboards and ^ chopping a 14 in white pine log)--1 min 18.45 sec by Bill Youd (Australia) in 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Fastest tree topping T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Fastest tree topping 20 22 24 26 42646|627 31426|462 229714|3378 56806|15 23878|214 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Fastest tree topping Guy German climbed a 100-ft spar and sawed off the top in a record time of 53.35 sec at Albany, OR on 3 Jul 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Fastest tree climbing T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Fastest tree climbing 20 22 24 26 42714|628 31358|461 229646|3377 56806|16 23878|213 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Fastest tree climbing The fastest time up a 100-ft fir spar pole and back down to the ground is 24.82 sec, by Guy German of Sitka, AK on 3 Jul 1988 at the World Championship Timber Carnival in Albany, OR. ^<n The fastest time up a 29.5-ft coconut tree barefoot is 4.88 ^ sec, by Fuatai Solo, 17, in Sukuna Park, Fiji on 22 Aug 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trees: Longest tree sitting T Living World|Plant Kingdom|Trees|Longest tree sitting 20 22 24 26 42782|629 154574|2273 230258|3386 11298|166 56806|17 139100|383 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trees: Longest tree sitting The duration record for staying in a tree is more than 21 years, by Bungkas, who went up a palm tree in the Indonesian village of Bengkes in 1970 and has been there ever since. He lives in a nest which he made from branches and leaves. Repeated ^ efforts have been made to persuade him to come down, but without success. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hedges: Tallest T \p8\D04\3702052a Living World|Plant Kingdom|Hedges|Tallest 20 22 24 26 42850|630 254874|3748 7558|111 101602|1494 58082|0 267614|29 9576|11 -PCAP- The Meikleour beech hedge in Perth, Scotland was planted in 1746 and has attained a trimmed height of 85 ft, although some of its trees now exceed 105 ft. It stretches for 1804 ft. (Photo: L. Gill, Countryside Commission for Scotland) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hedges: Tallest The Meikleour beech hedge in Perth, Scotland was planted in 1746 and has attained a trimmed height of 85 ft. It is 600 yd long. Some of its trees now exceed 105 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Protista: First discovery T Living World|Protista|General Records|First discovery 20 22 24 27 42918|631 40402|594 182386|2682 58254|0 40936|103 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Protista are one-celled or acellular organisms with characteristics common to both plants and animals. The more plant-like are termed Protophyta (protophytes), including unicellular algae, and the more animal-like are placed in the phylum Protozoa ^ (protozoans), including amoeba and flagellates. ^ -TEXT- Protista: First discovery Protista were discovered in 1676 by microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek of Delft, Netherlands (1632-1723). ^ -END- -CTRL- Protista: Largest T Living World|Protista|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 27 42986|632 115474|1698 182454|2683 58254|1 91334|489 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Protista are one-celled or acellular organisms with characteristics common to both plants and animals. The more plant-like are termed Protophyta (protophytes), including unicellular algae, and the more animal-like are placed in the phylum Protozoa ^ (protozoans), including amoeba and flagellates. ^ -TEXT- Protista: Largest The largest protozoans in terms of volume that are known to have existed were calcareous foraminifera (Foraminiferida) belonging to the genus ^I , a species of which, in the Middle Eocene rocks of Turkey, attained 8 1/2 in in ^ diameter. ^<n The largest existing protozoan, a species of the fan-shaped ^I (Xenophyophorida), can exceed this in length (9 3/4 in has been recorded) but not in volume. ^ -END- -CTRL- Protista: Smallest protophytes T Living World|Protista|General Records|Smallest protophytes 20 22 24 27 43054|633 249434|3668 182522|2684 58254|2 258628|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Protista are one-celled or acellular organisms with characteristics common to both plants and animals. The more plant-like are termed Protophyta (protophytes), including unicellular algae, and the more animal-like are placed in the phylum Protozoa ^ (protozoans), including amoeba and flagellates. ^ -TEXT- Protista: Smallest protophytes The marine microflagellate alga ^I has a diameter of less than 2 microns or micrometers (0.00008 in). ^ -END- -CTRL- Protista: Fastest T Living World|Protista|General Records|Fastest 20 22 24 27 43122|634 27958|411 182250|2680 58254|3 23878|163 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Protista are one-celled or acellular organisms with characteristics common to both plants and animals. The more plant-like are termed Protophyta (protophytes), including unicellular algae, and the more animal-like are placed in the phylum Protozoa ^ (protozoans), including amoeba and flagellates. ^ -TEXT- Protista: Fastest The protozoan ^I has been found to move a distance equivalent to 40 times its own length in a second. No human can cover even seven times his own length in a second. ^ -END- -CTRL- Protista: Fastest reproduction T Living World|Protista|General Records|Fastest reproduction 20 22 24 27 43190|635 28026|412 182318|2681 58254|4 23878|164 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Protista are one-celled or acellular organisms with characteristics common to both plants and animals. The more plant-like are termed Protophyta (protophytes), including unicellular algae, and the more animal-like are placed in the phylum Protozoa ^ (protozoans), including amoeba and flagellates. ^ -TEXT- Protista: Fastest reproduction The protozoan ^I , which reproduces by binary fission, divides as frequently as every three hours. Thus in the course of a day it could become a great-great-great-great-great-great-grandparent and the progenitor of 510 descendants! ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Fungi: Largest T \p8\D04\3702054 Living World|Fungi|General Records|Largest 20 23 25 27 43258|636 99494|1463 7626|112 91470|1345 58706|0 91334|254 10432|0 -PCAP- The largest recorded tree fungus is a specimen of the bracket fungus ^I growing from dead elm wood in the grounds of the C.A.B. Mycological Institute at Kew, Great Britain. This perennial species measured 59 x 56 7/10 in ^ with a circumference of 178 3/4 in in January 1992 and is still growing. (Photo: Mycological Institute) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Fungi were once classified in the sub-kingdom Protophyta of the kingdom Protista. ^ -TEXT- Fungi: Largest The discovery of a clonal growth of the parasitic fungus ^I covering an area of 37 acres and weighing over 100 tons, and therefore representing possibly the world's largest living organism, was reported on 2 Apr 1992. (See ^ Animal Kingdom, General records.) ^<n The largest record tree fungus is the bracket fungus ^I growing from dead elm wood on the grounds of the International Mycological Institute at Kew, Great Britain. It measured 59 x ^ 56 7/10 in with a circumference of 178 3/4 in in January 1992 and is growing at a rate of 9 in per year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fungi: Most poisonous T \p8\D04\3802058 Living World|Fungi|General Records|Most poisonous 20 23 25 27 43326|637 175722|2584 7694|113 91538|1346 23810|350 58706|1 175106|181 10432|1 -PCAP- Of the 70-80 species of mushroom or toadstool harmful to humans, the most dangerous is the death cap ( ^I ). After suffering violent symptoms 6-15 hours after eating it, its victim lapses into a coma, resulting in death in ^ over 50 percent of cases. (Photo: Bruce Coleman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Fungi were once classified in the sub-kingdom Protophyta of the kingdom Protista. ^ -TEXT- Fungi: Most poisonous The yellowish-olive death cap ( ^I ), which can be found in England, is regarded as the world's most poisonous fungus and is responsible for 90 percent of all fatal cases of poisoning caused by fungi. The total toxin content ^ is 7-9 mg dry weight. The estimated lethal amount of amatoxins for humans, depending on body weight, is only 5-7 mg---equivalent to less than 1 3/4 oz of a fresh fungus. From 6-15 hours after eating, the victim experiences vomiting, delirium, ^ collapse and death. Among its victims was Cardinal Giulio di' Medici, Pope Clement VII (b. 1478) on 25 Sep 1534. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fungi: Highest aeroflora count T Living World|Fungi|General Records|Highest aeroflora count 20 22 24 26 43394|638 66922|984 91402|1344 58706|2 71062|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Fungi were once classified in the sub-kingdom Protophyta of the kingdom Protista. ^ -TEXT- Fungi: Highest aeroflora count The highest total fungal spore count was 5,686,861/cu ft near Cardiff, Great Britain on 21 Jul 1971. The lowest counts of airborne allergens are zero. ^ -END- -CTRL- Procaryota: Earliest T Living World|Procaryota|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 43462|639 14630|215 181570|2670 59228|0 13960|108 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Procaryota: Earliest The earliest life-form reported from Great Britain is ^I , a microorganism similar in form to an orange slice, found near Harlech, Great Britain in 1964 and dated in July 1986 to 4 billion years ago. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bacteria: First observation T Living World|Procaryota|Bacteria|First observation 20 22 24 26 43530|640 34418|506 16262|239 59314|0 40936|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bacteria: First observation Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to observe bacteria, in 1675. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bacteria: Oldest T Living World|Procaryota|Bacteria|Oldest 20 22 24 26 43598|641 223390|3285 16466|242 24626|362 59314|1 236192|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bacteria: Oldest Viable bacteria were reported in 1991 to have been recovered from sediments 3-4 million years old from the Sea of Japan. ^<n ^<4 Living ^>4 In 1991 it was reported that live bacteria were found in the flesh of a mastodon (an ancestor of the ^ elephant) from Ohio, which died 12,000 years earlier and which, on the evidence of spear marks found in the ribs, represented the first proof of humans killing a prehistoric animal. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bacteria: Largest T Living World|Procaryota|Bacteria|Largest 20 22 24 26 43666|642 84126|1237 16398|241 59314|2 91334|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bacteria: Largest The largest of the bacteria is the sulfur bacterium ^I , which is 16-45 micrometers in width and may form filaments several millimeters long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bacteria: Smallest free-living entity T Living World|Procaryota|Bacteria|Smallest free-living entity 20 22 24 26 43734|643 244742|3599 16534|243 59314|3 258628|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bacteria: Smallest free-living entity The smallest of all free-living organisms are the pleuro-pneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) of the ^I . One of these, ^I , first discovered in sewage in 1936, has a diameter during its early existence of ^ only 10 to the power of -7 m. Examples of the strain known as H.39 have a maximum diameter of 3 x 10 to the power of -7 m and weigh an estimated 10 to the power of -16 g. A 209.4-ton blue whale weighs 1.9 x 10 to the power of 24 times as much. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bacteria: Highest T Living World|Procaryota|Bacteria|Highest 20 22 24 26 43802|644 62910|925 16330|240 59314|4 71062|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bacteria: Highest In April 1967 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) reported that bacteria had been discovered at an altitude of 25 1/2 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bacteria: Fastest T Living World|Procaryota|Bacteria|Fastest 20 22 24 26 43870|645 18914|278 16194|238 59314|5 23878|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bacteria: Fastest The rod-shaped bacillus ^I , by means of a polar flagellum rotating 100 times/sec, can move 50 times its own length of 2 micrometers per sec. This would be the equivalent of a human sprinter reaching 200 mph or a ^ swimmer crossing the English Channel between England and France in 6 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bacteria: Toughest T Living World|Procaryota|Bacteria|Toughest 20 22 24 26 43938|646 259158|3811 16602|244 10414|153 59314|6 274118|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bacteria: Toughest The bacterium ^I can withstand atomic radiation of 6.5 million roentgens or 10,000 times the dose that would be fatal to the average person. In March 1983 John Barras (University of Oregon) reported bacteria from ^ sulfurous seabed vents thriving at 583 deg F in the East Pacific Rise at Lat. 21 deg N. ^ -END- -CTRL- Viruses: First report T Living World|Procaryota|Viruses|First report 20 22 24 26 44006|647 44550|655 233930|3440 59820|0 40936|164 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Viruses: First report Dmitriy Ivanovsky (1864-1920) first reported filterable objects in 1892, but Martinus Willem Beijerink (1851-1931) first confirmed the nature of viruses in 1898. These are now defined as aggregates of two or more types of chemical (including either ^ DNA or RNA) that are infectious and potentially pathogenic. ^ -END- -CTRL- Viruses: First chemical description T Living World|Procaryota|Viruses|First chemical description 20 22 24 26 44074|648 44482|654 233862|3439 59820|1 40936|163 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Viruses: First chemical description The first chemical description of a living entity was published in Dec 1991 by A. Molla, A.V. Paul and Eckard Wimmer of the State University of New York. The formula for the organic matter of poliovirus is (C subscript 3 32,652) (H subscript 4 ^ 92,388) (N subscript 9 8,245) (O subscript 1 31,196) (P subscript 7 501) (S subscript 2 340) and it is believed to be the largest empirical formula ever reported. ^ -END- -CTRL- Viruses: Largest T Living World|Procaryota|Viruses|Largest 20 22 24 26 44142|649 124450|1830 233998|3441 59820|2 91334|621 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Viruses: Largest The longest-known virus is the rod-shaped ^I virus with particles measuring 2 x 10 to the power of -5 m. ^ -END- -CTRL- Viruses: Smallest T Living World|Procaryota|Viruses|Smallest 20 22 24 26 44210|650 251202|3694 234066|3442 59820|3 258628|102 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Viruses: Smallest The smallest-known viruses are the nucleoprotein plant viruses, such as the satellite of tobacco ^I with spherical particles 17 nm in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Viroids: First discovery T Living World|Procaryota|Viroids|First discovery 20 22 24 26 44278|651 44414|653 233794|3438 60116|0 40936|162 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Viroids: First discovery Viroids were discovered by Theodor O. Diener (USA) in Feb 1972. They are infectious agents of plants, are smaller than viruses, and consist only of nucleic acid (RNA) cores. ^<n A putative new infectious submicroscopic organism without nucleic ^ acid, named a "prion," was announced from the University of California in February 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parks: Largest T \p8\D04\3902053a Living World|Parks, Zoos, Oceanaria, Aquaria|Parks|Largest 20 23 25 27 44346|652 111394|1638 7762|114 162394|2388 22722|334 60498|0 91334|429 10588|0 -PCAP- The Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta and Northwest Territories, Canada was originally established to protect the last remaining herds of bison in Canada. It covers 17,375 sq miles and is also home to a variety of flora and fauna, including the ^ endangered whooping crane ( ^I ), the tallest American bird at almost 5 ft. (Photo: Wood Buffalo National Park/J. Langille) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parks: Largest The Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta, Canada (established 1922) has an area of 17,375 sq mi. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest public park in the United States is Wrangell-St Elias National Park and Preserve in Alaska. Of the 13.2 ^ million acres, the National Park section is 8.33 million acres and the Preserve comprises 4.88 million acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parks: Largest game reserve T Living World|Parks, Zoos, Oceanaria, Aquaria|Parks|Largest game reserve 20 22 24 26 44414|653 111462|1639 162462|2389 60498|1 91334|430 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parks: Largest game reserve The world's largest zoological reserve is the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Established in 1907, its area has grown to 38,427 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Zoos: Oldest T Living World|Parks, Zoos, Oceanaria, Aquaria|Zoos|Oldest 20 22 24 26 44482|654 236038|3471 246170|3620 60654|0 236192|198 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It has been estimated that throughout the world there are some 757 zoos with an estimated annual attendance of 350 million. ^ -TEXT- Zoos: Oldest The earliest-known collection of animals was the one set up by Shulgi, a third-dynasty ruler of Ur from 2097-2094 B.C., at Puzurish in southeast Iraq. The oldest-known zoo is the one at Schonbrunn, Vienna, Austria, built in 1752 by the Holy Roman ^ Emperor Franz I for his wife Maria Theresa. ^<n The oldest existing public zoological collection in the world is that of the Zoological Society of London, Great Britain, founded in 1826. In January 1989 the collection comprised 11,108 specimens, ^ housed in Regent's Park, London, Great Britain (36 acres) and at Whipsnade Park, Bedfordshire, Great Britain (541 acres; opened 23 May 1931). The record annual attendances are 3,031,571 in 1950 for Regent's Park and 756,758 in 1961 for Whipsnade. ^ ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The Philadelphia Zoo received its charter from the state of Pennsylvania in 1859, but did not open to the public until 1874. Lincoln Park Zoo, a 60-acre public park owned by the city of Chicago, received a gift of two ^ swans from Central Park, New York City in 1868. By 1870 a "small barn and paddocks" had been built to house additional animals that had been donated by the public. The current facility covers 35 acres. ^<n According to the American Association of ^ Zoological Parks and Aquariums, the top zoo for attendance is Lincoln Park Zoo with 4 million visitors each year. The next largest total is the San Diego Zoo, CA, which hosts 3.2 million visitors per year. San Diego's top attendance was in 1987, ^ with 3,808,600. ^ -END- -CTRL- Zoos: Earliest without bars T Living World|Parks, Zoos, Oceanaria, Aquaria|Zoos|Earliest without bars 20 22 24 26 44550|655 16670|245 246102|3619 60654|1 13960|138 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It has been estimated that throughout the world there are some 757 zoos with an estimated annual attendance of 350 million. ^ -TEXT- Zoos: Earliest without bars The earliest zoo without bars was that at Stellingen, near Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck (1844-1913), who made use of deep pits and large pens instead of cages to separate the exhibits from visitors. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oceanaria: Earliest T Living World|Parks, Zoos, Oceanaria, Aquaria|Oceanaria|Earliest 20 22 24 26 44618|656 12726|187 154846|2277 60810|0 13960|80 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oceanaria: Earliest The world's first oceanarium is Marineland of Florida, opened in 1938 at a site 18 miles south of St Augustine, FL. Up to 5.8 million gal of seawater are pumped daily through two major tanks, one rectangular (100 ft long by 40 ft wide by 18 ft ^ deep) containing 375,000 gal, and one circular (233 ft in circumference and 12 ft deep) containing 330,000 gal. The tanks are seascaped, including coral reefs and even a shipwreck. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aquaria: Largest T Living World|Parks, Zoos, Oceanaria, Aquaria|Aquaria|Largest 20 22 24 26 44686|657 83446|1227 8782|129 60896|0 91334|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aquaria: Largest In terms of the volume of water held, the Living Seas Aquarium, opened in 1986 at the EPCOT Center, FL is the world's largest, with a total capacity of 6.25 million gal. It contains over 3,000 fish representing 90 species. ^<n The Monterey Bay ^ Aquarium in California has the most tanks, specimens and species. The aquarium was opened on 20 Oct 1984 at a cost of $55 million. It now has 95 tanks with a capacity of 750,000 gallons on 2.2 acres of land. It contains over 6,500 specimens of ^ 525 species of fauna and flora. The two largest tanks hold 335,000 and 326,000 gallons. The average annual attendance is 1.7 million visitors; however, in 1985 there were 2.3 million visitors, the highest for any aquarium in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Scale of time T Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Scale of time 20 22 24 27 44754|658 178374|2623 61434|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Scale of time If the age of the Earth-Moon system (latest estimate 4.45 billion years) is likened to a single year, hominids appeared on the scene at about 7:40 P.M. on 31 Dec, the Christian era began nearly 14 seconds before midnight, and the life span of a ^ 120-year-old person would be about 84/100ths of a second. Present calculations indicate that the Sun's increased heat as it becomes a "red giant" will make life on Earth untenable in about 5.5 billion years. Meanwhile there may well be colder ^ epicycles. The period of 1 billion years is sometimes referred to as an eon. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest primates T Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Earliest primates 20 22 24 27 44822|659 14426|212 178102|2619 8850|130 61434|1 13960|105 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest primates Primates appeared in the Paleocene epoch about 65 million years ago. The earliest members of the suborder Anthropoidea are known from both Africa and South America in the early Oligocene, 30-34 million years ago, when the two infra-orders, ^ Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, from the New and Old Worlds respectively, were already distinct. New finds from the Fayum, in Egypt, are being studied and may represent primates from the Eocene period, as old as 38 million years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest hominoid T Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Earliest hominoid 20 22 24 27 44890|660 14154|208 177830|2615 61434|2 13960|101 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest hominoid The earliest hominoid fossil is a jawbone with three molars, discovered in the Otavi Hills, Namibia on 4 Jun 1991 by Martin Pickford (b. 1943) of the ^I , Paris, France and provisionally dated at 10-15 ^ million years, but later refined to 12-13 million years and named ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest hominid T \p8\D04\3701005 Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Earliest hominid 20 22 24 27 44958|661 14018|206 7830|115 177694|2613 61434|3 13960|99 10970|0 -PCAP- One of the earliest Hominid fossils, skull 1470, named after its museum number, has been dated to 1.9 million years ago and was discovered in 1972 by Bernard Ngeneo at Koobi Fora, northern Kenya. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest hominid The characteristics typical of the Hominidae include a large brain and bipedal locomotion (walking on two legs). The earliest hominid relic is an Australopithecine jawbone with two molars, each 2 in long, found by Kiptalam Chepboi near Lake ^ Baringo, Kenya in February 1984 and dated to 4 million years ago by associated fossils and to 5.4-5.6 million years ago through rock correlation by potassium-argon dating. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Most complete hominid skeleton T \c8\D01\3701006z Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Most complete hominid skeleton 20 23 25 28 45026|662 187962|2764 7898|116 178170|2620 19526|287 61434|4 175106|360 10970|1 -PCAP- (Left) Dr. Donald C. Johanson (far left) with his co-researchers displaying the complete collection of hominid fossils which were found by the Awash River, Hadar, Ethiophia on 30 Nov 1974. (Right) The most famous of the find was the earliest ^ hominid skeleton of Lucy (40 per cent complete). (Photos: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Most complete hominid skeleton The most complete of the early hominid materials is the skeleton of "Lucy" (40 percent complete), found by Dr Donald C. Johanson and T. Gray at Locality 162 near the Awash River, Hadar, in the Afar region of Ethiopia on 30 Nov 1974. She was ^ estimated to be ^I 40 years old when she died 3 million years ago, and she was 3 ft 6 in tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest hominid footprints T \p8\D04\3803060a Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Earliest hominid footprints 20 22 24 27 45094|663 14086|207 7966|117 177762|2614 8646|127 61434|5 13960|100 10970|2 -PCAP- This trail of hominid footprints was found fossilized in volcanic ash in 1978 at Laetoli, Tanzania. It dates from 3.6 million years ago. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest hominid footprints Parallel tracks of hominid footprints extending over 80 ft were first discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania in 1978, by Paul Abell and Dr Mary Leakey, in volcanic ash dating to 3.6 million years ago. The height of the smallest of the seemingly three ^ individuals was estimated to be 3 ft 11 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest of the genus Homo T \p8\D04\3903056 Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Earliest of the genus Homo 20 22 24 27 45162|664 14358|211 8034|118 178034|2618 11570|170 61434|6 13960|104 10970|3 -PCAP- The most complete skull yet found of ^I or "Handy Man." It was discovered at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in 1964, lying on the bentonitic clay of stillwater lake deposits. (Photo: Ancient Art and Architecture Collection) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest of the genus Homo The earliest species of this genus is ^I , or "Handy Man," from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, named by Louis Leakey, Philip Tobias and John Napier in 1964 after a suggestion from Prof. Raymond Arthur Dart (1893-1988). ^<n The greatest ^ age attributed to fossils of this genus is about 2.4 million years for a piece of cranium found in western Kenya in 1965. At the time it could not be positively identified, but scientists in the USA were able to confirm the identification in ^ 1991. The date was provided by Alan Deino of the Geochronology Center of the Institute of Human Origins, Berkeley, CA, who analyzed volcanic material in a layer just above the fossil site. ^<n The earliest stone tools are abraded core-choppers ^ dating from ^I 2.7 million years ago. They were found at Hadar, Ethiopia in November-December 1976 by Helene Roche (France). Finger-held (as opposed to fist-held) quartz slicers found by Roche and Dr John Wall (New Zealand) close to the ^ Hadar site by the Gona River can also be dated to ^I 2.7 million years ago. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest Homo erectus T Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Earliest Homo erectus 20 22 24 27 45230|665 14222|209 177898|2616 61434|7 13960|102 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest Homo erectus The oldest example of this species (upright man), the direct ancestor of ^I , was discovered by Kamoya Kimeu on the surface at the site of Nariokotome III to the west of Lake Turkana, Kenya in August 1985. The skeleton of this 5 ^ ft 5 in 12-year-old-boy is the most complete of this species yet found; only a few small pieces are missing. It is dated to 1.6 million years ago. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest Homo sapiens T Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Earliest Homo sapiens 20 22 24 27 45298|666 14290|210 177966|2617 61434|8 13960|103 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Earliest Homo sapiens Through the Pleistocene epoch (1.6 million to 10,000 years ago) the trend towards large brains continued. ^I ("wise man") appeared about 300,000 years ago as the successor to ^I . ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^ Over 500 artifacts 11,000 to 16,000 years old were found in Washington Co., PA in April 1973 after being brought to the attention of the University of Pittsburgh by Albert Miller, whose family owned the land. The dig, led by Dr James Adovasio, ^ started in June 1973 and lasted until June 1983. The artifacts consist mainly of unfluted lanceolate projectile points (either spearheads or darts), an assortment of bifacial and unifacial tools (knives and scrapers), polyhedral blade cores (long ^ thin flakes from which blades are made), and blades struck from this core. These items are all made from chert, a flintlike rock. ^<n The site dates to the Pre-Clovis Paleo-Indian culture and it is believed that the ^I ^ Paleo-Indians were the initial inhabitants of the site. The tools, dated by the mass accelerator spectrometer (MAS) technique, which measures the carbon content present in the amino acids at the time of death, resembled tools found in Manchuria. ^ This supports theories that North America was first inhabited by peoples coming across a natural land bridge between Siberia and Alaska that is now deep beneath the Bering Sea. ^<n In 1968 a burial site containing bones of two individuals ^ believed to be an infant and an adolescent were uncovered by construction workers in Wilsall, MT. This site, called the Anzick burial site, also contained 120 artifacts with a red ocher covering believed to be grave offerings. These were mainly ^ flint and stone bifacial (flaked by percussion along both sides of the chopping edge) tools and the remains of spear shafts. ^<n The bones were dated by the MAS technique to not less than 10,600 years ago. The remains are believed to be of ^ members of the Paleo-Indian culture, with the artifacts in the style of the Clovis Age. When taking into account the cultural material found in the next six levels below, the average range widely accepted for the existence of humans at the site ^ is from 13,955 to 14,555 years ago. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Oldest body T Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Oldest body 20 22 24 27 45366|667 232502|3419 178238|2621 10618|156 61434|9 236192|146 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Oldest body The body of a late Stone Age man was found almost perfectly preserved in an Austrian glacier in September 1991. The man is thought to have died ^I . 3300 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prehistoric Humans: Oldest mummy T Human Beings|Origins|Prehistoric Humans|Oldest mummy 20 22 24 27 45434|668 232570|3420 178306|2622 61434|10 236192|147 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Human beings (homo sapiens) are a species in the subfamily Homininae of the family Hominidae of the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Simiae (or Anthropoidea) of the order Primates of the infraclass Eutheria of the subclass Theria of the class ^ Mammalia of the subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) of the phylum Chordata of the subkingdom Metazoa of the animal kingdom. ^ -TEXT- Prehistoric Humans: Oldest mummy Mummification (from the Persian word ^I , wax) dates from 2600 B.C. or the 4th dynasty of the Egyptian pharaohs. The oldest-known mummy is that of a high-ranking young woman who was buried ^I . 2600 B.C. on a plateau near the ^ Great Pyramid of Cheops at Giza, or Al-Gizeh, Egypt. Her remains, which appear to represent an early attempt at mummification, were discovered in a 6-ft-deep excavation on 17 Mar 1989, but only her skull was intact. She is believed to have lived ^ in the lost kingdom of Ankh Ptah. ^<n The oldest complete mummy is of Wati, a court musician of ^I 2400 B.C. from the tomb of Nefer in Saqqara, Egypt, found in 1944. ^ -END- -CTRL- Giants: Goliath of Gath T \p8\D04\3903057 Human Beings|Dimensions|Giants|Goliath of Gath 20 22 24 29 45502|669 8102|119 92286|1357 62516|0 11266|0 -PCAP- David slaying the Philistine giant Goliath. In the left foreground of the picture is David's sling from which he hurled the stone that felled Goliath. (Photo: Ann Ronan Picture Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Growth of the body is determined by growth hormone. This is produced by the pituitary gland, set deep in the brain. Overproduction in childhood produces abnormal growth, and true gigantism is the result. The true height of human giants is ^ frequently obscured by exaggeration and commercial dishonesty. The only admissible evidence on the actual height of giants is that collected since 1870 under impartial medical supervision. Unfortunately, even medical authors are not always ^ blameless and can include fanciful, as opposed to measured, heights. ^<n Giants exhibited in circuses and exhibitions are routinely under contract not to be measured and are, almost traditionally, billed by their promoters at heights up to 18 in ^ in excess of their true heights. ^ -TEXT- Giants: Goliath of Gath The Bible states that Goliath of Gath ( ^I 1060 B.C.) stood 6 cubits (approximately 9 ft). ^<n The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (A.D. 37/38- ^I . A.D. 100) and some of the manuscripts of the Septuagint (the earliest Greek ^ translation of the Old Testament) attribute to Goliath the wholly credible height of 4 Greek cubits (approximately 6 ft). ^ -END- -CTRL- Giants: Tallest man T \p8\D04\3803071a Human Beings|Dimensions|Giants|Tallest man 20 22 24 29 45570|670 254466|3742 8170|120 92490|1360 5110|75 62516|1 267614|23 11266|1 -PCAP- Robert Wadlow is the tallest man in medical history of whom there is irrefutable evidence. Born 22 Feb 1918 in Alton, IL, he was measured in 1940 at 8 ft 11.1 in tall, and with an arm span of 9 ft 5 in. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Growth of the body is determined by growth hormone. This is produced by the pituitary gland, set deep in the brain. Overproduction in childhood produces abnormal growth, and true gigantism is the result. The true height of human giants is ^ frequently obscured by exaggeration and commercial dishonesty. The only admissible evidence on the actual height of giants is that collected since 1870 under impartial medical supervision. Unfortunately, even medical authors are not always ^ blameless and can include fanciful, as opposed to measured, heights. ^<n Giants exhibited in circuses and exhibitions are routinely under contract not to be measured and are, almost traditionally, billed by their promoters at heights up to 18 in ^ in excess of their true heights. ^ -TEXT- Giants: Tallest man Earliest opinion is that the tallest man in medical history of whom there is irrefutable evidence was Robert Pershing Wadlow, born at 6:30 A.M. on 22 Feb 1918 in Alton, IL. Weighing 8 1/2 lb at birth, his abnormal growth started at the age of two ^ following a double hernia operation. On his 13th birthday he stood 7 ft 1 3/4 in tall and by 17 he had reached 8 ft 1/2 in. ^<n On 27 Jun 1940 Dr C.M. Charles, associate professor of anatomy at Washington University's School of Medicine in St ^ Louis, MO, and Dr Cyril MacBryde measured Robert Wadlow at 8 ft 11.1 in (arm span 9 ft 5 3/4 in) in St Louis. Wadlow died 18 days later at 1:30 A.M. on 15 Jul 1940 weighing 439 lb in a hotel in Manistee, MI as a result of a septic blister on his ^ right ankle caused by a poorly fitting brace. He was buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Alton, IL in a coffin measuring 10 ft 9 in. ^<n His greatest recorded weight was 491 lb on his 21st birthday. His shoes were size 37AA (18 1/2 in) and his hands ^ measured 12 3/4 in from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger. ^ -END- -CTRL- Giants: Tallest man (table) B \t\D01\0300121a Human Beings|Dimensions|Giants|Tallest man (table) 20 22 24 30 45638|671 254534|3743 92558|1361 62516|2 267614|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- <1> Following severe influenza and infection of the foot. <2> Still growing during his terminal illness. ^ ^<n Growth of the body is determined by growth hormone. This is produced by the pituitary gland, set deep in the brain. Overproduction in childhood produces abnormal growth, and true gigantism is the result. The true height of human giants is ^ frequently obscured by exaggeration and commercial dishonesty. The only admissible evidence on the actual height of giants is that collected since 1870 under impartial medical supervision. Unfortunately, even medical authors are not always ^ blameless and can include fanciful, as opposed to measured, heights. ^<n Giants exhibited in circuses and exhibitions are routinely under contract not to be measured and are, almost traditionally, billed by their promoters at heights up to 18 in ^ in excess of their true heights. ^ -TEXT- Giants: Tallest man (table) Tallest men: Robert Wadlow (Table) ROBERT WADLOW Weighing 8 1/2 lb at birth, Robert Wadlow started his abnormal growth at the age of two following a double hernia operation. His height progressed as follows: AGE HEIGHT WEIGHT ft in lb 5 5 4 ^ 105 8 6 0 169 9 6 2 1/4 180 10 6 5 210 11 6 7 - 12 6 10 1/2 - 13 7 1_ 255 14 7 5 301 15 7 8 355 16 7 10 1/4 374 17<1> 8 0 1/2 315 18 8 3 1/2 - 19 8 5 1/2 480 20 8 6_ - 21 8 8 1/4 491 22<2> 8 11 1-10 439 ^ -END- -CTRL- Giants: Tallest woman T Human Beings|Dimensions|Giants|Tallest woman 20 22 24 29 45706|672 254738|3746 92762|1364 22246|327 62516|3 267614|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Growth of the body is determined by growth hormone. This is produced by the pituitary gland, set deep in the brain. Overproduction in childhood produces abnormal growth, and true gigantism is the result. The true height of human giants is ^ frequently obscured by exaggeration and commercial dishonesty. The only admissible evidence on the actual height of giants is that collected since 1870 under impartial medical supervision. Unfortunately, even medical authors are not always ^ blameless and can include fanciful, as opposed to measured, heights. ^<n Giants exhibited in circuses and exhibitions are routinely under contract not to be measured and are, almost traditionally, billed by their promoters at heights up to 18 in ^ in excess of their true heights. ^ -TEXT- Giants: Tallest woman The tallest woman in medical history was the giantess Zeng Jinlian (b. 26 Jun 1964) of Yujiang village in the Bright Moon Commune, Hunan Province, central China, who measured 8 ft 1 3/4 in when she died on 13 Feb 1982. This figure, however, ^ represented her height with assumed normal spinal curvature, because she suffered from severe scoliosis (curvature of the spine) and could not stand up straight. She began to grow abnormally from the age of four months and stood 5 ft 1 1/2 in ^ before her fourth birthday and 7 ft 1 1/2 in when she was 13. Her hands measured 10 in and her feet 14 in in length. Both her parents and her brother were of normal size. ^<n The giantess Ella Ewing (1875-1913) of Gorin, MO was billed at 8 ft 2 ^ in, but this height was exaggerated. She measured 7 ft 4 1/2 in at the age of 23, and may have attained 7 ft 6 in at the time of her death. ^ -END- -CTRL- Giants: Tallest living woman T Human Beings|Dimensions|Giants|Tallest living woman 20 22 24 29 45774|673 254398|3741 92422|1359 62516|4 267614|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Growth of the body is determined by growth hormone. This is produced by the pituitary gland, set deep in the brain. Overproduction in childhood produces abnormal growth, and true gigantism is the result. The true height of human giants is ^ frequently obscured by exaggeration and commercial dishonesty. The only admissible evidence on the actual height of giants is that collected since 1870 under impartial medical supervision. Unfortunately, even medical authors are not always ^ blameless and can include fanciful, as opposed to measured, heights. ^<n Giants exhibited in circuses and exhibitions are routinely under contract not to be measured and are, almost traditionally, billed by their promoters at heights up to 18 in ^ in excess of their true heights. ^ -TEXT- Giants: Tallest living woman The world's tallest woman is Sandy Allen, born 18 Jun 1955 in Chicago, IL. A 6 1/2 lb baby, her abnormal growth began soon after birth. At 10 years of age she stood 6 ft 3 in, and she measured 7 ft 1 in when she was 16. On 14 Jul 1977 this giantess ^ underwent a pituitary gland operation, which inhibited further growth at 7 ft 7 1/4 in. She now weighs 462 lb and takes a size 16 EEE shoe. ^ -END- -CTRL- Giants: Tallest married couple T Human Beings|Dimensions|Giants|Tallest married couple 20 22 24 29 45842|674 254602|3744 92626|1362 62516|5 267614|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Growth of the body is determined by growth hormone. This is produced by the pituitary gland, set deep in the brain. Overproduction in childhood produces abnormal growth, and true gigantism is the result. The true height of human giants is ^ frequently obscured by exaggeration and commercial dishonesty. The only admissible evidence on the actual height of giants is that collected since 1870 under impartial medical supervision. Unfortunately, even medical authors are not always ^ blameless and can include fanciful, as opposed to measured, heights. ^<n Giants exhibited in circuses and exhibitions are routinely under contract not to be measured and are, almost traditionally, billed by their promoters at heights up to 18 in ^ in excess of their true heights. ^ -TEXT- Giants: Tallest married couple Anna Hanen Swan (1846-88) of Nova Scotia, Canada was said to be 8 ft 1 in but actually measured 7 ft 5 1/2 in. At the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, Great Britain on 17 Jun 1871 she married Martin van Buren Bates (1845-1919) of ^ Whitesburg, KY, who stood 7 ft 2 1/2 in, making them the tallest married couple on record. ^ -END- -CTRL- Giants: Tallest twins T \p8\D04\us01008 Human Beings|Dimensions|Giants|Tallest twins 20 22 24 29 45910|675 254670|3745 8238|121 92694|1363 62516|6 267614|26 11266|2 -PCAP- The world's tallest female identical twins are Heather and Heidi Burge from Palos Verdes, CA. They are shown here playing basketball for the Univ. of Virginia. (Photo: Michael Harrison/Daily Progress) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Growth of the body is determined by growth hormone. This is produced by the pituitary gland, set deep in the brain. Overproduction in childhood produces abnormal growth, and true gigantism is the result. The true height of human giants is ^ frequently obscured by exaggeration and commercial dishonesty. The only admissible evidence on the actual height of giants is that collected since 1870 under impartial medical supervision. Unfortunately, even medical authors are not always ^ blameless and can include fanciful, as opposed to measured, heights. ^<n Giants exhibited in circuses and exhibitions are routinely under contract not to be measured and are, almost traditionally, billed by their promoters at heights up to 18 in ^ in excess of their true heights. ^ -TEXT- Giants: Tallest twins The world's tallest identical twins are Michael and James Lanier (b. 27 Nov 1969) from Troy, MI. They measured 7 ft 1 in at the age of 14 years and both now stand 7 ft 4 in. Their sister Jennifer is 5 ft 2 in tall. ^<n The world's tallest female ^ identical twins are Heather and Heidi Burge (b. 11 Nov 1971) from Palos Verdes, CA. They are both 6 ft 4 3/4 in tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Giants: Most variable stature T Human Beings|Dimensions|Giants|Most variable stature 20 22 24 29 45978|676 175858|2586 92354|1358 62516|7 175106|183 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Growth of the body is determined by growth hormone. This is produced by the pituitary gland, set deep in the brain. Overproduction in childhood produces abnormal growth, and true gigantism is the result. The true height of human giants is ^ frequently obscured by exaggeration and commercial dishonesty. The only admissible evidence on the actual height of giants is that collected since 1870 under impartial medical supervision. Unfortunately, even medical authors are not always ^ blameless and can include fanciful, as opposed to measured, heights. ^<n Giants exhibited in circuses and exhibitions are routinely under contract not to be measured and are, almost traditionally, billed by their promoters at heights up to 18 in ^ in excess of their true heights. ^ -TEXT- Giants: Most variable stature Adam Rainer (Austria; 1899-1950) measured 3 ft 10.45 in at the age of 21. He then suddenly started growing at a rapid rate, and by 1931 he had reached 7 ft 1 3/4 in. He became so weak as a result that he was bedridden for the rest of his life. At ^ the time of his death on 4 Mar 1950, age 51, he measured 7 ft 8 in and was the only person in medical history to have been both a dwarf and a giant. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dwarfs: Shortest man T \p8\D05\3803062 Human Beings|Dimensions|Dwarfs|Shortest man 20 22 24 28 46046|677 241206|3547 8306|122 70254|1033 21430|315 63092|0 253960|21 11266|3 -PCAP- Gul Mohammed of India, 22.5 in tall, standing alongside Mr V.K. Sharma (Photo: Harish Vats) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The strictures that apply to giants apply equally to dwarfs, except that exaggeration gives way to understatement. In the same way as 9 ft may be regarded as the limit towards which the tallest giants tend, so 22 in must be regarded as the limit ^ towards which the shortest adult dwarfs or midgets tend (compare with the average length of newborn babies, which is 18-20 in). In the case of child dwarfs, their ^I are often exaggerated by their agents or managers. ^<n There are ^ many causes of short stature in humans. They include genetic abnormalities, lack of appropriate hormones, and malnutrition. Dwarfs of the past, whatever the cause of their condition, tended to be smaller because of lower nutritional standards. ^ -TEXT- Dwarfs: Shortest man The shortest mature human of whom there is independent evidence is the still-living Gul Mohammad (b. 15 Feb 1957) of Delhi, India. On 19 Jul 1990 he was examined at Ram Manohar Hospital, New Delhi, and found to measure 22 1/2 in in height and to ^ weigh 37 1/2 lb. The other members of his immediate family are of normal height. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dwarfs: Shortest woman T \c8\D01\3803063z Human Beings|Dimensions|Dwarfs|Shortest woman 20 23 25 29 46114|678 241342|3549 8374|123 70390|1035 21498|316 63092|1 253960|23 11266|4 -PCAP- (Left) The shortest living woman is Madge Bester (b. 26 Apr 1963), of Johannesburg, South Africa, who is 25.5 in tall. (Right) The shortest known female was Pauline Musters ("Princess Paulina;" 1876-95), a Dutch dwarf. On her death a postmortem ^ examination showed her height to be exactly 24 in. (Photos: Image Select and Gamma Presse) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The strictures that apply to giants apply equally to dwarfs, except that exaggeration gives way to understatement. In the same way as 9 ft may be regarded as the limit towards which the tallest giants tend, so 22 in must be regarded as the limit ^ towards which the shortest adult dwarfs or midgets tend (compare with the average length of newborn babies, which is 18-20 in). In the case of child dwarfs, their ^I are often exaggerated by their agents or managers. ^<n There are ^ many causes of short stature in humans. They include genetic abnormalities, lack of appropriate hormones, and malnutrition. Dwarfs of the past, whatever the cause of their condition, tended to be smaller because of lower nutritional standards. ^ -TEXT- Dwarfs: Shortest woman The shortest-ever female was Pauline Musters, a Dutch dwarf. She was born at Ossendrecht, Netherlands, on 26 Feb 1876 and measured 11.8 in at birth. At nine years of age she was 21.65 in tall and weighed only 3 lb 5 oz. She died on 1 Mar 1895 in ^ New York City at the age of 19. Although she was billed at 19 in, a postmortem examination showed her to be exactly 24 in (there was some elongation after death). Her mature weight varied from 7 1/2-9 lb and her measurements were 18 1/2-19-17 in, ^ which suggests she was overweight. ^<n ^<4 Living ^>4 The shortest living female is Madge Bester (b. 26 Apr 1963) of Johannesburg, South Africa, at 25 1/2 in. She suffers from ^I and is confined to a wheelchair. ^ In this disease there is an inherited abnormality of collagen, which, with calcium salts, provides the rigid structure of bones. The disease is characterized by brittle bones and other deformities of the skeleton. Her mother, Winnie, is not much ^ taller, measuring 27 1/2 in, and she too is confined to a wheelchair. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dwarfs: Shortest child T Human Beings|Dimensions|Dwarfs|Shortest child 20 22 24 28 46182|679 241138|3546 70186|1032 63092|2 253960|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The strictures that apply to giants apply equally to dwarfs, except that exaggeration gives way to understatement. In the same way as 9 ft may be regarded as the limit towards which the tallest giants tend, so 22 in must be regarded as the limit ^ towards which the shortest adult dwarfs or midgets tend (compare with the average length of newborn babies, which is 18-20 in). In the case of child dwarfs, their ^I are often exaggerated by their agents or managers. ^<n There are ^ many causes of short stature in humans. They include genetic abnormalities, lack of appropriate hormones, and malnutrition. Dwarfs of the past, whatever the cause of their condition, tended to be smaller because of lower nutritional standards. ^ -TEXT- Dwarfs: Shortest child In 1979 a height of 19.7 in and a weight of 4 lb 6 oz were reported for Stamatoula, a nine-year-old Greek girl (1969-85). When she died on 22 Aug 1985 at the Lyrion Convent, Athens, Greece she measured 26.4 in and weighed 11 lb. The child, believed ^ to be the survivor of twins, suffered from Seckel's syndrome, also known as "bird-headed dwarfism." ^ -END- -CTRL- Dwarfs: Most famous T \p8\D05\3709175c Human Beings|Dimensions|Dwarfs|Most famous 20 22 24 28 46250|680 171030|2515 8442|124 70050|1030 63092|3 175106|112 11266|5 -PCAP- The most famous dwarf in history was Charles Sherwood Stratton, alias General Tom Thumb (1838-83), who was 3 ft 4 in tall. He married Minnie Warren in 1865. (Photo: Mary Evans Picture Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The strictures that apply to giants apply equally to dwarfs, except that exaggeration gives way to understatement. In the same way as 9 ft may be regarded as the limit towards which the tallest giants tend, so 22 in must be regarded as the limit ^ towards which the shortest adult dwarfs or midgets tend (compare with the average length of newborn babies, which is 18-20 in). In the case of child dwarfs, their ^I are often exaggerated by their agents or managers. ^<n There are ^ many causes of short stature in humans. They include genetic abnormalities, lack of appropriate hormones, and malnutrition. Dwarfs of the past, whatever the cause of their condition, tended to be smaller because of lower nutritional standards. ^ -TEXT- Dwarfs: Most famous The most famous midget in history was Charles Sherwood Stratton, alias "General Tom Thumb," born on 4 Jan 1838. When he joined up with Phineas T. Barnum, his birth date was changed to 4 Jan 1832, so that when billed at 30 1/2 in at the age of 18 he ^ was in fact 12. ^<n Tom died of apoplexy on 15 Jul 1885 at his birthplace, Bridgewater, CT, age 47 (not 53) and was 3 ft 4 in (70 lb). ^ -END- -CTRL- Dwarfs: Shortest twins T Human Beings|Dimensions|Dwarfs|Shortest twins 20 22 24 28 46318|681 241274|3548 70322|1034 63092|4 253960|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The strictures that apply to giants apply equally to dwarfs, except that exaggeration gives way to understatement. In the same way as 9 ft may be regarded as the limit towards which the tallest giants tend, so 22 in must be regarded as the limit ^ towards which the shortest adult dwarfs or midgets tend (compare with the average length of newborn babies, which is 18-20 in). In the case of child dwarfs, their ^I are often exaggerated by their agents or managers. ^<n There are ^ many causes of short stature in humans. They include genetic abnormalities, lack of appropriate hormones, and malnutrition. Dwarfs of the past, whatever the cause of their condition, tended to be smaller because of lower nutritional standards. ^ -TEXT- Dwarfs: Shortest twins The shortest twins ever recorded were the primordial dwarfs Matjus and Bela Matina (b. 1903-d. ^I .1935) of Budapest, Hungary, who later became American citizens. They both measured 30 in. ^<n ^<4 Living ^>4 The world's shortest living ^ twins are John and Greg Rice (b. 3 Dec 1951) of West Palm Beach, FL, who both measure 34 in. ^<n The shortest identical twin sisters are Dorene Williams of Oakdale and Darlene McGregor of Almeda, CA (b. 1949), who each stand 4 ft 1 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dwarfs: Oldest T Human Beings|Dimensions|Dwarfs|Oldest 20 22 24 28 46386|682 226586|3332 70118|1031 63092|5 236192|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The strictures that apply to giants apply equally to dwarfs, except that exaggeration gives way to understatement. In the same way as 9 ft may be regarded as the limit towards which the tallest giants tend, so 22 in must be regarded as the limit ^ towards which the shortest adult dwarfs or midgets tend (compare with the average length of newborn babies, which is 18-20 in). In the case of child dwarfs, their ^I are often exaggerated by their agents or managers. ^<n There are ^ many causes of short stature in humans. They include genetic abnormalities, lack of appropriate hormones, and malnutrition. Dwarfs of the past, whatever the cause of their condition, tended to be smaller because of lower nutritional standards. ^ -TEXT- Dwarfs: Oldest There are only two centenarian dwarfs on record. The older was Hungarian-born Susanna Bokoyni ("Princess Susanna") of Newton, NJ, who died at the age of 105 years on 24 Aug 1984. She was 3 ft 4 in tall and weighed 37 lb. ^<n The other was Miss Anne ^ Clowes of Matlock, Derbyshire, Great Britain, who died on 5 Aug 1784 at the age of 103 years. She was 3 ft 9 in tall and weighed 48 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tribes: Tallest T \p8\D05\3903059 Human Beings|Dimensions|Tribes|Tallest 20 22 24 26 46454|683 258206|3797 8510|125 231074|3398 63528|0 267614|78 11266|6 -PCAP- The Dinka are among the tallest major tribes. They live in the savanna country surrounding the central swamps of the Nile basin in the south of the Sudan. (Photo: Hutchison Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tribes: Tallest The tallest major tribes in the world are the slender Tutsi (also known as the Watusi) of Rwanda and Burundi, Central Africa, and the Dinka of the Sudan. In the case of the Tutsi, average adult males and females among some groups stand 6 ft 5 in ^ and 5 ft 10 in respectively. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tribes: Shortest T Human Beings|Dimensions|Tribes|Shortest 20 22 24 26 46522|684 242974|3573 231006|3397 63528|1 253960|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tribes: Shortest The smallest pygmies are the Mbuti of the Ituri forest, Zaire, Central Africa, with an average height of 4 ft 6 in for men and 4 ft 5 in for women. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weight: Heaviest man T Human Beings|Dimensions|Weight|Heaviest man 20 22 24 26 46590|685 62094|913 242566|3567 14358|211 63684|0 65726|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weight: Heaviest man The heaviest human in medical history was Jon Brower Minnoch (b. 29 Sep 1941) of Bainbridge Island, WA, who had suffered from obesity since childhood. The 6-ft-1-in-tall former taxi driver was 392 lb in 1963, 700 lb in 1966, and 975 lb in September ^ 1976. ^<n In March 1978, Minnoch was rushed to University Hospital, Seattle, saturated with fluid and suffering from heart and respiratory failure. It took a dozen firemen and an improvised stretcher to move him from his home to a ferryboat. When ^ he arrived at the hospital he was put in two beds lashed together. It took 13 people just to roll him over. By extrapolating his intake and elimination rates, consultant endocrinologist Dr Robert Schwartz calculated that Minnoch must have weighed ^ more than 1,387 lb when he was admitted. A great deal of this was water accumulation due to his congestive heart failure. After nearly 16 months on a 1,200-calorie-a-day diet, the choking fluid had gone, and he was discharged at 476 lb. In ^ October 1981 he had to be readmitted, after having put on 197 lb. When he died on 10 Sep 1983 he weighed more than 798 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weight: Heaviest living man T Human Beings|Dimensions|Weight|Heaviest living man 20 22 24 26 46658|686 62026|912 242498|3566 63684|1 65726|68 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weight: Heaviest living man The heaviest living man is T.J. Albert Jackson (b. 1941 Kent Nicholson), also known as "Fat Albert," of Canton, MS. He recently tipped the scales at 891 lb. He has a 120-in chest, a 116-in waist, 70-in thighs and a 29 1/2-in neck. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weight: Heaviest woman T Human Beings|Dimensions|Weight|Heaviest woman 20 22 24 26 46726|687 62230|915 242702|3569 14494|213 63684|2 65726|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weight: Heaviest woman The heaviest woman ever recorded was probably Rosie Carnemolla (b. 1944) of Poughkeepsie, NY, who registered a peak weight of 850 lb on 13 Mar 1988. A week later she was put on a carefully controlled diet that reduced her weight by 250 lb in six ^ months, and then she underwent an operation to reduce the size of her stomach. By September 1988 she was down to 350 lb, during which time her waistline had declined from 98 in to 46 in and her dress size from 70 to 46. Her target weight is 150 ^ lb. ^<n When Mrs Percy Pearl Washington, who suffered from polydipsia (unrelenting thirst), died in a Milwaukee hospital on 9 Oct 1972, the scales registered only up to 800 lb, but she was credited with an unconfirmed weight of 880 lb. She was 6 ^ ft tall and wore a size 62 dress. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weight: Heaviest twins T Human Beings|Dimensions|Weight|Heaviest twins 20 22 24 26 46794|688 62162|914 242634|3568 63684|3 65726|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weight: Heaviest twins Billy Leon (1946-79) and Benny Loyd (b. 7 Dec 1946) McCrary, alias McGuire, of Hendersonville, NC were normal in size until the age of six when they both contracted German measles. In November 1978 they weighed 743 lb (Billy) and 723 lb (Benny) and ^ had 84-in waists. As professional tag-team wrestling performers they were billed at weights up to 770 lb. Billy died at Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada on 13 Jul 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weight: Greatest weight gain T Human Beings|Dimensions|Weight|Greatest weight gain 20 22 24 26 46862|689 53118|781 242362|3564 63684|4 52992|118 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weight: Greatest weight gain The reported record for weight gain is held by Jon Brower Minnoch (see Heaviest man) at 196 lb in 7 days in October 1981 after readmittance to University Hospital, Seattle, WA. Arthur Knorr (USA; 1916-60), gained 294 lb in the last six months of ^ his life. ^<n Miss Doris James of San Francisco, CA is alleged to have gained 325 lb in the 12 months before her death in August 1965, age 38, at a weight of 675 lb. She was only 5 ft 2 in tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weight: Greatest weight loss T Human Beings|Dimensions|Weight|Greatest weight loss 20 22 24 26 46930|690 53186|782 242430|3565 63684|5 52992|119 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weight: Greatest weight loss ^<4 Dieting ^>4 The greatest recorded slimming feat by a male was that of Jon Brower Minnoch (see Heaviest male), who had reduced to 476 lb by July 1979, thus indicating a weight loss of at least 911 lb in 16 months. ^<n The circus fat lady Mrs. ^ Celesta Geyer (b. 1901), alias Dolly Dimples, went from 552 lb to 152 lb in 1950-51, a loss of 400 lb in 14 months. Her "vital statistics" diminished from 79-84-84 in to a svelte 34-28-36 in. Her book ^I was not a ^ best-seller, perhaps because readers had difficulty in relating to the dressmaking and other problems of losing more than 400 lb when one is 4 ft 11 in tall. In December 1967 she was reportedly down to 110 lb. ^<n ^<4 Operation ^>4 On 14 Mar ^ 1982 surgeons at a hospital in New York City removed 140 lb of adipose tissue from the abdominal wall of a 798-lb man. They had to use a hoist to lift the layers of fat as they were removed. ^<n ^<4 Sweating ^>4 Ron Allen (b. 1947) sweated off ^ 21 1/2 lb of his weight of 239 lb in Nashville, TN in 24 hours in August 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weight: Greatest differential T Human Beings|Dimensions|Weight|Greatest differential 20 22 24 26 46998|691 53050|780 242294|3563 63684|6 52992|117 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weight: Greatest differential The greatest weight difference recorded for a married couple is ^I 1,300 lb in the case of Jon Brower Minnoch (See Heaviest male) and his 110-lb wife Jeannette in March 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weight: Lightest T Human Beings|Dimensions|Weight|Lightest 20 22 24 26 47066|692 128462|1889 242770|3570 22314|328 63684|7 138174|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weight: Lightest The thinnest recorded adults of normal height are those suffering from anorexia nervosa. Losses of up to 65 percent of original body weight have been recorded in females, with a low of 45 lb in the case of Emma Shaller (1868-90) of St Louis, MO, ^ who stood 5 ft 2 in. ^<n The lightest adult was Lucia Zarate (San Carlos, Mexico, 1863-89), an emaciated Mexican dwarf of 26 1/2 in, who weighed 4.7 lb at the age of 17. She "fattened up" to 13 lb by her 20th birthday. At birth she had weighed 2 ^ 1/2 lb. ^<n Edward C. Hagner (1892-1962), alias Eddie Masher (USA), is alleged to have weighed only 48 lb at a height of 5 ft 7 in. ^<n In August 1825 an unsubstantiated claim was made for Claude-Ambroise Seurat (1797-1826) of Troyes, France ^ giving his biceps measurement as 4 in and the distance between his back and his chest as less than 3 in. According to one report he stood 5 ft 7 1/2 in and weighed 78 lb, but in another account he was described as being 5 ft 4 in and only 36 lb. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Motherhood: Most children T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Motherhood|Most children 20 22 24 26 47134|693 183610|2700 145938|2146 13474|198 64556|0 175106|297 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motherhood: Most children The greatest officially recorded number of children born to one mother is 69, by the wife of Feodor Vassilyev (b. 1707- ^I 1782), a peasant from Shuya, 150 miles east of Moscow, Russia. In 27 confinements she gave birth to 16 pairs of ^ twins, seven sets of triplets and four sets of quadruplets. The case was reported to Moscow by the Monastery of Nikolskiy on 27 Feb 1782. Only two of these who were born in the period ^I 1725-65 failed to survive their infancy. ^<n The ^ world's most prolific mother is currently Leontina Albina (nee Espinosa; b. 1925) of San Antonio, Chile, who in 1981 produced her 55th and last child. Her husband Gerardo Secunda Albina (variously Alvina; b. 1921) states that they were married in ^ Argentina in 1943 and had 5 sets of triplets (all boys) before coming to Chile. Only 40 (24 boys and 16 girls) survive. Eleven children died at birth or were lost in an earthquake. ^<n It was reported on 31 Jan 1989 that Mrs Maria Olivera (b. ^ 1939) of San Juan, Argentina had given birth to her 32nd child. All are believed to be still alive. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motherhood: Oldest mother T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Motherhood|Oldest mother 20 22 24 26 47202|694 230462|3389 146006|2147 64556|1 236192|116 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motherhood: Oldest mother Many apparently very late maternities may be cover-ups for illegitimate grandchildren. Post-menopausal women have been rendered fertile by recent hormonal techniques. Medical literature contains extreme but unauthenticated cases of septuagenarian ^ mothers, such as Mrs Ellen Ellis, age 72, of Four Crosses, Clwyd, Great Britain, who allegedly produced a stillborn 13th child on 15 May 1776 in her 46th year of marriage. ^<n The oldest recorded mother for whom the evidence satisfied medical ^ verification was Mrs Ruth Alice Kistler (nee Taylor), formerly Mrs Shepard (1899-1982), of Portland, OR. A birth certificate indicated that she gave birth to a daughter, Suzan, at Glendale, near Los Angeles, CA on 18 Oct 1956, when her age was 57 ^ years 129 days. ^<n In the ^I (1 Oct 1891) Dr E. Derasse reported the case of one of his patients who gave birth to a healthy baby at the age of 59 years 5 months. The woman already had a married daughter age 40. ^ ^<n It was reported in the ^I (June 1991) that a mother gave birth at the age of 59 years. ^<n ^<4 Following in-vitro fertilization ^>4 A Cypriot woman 49 years 54 days gave birth by cesarean section to a girl ^ weighing 96 oz in October 1990. The fertilized egg had been implanted in the patient's womb under the supervision of Dr Krinos Trokoudes, Director of the Pedieos IVF Center in Nicosia, Cyprus. Giuseppina Maganuco (b. 26 Jan 1938) of Italy gave ^ birth by cesarean section to a girl, Anna Maria, on 18 Dec 1991 when aged 53 years 326 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Heaviest single birth T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Heaviest single birth 20 22 24 26 47270|695 57810|850 15582|229 4090|60 64712|0 65726|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Heaviest single birth Big babies (i.e., over 10 lb) are usually born to mothers who are large, overweight or have some medical problem such as diabetes. The heaviest baby born to a healthy mother was a boy weighing 22 lb 8 oz who was born to Signora Carmelina Fedele of ^ Aversa, Italy in September 1955. ^<n Mrs Anna Bates (nee Swan; 1846-88), the 7-ft-5 1/2-in Canadian giantess, gave birth to a boy weighing 23 lb 12 oz (length 30 in) at her home in Seville, OH on 19 Jan 1879, but the baby died 11 hours later. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Lightest single birth T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Lightest single birth 20 22 24 26 47338|696 127782|1879 15786|232 3410|50 64712|1 138174|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Lightest single birth A premature baby girl weighing 9.9 oz was reported to have been born in 1989 at the Loyola University Medical Center, IL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Heaviest twins T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Heaviest twins 20 22 24 26 47406|697 57946|852 15718|231 64712|2 65726|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Heaviest twins The world's heaviest twins were born to Mrs J.P. Haskin, Fort Smith, AR, collectively weighing 27 lb 12 oz on 20 Feb 1924. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Lightest twins T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Lightest twins 20 22 24 26 47474|698 127850|1880 15854|233 64712|3 138174|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Lightest twins Mary, 16 oz, and Margaret, 19 oz, were born on 16 Aug 1931 to Mrs Florence Stimson of Old Fletton, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Heaviest triplets T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Heaviest triplets 20 22 24 26 47542|699 57878|851 15650|230 64712|4 65726|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Heaviest triplets The unconfirmed report of the world's heaviest triplets was a case from Iran (two male, one female) collectively weighing 26 lb 6 oz born on 18 Mar 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Heaviest quadruplets T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Heaviest quadruplets 20 22 24 26 47610|700 57674|848 15446|227 64712|5 65726|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Heaviest quadruplets The world's heaviest quadruplets (four girls) weighed 22 lb 13 oz collectively and were born to Mrs Ayako Takeda Tsuchihashi at the Maternity Hospital in Kagoshima, Japan on 4 Oct 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Heaviest quintuplets T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Heaviest quintuplets 20 22 24 26 47678|701 57742|849 15514|228 64712|6 65726|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Heaviest quintuplets Two cases have been recorded for heaviest quintuplets, both recording a total weight of 25 lb. The first set was born on 7 Jun 1953 to Mrs Lui Saulian of Zhejiang, China, and the second set to Mrs Kamalammal of Pondicherry, India on 30 Dec 1956. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Longest interval between twins T \p8\D05\3903060 Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Longest interval between twins 20 22 24 26 47746|702 129618|1906 8578|126 15990|235 7694|113 64712|7 139100|16 11772|0 -PCAP- Diana and Monica Petrungaro, although twins, were born 38 days apart. Diana was born on 22 Dec 1987 and Monica on 27 Jan 1988. (Photo: Fabrizio Di Giorgio) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Longest interval between twins Mrs Danny Petrungaro (nee Berg; b. 1953) of Rome, Italy, who had been on hormone treatment after suffering four miscarriages, gave birth normally to a girl, Diana, on 22 Dec 1987, but the other twin, Monica, was delivered by cesarean on 27 Jan ^ 1988, 36 days later. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: First test-tube babies T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|First test-tube babies 20 22 24 26 47814|703 34350|505 15378|226 64712|8 40936|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: First test-tube babies There are various methods by which babies can be conceived outside of the mother's body. These children are usually known as "test-tube" babies and the technique as IVF (in-vitro fertilization). ^<n ^<4 First ^>4 The world's first test-tube baby ^ was born to Lesley Brown, age 31, who gave birth by cesarean section to Louise (5 lb 12 oz) in Oldham General Hospital, Great Britain at 11:47 P.M. on 25 Jul 1978. Louise was externally conceived on 10 Nov 1977. ^<n The first test-tube baby in ^ the United States was Elizabeth Jordan Carr (5 lb 12 oz), who was delivered by cesarean section from Judy Carr, age 28, in Norfolk General Hospital, VA on 28 Dec 1981. Elizabeth was externally conceived on 15 Apr 1981. Dr Howard Jones of Eastern ^ Virginia Medical School performed the in-vitro procedure. ^<n ^<4 Twins ^>4 The world's first test-tube twins, Stephen and Amanda, were delivered by cesarean section to Mrs Radmila Mays, age 31, at the Queen Victoria Medical Centre, Melbourne, ^ Australia on 5 Jun 1981. Amanda weighed in at 5 lb 6 oz and Stephen at 5 lb 3 oz. ^<n ^<4 Triplets ^>4 The world's first test-tube triplets (two girls and one boy) were born at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia on 8 Jun 1983. At the ^ request of the parents, no names were released. ^<n ^<4 Quintuplets ^>4 Alan, Brett, Connor, Douglas and Edward were born to Linda and Bruce Jacobssen at University College Hospital, London, Great Britain on 26 Apr 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Longest interval between test-tube twins T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Longest interval between test-tube twins 20 22 24 26 47882|704 129550|1905 15922|234 64712|9 139100|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Longest interval between test-tube twins Mrs Mary Wright, aged 38, gave birth to Amy and Elizabeth, 18 months apart, from eggs fertilized by her husband in March 1984. Elizabeth was born at Stoke-on-Trent, Great Britain on 22 Apr 1987 from an egg which had been in frozen storage for 29 ^ months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: First birth from frozen embryo T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|First birth from frozen embryo 20 22 24 26 47950|705 34282|504 15310|225 64712|10 40936|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: First birth from frozen embryo Zoe (last name withheld) was delivered by cesarean section weighing 5 lb 13 oz on 28 Mar 1984 in Melbourne, Australia. Scientists from Monash University announced the birth. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 A boy (9 lb 8 oz) was delivered by cesarean ^ section on 4 Jun 1986 from Monique (last name withheld), age 36, in Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA. A second child (name withheld) was born on 23 Oct 1989 by the same procedure and it is believed that this is the only case of siblings from ^ frozen embryos. Dr Richard Marrs was in charge of the procedure. ^ -END- -CTRL- Babies: Most-premature babies T \p8\D05\370110SP Human Beings|Reproductivity|Babies|Most-premature babies 20 22 24 26 48018|706 164978|2426 8646|127 16058|236 6742|99 64712|11 175106|23 11772|1 -PCAP- Now a lively and healthy 3 year old, James Elgin Gill was born on 20 May 1987, 128 days premature and weighing 1 lb 6 oz. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Babies: Most-premature babies James Elgin Gill was born to Brenda and James Gill on 20 May 1987 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 128 days premature and weighing 1 lb 6 oz. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In the United States the most premature baby is Ernestine Hudgins, who was born on ^ 8 Feb 1983 in San Diego, CA about 18 weeks premature and weighing 17 oz. ^<n ^<4 Twins ^>4 Joanne and Mark Holding (nonidentical twins) were born on 28 Feb 1988 in Portsmouth, Great Britain 105 days premature. Joanne weighed 1 lb 15 oz and ^ Mark 1 lb 8 oz. ^<n ^<4 Quadruplets ^>4 Tina Piper of St Leonards-on-Sea, Great Britain, had quadruplets on 10 Apr 1988, after exactly 26 weeks of pregnancy. Oliver, 2 lb 9 oz (d. Feb 1989), Francesca, 2 lb 2 oz, Charlotte, 2 lb 4 1/2 oz, and ^ Georgina, 2 lb 5 oz, were all born at The Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: "Siamese" twins T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|"Siamese" twins 20 22 24 26 48086|707 12386|182 150018|2206 4362|64 65568|0 13960|75 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: "Siamese" twins Conjoined twins derive the name "Siamese" from the celebrated Chang and Eng Bunker ("Left" and "Right" in Thai), born at Meklong, Thailand on 11 May 1811 of Chinese parents. They were joined by a cartilaginous band at the chest. They married (in ^ 1843) the Misses Sarah and Adalaide Yates of Wilkes County, NC, and fathered 10 and 12 children respectively. They died within three hours of each other on 17 Jan 1874, age 62. ^<n ^<4 Rarest ^>4 The most extreme form of conjoined twins is ^ dicephales tetrabrachius dipus (two heads, four arms and two legs). The only fully reported example is Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapovy, born in Russia on 4 Jan 1950. ^<n ^<4 Earliest successful separation ^>4 The earliest successful separation ^ of Siamese twins was performed on xiphopagus (joined at the sternum) girls at Mount Sinai Hospital, Cleveland, OH by Dr Jac S. Geller on 14 Dec 1952. ^<n ^<4 Oldest surviving ^>4 The oldest surviving unseparated twins are the craniopagus ^ (heads are fused at the crown) pair, Yvonne and Yvette McCarther (b. 1949) of Los Angeles, CA. They have rejected an operation to separate them. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: Longest-parted twins T \p8\D05\3803066 Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|Longest-parted twins 20 22 24 26 48154|708 145734|2143 8714|128 149610|2200 24286|357 65568|1 139100|253 11772|2 -PCAP- Iris Johns (nee Haughie) and Aro Campbell (ne Haughie) were reunited after 75 years of seperation. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: Longest-parted twins Through the help of New Zealand's television program ^I on 27 Apr 1989, Iris (nee Haughie) Johns and Aro (nee Haughie) Campbell (b. 13 Jan 1914) were reunited after 75 years' separation. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Fraternal twins ^ Lloyd Earl and Floyd Ellsworth Clark were born on 15 Feb 1917 in Nebraska. They were parted when only four months old and lived under their adopted names Dewayne William Gramly (Lloyd) and Paul Edward Forbes (Floyd). Both men knew that they had ^ been born twins but it wasn't until 16 Jun 1986 that they were reunited, after having been separated for over 69 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: Fastest triplet birth T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|Fastest triplet birth 20 22 24 26 48222|709 27210|400 149542|2199 65568|2 23878|152 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: Fastest triplet birth Bradley, Christopher and Carmon were born naturally to Mrs James E. Duck of Memphis, TN in two minutes on 21 Mar 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: Quindecaplets T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|Quindecaplets 20 22 24 26 48290|710 149814|2203 65568|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: Quindecaplets It was announced by Dr Gennaro Montanino of Rome that he had removed by hysterotomy after four months of pregnancy the fetuses of ten girls and five boys from the womb of a 35-year-old housewife on 22 Jul 1971. A fertility drug was responsible for ^ this unique instance of quindecaplets. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: Decaplets T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|Decaplets 20 22 24 26 48358|711 149474|2198 14766|217 65568|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: Decaplets The highest number reported at a single birth were two males and eight females at Bacacay, Brazil on 22 Apr 1946. Reports were also received from Spain in 1924 and China on 12 May 1936. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: Nonuplets T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|Nonuplets 20 22 24 26 48426|712 149746|2202 65568|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: Nonuplets The world's only certain nonuplets were born to Mrs Geraldine Broderick at Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia on 13 Jun 1971. None of the five boys (two stillborn) and four girls lived for more than 6 days. ^<n It was reported that a ^ patient at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA gave birth on 29 May 1971 to nonuplets; they all died. Nonuplets were also born to a 30-year-old mother from Bagerhat, Bangladesh ^I 11 May 1977; none survived. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: Septuplets T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|Septuplets 20 22 24 26 48494|713 149882|2204 65568|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: Septuplets Septuplets were born on 21 May 1985 to Patti Jorgenson Frustaci of Orange, CA, a 30-year-old English teacher who had been taking a fertility drug. One baby was stillborn and the living infants weighed as little as 1 lb. In the weeks that followed, ^ three more babies died, but three have survived. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: Sextuplets T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|Sextuplets 20 22 24 26 48562|714 149950|2205 65568|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: Sextuplets Mrs Susan Jane Rosenkowitz (nee Scoones; b. 28 Oct 1947, Colombo, Sri Lanka) gave birth to three males and three females at Mowbray, Cape Town, South Africa on 11 Jan 1974. In order of birth they were David, Nicolette, Jason, Emma, Grant and ^ Elizabeth. They totaled 24 lb 1 oz. ^<n Mrs Rosanna Giannini (b. 1952) gave birth to four males and two females at Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy on 11 Jan 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Multiple Births: Most sets of multiple births T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Multiple Births|Most sets of multiple births 20 22 24 26 48630|715 183882|2704 149678|2201 65568|8 175106|300 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Multiple Births: Most sets of multiple births ^<4 Quintuplets ^>4 There is no recorded case of more than a single set. ^<n ^<4 Quadruplets ^>4 Four sets to Mde Feodor Vassilyev, Suya, Russia (died b. 1707) (see Motherhood). ^<n ^<4 Triplets ^>4 15 sets to Maddalena Granata, Italy (b. ^ 1839- ^I . 1886). ^<n ^<4 Twins ^>4 16 sets to Mde Vassilyev. Note also that Mrs Barbara Zulu of Barbeton, South Africa bore three sets of girls and three mixed sets in seven years (1967-73). Mrs Anna Steynvaait of Johannesburg, South ^ Africa produced two sets within 10 months in 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Descendants: Greatest number T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Descendants|Greatest number 20 22 24 26 48698|716 47746|702 63658|936 6198|91 66214|0 52992|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Descendants: Greatest number In polygamous countries (countries that allow a man to have more than one wife at a time), the number of a person's descendants can become incalculable. The last Sharifian emperor of Morocco, Moulay Ismail (1672-1727), known as "The Bloodthirsty," ^ was reputed to have fathered a total of 525 sons and 342 daughters by 1703 and to have achieved a 700th son in 1721. ^<n At his death in April 1984, Adam Borntrager, age 96, of Medford, WI, had 707 direct descendants, of whom all but 32 were ^ living. The total extant comprised 11 children, 115 grandchildren, 529 great-grandchildren and 20 great-great-grandchildren. ^<n Mrs Peter L. Schwartz (1902-88) had 14 children, 13 of whom are still living; 175 grandchildren; 477 ^ great-grandchildren; and 20 great-great-grandchildren. ^ -END- -CTRL- Descendants: Seven-generation family T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Descendants|Seven-generation family 20 22 24 26 48766|717 63862|939 66214|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Descendants: Seven-generation family Augusta Bunge (nee Pagel; b. 13 Oct 1879) of Wisconsin learned that she was a great-great-great-great-grandmother when she received news of her great-great-great-great-grandson, Christopher John Bollig (b. 21 Jan 1989). ^ -END- -CTRL- Descendants: Youngest great great great grandmother T \p8\D05\3701012 Human Beings|Reproductivity|Descendants|Youngest great great great grandmother 20 22 24 26 48834|718 262354|3858 8782|129 63930|940 5654|83 66214|2 275964|22 11772|3 -PCAP- Seen here with her family is Harriet Holmes of Newfoundland, Canada who became a three-greats grandmother to Brian Bursey on 8 March 1987, when she was aged 88 years 50 days. (Photo: Herb Parsons) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Descendants: Youngest great great great grandmother Harriet Holmes of Newfoundland, Canada (b. 17 Jan 1899) became the youngest living great-great-great-grandmother on 8 Mar 1987 at the age of 88 years 50 days. The families' average generation was only 17.6 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Descendants: Most living ascendants T Human Beings|Reproductivity|Descendants|Most living ascendants 20 22 24 26 48902|719 170622|2509 63794|938 66214|3 175106|106 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Descendants: Most living ascendants Megan Sue Austin of Bar Harbor, ME had a full set of grandparents and great-grandparents and five great-great-grandparents, making 19 direct ascendants when born on 16 May 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Descendants: Longest family tree T \p8\D05\3903061 Human Beings|Reproductivity|Descendants|Longest family tree 20 23 25 27 48970|720 135398|1991 8850|130 63726|937 17554|258 66214|4 139100|101 11772|4 -PCAP- Confucius, China's most famous teacher, philosopher and political theorist, whose ideas influenced the civilization of all eastern Asia. His family can be traced back further than any other; his 85th lineal descendants live today in Taiwan. (Photo: ^ Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Descendants: Longest family tree The lineage of K'ung Ch'iu or Confucius (551-479 B.C.) can be traced back further than that of any other family. His great-great-great-great-grandfather K'ung Chia is known from the 8th century B.C. This man's 85th lineal descendants, Wei-yi (b. ^ 1939) and Wei-ning (b. 1947), live today in Taiwan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: Centenarians T Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|Centenarians 20 22 24 27 49038|721 121390|1785 66666|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: Centenarians Centenarians surviving beyond their 113th year are in fact extremely rare, and the present absolute proven limit of human longevity does not yet admit of anyone living to celebrate his or her 121st birthday. ^<n From data on documented ^ centenarians, actuaries have shown that only one 115-year life can be expected in 2.1 billion lives (note that the world population was estimated to be 5.48 billion by mid-1992). ^<n The limits of credulity were reached on 5 May 1933, when a ^ news agency filed a story from China with a Beijing source announcing that Li Zhongyun, the "oldest man on Earth," born in 1680, had just died after 253 years ( ^I ). ^<n The latest census in China revealed only 3,800 centenarians, of ^ whom two-thirds were women. According to a 1985 census carried out in the Chinese province of Xinjiang Uygur, Zizhiqi there were 850 centenarians in the area, one of whom was listed at a highly improbable 125 years of age. In the United States as ^ of 1 Apr 1990 the figure was 35,808 centenarians. ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: Oldest authentic centenarian T Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|Oldest authentic centenarian 20 22 24 27 49106|722 229034|3368 121526|1787 13134|193 66666|1 236192|95 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: Oldest authentic centenarian The greatest ^I age to which any human has ever lived is 120 years 237 days in the case of Shigechiyo Izumi of Asan on Tokunoshima, an island 820 miles southwest of Tokyo, Japan. He was born in Asan on 29 Jun 1865 and was ^ recorded as a 6-year-old in Japan's first census of 1871. He died in his ranch house at 12:15 GMT on 21 Feb 1986 after developing pneumonia. He worked until the age of 105. His wife died when only 90 years of age. He drank ^I ^ (firewater) (distilled from sugar) and took up smoking when 70 years old. He attributed his long life to "God, Buddha and the Sun." ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: Oldest living person T Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|Oldest living person 20 22 24 27 49174|723 229102|3369 121594|1788 20342|299 66666|2 236192|96 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: Oldest living person The oldest living person in the world whose date of birth can be reliably authenticated is Jeanne Louise Calment, who was born in France on 21 Feb 1875. She now lives in a nursing home in Arles, Southern France, where she celebrated her 117th ^ birthday with champagne. She met Vincent van Gogh (died 29 Jul 1890) in her father's shop. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest living person in the United States is Mrs Margaret Skeete (nee Seward), who was born in Rockport, TX on 27 October ^ 1878. ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: National records (table) B \t\D01\0300681a Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|National records (table) 20 22 24 38 49242|724 228966|3367 121458|1786 66666|3 236192|94 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- *Note: fl. is the abbreviation for the Latin floruit, meaning he or she was living at the relevant date. <1> Ex-slave Mrs Martha Graham died at Fayetteville, NC on 25 Jun 1959 apparently aged 117 or 118. Census research shows that she was ^ apparently born in December 1844 and hence was aged 114 years 6 months. Mrs Rena Glover Brailsford died in Summerton, SC on 6 Dec 1977 reputedly aged 118 years. Mrs Rosario Reina Vasquez, who died in California on 2 Sep 1980, was reputedly born ^ in Sonora, Mexico on 3 Jun 1866, which would have made her 114 years 93 days. The 1900 U.S. Federal Census for Crawfish Springs Militia District of Walker County, GA, records an age of 77 for a Mark Thrash. If the Mark Thrash (reputedly born in ^ Georgia in December 1822) who died near Chattanooga, TN on 17 Dec 1943 was he, and the age attributed was accurate, then he would have survived for 121 years. According to Jackson Pollard's Social Security payments, he was born on 15 Dec 1869 in ^ Georgia, but no birth certificate or family bible are available. <2> British-born Miss Isabella Shepheard was allegedly 115 years old when she died at St Asaph, Clwyd, Great Britain, on 20 Nov 1948, but her actual age was believed to have been ^ 109 years 90 days. <3> Mrs Ellen Carroll died in North River, Newfoundland, Canada on 8 Dec 1943, reputedly aged 115 years 49 days. <4> Sen~or Benita Medrana of Avila died on 28 Jan 1979, allegedly aged 114 years 335 days. <5> Jean Michael ^ Reskens died 7 Jan 1990 aged 111 years 241 days. <6> Mrs Susan Johanna Deporter of Port Elizabeth, South Africa was reputedly 114 years old when she died on 4 Aug 1954. Mrs Sarah Lawrence of Cape Town, South Africa was reputedly 112 on 3 Jun ^ 1968. <7> Mrs Sande was born in present-day Norway. <8> An unnamed female died in Germany in 1979 aged 112 years, and an unnamed male, aged also 112 years, died in 1969. The Austrian record is 108 years (female d. 1975) and the Swiss record is ^ also 108 years (female d. 1967). <9> The claim that Liakon Efdokia died on 17 Jan 1982 aged 118 years 13 days is not substantiated by the censuses of 1971 or 1981. Birth registration before 1920 was fragmentary. <1><0> A figure of 21,700 ^ centenarians has been quoted for the former USSR (compared with 54,000 in the United States). Of these, 21,000 are ascribed to the Georgian SSR, i.e., one in every 232. In July 1962 it was reported that 128, mostly male, were in the one village ^ of Medini. <1><1> Senhora Jesuina da Conceic[ced]a~o of Lisbon was reputedly 113 years old when she died on 10 Jun 1965. ^ ^<n No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: National records (table) Longevity: National Longevity Records (Table) AUTHENTIC NATIONAL LONGEVITY RECORDS COUNTRY YEARS DAYS NAME BORN DIED Japan 120 237 Shigechiyo Izumi 29 Jun 1865 21 Feb 1986 France 117 64 Jeanne Louise Calment 21 Feb 1875 fl.*April 1992 United ^ States<1> 116 88 Carrie White (Mrs; nee Joyner) 18 Nov 1874 14 Feb 1991 Great Britain<2> 114 213 Charlotte Hughes (Mrs; nee Milburn) 1 Aug 1877 fl.March 1992 Canada<3> 113 124 Pierre Joubert 15 Jul 1701 16 Nov 1814 Australia 112 330 Caroline ^ Maud Mockridge 11 Dec 1874 6 Nov 1987 Spain<4> 112 228 Josefa Salas Mateo 14 Jul 1860 27 Feb 1973 Norway 112 61 Maren Bolette Torp 21 Dec 1876 20 Feb 1989 Morocco >112 El Hadj Mohammed el Mokri (Grand Vizier) 1844 16 Sep 1957 Poland 112 + ^ Roswlia Mielczarak (Mrs) 1868 7 Jan 1981 Netherlands<5> 111 354 Thomas Peters 6 Apr 1745 26 Mar 1857 Ireland 111 327 The Hon. Katherine Plunket 22 Nov 1820 14 Oct 1932 Scotland 111 238 Kate Begbie (Mrs) 9 Jan 1877 5 Sep 1988 South Africa<6> ^ 111 151 Johanna Booyson 17 Jan 1857 16 Jun 1968 Sweden<7> 111 90 Wilhelmine Sande (Mrs) 24 Oct 1874 21 Jan 1986 Czechoslovakia 111 + Marie Bernatkova[ac] 22 Oct 1857 fl. October 1968 Germany<8> 111 Maria Corba 15 Aug 1878 fl. March 1990 Finland ^ 111 + Fanny Matilda Nystrom 30 Sep 1878 1989 Channel Islands 110 321 Margaret Ann Neve (nee Harvey) 18 May 1792 4 Apr 1903 Northern Ireland 110 234 Elizabeth Watkins (Mrs) 10 Mar 1863 31 Oct 1973 Yugoslavia 110 150+ Demitrius Philipovitch 9 Mar ^ 1818 l. August 1928 Greece<9> 110 + Lambrini Tsiatoura (Mrs) 1870 19 Feb 1981 USSR<1><0> 110 + Khasako Dzugayev 7 Aug 1860 fl. August 1970 Italy 110 + Damiana Sette (Sig) 1874 25 Feb 1985 Denmark 109 265 Maria Louise Augusta Bramsen 4 May ^ 1878 23 Jan 1988 Tasmania (State of) 109 179 Mary Ann Crow (Mrs) 2 Feb 1836 31 Jul 1945 Belgium 108 327 Mathilda Vertommen-Hellemans 12 Aug 1868 4 Jul 1977 Iceland 108 45 Halldo[ac]ra Bjarndo[ac]ttir 14 Oct 1873 28 Nov 1981 Portugal<1><1> 108 ^ + Maria Luisa Jorge 7 Jun 1859 fl. July 1967 Malaysia 106 + Hassan Bin Yusoff 14 Aug 1865 fl. January 1972 Luxembourg 105 228 Nicolas Wiscourt 31 Dec 1872 17 Aug 1978 ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: Oldest twins T Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|Oldest twins 20 22 24 27 49310|725 229374|3373 121866|1792 66666|4 236192|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: Oldest twins The chances of identical twins both reaching 100 are now probably about one in 50 million. ^<n Eli Shadrack and John Meshak Phipps were born on 14 Feb 1803 at Affinghton, VA. Eli died in Hennessey, OK on 23 Feb 1911 at the age of 108 years 9 days, ^ on which day John was still living in Shenandoah, IA. ^<n ^<4 Female ^>4 On 17 Jun 1984, identical twin sisters Mildred Widman Philippi and Mary Widman Franzini of St Louis, MO celebrated their 104th birthday. Mildred died on 4 May 1985, 44 ^ days short of the twins' 105th birthday. ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: Oldest living siblings T Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|Oldest living siblings 20 22 24 27 49378|726 229170|3370 121662|1789 66666|5 236192|97 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: Oldest living siblings The oldest living siblings in the United States are Nellie Hardman Eby (b. 13 Apr 1992) and Katherine Hardman Davenport (b. 31 Mar 1883), who on 13 Apr 1992 were 111 and 109 respectively. ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: Oldest living triplets T Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|Oldest living triplets 20 22 24 27 49446|727 229238|3371 121730|1790 66666|6 236192|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: Oldest living triplets Faith, Hope and Charity Cardwell were born in Sweetwater, TX on 18 May 1899, and live together in a Sweetwater retirement home. ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: Oldest quadruplets T Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|Oldest quadruplets 20 22 24 27 49514|728 229306|3372 121798|1791 66666|7 236192|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: Oldest quadruplets The Ottman quads of Munich, Germany--Adolf, Anne-Marie, Emma and Elisabeth--celebrated their 78th birthday on 5 May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: US population over 65 T Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|US population over 65 20 22 24 27 49582|729 121934|1793 66666|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: US population over 65 In 1990 the United States population of people 65 and over was 31.2 million, representing 12.6 percent of the population. Since 1900 the American population 65 and over has increased tenfold from 3.1 million. It is projected that a child born in ^ 1989 has a life expectancy of 75.2 years. In 1900 the figure was 46.9 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Longevity: US population over 65 (table) B \t\D01\0300722a Human Beings|Longevity|General Records|US population over 65 (table) 20 22 24 28 49650|730 122002|1794 66666|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Data: AARP/AOA ^ ^<n No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than human longevity. Apart from the traces left by accidental markers (e.g. the residual effects of established dated events such as the Chernobyl incident), ^ there is no known scientific method of checking the age of any part of the living body. ^ -TEXT- Longevity: US population over 65 (table) Longevity: US Population over 65 (Table) 65+ POPULATION STATE TOTAL (1,000's) California 3,136 Florida 2,369 New York 2,364 Pennsylvania 1,829 Texas 1,717 ^ -END- -CTRL- Anatomy and Physiology: Elements in the body T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|General Records|Elements in the body 20 22 24 26 49718|731 5450|80 68588|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Anatomy and Physiology: Elements in the body Hydrogen (63 percent) and oxygen (25.5 percent) constitute the most common of the 24 elements regarded as normally present in the human body. Carbon, sodium, potassium, calcium, sulfur, chlorine (as chlorides), phosphorus, iron and zinc are all ^ present in significant quantities. Present in "trace" quantities, but generally regarded as normal in a healthy body (even if their "necessity" is a matter of controversy) are iodine, fluorine, copper, cobalt, chromium, manganese, selenium, ^ molybdenum and probably vanadium, nickel, silicon, tin and arsenic. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Touch T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Touch 20 22 24 26 49786|732 100174|1473 68674|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Touch The extreme sensitivity of the fingers is such that a vibration with a movement of 0.02 microns can be detected. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Longest fingernails T \p8\D05\3803068 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Longest fingernails 20 22 24 26 49854|733 139274|2048 8918|131 99902|1469 5450|80 68674|1 139100|158 12138|0 -PCAP- The five nails on the left hand of Shridhar Chillal of Pune, India measured 195 in in total on 3 Mar 1992. (Photo: Gamma Presse) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Longest fingernails Fingernails grow at a rate of about 0.02 in a week--four times faster than toenails. The aggregate measurement of those of Shridhar Chillal (b. 1937) of Pune, Maharashtra, India, on 3 Mar 1992 was 195 in for the five nails on his left hand (thumb ^ 46 in, index finger 34 in, second finger 37 in, third finger 40 in, and the pinkie 38 in). He last cut his nails in 1952. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Fewest toes T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Fewest toes 20 22 24 26 49922|734 32922|484 99630|1465 68674|2 39994|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Fewest toes The two-toed syndrome exhibited by some members of the Wadomo tribe of the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe and the Kalanga tribe of the eastern Kalahari Desert, Botswana is hereditary via a single mutated gene. They are not handicapped by their deformity, ^ and can walk great distances without discomfort. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Largest feet T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Largest feet 20 22 24 26 49990|735 100446|1477 99766|1467 68674|3 91334|268 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Largest feet If cases of elephantiasis are excluded, then the biggest feet known are those of Haji Mohammad Alam Channa of Pakistan, who wears size 22 sandals. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Balancing on one foot T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Balancing on one foot 20 22 24 26 50058|736 139138|2046 99494|1463 68674|4 139100|156 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Balancing on one foot The longest recorded duration for balancing on one foot is 45 hr 25 min by Leslie Silva at Negombo, Sri Lanka from 6-8 Apr 1991. The disengaged foot may not be rested on the standing foot, nor may any object be used for support or balance. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Longest hair T \p8\D05\3803069 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Longest hair 20 22 24 26 50126|737 139342|2049 8986|132 99970|1470 5722|84 68674|5 139100|159 12138|1 -PCAP- Mata Jagdamba, a Yogini living in Ujjain, North India, has hair measuring 21 ft long. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Longest hair Human hair grows at a rate of about 0.5 in a month. If left uncut it will usually grow to a maximum of 2-3 ft. ^<n In 1780 a head of hair measuring 12 ft in length and dressed in a style known as the ^I (hair forming matted ^ spikes) was sent to Dresden after adorning the head of a Polish peasant woman for 52 years. The braid of hair had a circumference of 11.9 in. ^<n The hair of Diane Witt of Worcester, MA measured over 12 ft 2 in in May 1992. This is the longest ^ documented length of hair. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Hair splitting T \p8\D05\3903063 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Hair splitting 20 23 25 27 50194|738 9054|133 99698|1466 68674|6 12138|2 -PCAP- Human hair magnified many times, showing the problem of "split ends"; the hair needs to be cut regularly in order for this not to happen. The greatest reported achievement in hair splitting was that of the former champion cyclist and craftsman ^ Alfred West (Great Britain; 1901-85), who succeeded in splitting a human hair 17 times into 18 parts on eight occasions. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Hair splitting The greatest reported achievement in hair splitting was that of the former champion cyclist and craftsman Alfred West (Great Britain; 1901-85), who succeeded in splitting a human hair 17 times into 18 parts on eight occasions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Most valuable hair T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Most valuable hair 20 22 24 26 50262|739 213802|3144 100106|1472 68674|7 226156|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Most valuable hair On 18 Feb 1988 a bookseller from Cirencester, Great Britain, paid 5,575 pounds ($10,035) for a lock of hair that had belonged to British naval hero Lord Nelson (1758-1805) at an auction held at Crewkerne, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Longest beard T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Longest beard 20 22 24 26 50330|740 139206|2047 99834|1468 10482|154 68674|8 139100|157 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Longest beard The beard of Hans N. Langseth (b. 1846 near Eidsvoll, Norway) measured 17 1/2 ft at the time of his burial in Kensett, IA in 1927 after 15 years' residence in the United States. It was presented to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., in ^ 1967. ^<n The beard of Janice Deveree, "the bearded lady" (b. Bracken Co., KY, 1842), was measured in 1884 at 14 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Longest mustache T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Longest mustache 20 22 24 26 50398|741 139410|2050 100038|1471 68674|9 139100|160 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Longest mustache The mustache of Birger Pellas (b. 21 Sep 1934) of Malmo, Sweden, grown since 1973, reached a span of 10 ft 2 in in February 1992. ^<n Karna Ram Bheel (1928-87) was granted permission by a New Delhi prison governor in February 1979 to keep the ^ 7-ft-10-in mustache which he had grown since 1949 during his life sentence. He used mustard, oil, butter and cream to keep it in trim. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hands, Feet and Hair: Fastest barbers T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Hands, Feet and Hair|Fastest barbers 20 22 24 26 50466|742 22722|334 99562|1464 68674|10 23878|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hands, Feet and Hair: Fastest barbers The fastest barbers on record are Denny Rowe, who shaved 1,994 men in 60 min with a retractor safety razor in Herne Bay, Great Britain on 19 Jun 1988, taking on average 1.8 sec per volunteer, and drawing blood four times; and Gerry Harley, of ^ Gillingham, Great Britain, who on 13 Aug 1984 shaved 235 even-braver volunteers in 60 min with a cut-throat razor, averaging 15.3 sec per face. He drew blood only once. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dentition: Earliest teeth T \p8\D05\3701015 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Dentition|Earliest teeth 20 22 24 26 50534|743 170418|2506 9122|134 63182|929 69460|0 13960|36 12138|3 -PCAP- There are many cases of children born with teeth. Prince Louis Dieudonne, who became Louis XIV of France was born with two teeth. (Photo: Explorer) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dentition: Earliest teeth Tooth enamel is the only part of the human body that remains basically unchanged throughout life. It is also the hardest substance in the body. The first deciduous or milk teeth normally appear in infants at 5-8 months, these being the upper and ^ lower jaw first incisors. There are many records of children born with teeth, the most distinguished example being Prince Louis Dieudonne, later Louis XIV of France, who was born with two teeth on 5 Sep 1638. Molars usually appear at 24 months, ^ but in a case published in Denmark in 1970, a six-week premature baby was documented with eight teeth at birth, of which four were in the molar region. ^<n ^<4 Most teeth at birth ^>4 Shaun Keaney of Newbury, Great Britain was born on 10 Apr ^ 1990 with 12 teeth, but they were extracted a few days after his birth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dentition: Most teeth T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Dentition|Most teeth 20 22 24 26 50602|744 170554|2508 63318|931 69460|1 175106|105 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dentition: Most teeth Cases of the growth in late life of a third set of teeth have been recorded several times. A reference to a case in France of a ^I dentition, known as Lison's case, was published in 1896. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dentition: Strongest teeth T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Dentition|Strongest teeth 20 22 24 26 50670|745 252426|3712 63454|933 69460|2 266742|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dentition: Strongest teeth Robert Galstyan of Masis, Armenia pulled two railroad cars coupled together, weighing a total of 136,195 lb, a distance of 23 ft along a railroad track with his teeth on 21 Jul 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dentition: Most dedicated dentist T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Dentition|Most dedicated dentist 20 22 24 26 50738|746 170486|2507 63250|930 69460|3 175106|104 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dentition: Most dedicated dentist Brother Giovanni Battista Orsenigo of the Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy, a dentist, conserved all the teeth he extracted during the time he practiced his profession from 1868 to 1904. In 1903 the number was counted and found to be ^ 2,000,744 teeth, indicating an average of 185 teeth, or nearly six total extractions, a day. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dentition: Most valuable tooth T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Dentition|Most valuable tooth 20 22 24 26 50806|747 213530|3140 63386|932 69460|4 226156|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dentition: Most valuable tooth In 1816 a tooth belonging to British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was sold in London, Great Britain for 730 pounds ($3,650). It was purchased by a nobleman who had it set in a ring, which he wore constantly. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dentition: Earliest false teeth T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Dentition|Earliest false teeth 20 22 24 26 50874|748 9666|142 63114|928 69460|5 13960|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dentition: Earliest false teeth From discoveries made in Etruscan tombs, partial dentures of bridgework type were being worn in what is now the Tuscany region of Italy as early as 700 B.C. Some were permanently attached to existing teeth and others were removable. ^ -END- -CTRL- Optics: Highest visual acuity T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Optics|Highest visual acuity 20 22 24 26 50942|749 70254|1033 158722|2334 69896|0 71062|112 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Optics: Highest visual acuity The human eye is capable of judging relative position with remarkable accuracy, reaching limits of between 3 and 5 seconds of arc. ^<n In April 1984 Dr Dennis M. Levi of the College of Optometry, University of Houston, TX, repeatedly identified the ^ position of a thin white line within 0.85 sec of arc. This is equivalent to a displacement of some 1/4 in at a distance of one mile. ^ -END- -CTRL- Optics: Color sensitivity T \p8\D05\3903064 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Optics|Color sensitivity 20 23 25 27 51010|750 9190|135 158654|2333 69896|1 12138|4 -PCAP- The Czechs and Slovaks have the highest rate for red-green color-blindness in the world; therefore the owners of the parked cars in this picture might have difficulty in recognizing them. In the background is Hradcany Castle in Prague, the largest ^ ancient castle in the world. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Optics: Color sensitivity The unaided human eye, under the best possible viewing conditions, comparing large areas of color, in good illumination, using both eyes, can distinguish 10,000,000 different color surfaces. The most accurate photoelectric spectrophotometers ^ possess a precision probably only 40 percent as good as this. About 7.5 percent of men and 0.1 percent of women are colorblind. The most extreme form, monochromatic vision, is very rare. The highest rate of red-green color-blindness is in ^ Czechoslovakia, and the lowest rate is among Fijians and Brazilian Indians. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bones: Longest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Bones|Longest 20 22 24 26 51078|751 131114|1928 30542|449 70052|0 139100|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bones: Longest Excluding a variable number of sesamoids (small rounded bones), there are 206 bones in the adult human body, compared with 300 in children (as they grow, some bones fuse together). The thigh bone or femur is the longest. It constitutes usually 27.5 ^ percent of a person's stature, and may be expected to be 19 3/4 in long in a 6-ft-tall man. The longest recorded bone was the femur of the German giant Constantine, who died in Mons, Belgium, on 30 Mar 1902, age 30. It measured 29.9 in. The femur ^ of Robert Wadlow, the tallest man ever recorded, measured an estimated 29 1/2 in. (See Tallest man.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Bones: Smallest T \p8\D05\3701016 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Bones|Smallest 20 22 24 26 51146|752 245422|3609 9258|136 30610|450 70052|1 258628|17 12138|5 -PCAP- The stapes or stirrup bone is here seen in a cross-sectional slice of the inner ear. (Photo: St. Mary's Hospital, London) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bones: Smallest The stapes or stirrup bone, one of the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear, measures 0.10-0.17 in in length and weighs from 0 .03-0.065 grains. ^ -END- -CTRL- Muscles: Largest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Muscles|Largest 20 22 24 26 51214|753 108402|1594 150222|2209 70208|0 91334|385 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Muscles: Largest Muscles normally account for 40 percent of body weight. The bulkiest of the 639 named muscles in the human body is usually the gluteus maximus or buttock muscle, which extends the thigh. However, in pregnant women the uterus or womb can increase ^ its weight from about 1 oz to over 2.2 lb and becomes larger than even the most successful body-builder's buttock. ^ -END- -CTRL- Muscles: Smallest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Muscles|Smallest 20 22 24 26 51282|754 248414|3653 150630|2215 70208|1 258628|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Muscles: Smallest The stapedius, which controls the stapes or stirrup bone in the middle ear, is less than 0.05 in long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Muscles: Longest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Muscles|Longest 20 22 24 26 51350|755 145802|2144 150426|2212 70208|2 139100|254 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Muscles: Longest The longest muscle in the human body is the sartorius, which is a narrow, ribbonlike muscle running from the pelvis across the front of the thigh to the top of the tibia below the knee. Its function is to draw the lower limb into the cross-legged ^ sitting position, proverbially associated with tailors. ^ -END- -CTRL- Muscles: Most active T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Muscles|Most active 20 22 24 26 51418|756 183950|2705 150562|2214 70208|3 175106|301 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Muscles: Most active It has been estimated that the eye muscles move 100,000 times a day or more. Many of these eye movements take place during the dreaming phase of sleep. (See Longest and shortest dreams.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Muscles: Strongest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Muscles|Strongest 20 22 24 26 51486|757 252630|3715 150698|2216 70208|4 266742|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Muscles: Strongest The strongest muscle in the human body is the masseter, of which there are two, one on each side of the mouth, which is responsible for the action of biting. In August 1986, Richard Hofmann (b. 1949) of Lake City, FL achieved a bite strength of 975 ^ lb for approximately two seconds in a research test using a gnathodynamometer at the College of Dentistry, University of Florida. This figure is more than six times the normal biting strength. ^ -END- -CTRL- Muscles: Largest chest measurements T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Muscles|Largest chest measurements 20 22 24 26 51554|758 108538|1596 150358|2211 70208|5 91334|387 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Muscles: Largest chest measurements The largest are among endomorphs (those with a tendency towards a thick, chunky, well-rounded body). In the extreme case of Robert Earl Hughes (USA; 1926-58) the measurement was 124 in, and T.J. Albert Jackson, currently the heaviest living man, ^ has a chest measurement of 120 in. (See Weight, Heaviest living.) ^<n The largest muscular chest measurement recorded so far is that of American power-lifter Bruce Wayne Richardson (b. 23 Sep 1948) of Salt Lake City, UT at 72 1/2 in. He is 5 ft 8 ^ in tall and weighs 252 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Muscles: Largest and smallest biceps T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Muscles|Largest and smallest biceps 20 22 24 26 51622|759 108470|1595 150290|2210 70208|6 258628|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Muscles: Largest and smallest biceps Denis Sester (b. 1963) of Bloomington, MN has biceps 28 1/8 in cold (not pumped). ^<n The biceps of Robert Thorn measured 4 1/4 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Muscles: Longest name T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Muscles|Longest name 20 22 24 26 51690|760 145870|2145 150494|2213 70208|7 139100|255 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Muscles: Longest name The muscle with the longest name is the ^I , which runs inwards and downwards on the face, with one branch running to the upper lip and the other to the nostril. It is the muscle that everts or curls the ^ upper lip and its action was particularly well demonstrated in the performances of Elvis Presley (1935-77). ^ -END- -CTRL- Waists: Largest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Waists|Largest 20 22 24 26 51758|761 124722|1834 235766|3467 70784|0 91334|625 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waists: Largest The largest waist ever recorded was that of Walter Hudson (1944-91) of New York, which measured 119 in at his peak weight of 1,197 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waists: Smallest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Waists|Smallest 20 22 24 26 51826|762 251270|3695 235834|3468 70784|1 258628|103 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waists: Smallest The smallest waist in someone of normal stature was that of Mrs Ethel Granger (1905-82) of Peterborough, Great Britain, reduced from a natural 22 in to 13 in over the period 1929-39. A measurement of 13 in was also claimed for the French actress ^ Mlle Polaire (real name Emile Marie Bouchand; 1881-1939). ^<n Queen Catherine de Medici (1519-89) decreed a waist measurement of 13 3/4 in for ladies of the French court, but this was at a time when the human race was more diminutive. ^ -END- -CTRL- Necks: Longest T \p8\D05\3701017 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Necks|Longest 20 23 25 27 51894|763 146074|2148 9326|137 153350|2255 19322|284 70940|0 139100|258 12138|6 -PCAP- The Padaung or Kareni women of Myanmar wear coils of copper which are very rarely removed. If they are removed it would be for a great occasion such as a wedding, and the victim would have to lie still in bed helpless until refitted. (Photo: ^ HOA-QUI) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Necks: Longest The maximum measured extension of the neck by the successive fitting of copper coils, as practiced by the women of the Padaung or Kareni tribe of Myanmar (formerly Burma), is 15 3/4 in. When the rings are removed, the muscles developed to support ^ the head and neck shrink to their normal length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Brains: Heaviest T \p8\D05\3803072 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Brains|Heaviest 20 23 25 27 51962|764 58286|857 9394|138 35030|515 71026|0 65726|13 12138|7 -PCAP- A lateral view of the brain with the hindbrain at the left showing the cerebral cortex (gray matter). The cerebral cortex is involved in consciousness, memory, mental ability and intellect; it is also responsible for initiating voluntary activity. ^ (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Brains: Heaviest In normal brains there is little correlation between intelligence and size. ^<n The heaviest brain ever recorded was that of a 50-year-old male, which weighed 4 lb 8.3 oz and was reported by Dr Thomas F. Hegert, chief medical examiner for District ^ 9, State of Florida, on 23 Oct 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Brains: Lightest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Brains|Lightest 20 22 24 26 52030|765 127986|1882 35166|517 71026|1 138174|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Brains: Lightest The lightest "normal" or non-atrophied brain on record was one weighing 2 lb 6.7 oz reported by Dr P. Davis and Prof. E. Wright of King's College Hospital, London, Great Britain in 1977. It belonged to a 31-year-old woman. ^ -END- -CTRL- Brains: Most expensive skull T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Brains|Most expensive skull 20 22 24 26 52098|766 195782|2879 35302|519 71026|2 208038|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Brains: Most expensive skull The skull of Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), the Swedish natural philosopher and theologian, was bought in London, Great Britain by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for 5,500 pounds ($10,505) on 6 Mar 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Brains: Human computer T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Brains|Human computer 20 22 24 26 52166|767 35098|516 7762|114 71026|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Brains: Human computer Mrs Shakuntala Devi of India multiplied two 13-digit numbers (7,686,369,774,870 x 2,465,099,745,779) randomly selected by the Computer Department of Imperial College, London, Great Britain on 18 Jun 1980, in 28 seconds. Her answer was ^ 18,947,668,177,995,426,462,773,730 and was correct. Some experts on calculating prodigies refuse to give credence to Mrs Devi on the grounds that her achievements are so vastly superior to the calculating feats of any other investigated prodigy ^ that the authentication must have been defective. ^ -END- -CTRL- Brains: Most cards memorized T \p8\D05\3903065 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Brains|Most cards memorized 20 22 24 26 52234|768 168242|2474 9462|139 35234|518 4906|72 71026|4 175106|71 12138|8 -PCAP- Dominic O'Brien memorized a random sequence of 35 separate decks of playing cards, which had been shuffled together, on a single sighting, with only two errors. (Photo: Philip Crossley) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Brains: Most cards memorized Dominic O'Brien of Buntingford, Great Britain memorized on a single sighting a random sequence of 35 separate decks of cards (1,820 cards in all) that had been shuffled together, with only two mistakes, at the Star Inn, Furneux, Great Britain on 22 ^ Jul 1990. He also memorized the order of a single deck of playing cards in 55.62 seconds at the ^I in London, Great Britain on 29 May 1992. ^<n George Uhrin of Houston, TX memorized on a single sighting a random ^ sequence of 30 separate decks of cards (1,560) that had been all shuffled together, with two errors, at the Texas Commerce Tower, Houston, TX on 16 Jul 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Brains: Greatest number of places of pi T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Brains|Greatest number of places of pi 20 22 24 26 52302|769 46454|683 34962|514 71026|5 52992|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Brains: Greatest number of places of pi Hideaki Tomoyori (b. 30 Sep 1932) of Yokohama, Japan recited pi from memory to 40,000 places in 17 hr 21 min including breaks totaling 4 hr 15 min on 9-10 Mar 1987 at the Tsukuba University Club House. ^<n ^I It is only the ^I of pi at 22/7 which recurs after its sixth decimal place and can, of course, be recited ^I . The true value is a string of random numbers fiendishly difficult to memorize. The average capacity for memorizing ^ random numbers is barely more than eight, as proved by the common inability to memorize nine- or ten-digit telephone numbers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Greatest range T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Greatest range 20 22 24 26 52370|770 52302|769 234270|3445 71462|0 52992|106 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Greatest range The normal intelligible outdoor range of the male human voice in still air is 600 ft. The ^I , the whistled language of the Spanish-speaking Canary Island of La Gomera, is intelligible across the valleys, under ideal conditions, at five ^ miles. There is a recorded case, under optimal acoustic conditions, of the human voice being detectable at a distance of 10 1/2 miles across still water at night. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Loudest screaming T \p8\D05\3803073 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Loudest screaming 20 22 24 26 52438|771 158858|2336 9530|140 234474|3448 15174|223 71462|1 170088|4 12138|9 -PCAP- The scream of Simon Robinson of McLaren Vale, South Australia (left) was measured at 120 dB on 11 Nov 1988. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Loudest screaming The highest scientifically measured emission has been one of 128 decibels at 8 ft 2 in produced by the screaming of Simon Robinson of McLaren Vale, South Australia at The Guinness Challenge at Adelaide, Australia on 11 Nov 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Loudest whistling T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Loudest whistling 20 22 24 26 52506|772 158994|2338 234610|3450 71462|2 170088|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Loudest whistling Roy Lomas achieved 122.5 decibels at 8 ft 2 in in the Deadroom at the British Broadcasting Corporation studios in Manchester, Great Britain on 19 Dec 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Loudest shouting T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Loudest shouting 20 22 24 26 52574|773 158926|2337 234542|3449 71462|3 170088|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Loudest shouting Donald H. Burns of St George's, Bermuda achieved 119 decibels in shouting when he appeared on the Fuji TV film ^I at Liberty State Park, NJ on 18 Jan 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Most rapid yodeling T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Most rapid yodeling 20 22 24 26 52642|774 193130|2840 234746|3452 71462|4 175106|436 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Most rapid yodeling Yodeling has been defined as "repeated rapid changes from the chest-voice to falsetto and back again." The most rapid recorded is twenty-two tones in 1 sec, by Peter Hinnen of Zurich, Switzerland on 9 Feb 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Lowest detectable sound T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Lowest detectable sound 20 22 24 26 52710|775 162054|2383 234678|3451 71462|5 170594|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Lowest detectable sound The intensity of noise or sound is measured in terms of pressure. The pressure of the quietest sound that can be detected by a person of normal hearing at the most sensitive frequency of ^I . 2,750 Hz is 2 x 10 to the power of -5 pascal. ^ One-tenth of the logarithm to this standard provides a unit termed a decibel (dB). A noise of 30 dB is negligible. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Highest noise levels T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Highest noise levels 20 22 24 26 52778|776 74130|1090 234406|3447 71462|6 71062|169 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Highest noise levels Prolonged noise above 150 dB will cause permanent deafness, while above 192 dB a lethal over-pressure shock wave can be formed. Equivalent continuous sound levels (LEQ) above 90 dB are impermissible in factories in many countries, but this compares ^ with 125 emitted by racing cars and 130 by amplified music. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Highest detectable pitch T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Highest detectable pitch 20 22 24 26 52846|777 74062|1089 234338|3446 71462|7 71062|168 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Highest detectable pitch The upper limit is calculated to be 20,000 Hz (cycles per sec), although it has been alleged that children with asthma can detect sounds of 30,000 Hz. Bats emit pulses at up to 90,000 Hz. It was announced in February 1964 that experiments in the ^ former USSR had conclusively proved that oscillations as high as 200,000 Hz can be detected if the oscillator is pressed against the skull. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Fastest talker T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Fastest talker 20 22 24 26 52914|778 31970|470 234202|3444 71462|8 23878|222 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Fastest talker Few people are able to speak ^I at a sustained speed above 300 words per minute. The fastest broadcaster is thought to have been Gerry Wilmot (b. Victoria, British Colombia, Canada, 6 Oct 1914), an ice hockey commentator of the ^ late forties. ^<n In public life the fastest speed recorded was a burst in excess of 300 words per min in a speech made in December 1961 by President John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-63). ^<n Steve Woodmore of Orpington, Great Britain spoke 595 ^ words in a time of 56.01 sec, or 637.4 words per minute, on the ITV program ^I on 22 Sep 1990. ^<n Sean Shannon, a Canadian residing in Oxford, Great Britain, recited Hamlet's soliloquy "To be or not to be" (259 words) in a ^ time of 24 sec (equivalent to 647.5 words per min) on British Broadcasting Corporation's ^I on 26 Oct 1990. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 John Moschitta (USA) recited 545 words in 55.8 sec, or 586 words per minute, on 24 May ^ 1988 in Los Angeles, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Voice: Fastest backwards talking T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Voice|Fastest backwards talking 20 22 24 26 52982|779 31902|469 234134|3443 71462|9 23878|221 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Voice: Fastest backwards talking Steve Briers of Kilgetty, Great Britain recited the entire lyrics of Queen's album ^I backwards at British Broadcasting Corporation North-West Radio 4's Cat's Whiskers on 6 Feb 1990 in a time of 9 min 58.44 sec. ^<n ^<4 ^ United States ^>4 David Fuhrer of California recited the entire lyrics of Queen's album ^I at Trax Recording Studio, CA on 28 Jul 1989 in a time of 10 min 19 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blood: Rarest and most common groups T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Blood|Rarest and most common groups 20 22 24 26 53050|780 167358|2461 28910|425 72178|0 175106|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blood: Rarest and most common groups The preponderance of blood groups varies greatly from one locality to another. On a world basis Group O is the most common (46 percent), but in some areas, for example Norway, Group A predominates. ^<n The rarest type in the world is a type of ^ Bombay blood (subtype h-h) found so far only in a Czechoslovak nurse in 1961, and in a brother (Rh positive) and sister (Rh negative) named Jalbert in Massachusetts, reported in February 1968. ^<n The most common subgroup in the United States is ^ O+, which is found in 38.4 percent of the population. The rarest generic blood group is AB-, which occurs in only 0.7 percent of persons in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blood: Greatest transfusion T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Blood|Greatest transfusion 20 22 24 26 53118|781 46250|680 28638|421 72178|1 52992|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blood: Greatest transfusion A 50-year-old hemophiliac, Warren C. Jyrich, required 2,400 donor units of blood, equivalent to 1,900 pints of blood, when undergoing open heart surgery at the Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, IL in December 1970. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blood: Largest vein T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Blood|Largest vein 20 22 24 26 53186|782 85418|1256 28774|423 72178|2 91334|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blood: Largest vein The largest is the inferior vena cava, which returns the blood from the lower half of the body to the heart. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blood: Largest artery T \p8\D05\3903066 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Blood|Largest artery 20 22 24 26 53254|783 85350|1255 9598|141 28706|422 72178|3 91334|46 12138|10 -PCAP- The largest artery is the aorta, which is 1.18 in in diameter. It is seen here at the bottom of the picture, where it curves over the heart. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blood: Largest artery The largest is the aorta, which is 1.18 in in diameter where it leaves the heart. By the time it ends at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra it is about 0.68 in in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Blood: Most alcoholic T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Blood|Most alcoholic 20 22 24 26 53322|784 167290|2460 28842|424 22518|331 72178|4 175106|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Blood: Most alcoholic The University of California Medical School, Los Angeles reported in December 1982 the case of a confused but conscious 24-year-old female, who was shown to have a blood alcohol level of 1.8 grains per 0.18 pt. After two days she discharged ^ herself. ^<n Tommy Johns of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia died in April 1988 from a brain tumor at the age of 66 years, after having been arrested nearly 3,000 times for being drunk and disorderly in a public place. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cells: Biggest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Cells|Biggest 20 22 24 26 53390|785 1234|18 43122|634 72544|0 7328|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cells: Biggest The biggest cell body is the ovum (egg cell) which comes from the female ovary. It is about the size of the period at the end of this paragraph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cells: Smallest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Cells|Smallest 20 22 24 26 53458|786 245966|3617 43530|640 72544|1 258628|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cells: Smallest Some of the smallest cells are brain cells in the cerebellum that measure about 0.005 mm. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cells: Longest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Cells|Longest 20 22 24 26 53526|787 133358|1961 43326|637 72544|2 139100|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cells: Longest The longest cells are neurons of the nervous system. Motor neurons 4.26 ft long have cell bodies (gray matter) in the lower spinal cord with axons (white matter) that carry nerve impulses from the spinal cord down to the big toe. Even longer are ^ the cell systems that carry certain sensations (vibration and positional sense) back from the big toe to the brain. Their uninterrupted length, from the toe and up the posterior part of the spinal cord to the medulla of the brain, is about equal ^ to the height of the body. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cells: Fastest turnover of body cells T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Cells|Fastest turnover of body cells 20 22 24 26 53594|788 19866|292 43190|635 72544|3 23878|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cells: Fastest turnover of body cells The fastest turnover of body cells--i.e., the shortest life--is in the lining of the alimentary tract (gut), where the cells are shed every three days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cells: Longest life T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Cells|Longest life 20 22 24 26 53662|789 133426|1962 43394|638 72544|4 139100|72 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cells: Longest life Those with the longest life are brain cells, which last for life. They may be three times as old as bone cells, which may live 25-30 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cells: Longest memory T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Cells|Longest memory 20 22 24 26 53730|790 133494|1963 43462|639 72544|5 139100|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cells: Longest memory The lymphocyte has probably the longest memory of any cell. As successive generations of lymphocytes are produced during life, the cells never forget an enemy. So, for example, once a measles virus has introduced itself to the lymphocytes in the ^ first years of life, these stalwarts of the immune system will still be ready to recognize and destroy the measles virus 70 years later. This is why you cannot get measles twice. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cells: Largest blood cell T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Cells|Largest blood cell 20 22 24 26 53798|791 88410|1300 43258|636 72544|6 91334|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cells: Largest blood cell The largest blood cell is the megakaryocyte. It spends its life in the bone marrow, rarely venturing out into the main stream of the blood itself. In the marrow it produces the "stickiest" particles in the body--the platelets. There are about ^ 250,000 platelets in each pin-prick (cu. mm) of blood. They have an important role in stopping bleeding. Once a hole is formed in a blood vessel the platelets quickly gather at the site and stick to it, thus sealing the breach. ^ -END- -CTRL- Body Temperature: Highest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Body Temperature|Highest 20 22 24 26 53866|792 63794|938 30066|442 73050|0 71062|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Body Temperature: Highest Willie Jones, 52, was admitted to Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA on 10 Jul 1980 with heatstroke on a day when the temperature reached 90 deg F with 44 percent humidity. His temperature was found to be 115.7 deg F. After 24 days he was ^ discharged "at prior baseline status." ^ -END- -CTRL- Body Temperature: Lowest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Body Temperature|Lowest 20 22 24 26 53934|793 159266|2342 30134|443 73050|1 170594|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Body Temperature: Lowest People may die of hypothermia with body temperatures of 95 deg F. There are three recorded cases of individuals surviving body temperatures as low as 60.8 deg F: Dorothy Mae Stevens (1929-1974), who was found in an alley in Chicago, IL on 1 Feb ^ 1951 with a pulse that had dropped to 12 beats per min; Vickie Mary Davis, age 2 years 1 month, discovered in an unheated house in Marshalltown, IA on 21 Jan 1956; and 2-year old Michael Troke, found in the snow near his home in Milwaukee, WI on ^ 19 Jan 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Illness and Disease: Commonest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Illness and Disease|Commonest 20 22 24 26 54002|794 4770|70 108674|1598 73206|0 11220|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Illness and Disease: Commonest ^<4 Noncontagious ^>4 The commonest noncontagious diseases are periodontal diseases such as gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). In their lifetime few people completely escape the effects of tooth decay. ^<n ^<4 Contagious ^>4 The commonest ^ contagious disease in the world is coryza (acute nasopharyngitis), or the common cold. ^ -END- -CTRL- Illness and Disease: Rarest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Illness and Disease|Rarest 20 22 24 26 54070|795 236990|3485 109082|1604 73206|1 250310|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Illness and Disease: Rarest Medical literature periodically records hitherto undescribed diseases. A disease as yet undiagnosed but predicted by a Norwegian doctor is podocytoma of the kidney. This is a potential of the cells lining that part of the kidney (glomerus) which ^ acts as a sieve or filter for the blood. ^ -END- -CTRL- Illness and Disease: Most recently eradicated T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Illness and Disease|Most recently eradicated 20 22 24 26 54138|796 178442|2624 109014|1603 73206|2 175106|221 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Illness and Disease: Most recently eradicated The last case of endemic smallpox was recorded in Ali Maow Maalin in Merka, Somalia on 26 Oct 1977. This disease is now extinct. Its eradication was achieved by the World Health Organization, whose main weapon in the fight was a stable freeze-dried ^ smallpox vaccine. (The liquid vaccine had often lost its potency by the time it came to be used in the tropics.) A systematic and progressive interruption of the chain of smallpox transmission included not just vaccination, but also rapid ^ detection and isolation of cases so that the disease could not spread further. It has been estimated that the defeat of smallpox saved the developed world alone a billion dollars a year in vaccination costs, making it the most cost-effective ^ application of technology ever. ^ -END- -CTRL- Illness and Disease: Highest mortality T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Illness and Disease|Highest mortality 20 22 24 26 54206|797 67738|996 108742|1599 73206|3 71062|75 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Illness and Disease: Highest mortality The virus AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was first reported in 1981. The virus attacks the body's immune defense system, leaving the body wide open to attack from infections which in a healthy person would be fought off without any ^ problems. Many people who are carriers of the virus (HIV) may have none of the signs or symptoms of the disease AIDS, which may develop later. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 446,691 HIV positive cases worldwide by 1 Jan 1992. WHO ^ estimates that there are actually 1.5 million AIDS cases worldwide. ^<n By 30 Nov 1991 the total number of HIV positive cases in the United States was 202,843. This total included 199,417 adults and 3,426 children under 13. The total number of ^ number of deaths was 130,687, of which 128,857 were in adults and 1,830 were in children. ^ -END- -CTRL- Illness and Disease: Most infectious and most fatal T \p8\D05\3701019 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Illness and Disease|Most infectious and most fatal 20 22 24 26 54274|798 178306|2622 9666|142 108878|1601 20750|305 73206|4 175106|219 12138|11 -PCAP- The pneumonic form of plague ravaged Europe between 1347-51. Whole communities and families were sometimes annihilated, at all levels of society. (Photo: Archiv For Kunst und Geschichte) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Illness and Disease: Most infectious and most fatal The pneumonic form of plague, as evidenced by the Black Death of 1347-51, had a mortality rate of 100 percent. A quarter of the population of Europe perished during the outbreak. ^ -END- -CTRL- Illness and Disease: Most potent poison T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Illness and Disease|Most potent poison 20 22 24 26 54342|799 178374|2623 108946|1602 73206|5 175106|220 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Illness and Disease: Most potent poison The rickettsial disease Q-fever can be instituted by a ^I organism, though it is fatal in only 1 in 1,000 cases. About 10 organisms of ^I (formerly ^I ) can initiate ^ tularemia, variously called alkali disease, Francis disease or deerfly fever. This disease is fatal in upwards of 10 cases in 1,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Illness and Disease: Leading cause of death T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Illness and Disease|Leading cause of death 20 22 24 26 54410|800 108810|1600 73206|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Illness and Disease: Leading cause of death In industrialized countries, arteriosclerosis (thickening of the arterial wall) underlies much coronary and cerebrovascular disease. In 1990, the top five causes of death in the United States were: heart disease, 725,010; cancer, 506,000; strokes, ^ 145,340; accidents, including automobile, 93,550; and lung disease and related conditions, 88,980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Illness and Disease: US AIDS statistics (table) B \t\D01\0301411a Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Illness and Disease|US AIDS statistics (table) 20 22 24 26 54478|801 109150|1605 73206|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Data: Centers for Disease Control (30 Nov 1991) ^ -TEXT- Illness and Disease: US AIDS statistics (table) Illess and Disease: US AIDS Statistics (Table) AIDS STATISTICS STATE CASES New York 42,061 California 37,717 Florida 19,096 Texas 14,254 New Jersey 12,479 CITY CASES New York 36,545 Los Angeles 13,394 San Francisco 11,283 Miami 6,172 Houston ^ 5,902 ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest coma T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest coma 20 22 24 26 54546|802 142606|2097 132678|1951 5178|76 73782|0 139100|207 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest coma Elaine Esposito (1934-78) of Tarpon Springs, FL, never stirred after an appendectomy on 6 Aug 1941, when she was 6 years old. She died on 25 Nov 1978 at the age of 43 years 357 days, having been in a coma for 37 years 111 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest and shortest dreams T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest and shortest dreams 20 22 24 26 54614|803 142538|2096 132610|1950 73782|1 139100|206 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest and shortest dreams Dreaming sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements known as REM, first described in 1953 by William Dement of the University of Chicago. The longest recorded period of REM is one of 2 hr 23 min on 15 Feb 1967 at the Department of Psychology, ^ University of Illinois, Chicago by Bill Carskadon, who had had his previous sleep interrupted. In July 1984 the Sleep Research Center, Haifa, Israel recorded no REM in a 33-year-old male who had a shrapnel brain injury. (See Most active muscle.) ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Highest g force T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Highest g force 20 22 24 26 54682|804 68758|1011 132474|1948 73782|2 71062|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Highest g force Racing driver David Purley (1945-85) survived a deceleration from 108 mph to zero in 26 in in a crash at Silverstone, Great Britain on 13 Jul 1977 that involved a force of 179.8 g. He suffered 29 fractures, three dislocations and six heart ^ stoppages. ^<n The highest g value endured on a water-braked rocket sled is 2.9 oz for 0.04 sec by Eli L. Beeding, Jr. at Holloman Air Force Base, NM on 16 May 1958. He was subsequently hospitalized for three days. ^<n A land diver of Pentecost ^ Island, Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides) dove from a platform 81 ft 3 in high with liana vines attached to his ankles on 15 May 1982. His body speed was 50 ft per sec, or 34 mph. The jolt transmitted a momentary g force in excess of 110. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest heart arrest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest heart arrest 20 22 24 26 54750|805 142674|2098 132746|1952 73782|3 139100|208 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest heart arrest The longest is four hours in the case of a Norwegian fisherman, Jan Egil Refsdahl (b. 1936), who fell overboard in the icy waters off Bergen on 7 Dec 1987. He was rushed to nearby Haukeland Hospital after his body temperature fell to 77 deg F and ^ his heart stopped beating, but he made a full recovery after he was connected to a heart-lung machine normally used for heart surgery. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 On 9 Oct 1986, Allen Smith, age 2, fell into the swollen waters of the Stanislaus ^ River in Oakdale, CA. He was spotted 90 minutes later and rushed to Modesto Memorial Hospital, where two hours later his heart began beating again spontaneously. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest hiccupping attack T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest hiccupping attack 20 22 24 26 54818|806 142742|2099 132814|1953 18234|268 73782|4 139100|209 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest hiccupping attack The longest recorded attack of hiccupping was that which afflicted Charles Osborne (1894-1991) of Anthon, IA, who had hiccupped continuously for 69 years 5 months, since 1922. He began hiccupping when he was slaughtering a hog and was unable to ^ find a cure, but led a reasonably normal life in which he had two wives and fathered eight children. He hiccupped every 1 1/2 seconds until a morning in February 1990. He died on 1 May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest hospital stay T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest hospital stay 20 22 24 26 54886|807 142810|2100 132882|1954 18710|275 73782|5 139100|210 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest hospital stay The longest stay in a hospital was by Miss Martha Nelson, who was admitted to the Columbus State Institute for the Feeble-Minded in Ohio in 1875. She died in January 1975 at the age of 103 years 6 months in the Orient State Institution, OH after ^ spending more than 99 years in hospitals. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Highest temperature endurance T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Highest temperature endurance 20 22 24 26 54954|808 68826|1012 132542|1949 73782|6 71062|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Highest temperature endurance The highest dry-air temperature endured by naked men in US Air Force experiments in 1960 was 400 deg F, and by heavily clothed men 500 deg F. (Steaks require only 325 deg F to cook.) Temperatures of 284 deg F have been found quite bearable in ^ saunas. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest hunger strike T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest hunger strike 20 22 24 26 55022|809 142878|2101 132950|1955 4770|70 73782|7 139100|211 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest hunger strike Doctors estimate that a well-nourished individual can survive without adverse medical consequences on a diet of sugar and water for 30 days or more. The longest period for which anyone has gone without solid food is 382 days in the case of Angus ^ Barbieri (b. 1940) of Tayport, Great Britain, who lived on tea, coffee, water, soda water and vitamins in Maryfield Hospital, Dundee, Great Britain, from June 1965 to July 1966. His weight declined from 472 lb to 178 lb. ^I The longest recorded case of survival without food ^I water is 18 days by Andreas Mihavecz, then 18, of Bregenz, Austria, who was put in a holding cell on 1 Apr ^ 1979 in a local government building in Hochst, and then was totally forgotten by the police. On 18 Apr 1979 he was discovered close to death, having had neither food nor water. He had been a passenger in a car that crashed. ^<n The longest ^ recorded hunger strike was 385 days, from 28 Jun 1972 to 18 Jul 1973, by Denis Galer Goodwin in Wakefield Prison, Great Britain, protesting his innocence of a rape charge. He was fed orally by tube. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest period of motionlessness T \p8\D05\3903068 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest period of motionlessness 20 22 24 26 55090|810 143014|2103 9734|143 133086|1957 18778|276 73782|8 139100|213 12138|12 -PCAP- Antonio Gomes dos Santos stood still for 15 hr 2 min 55 sec. No facial movements are allowed other than the involuntary blinking of the eyes. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest period of motionlessness The longest that anyone has continuously remained motionless is 24 hours, by William Fuqua at Glendale, CA, on 17-18 May 1985 while sitting on a motorcycle. ^<n Antonio Gomes dos Santos of Zare, Portugal stood motionless for 15 hr 2 min 55 sec on ^ 30 Jul 1988 at the Amoreiras Shopping Center, Lisbon. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Fastest nerve impulses T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Fastest nerve impulses 20 22 24 26 55158|811 25034|368 132202|1944 73782|9 23878|120 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Fastest nerve impulses The results of experiments published in 1966 have shown that messages transmitted by the human nervous system can travel at 180 mph. With advancing age, impulses are carried 15 percent more slowly. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Heaviest organ T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Heaviest organ 20 22 24 26 55226|812 59782|879 132406|1947 73782|10 65726|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Heaviest organ The skin is medically considered to be an organ. It weighs around 5.9 lb in an average adult. The heaviest internal organ is the liver at 3.3 lb. This is four times heavier than the heart. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Most pill-taking T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Most pill-taking 20 22 24 26 55294|813 180618|2656 133562|1964 73782|11 175106|253 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Most pill-taking The highest recorded total of pills swallowed by a patient is 565,939 between 9 Jun 1967 and 19 Jun 1988 by C.H.A. Kilner (1926-88) of Bindura, Zimbabwe. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Postmortem birth T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Postmortem birth 20 22 24 26 55362|814 143286|2107 133698|1966 73782|12 139100|217 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Postmortem birth The longest gestation interval in a postmortem birth was one of 84 days in the case of a girl born on 5 Jul 1983 to a brain-dead woman in Roanoke, VA who had been kept on a life support machine since April. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Pulse rates T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Pulse rates 20 22 24 26 55430|815 133766|1967 73782|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Pulse rates A normal adult rate is 70-78 beats per min at rest for males and 75-85 for females. (The abnormal heart may beat as fast as 300 times per min, or the beat may be so slow as to be virtually undetectable). The heart rate may increase to 200 or more ^ during violent exercise in the unfit. Super-fit athletes do not have to increase their heart rates nearly as much as this. The reason is that with training the fit heart can put out much more blood with each contraction. Thus it is able to ^ produce the necessary increase of blood during exercise by raising its rate to perhaps only 140 beats per minute. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Sleeplessness T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Sleeplessness 20 22 24 26 55498|816 133834|1968 73782|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Sleeplessness Victims of the very rare condition known as chronic colestites (total insomnia) have been known to go without definable sleep for many years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest-lasting sneezing fit T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest-lasting sneezing fit 20 22 24 26 55566|817 143218|2106 133290|1960 73782|15 139100|216 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest-lasting sneezing fit The longest-lasting sneezing fit ever recorded is that of Donna Griffiths (b. 1969) of Pershore, Great Britain. She started sneezing on 13 Jan 1981 and surpassed the previous duration record of 194 days on 27 Jul 1981. She sneezed an estimated ^ million times in the first 365 days. She achieved her first sneeze-free day on 16 Sep 1983--the 978th day. ^<n The fastest speed at which particles expelled by sneezing have ever been measured to travel is 103.6 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Loudest snoring T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Loudest snoring 20 22 24 26 55634|818 158722|2334 133358|1961 73782|16 170088|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Loudest snoring The highest sound level recorded by any chronic snorer peaked at 90 decibels, measured at the Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada during the evening of 3 Nov 1987. The meter was placed 2 ft above the head of ^ Mark Thompson Hebbard (b. 28 Feb 1947) of Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, who maintained an overall level of 85 decibels. Since a Vancouver city traffic bylaw for acceptable noise stipulates a maximum of 80 decibels, he wonders if he is ^ legally entitled to sleep there. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest period of standing T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest period of standing 20 22 24 26 55702|819 143082|2104 133154|1958 18166|267 73782|17 139100|214 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest period of standing The longest period on record that anyone has continuously stood is more than 17 years in the case of Swami Maujgiri Maharaj when performing the ^I or penance from 1955 to November 1973 in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. When ^ sleeping he would lean against a plank. He died at the age of 85 in September 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Swallowing T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Swallowing 20 22 24 26 55770|820 133902|1969 73782|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Swallowing The worst reported case of compulsive swallowing of objects involved an insane female, Mrs H., who at the age of 42 complained of a "slight abdominal pain." She proved to have 2,533 objects, including 947 bent pins, in her stomach. These were ^ removed by Drs Chalk and Foucar in June 1927 at the Ontario Hospital, Canada. In a more recent case, 212 objects were removed from the stomach of a man admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa in May 1985. They included 53 ^ toothbrushes, two telescopic aerials, two razors and 150 handles of disposable razors. ^<n A compulsive swallower in the United States, a 24-year-old psychoneurotic woman, gulped down a 5-in-long iron hinge bolt from a hospital door, which ^ amazingly passed through the curve of the duodenum and the intestinal tract and broke the bedpan when the patient successfully passed the object. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Eating T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Eating 20 22 24 26 55838|821 132134|1943 7354|108 73782|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Eating Michel Lotito (b. 15 Jun 1950) of Grenoble, France, known as Monsieur Mangetout, has been eating metal and glass since 1959. Gastroenterologists have X-rayed his stomach and described his ability to consume 2 lb of metal per day as unique. His diet ^ since 1966 has included 10 bicycles, a supermarket cart (in 4 1/2 days), seven TV sets, six chandeliers, a low-calorie Cessna light aircraft and a computer. He is said to have provided the only example in history of a coffin (handles and all) ^ ending up inside a man. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Lung power T \p8\D05\3803075 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Lung power 20 22 24 26 55906|822 9802|144 133426|1962 73782|20 12138|13 -PCAP- Nicholas Mason inflated a standardized meteorological balloon to a diameter of 8 ft in 45 min 8 sec in 1989. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Lung power The inflation of a standardized meteorological balloon to a diameter of 8 ft against time was achieved by Nicholas Berkeley Mason in 45 min 8 sec at the British Broadcasting Corporation TV Centre, London, Great Britain on 25 Sep 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Most tattoos T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Most tattoos 20 22 24 26 55974|823 180686|2657 133630|1965 73782|21 175106|254 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Most tattoos The ultimate in being tattooed is represented by Tom Leppard of the Isle of Skye, Scotland. He has chosen a leopard-skin design, with all the skin between the dark spots tattooed saffron yellow. The area of his body covered is approximately 3,002 ^ sq in, 99.2 percent of totality. ^<n Bernard Moeller of Pennsylvania has the most separate designs, with 14,000 individual tattoos up to 3 Jan 1992. ^<n The world's most decorated woman is strip artiste "Krystyne Kolorful" (b. 5 Dec 1952, ^ Alberta, Canada). Her 95 percent bodysuit took 10 years to complete. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Fire-breather T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Fire-breather 20 22 24 26 56042|824 132338|1946 73782|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Fire-breather Reg Morris blew a flame from his mouth to a distance of 31 ft at the Miner's Rest, Chasetown, Great Britain on 29 Oct 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Fire extinguishers T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Fire extinguishers 20 22 24 26 56110|825 132270|1945 73782|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Fire extinguishers Inge Widar Svingen, alias "Benifax" of Norway, on 10 Aug 1990 extinguished 25,270 torches of flame in his mouth in 2 hrs at Kolvereid in Nord-Trondelag, Norway. ^<n On 26 Jul 1986 at Port Lonsdale, Victoria, Australia, Sipra Ellen Lloyd set a ^ female record by extinguishing 8,357 torches. ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest period under water T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest period under water 20 22 24 26 56178|826 143150|2105 133222|1959 73782|24 139100|215 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest period under water In 1986 two-year-old Michelle Funk of Salt Lake City, UT, made a full recovery after spending 66 minutes under water. The toddler fell into a swollen creek near her home while playing. When she was eventually discovered, rescue workers found she ^ had no pulse or heartbeat. Her life was saved by the first successful bypass machine; it warmed her blood, which had dropped to 66 deg F. Doctors at the hospital described the time she had spent underwater as the "longest documented submergence ^ with an intact neurological outcome." ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Most injections T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Most injections 20 22 24 26 56246|827 180550|2655 133494|1963 73782|25 175106|252 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Most injections A diabetic, Mrs Phyllis Lush (b. 25 Oct 1916) of Darlington Point, New South Wales, Australia has given herself over 65,000 insulin injections during the past 69 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Medical Extremes: Longest in "iron lung" T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Medical Extremes|Longest in "iron lung" 20 22 24 26 56314|828 142946|2102 133018|1956 73782|26 139100|212 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Medical Extremes: Longest in "iron lung" Mrs. Laurel Nisbet (1912-85) of La Crescenta, CA was in an "iron lung" for 37 years 58 days continuously until her death. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Longest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Longest 20 22 24 26 56382|829 146618|2156 158246|2327 75688|0 139100|266 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Longest The most protracted reported operation was one of 96 hr performed from 4-8 Feb 1951 in Chicago, IL on Mrs Gertrude Levandowski for the removal of an ovarian cyst. During the operation her weight fell from 616 lb to 308 lb. The patient suffered from ^ a weak heart and surgeons had to exercise the utmost caution during the operation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Most performed T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Most performed 20 22 24 26 56450|830 185038|2721 158450|2330 75688|1 175106|317 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Most performed Dr M.C. Modi, a pioneer of mass eye surgery in India since 1943, together with assistants, has performed as many as 833 cataract operations in one day, visited 45,416 villages and 10,094,632 patients, performing a total of 595,019 operations to ^ February 1990. ^<n Dr Robert B. McClure (b. 1901) of Toronto, Ontario, Canada performed a career total of 20,423 major operations from 1924 to 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Most endured T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Most endured 20 22 24 26 56518|831 184970|2720 158382|2329 75688|2 175106|316 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Most endured Since 22 July 1954 Charles Jensen of Chester, SD has had 889 operations to remove the tumors associated with basal cell nevus syndrome. This is a rare genetically determined disorder characterized by multiple skin lesions which are usually first ^ noticed in childhood and increase in size and number in late adolescence. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Oldest patient T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Oldest patient 20 22 24 26 56586|832 231210|3400 158586|2332 75688|3 236192|127 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Oldest patient The greatest recorded age at which anyone has undergone an operation is 111 years 105 days in the case of James Henry Brett, Jr. (1849-1961) of Houston, TX. He underwent a hip operation on 7 Nov 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Earliest general anesthesia T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Earliest general anesthesia 20 22 24 26 56654|833 12862|189 157770|2320 75688|4 13960|82 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Earliest general anesthesia The earliest recorded operation under general anesthesia was for the removal of a cyst from the neck of James Venable by Dr Crawford Williamson Long (1815-78), using diethyl ether (C subscript 2 H subscript 5) subscript 2 O, in Jefferson, GA on 30 ^ Mar 1842. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Hemodialysis patient T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Hemodialysis patient 20 22 24 26 56722|834 157906|2322 75688|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Hemodialysis patient Raymond Jones (1929-91) of Slough, Great Britain suffered from kidney failure from the age of 34, and received continuous hemodialysis for 28 years. He averaged three visits per week to the Royal Free Hospital, London, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Munchausen's syndrome T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Munchausen's syndrome 20 22 24 26 56790|835 158518|2331 75688|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Munchausen's syndrome The most extreme recorded case of the rare and incurable condition known as Munchausen's syndrome (a continual desire to have medical treatment) was William McIloy (b. 1906), who cost Britain's National Health Service an estimated 2.5 million ^ pounds ($4 million) during his 50-year career as a hospital patient. During that time he had 400 major and minor operations, and stayed at 100 different hospitals using 22 aliases. The longest period he was ever out of the hospital was six ^ months. In 1979 he hung up his bedpan for the last time, saying he was sick of hospitals, and retired to an old people's home in Birmingham, Great Britain, where he died in 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Fastest amputation T \p8\D05\3903069 Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Fastest amputation 20 23 25 27 56858|836 27278|401 9870|145 157838|2321 75688|7 23878|153 12138|14 -PCAP- A time of 13-15 seconds was recorded by French military surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey (1766-1842), for the amputation of a leg without anesthetic. Here he is shown demonstrating muscular contractions in a recently amputated leg due to galvanic ^ effects. (Photo: Ann Ronan Picture Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Fastest amputation The shortest time recorded for a leg amputation in the pre-anesthetic era was 13-15 sec by Napoleon's chief surgeon, Dominique Larrey. There could have been no ligation of blood vessels. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Largest tumor T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Largest tumor 20 22 24 26 56926|837 110782|1629 158178|2326 75688|8 91334|420 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Largest tumor The largest tumor ever recorded was Spohn's case of an ovarian cyst weighing 328 lb taken from a woman in Texas in 1905. She made a full recovery. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Largest gallbladder T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Largest gallbladder 20 22 24 26 56994|838 110714|1628 158110|2325 75688|9 91334|419 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Largest gallbladder On 15 Mar 1989 at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, MD, Prof. Bimal C. Ghosh removed a gallbladder that weighed 23 lb from a 69-year-old woman. The patient had been complaining of increasing swelling around the abdomen, and after ^ removal of this enlarged gallbladder, which weighed more than three times as much as the average newborn baby, the patient felt perfectly well and left the hospital 10 days after the operation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Largest and most gallstones T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Largest and most gallstones 20 22 24 26 57062|839 110578|1626 157974|2323 75688|10 175106|315 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Largest and most gallstones The largest gallstone reported in medical literature was one of 13 lb 14 oz removed from an 80-year-old woman by Dr Humphrey Arthure at Charing Cross Hospital, London, Great Britain on 29 Dec 1952. ^<n In August 1987 it was reported that 23,530 ^ gallstones had been removed from an 85-year-old woman by Mr K. Whittle Martin at Worthing Hospital, Sussex, Great Britain, after she complained of severe abdominal pain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Largest and smallest surgical instruments T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Largest and smallest surgical instruments 20 22 24 26 57130|840 110646|1627 158042|2324 75688|11 258628|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Largest and smallest surgical instruments The largest instruments are robot retractors used in abdominal surgery, introduced by Abbey Surgical Instruments of Chingford, Great Britain in 1968 and weighing 11 lb. Some bronchoscopic forceps measure 23 1/2 in in length. ^<n The smallest ^ instrument is the microcystotome, a super microknife for cutting the lens capsule in eye microsurgery. The working part is 0.011 in long and 2.03 in wide. The instrument is licensed by the Research and Technology Complex of the Russian Ministry ^ of Health, Moscow. ^ -END- -CTRL- Operations: Longest stretcher bearing distance T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Operations|Longest stretcher bearing distance 20 22 24 26 57198|841 146686|2157 158314|2328 75688|12 139100|267 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Operations: Longest stretcher bearing distance The longest distance a stretcher with a 140 lb "body" has been carried is 158.2 miles, in 46 hr 35 min from 27--29 May 1992. This was achieved by two four-man teams from the 85th Medical Batallion, Ft Meade, MD. ^<n The record limited to youth ^ organizations (under 20 years of age) and 8-hr carrying is 42.02 miles by eight members of the Henry Meoles School, Moreton, Great Britain on 13 Jul 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First heart transplant T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First heart transplant 20 22 24 26 57266|842 43870|645 228966|3367 76614|0 40936|154 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First heart transplant The first heart transplant operation was performed on Louis Washkansky, age 55, at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa between 1 A.M. and 6 A.M., on 3 Dec 1967, by a team of 30 headed by Professor Christiaan Neethling Barnard. The ^ donor was Miss Denise Ann Darvall, age 25. Washkansky lived for 18 days. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The first operation was performed on a 2 1/2-week-old baby boy at Maimonides Hospital, Brooklyn, NY on 6 Dec 1967 by a team of 22 headed by Dr ^ Adrian Kantrowitz. The donor was a newborn infant. The baby boy lived 6 1/2 hours. The first adult transplant took place at the Stanford Medical Center in Palo Alto, CA on 6 Jan 1968 by Dr Norman E. Shumway and was performed on 54-year-old Mike ^ Kasperak. Mr Kasperak, a retired steelworker, lived 14 days. From December 1967 until February 1992 there have been 11,720 heart transplants. The greatest number of transplants in the United States in one year is 2,080, in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First double heart transplant T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First double heart transplant 20 22 24 26 57334|843 43802|644 228898|3366 76614|1 40936|153 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First double heart transplant The first double heart transplant operation in the United States was performed on Darrell Hammarley, age 56, at the Stanford Medical Center in Palo Alto, CA on 20 Nov 1968 by Dr Norman E. Shumway. The first heart implanted failed to beat steadily ^ and was replaced by a second transplant two hours later. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: Longest surviving T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|Longest surviving 20 22 24 26 57402|844 154438|2271 229442|3374 76614|2 139100|381 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: Longest surviving William George van Buuren of California (1929-91) received an unnamed person's heart at the Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA on 3 Jan 1970, and survived for 22 years 10 months 24 days. The surgeon who performed the operation was Dr Edward ^ Stinson. ^<n ^<4 Currently living ^>4 Arthur F. Gay (b. 3 Oct 1936) is the longest-surviving heart transplant patient currently alive. His operation was performed at the Medical College of Virginia on 11 Jan 1973 by Dr Richard Lower. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: Youngest T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|Youngest 20 22 24 26 57470|845 265822|3909 229510|3375 76614|3 275964|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: Youngest Paul Holt of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada underwent a heart transplant at Loma Linda Hospital in California on 16 Oct 1987 at the age of 2 hr 34 min. He was born six weeks premature weighing 6 lb 6 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First transplantee to give birth T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First transplantee to give birth 20 22 24 26 57538|846 44210|650 229306|3372 76614|4 40936|159 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First transplantee to give birth Betsy Sneith, 23, gave birth to a girl, Sierra (7 lb 10 oz), at the Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA on 17 Sep 1984. She had received a donor heart in Feb 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First animal-to-human transplant T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First animal-to-human transplant 20 22 24 26 57606|847 43666|642 228762|3364 76614|5 40936|151 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First animal-to-human transplant The first operation in the United States was carried out on 23 Jan 1964 at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, MS by a team of 12 headed by Dr James D. Hardy. The patient, age 64, received the heart of a chimpanzee, which beat ^ for 90 minutes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First heart-lung-liver transplant T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First heart-lung-liver transplant 20 22 24 26 57674|848 43938|646 229034|3368 76614|6 40936|155 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First heart-lung-liver transplant The first triple transplant took place on 17 Dec 1986 at Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, Great Britain when Mrs Davina Thompson (b. 28 Feb 1951) of Rawmarsh, Great Britain underwent surgery for seven hours by a team of 15 headed by chest surgeon Dr ^ John Wallwork and Prof. Sir Roy Calne. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First artificial heart T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First artificial heart 20 22 24 26 57742|849 43734|643 228830|3365 76614|7 40936|152 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First artificial heart On 1-2 Dec 1982 at the Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, Dr Barney B. Clark, 61, of Des Moines, WA was the first recipient of an artificial heart. The surgeon was Dr William C. DeVries. The heart was a Jarvik-7 designed by Dr Robert K. ^ Jarvik. Dr Clark died on 23 Mar 1983, 112 days later. William J. Schroeder survived 620 days with an artificial heart in Louisville, KY from 25 Nov 1984 to 7 Aug 1986. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recalled the Jarvik-7 on 11 Jan 1990. ^ At the time of the recall it was the only artificial heart approved by the FDA and thus the only one allowed in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First synthetic heart implant T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First synthetic heart implant 20 22 24 26 57810|850 44142|649 229238|3371 76614|8 40936|158 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First synthetic heart implant Haskell Karp, age 47, of Skokie, IL received the first synthetic heart implant on 4 Apr 1969, at St Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX. Dr Denton A. Cooley led the team of doctors, which included the developer of the heart, Dr Domingo Liotta. ^ The artificial heart was replaced by a human transplant on 7 April. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First kidney transplant T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First kidney transplant 20 22 24 26 57878|851 44006|647 229102|3369 76614|9 40936|156 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First kidney transplant Dr Richard H. Lawler (USA; b. 1895) performed the first transplant of a kidney in a human at Little Company of Mary Hospital, Chicago, IL, on 17 Jun 1950. The first successful kidney transplant operation was performed at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital ^ (now Brigham and Women's Hospital) in Boston, MA on 23 Dec 1954 by a team of surgeons headed by Dr John P. Merrill. The patient, Richard Herrick, age 23, received a kidney from his identical twin, Ronald. The longest surviving kidney transplant ^ patient is Johanna Leanora Rempel of Red Deer, Alberta, Canada, who received a kidney from her identical twin sister Lana Blatzon on 28 Dec 1960 at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, MA. ^<n From 1977, when figures were first gathered, ^ until 1989, there have been a total of 81,200 kidney transplants in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: First lung transplant T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|First lung transplant 20 22 24 26 57946|852 44074|648 229170|3370 76614|10 40936|157 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: First lung transplant The first lung transplant operation in the United States took place on 11 Jun 1963 at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, MS. The surgery, which was headed by Dr James D. Hardy, lasted three hours and involved the replacement ^ of the patient's left lung. The patient, John Richard Russell, survived 18 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Transplants: Five-organ transplant T Human Beings|Anatomy and Physiology|Transplants|Five-organ transplant 20 22 24 26 58014|853 229374|3373 76614|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Transplants: Five-organ transplant Tabatha Foster (1984-88) of Madisonville, KY, at 3 years 143 days of age, received a transplanted liver, pancreas, small intestine, portions of stomach and large intestine in a 15-hour operation at the Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA on 31 Oct ^ 1987. Before the operation, she had never eaten solid food. ^ -END- -CTRL- Matter: States of matter T Science and Technology|Elements|Matter|States of matter 20 22 24 26 58082|854 132066|1942 78692|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Matter: States of matter All known matter in, on and beyond the Earth is made up of chemical elements. It is estimated that there are 10 to the power of 87 electrons (the stable elementary particle present in all atoms) in the known universe. The total of naturally ^ occurring elements is 92, comprising, at ordinary temperatures, two liquids, 11 gases and 79 solids. ^<n Hydrogen (H) is the most common element, accounting for 90 percent of all known matter in the universe and 70.68 percent by mass in the solar ^ system. ^<n The so-called fourth state of matter is plasma, when negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions are in flux; 99 percent of all visible matter is in this form. ^ -END- -CTRL- Subnuclear Particles: Quarks T Science and Technology|Elements|Subnuclear Particles|Quarks 20 22 24 26 58150|855 214074|3148 78778|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Subnuclear Particles: Quarks Quarks are a set of at least six (up, down, charmed, strange, top and bottom) elementary particles and their corresponding antiparticles postulated to be the basic constituents of all baryons and mesons. Evidence for all except the top quark is now ^ available. The lightest is the up quark with a short-range (current) mass of 6 MeV and a long-range mass of 350 MeV, and the heaviest is the as-yet unobserved top quark with a predicted mass of 140 GeV. ^<n It is currently thought that there are ^ only three "families" of quarks and leptons. The theoretical masses of the graviton (the as-yet unobserved gravitational gauge boson), the photon, and the three neutrino leptons should all be zero. Current experimental limits are less than 7.6 x ^ 10 to the power of -67 g for the graviton, less than 5.3 x 10 to the power of -60 g for the photon, and less than 10 eV (less than 1.8 x 10 to the power of -32 g) for the electron neutrino. ^<n As of April 1990, physicists accepted the existence ^ of three gauge bosons, six leptons and 136 hadron multiplets (77 meson multiplets and 59 baryon multiplets), representing the eventual discovery of 256 particles and an equal number of antiparticles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Subnuclear Particles: Heaviest T \p8\D05\3904072 Science and Technology|Elements|Subnuclear Particles|Heaviest 20 23 25 27 58218|856 61414|903 9938|146 213870|3145 78778|1 65726|59 14060|0 -PCAP- A Z superscript 0 particle is too short-lived to be seen, but its existence is deduced from the "signature" of the electron-positron pair (colored gold) seen here emerging from the high-energy collision of a proton and an antiproton in the ^ Super-Proton-Synchrotron (SPS) collider at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. Debris of other particles with visible tracks also resulted from the collision. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Subnuclear Particles: Heaviest The heaviest particle accepted is the neutral weak gauge boson, the Z deg , of mass 91.18 GeV and lifetime 2.64 x 10 to the power of -25 sec, which was discovered in May 1983 by the UA1 Collaboration, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. ^ -END- -CTRL- Subnuclear Particles: Most stable T Science and Technology|Elements|Subnuclear Particles|Most stable 20 22 24 26 58286|857 191362|2814 214006|3147 78778|2 175106|410 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Subnuclear Particles: Most stable The "Grand Unified Theory" of the weak, electromagnetic, and strong forces predicts that the proton will not be stable, but experiments indicate that the lifetime of the most likely decay mode (to a positron and a neutral pion) has a lower limit of ^ 3.1 x 10 to the power of 32 years, which is over 40 times longer than the maximum lifetime predicted by the theory. ^ -END- -CTRL- Subnuclear Particles: Least stable T Science and Technology|Elements|Subnuclear Particles|Least stable 20 22 24 26 58354|858 127442|1874 213938|3146 78778|3 136828|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Subnuclear Particles: Least stable The shortest-lived sub-atomic particle is the neutral weak gauge boson Z deg particle with a lifetime of 2.64 x 10 to the power of -25 sec. (See Heaviest particle.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Most common T \p8\D05\3704074 Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Most common 20 24 26 29 58422|859 171574|2523 10006|147 73042|1074 79074|0 175106|120 14060|1 -PCAP- Element 101 is names after Dimitry Ivanovich Medeleyev (1834-1907), the Russian chemist who formulated the "Periodic Table" of the elements between 1868-71. By grouping the 62 then known elements in order of increasing atomic weight he demonstrated ^ a recurrence of properties and predicted the properties of elements which "ought" to exist but which had not then been discovered. His system did not gain wide acceptance at first, but the discovery of the "missing" elements, with the properties ^ which he had predicted, helped validate his theory, which is now part of the framework of chemistry. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Most common The commonest element in the atmosphere is nitrogen (N), which is present at 78.08 percent by volume (75.52 percent by mass). ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Rarest (natural) T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Rarest (natural) 20 22 24 27 58490|860 236786|3482 73382|1079 79074|1 250310|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Rarest (natural) The least abundant element in the atmosphere is the radioactive gas radon (Rn), with a volume of 6 x 10 to the power of -20 parts per million (ppm). This is only 5.3 lb overall, but concentrated amounts of this radioactive gas in certain granite ^ areas have been blamed for a number of cancer deaths. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Most dense T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Most dense 20 22 24 27 58558|861 171642|2524 73110|1075 79074|2 175106|121 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Most dense ^<4 Solid ^>4 The densest solid at room temperature is osmium (Os) at 0.8161 lb/cu in. ^<n ^<4 Gas ^>4 The heaviest gas is radon (Rn) at 0.6274 lb/cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Least dense T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Least dense 20 22 24 27 58626|862 126694|1863 72838|1071 79074|3 136828|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Least dense ^<4 Solid ^>4 The least dense element at room temperature is the metal lithium (Li) at 0.01927 lb/cu in, although the density of solid hydrogen at its melting point of -434.546 deg F is only 0.00315 lb/cu in. ^<n ^<4 Gas ^>4 The lightest gas ^ at NTP (Normal Temperature and Pressure, 0 deg C and one atmosphere) is hydrogen (H) at 0.005612 lb/cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Melting/boiling point T \p8\D05\3704075b Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Melting/boiling point 20 22 24 27 58694|863 159606|2347 10074|148 72974|1073 79074|4 170594|8 14060|2 -PCAP- The metallic element with lowest melting point is that of Mercury (Hg), at -37.892 deg F. In this photograph Mercury's greater cohesion compared with water (stained red) is demonstrated. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Melting/boiling point ^<4 Highest ^>4 The metallic element tungsten (or Wolfram) (W) melts at 6,188 deg F. On the assumption that graphite transforms to carbyne forms above 4,172 deg F, the nonmetal with the highest melting and boiling points would be carbon (C) at ^ 6,386 deg F and 6,998 deg F respectively. However, this is disputed; an alternative suggestion is that graphite remains stable at high temperatures, sublimes directly to vapor at 6,728 deg F and cannot be obtained in a liquid form unless the ^ temperature exceeds 8,006 deg F at a pressure of 10 MPa. ^<n ^<4 Lowest ^>4 Mercury (Hg) has the lowest melting (and boiling) point of the metals, at -37.892 deg F. ^<n The gas helium (He) cannot be obtained as a solid at atmospheric pressure. ^ The minimum pressure necessary is 24.985 atm (2.532 MPa), for solidification at a temperature of -458.275 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Boiling point T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Boiling point 20 22 24 27 58762|864 159538|2346 72498|1066 79074|5 170594|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Boiling point ^<4 Highest ^>4 In addition to the highest melting point, tungsten has the highest boiling point at 10,580 deg F. ^<n ^<4 Lowest ^>4 The lowest boiling point is -452.070 deg F for helium. The lowest for a metal is 673.92 deg F for mercury. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Purest T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Purest 20 22 24 27 58830|865 236174|3473 73314|1078 79074|6 250224|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Purest In April 1978 P.V.E. McClintock of the University of Lancaster, Great Britain, reported success in obtaining the isotope helium 4 (He4) with impurity levels at less than two parts in 10 to the power of 15. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Hardest substance T \p8\D05\3805106 Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Hardest substance 20 23 25 28 58898|866 57334|843 10142|149 72566|1067 79074|7 65640|0 14060|3 -PCAP- A mixture of natural and synthetic diamonds. Diamond is a naturally occurring form of carbon that crystallizes under great pressure. The crystals may be colorless and transparent or yellow, brown or black. Diamond is the hardest known mineral and ^ poor qualities are used in industry for cutting and grinding tools. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Hardest substance The carbon (C) allotrope diamond has a Knoop value of 8,400. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Thermal expansion T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Thermal expansion 20 22 24 27 58966|867 159674|2348 73450|1080 79074|8 170594|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Thermal expansion The metal with the highest expansion is cesium (Cs), at 94 x 10 to the power of 5 per deg C, while the diamond allotrope of carbon (C) has the lowest expansion at 1.0 x 10 to the power of 6 per deg C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Most ductile T \p8\D05\3805107 Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Most ductile 20 22 24 27 59034|868 171710|2525 10210|150 73178|1076 79074|9 175106|122 14060|4 -PCAP- Gold (Au) is the most ductile element. This specimen was found in Morro Velho's Mina, Nova Lima, Brazil. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Most ductile 1 oz of gold (Au) can be drawn to a length of 43 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Highest tensile strength T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Highest tensile strength 20 22 24 27 59102|869 66038|971 72634|1068 79074|10 71062|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Highest tensile strength The element with the highest tensile strength is boron (B) at 5.7 GPa 8.3 x 10 to the power of 5 lb/sq in as redetermined at the Technical Research Center of Finland. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Newest T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Newest 20 22 24 27 59170|870 221962|3264 73246|1077 79074|11 235460|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Newest The discovery of element 108 or unniloctium (Uno) (provisional IUPAC name) was announced in April 1984 by G. Munzenberg ^I and was based on the observation of only three atoms at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI), ^ Darmstadt, Germany. A less-substantiated claim was made in June of the same year by Yu.Ts. Oganessian ^I of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. ^<n The single atom of the provisionally-named unnilennium (Une) ^ produced at GSI on 29 Aug 1982 represents the highest atomic number (109) and the heaviest atomic mass (266) obtained. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Isotopes T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Isotopes 20 22 24 27 59238|871 126626|1862 72770|1070 79074|12 136828|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Isotopes ^<4 Most ^>4 The highest number is 36, shared by the gas xenon (Xe), with nine stable and 27 radioactive isotopes, and cesium (Cs; one stable and 35 radioactive). ^<n The greatest number of stable isotopes is 10, for the metallic element tin ^ (Sn). ^<n ^<4 Least ^>4 Hydrogen (H) has only three confirmed isotopes, including two stable (protium and deuterium) and one radioactive (tritium). Twenty elements exist naturally only as single nuclides. ^<n ^<4 Most stable ^>4 The most ^ stable radioactive isotope is the double-beta decaying tellurium 128 (Te-128), with a half-life of 1.5 x 10 to the power of 24 years, a property confirmed in 1968, 44 years after its identification. ^<n The alpha-decay record is 8 x 10 to the ^ power of 15 years for samarium 148 (Sm-148) and the beta-decay record is 9 x 10 to the power of 15 years for cadmium 113 (Cd-113). ^<n ^<4 Least stable ^>4 Lithium 5 (Li-5) has a lifetime of 4.4 x 10 to the power of -22 sec, determined in ^ 1950. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Liquid range T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Liquid range 20 22 24 27 59306|872 136418|2006 72906|1072 79074|13 139100|116 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Liquid range Based on the differences between melting and boiling points, the element with the shortest liquid range (on the Celsius scale) is the inert gas neon (Ne) at only 2.5 degrees (from -248.6 to -246.1 deg C [-415.5 deg F to -411 deg F]). The ^ radioactive transuranic element neptunium (Np) has the longest liquid range, at 3,453 degrees (from 637 to 4,090 deg C [1,179 deg F to 7,394 deg F]). However, based on the true range of liquids from their melting points to their critical points, ^ the shortest range is for helium (He) at 5.19 degrees C (9.351 degrees F) from absolute zero (i.e., -273.15 deg C to -267.95 deg C [-459.67 deg F to -450.32 deg F]), and the largest range is for tungsten (W) at 10,200 degrees C (8,360 degrees F) ^ (from 3,420 to 13,620 deg C [from 6,188 deg F to 24,548 deg F]). ^ -END- -CTRL- Elements: Highest toxicity T Science and Technology|Elements|The 109 Elements|Highest toxicity 20 22 24 27 59374|873 66106|972 72702|1069 79074|14 71062|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- There are 92 confirmed naturally occurring elements (up to plutonium), while to date 17 transuranic elements (atomic numbers 93 to 109) have been claimed, of which 10 are undisputed. The names for elements 104 (unnilquadium) to 109 (unnilennium) ^ are provisional. ^ -TEXT- Elements: Highest toxicity The most stringent restriction placed on a nonradioactive element is for beryllium (Be), with a threshold limit value in air of only 2 micrograms per cu m. For radioactive isotopes, which occur naturally or are produced in nuclear installations and ^ have ecologically significant half-lives (i.e., in excess of six months), the severest restriction in air is placed on thorium 228 (Th-228) or radiothorium, at 2.4 x 10 to the power of -16 grams/cu m (equivalent radiation intensity 0.0074 ^ becquerel/cu m). ^<n The severest restriction in water is placed on radium 228 (Ra-228) or mesothorium I, at 1.1 x 10 to the power of -13 grams/liter (equivalent radiation intensity 1.1 becquerel/liter). ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Highest temperature T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Highest temperature 20 22 24 26 59442|874 70934|1043 166134|2443 80296|0 71062|122 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Highest temperature Temperatures produced in the center of a thermonuclear fusion bomb are of the order of 400,000,000 deg C. This temperature was attained in 1990 under controlled experimental conditions in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor at the Princeton Plasma ^ Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, by deuterium injection into a deuterium plasma. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Lowest temperature T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Lowest temperature 20 22 24 26 59510|875 161034|2368 166678|2451 80296|1 170594|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Lowest temperature The absolute zero of temperature, 0 K on the Kelvin scale, corresponds to -459.67 deg F. The lowest temperature ever reached is 2 x 10 ot the power of -9 Kelvin, i.e., two billionths of a degree above absolute zero. This was achieved at the Low ^ Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland in a nuclear demagnetization device and announced in October 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Highest pressures T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Highest pressures 20 22 24 26 59578|876 70798|1041 165998|2441 80296|2 71062|120 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Highest pressures A sustained laboratory pressure of 1.70 megabars (11,000 tons force/sq in) was achieved in the giant hydraulic diamond-faced press at the Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D.C. and reported in June 1978. Using dynamic ^ methods and impact speeds of up to 18,000 mph, momentary pressures of 75 million atmospheres (490,000 tons/sq in) were reported from the United States in 1958. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Lowest friction T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Lowest friction 20 22 24 26 59646|877 160966|2367 166610|2450 80296|3 170594|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Lowest friction The lowest coefficient of static and dynamic friction of any solid is 0.04, in the case of polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE, ([--C subscript 2 F subscript 4--] subscript n), which is equivalent to wet ice on wet ice. It was first manufactured in ^ quantity by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc. in 1943, and is marketed in the United States as Teflon. ^<n In the centrifuge at the University of Virginia a 30-lb rotor magnetically supported has been spun at 1,000 Hz in a vacuum of 10 to the ^ power of -6 mm of mercury pressure. It loses only one revolution per second per day, thus spinning for years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Highest velocity T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Highest velocity 20 22 24 26 59714|878 71070|1045 166270|2445 80296|4 71062|124 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Highest velocity The highest velocity at which any solid visible object has been projected is 93 miles/sec (334,800 mph) in the case of a plastic disc at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., reported in August 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Hottest flame T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Hottest flame 20 22 24 26 59782|879 82018|1206 166406|2447 80296|5 91038|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Hottest flame The hottest is carbon subnitride (C subscript 4 N subscript 2), which, at one atmosphere pressure, can produce a flame calculated to reach 9,010 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Highest note T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Highest note 20 22 24 26 59850|880 70730|1040 165930|2440 80296|6 71062|119 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Highest note A laser beam striking a sapphire crystal at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA in September 1964 generated a note of 60 gigahertz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Longest echo T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Longest echo 20 22 24 26 59918|881 147434|2168 166542|2449 80296|7 139100|278 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Longest echo The longest echo in any building is one of 15 sec following the closing of the door of the Chapel of the Mausoleum, Hamilton, Scotland, built 1840-55. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Finest cut T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Finest cut 20 22 24 26 59986|882 33194|488 165726|2437 80296|8 40570|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Finest cut The $13 million large optics diamond turning machine at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA was reported in June 1983 to be able to sever a human hair 3,000 times lengthwise. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Most powerful electric current T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Most powerful electric current 20 22 24 26 60054|883 202106|2972 167018|2456 80296|9 214122|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Most powerful electric current If fired simultaneously, the 4,032 capacitors comprising the Zeus capacitor at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, NM would produce, for a few microseconds, twice as much current as that generated anywhere else on Earth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Highest measured frequency T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Highest measured frequency 20 22 24 26 60122|884 70662|1039 165862|2439 80296|10 71062|118 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Highest measured frequency The highest ^I measured frequency is a visible yellow-green light at 520.2068085 terahertz (a terahertz being a million million hertz or cycles per second) for the o-component of the 17-1 P (62) transition line of iodine-127. ^<n ^ The highest measured frequency determined by precision metrology is a green light at 582.491703 terahertz for the b subscript 21 component of the R (15) 43-0 transition line of iodine-127. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Thinnest glass T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Thinnest glass 20 22 24 26 60190|885 258546|3802 167426|2462 80296|11 273456|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Thinnest glass The thinnest glass, type D263, has a minimum thickness of 0.000984 in and a maximum thickness of 0.00137 in. It is made by Deutsche Spezialglas AG, Grunenplan, Germany for use in electronic and medical equipment. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Smallest hole T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Smallest hole 20 22 24 26 60258|886 248822|3659 167358|2461 80296|12 258628|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Smallest hole In May 1983 it was reported from the University of Illinois that an electron microscope beam had accidentially bored a hole measuring 20 angstroms (2 x 10 to the power of -9 m) in diameter in a sample of sodium beta-alumina. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Brightest light T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Brightest light 20 22 24 26 60326|887 3070|45 165658|2436 80296|13 9390|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Brightest light The first illumination of another celestial body was achieved on 9 May 1962, when a beam of light was successfully reflected from the moon by the use of a laser attached to a 48 in telescope at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, ^ MA. The spot was estimated to be 4 miles in diameter on the moon. The device was propounded in 1958 by the American Dr Charles Hard Townes (b. 1915). Such a flash for 1/5,000th of a second can bore a hole through a diamond by vaporization at ^ 18,032 deg F, produced by 2 x 10 to the power of 23 photons. The "Shiva" laser was reported at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, CA to be concentrating 2.6 x 10 to the power of 13 watts into a pinhead-sized target for 9.5 x 10 to the power of ^ -11 sec in a test on 18 May 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Most powerful laser beams T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Most powerful laser beams 20 22 24 26 60394|888 202174|2973 167086|2457 80296|14 214122|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Most powerful laser beams The brightest artificial sources are "laser" pulses generated at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, announced in March 1987. An ultraviolet flash lasting one picosecond (1 trillionth sec) is intensified to an power of 5 x 10 to the power of 15 ^ watts. ^<n The most powerful searchlight ever developed was one produced during World War II by the General Electric Company Ltd at the Hirst Research Center in London, Great Britain. It had a consumption of 600 kW and gave an arc luminance of ^ 300,000 candles/sq in and a maximum beam intensity of 2.7 billion candles from its parabolic mirror (diameter 10 ft). ^<n Of continuously burning sources, the most powerful is a 313 kW high-pressure argon arc lamp of 1.2 million candlepower, ^ completed by Vortek Industries Ltd of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in March 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Shortest light pulse T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Shortest light pulse 20 22 24 26 60462|889 242022|3559 167290|2460 80296|15 253960|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Shortest light pulse In 1988 it was announced that Charles V. Shank and colleagues at the AT&T Laboratories in New Jersey generated light pulses lasting just 6 femtoseconds (6 x 10 to the power of -15 sec). These pulses comprised three or four optical cycles ^ (wavelengths of visible light). ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Magnetic fields T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Magnetic fields 20 22 24 26 60530|890 252698|3716 166814|2453 80296|16 266742|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Magnetic fields ^<4 Strongest ^>4 The strongest continuous field strength achieved was a total of 35.3 /- 0.3 teslas at the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, MA, on 26 May 1988, employing a hybrid ^ magnet with holmium pole pieces. These had the effect of enhancing the central magnetic field of 31.8 teslas generated in the hybrid magnet. ^<n ^<4 Weakest ^>4 The weakest magnetic field measured is one of 8 x 10 to the power of -15 teslas in ^ the heavily shielded room at the same laboratory. It is used by Dr David Cohen for research into the very weak magnetic field generated in the heart and brain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Sharpest objects and smallest tubes T \p8\D05\3904075 Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Sharpest objects and smallest tubes 20 23 25 27 60598|891 239642|3524 10278|151 167222|2459 80296|17 253788|0 14426|0 -PCAP- The beveled tip (right) being used here to inject sperm cells directly into a human egg (center) during IVF (in-vitro fertilization) research has an inner diameter of just 0.01 m. The relatively broad pipette used to hold the egg steady gives some ^ idea of the minute scale. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Sharpest objects and smallest tubes The sharpest objects yet made are glass micropipette tubes used in intracellular work on living cells. Techniques were developed and applied in 1977 by Prof. Kenneth T. Brown and Dale G. Flaming of the Department of Physiology, University of ^ California, San Francisco. The beveled tips achieved an outer diameter of 0.02 m and an 0.01 m inner diameter. The latter is 6,500 times thinner than a human hair. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Highest vacuum T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Highest vacuum 20 22 24 26 60666|892 71002|1044 166202|2444 80296|18 71062|123 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Highest vacuum The highest vacuum was obtained at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY in Oct 1976 in a cryogenic system with temperatures down to -452 deg F. This is equivalent to depopulating baseball-sized molecules from 1 yard to 50 ^ miles apart. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Lowest viscosity T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Lowest viscosity 20 22 24 26 60734|893 161102|2369 166746|2452 80296|19 170594|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Lowest viscosity The California Institute of Technology first announced on 1 Dec 1957 that there was no measurable viscosity, i.e., perfect flow, in liquid helium II, which exists at temperatures close to absolute zero (-459.67 deg F). ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Highest voltage T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Highest voltage 20 22 24 26 60802|894 71138|1046 166338|2446 80296|20 71062|125 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Highest voltage The highest-ever potential difference obtained in a laboratory was 32 +/- 1.5 million volts by the National Electrostatics Corporation at Oak Ridge, TN on 17 May 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Most absorbent substance T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Most absorbent substance 20 22 24 26 60870|895 186330|2740 166882|2454 80296|21 175106|336 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Most absorbent substance The US Department of Agriculture Research Service announced on 18 Aug 1974 that "H-span" or Super Slurper, composed of one-half starch derivative and one-fourth each of acrylamide and acrylic acid, can, when treated with iron, retain water 1,300 ^ times its own weight. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Finest powder T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Finest powder 20 22 24 26 60938|896 33262|489 165794|2438 80296|22 40570|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Finest powder The ultimate is solid helium, which was first postulated to be a monatomic powder as early as 1964. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Most refractory substance T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Most refractory substance 20 22 24 26 61006|897 186466|2742 167154|2458 80296|23 175106|338 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Most refractory substance The most refractory substance is tantalum carbide (TaC subscript 0.88), which melts at 7,214 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Least dense solids T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Least dense solids 20 22 24 26 61074|898 127034|1868 166474|2448 80296|24 136828|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Least dense solids These are the silica aerogels in which tiny spheres of bonded silicon and oxygen atoms are joined into long strands separated by pockets of air. In February 1990 the lightest of these aerogels, with a density of only 5 oz/ft cu, was produced at ^ the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, CA. The main use will be in space to collect micrometeoroids and the debris present in comets' tails. ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Highest superconducting temperature T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Highest superconducting temperature 20 22 24 26 61142|899 70866|1042 166066|2442 80296|25 71062|121 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Highest superconducting temperature In May 1991, bulk superconductivity with a transition to zero resistance at -231.3 deg F was obtained by T. Kankeko, H. Yamauchi and S. Tanaka of the Superconducting Research Laboratory, International Superconducting Technology Center, in Tokyo, ^ Japan for a mixed oxide of thallium, barium, calcium and copper (Tl subscript 1.7 Ba subscript 2 Ca subscript 2.3 Cu subscript 3 O subscript ^I ). ^ -END- -CTRL- Physical Extremes: Most magnetic substance T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|General Records|Most magnetic substance 20 22 24 26 61210|900 186398|2741 166950|2455 80296|26 175106|337 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Physical Extremes: Most magnetic substance The most magnetic substance is neodymium iron boride (Nd subscript 2 Fe subscript 1 B subscript 4) with a maximum energy product (the highest energy that a magnet can supply when operating at a particular operating point) of up to 280 kJ/m cu. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Largest T \c8\D01\3805109z Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Largest 20 22 24 26 61278|901 117582|1729 10346|152 194898|2866 82202|0 91334|520 14426|1 -PCAP- An aerial view of CERN laboratory. The ring around it indicates the position of the LEP and SPS tunnels. The inset picture is the interior section of the electron-positron storage ring. (Photos: CERN and Gamma/Norvan) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Largest The largest scientific instrument so far (and arguably the world's largest machine) is the electron-positron storage ring ^<n "LEP" at CERN, housed in a ring tunnel 16.8 mile in circumference. The tunnel, 12 1/2 ft in diameter, runs between 164 and ^ 492 ft under the Earth's surface, and is accessible through 18 vertical shafts. Over 60,000 tons of technical equipment have been installed in the tunnel and its eight underground work zones. It is intended to be a "Z deg factory" producing up to ^ 10,000 of these neutral weak gauge bosons every day in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the subatomic nature of matter. (See Heaviest particle.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Largest barometer T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Largest barometer 20 22 24 26 61346|902 117650|1730 194966|2867 82202|1 91334|521 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Largest barometer An oil-filled barometer, of overall height 42 ft, was constructed by Allan Mills and John Pritchard of the Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Great Britain in 1991. It attained a standard height of 40 ft (at which ^ pressure mercury would stand at 2 ft 6 in) ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Smallest thermometer T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Smallest thermometer 20 22 24 26 61414|903 249978|3676 195442|2874 82202|2 258628|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Smallest thermometer Dr Frederich Sachs, a biophysicist at the State University of New York at Buffalo, has developed an ultra-microthermometer for measuring the temperature of single living cells. The tip is one micron in diameter, about one-fiftieth the diameter of a ^ human hair. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Heaviest magnet T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Heaviest magnet 20 22 24 26 61482|904 60666|892 194762|2864 82202|3 65726|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Heaviest magnet The heaviest magnet is in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, for the 10 GeV synchrophasotron measuring 196 ft in diameter and weighing 42,518 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Highest priced T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Highest priced 20 22 24 26 61550|905 79434|1168 194830|2865 82202|4 85040|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Highest priced The highest auction price paid for a scientific instrument is 385,000 pounds ($654,500) for a 13 1/2 in Dutch gilt-brass astrolabe of 1559 by Walter Arsenius, sold at Christie's, London on 29 Sep 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Finest balance T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Finest balance 20 22 24 26 61618|906 33330|490 194694|2863 82202|5 40570|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Finest balance The Sartorius Model 4108 manufactured in Gottingen, Germany can weigh objects of up to 0.018 oz to an accuracy of 3.5 x 10 to the power of -10 oz, equivalent to little more than one sixtieth of the weight of the ink in a period on a printed page. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Largest bubble chamber T \p8\D05\3904073 Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Largest bubble chamber 20 22 24 26 61686|907 117718|1731 10414|153 195034|2868 82202|6 91334|522 14426|2 -PCAP- The 15-ft Fermilab bubble chamber in Batavia, IL was decommissioned in 1988 after 19 years and was the world's last operational large cryogenic bubble chamber. (Photo: Fermilab Visual Media Services) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Largest bubble chamber The $7 million installation, completed in Oct 1973 at Weston, IL, is 15 ft in diameter. It contains 8,718 gallons of liquid hydrogen at a temperature of -413 deg F and has a superconducting magnet of 3 tesla (a unit of magnetic induction). The last ^ trackway was recorded on 1 Feb 1988, in conjunction with Experiment 632. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Fastest centrifuge T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Fastest centrifuge 20 22 24 26 61754|908 28842|424 194626|2862 82202|7 23878|176 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Fastest centrifuge Ultra-centrifuges were invented by Theodor Svedberg (Sweden; b. 30 Aug 1884) in 1923. ^<n The highest man-made rotary speed ever achieved and the fastest speed of any earthbound object is 4,500 mph by a swirling tapered 6-in carbon fiber rod in a ^ vacuum at Birmingham University, Great Britain reported on 24 Jan 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Largest electromagnet T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Largest electromagnet 20 22 24 26 61822|909 117786|1732 195102|2869 82202|8 91334|523 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Largest electromagnet The world's largest electromagnet is part of the L3 detector, another experiment on LEP (large electron-positron collider). The octagonal-shaped magnet consists of 6,400 tons of low carbon steel yoke and 1,100 tons of aluminum coil. The yoke ^ elements are welded pieces of up to 30 tons each and the coil consists of 168 turns welded together to form an eight-sided frame. Thirty thousand amperes of current flow through the aluminum coil to create a uniform magnetic field of 5 kilogauss. ^ The magnet is higher than a four-story building of about 59,320 cu ft volume. The total weight of the magnet, including the frame, coil and inner support tube, is 7,810 tons, and it is composed of more metal than the Eiffel Tower. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Most powerful microscope T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Most powerful microscope 20 22 24 26 61890|910 202446|2977 195170|2870 82202|9 214122|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Most powerful microscope The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented at the IBM Zurich research laboratory, Switzerland, in 1981 has a magnifying ability of 100 million and is capable of resolving down to one-hundredth the diameter of an atom (3 x 10 to the power of ^ -10 m). The fourth generation of the STM now being developed is said to be "about the size of a fingertip." ^<n By using field ion microscopy, the tips of probes of scanning tunneling microscopes have been shaped to end in a single atom---the ^ last three layers constituting the world's smallest man-made pyramid, consisting of 7, 3 and 1 atoms. Since the announcement in January 1990 that D.M. Eigler and E.K. Schweizer of the IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA had used an STM to ^ move and reposition single atoms of xenon on a nickel surface in order to spell out the initials "IBM," other laboratories around the world have used similar techniques on single atoms of other elements. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Smallest optical prism T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Smallest optical prism 20 22 24 26 61958|911 249910|3675 195374|2873 82202|10 258628|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Smallest optical prism Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratories in Boulder, CO have created a glass prism with sides 0.001 in---barely visible to the naked eye. This should find application in fiber optics and instrumentation ^ research. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Smallest microphone T Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Smallest microphone 20 22 24 26 62026|912 249842|3674 195306|2872 82202|11 258628|82 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Smallest microphone Prof. Ibrahim Kavrak of Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey developed a microphone for a new technique of pressure measurement in fluid flow in 1967. It has a frequency response of 10 Hz--10 kHz and measures 0.06 x 0.03 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scientific Instruments: Most powerful particle accelerator T \c8\D01\3704077z Science and Technology|Physical Extremes|Scientific Instruments|Most powerful particle accelerator 20 24 26 28 62094|913 202514|2978 10482|154 195238|2871 82202|12 214122|18 14426|3 -PCAP- This exposure was taken from the 16th floor of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Illinois. The Tevatron is 2 kilometers (6562 ft) in diameter and contains two accelerators one above the other. The top accelerator uses ordinary ^ magnets and accelerates protons to 150 GeV. It then passes them to the lower accelerator, with superconducting magnets, which accelerates them up to 1000 GeV (I TeV). The inset shows a section of the Super-Proton-Synchotron accelerator at CERN, ^ Geneva, Switzerland during its construction. (Photos: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scientific Instruments: Most powerful particle accelerator The 1.25-mile diameter proton synchrotron at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Batavia, IL is the highest energy "atom smasher" in the world. On 14 May 1976 an energy of 500 GeV (5 x 10 to the power of 11) was achieved for the first ^ time. On 13 Oct 1985 a center of mass energy of 1.6 TeV (1.6 x 10 to the power of 12 electron volts) was achieved by colliding beams of protons and antiprotons. This involves 1,000 superconducting magnets maintained at a temperature of -452 deg F ^ by means of the world's largest (1,188 gallons per hour) helium liquefying plant, which began operating on 18 Apr 1980. ^<n On 16 Aug 1983 the US Department of Energy set up a study for the superconducting supercollider (SSC) 1995 with two 20 TeV ^ proton and antiproton colliding beams with a diameter of 52 miles at Waxahachie, TX. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chemical Extremes: Smelliest substance T Science and Technology|Chemical Extremes|General Records|Smelliest substance 20 22 24 26 62162|914 251406|3697 45434|668 83214|0 265994|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chemical Extremes: Smelliest substance The most evil of the 17,000 smells so far classified must be a matter of opinion, but ethyl mercaptan (C subscript 2 H subscript 5 SH) and butyl seleno-mercaptan (C subscript 4 H subscript 9 SeH) are pungent claimants, each with a smell reminiscent ^ of a combination of rotting cabbage, garlic, onions, burned toast and sewer gas. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chemical Extremes: Most powerful nerve gas T Science and Technology|Chemical Extremes|General Records|Most powerful nerve gas 20 22 24 26 62230|915 201426|2962 45366|667 83214|1 214122|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chemical Extremes: Most powerful nerve gas VX, 300 times more toxic than phosgene (CO Cl subscript 2), used in World War I, was developed at the Chemical Defense Experimental Establishment, Porton Down, Great Britain, in 1952. Patents were applied for in 1962 and published in Feb 1974 ^ showing it to be ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonothiolate. The lethal dosage is 10 mg-minute/m cu airborne or 0.3 mg orally. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chemical Extremes: Most lethal man-made chemical T Science and Technology|Chemical Extremes|General Records|Most lethal man-made chemical 20 22 24 26 62298|916 168786|2482 45298|666 83214|2 175106|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chemical Extremes: Most lethal man-made chemical TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), the most deadly of the 75 known dioxins, is admitted to be 150,000 times more deadly than cyanide, at 3.1 trillion moles/kg. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chemical Extremes: Strongest acid and alkaline solutions T Science and Technology|Chemical Extremes|General Records|Strongest acid and alkaline solutions 20 22 24 26 62366|917 252222|3709 45502|669 83214|3 266742|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chemical Extremes: Strongest acid and alkaline solutions Normal solutions of strong acids such as perchloric acid (HCl O subscript 4) and strong alkalis such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (N[CH subscript 3] subscript 4 OH), tend towards pH values ^ of 0 and 14 respectively. However, this scale is inadequate for describing the "superacids," the strongest of which is estimated to be an 80 percent solution of antimony pentafluoride in hydrofluoric acid (fluoroantimonic acid HF: SbF subscript ^ 5). The acidity function, H subscript o, of this solution has not been measured but even a 50 percent solution has an acidity function of -30, so that this acid mixture is a quintillion (10 to the power of 18) times stronger than concentrated ^ sulfuric acid. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chemical Extremes: Sweetest substance T Science and Technology|Chemical Extremes|General Records|Sweetest substance 20 22 24 26 62434|918 252834|3718 45570|670 83214|4 267528|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chemical Extremes: Sweetest substance Talin from arils (appendages found on certain seeds) of katemfe ( ^I ), discovered in West Africa, is 6,150 times as sweet as a one percent sucrose solution. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chemical Extremes: Largest pharmaceutical company T Science and Technology|Chemical Extremes|General Records|Largest pharmaceutical company 20 22 24 26 62502|919 88886|1307 45162|664 83214|5 91334|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chemical Extremes: Largest pharmaceutical company The world's largest pharmaceutical company is Johnson & Johnson of New Brunswick, NJ. The company employed a workforce of 82,200, generating sales of $12.44 billion in 1991. Total assets for the year were $10.5 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chemical Extremes: Largest chemical manufacturer T Science and Technology|Chemical Extremes|General Records|Largest chemical manufacturer 20 22 24 26 62570|920 88818|1306 45094|663 83214|6 91334|97 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chemical Extremes: Largest chemical manufacturer The largest manufacturer of chemicals in the United States is E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc. of Wilmington, DE. As of 31 December 1991, DuPont had sales of $38.7 billion, net income of $1.4 billion and a workforce of 133,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chemical Extremes: Longest index T Science and Technology|Chemical Extremes|General Records|Longest index 20 22 24 26 62638|921 133766|1967 45230|665 83214|7 139100|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chemical Extremes: Longest index The 11th collective index of ^I , completed in December 1987, contains 29,406,094 entries in 162,992 pages and 93 volumes and weighs 407 lb. It provides references to 2,812,413 published documents in the field of chemistry. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Highest numbers T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Highest numbers 20 22 24 28 62706|922 68554|1008 131114|1928 14698|216 83876|0 71062|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Highest numbers The highest lexicographically accepted named number in the system of successive powers of ten is the centillion, first recorded in 1852. It is the hundredth power of a million, or 1 followed by 600 zeros. ^<n The number 10 to the power of 100 is ^ designated a googol. The term was suggested by the nine-year-old nephew of Dr Edward Kasner (USA). Ten raised to the power of a googol is described as a googolplex. Some conception of the magnitude of such numbers can be gained when it is ^ considered that the number of electrons in some models of the observable universe is believed to be of the order of 10 to the power of 87. The highest named number outside the decimal notation is the Buddhist ^I , which is equal ^ to 10 to the power of 140 and is mentioned in Jain works of ^I 100 B.C. ^<n The highest number ever used in a mathematical proof is a bounding value published in 1977 and known as Graham's number. It concerns bichromatic hypercubes and ^ is inexpressible without the special "arrow" notation, devised by Knuth in 1976, extended to 64 layers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Prime numbers T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Prime numbers 20 22 24 28 62774|923 106226|1562 131930|1940 83876|1 170594|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Prime numbers A prime number is any positive integer (excluding unity 1) having no integral factors other than itself and unity, e.g., 2, 3, 5, 7 or 11. The lowest prime number is thus 2. ^<n The highest ^I prime number (known as a Mersenne prime) ^ is 2 to the power of 756,839 -1, discovered in February 1992 by analysts at AEA Technology's Harwell Laboratory, Great Britain. The number contains 227,832 digits (enough to fill over 18 pages of ^I ) and was ^ found on a CRAY-2 supercomputer. (See Perfect numbers.) ^<n The largest-known twin primes are 1,706,595 x 2 to the power of 11,235 -1 and 1,706,595 x 2 to the power of 11,235 + 1, found on 6 Aug 1989 by a team in Santa Clara, CA using an Amdahl ^ 1200 supercomputer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Composite numbers T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Composite numbers 20 22 24 28 62842|924 160286|2357 130978|1926 83876|2 170594|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Composite numbers The lowest nonprime or composite number (excluding 1) is 4. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Perfect numbers T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Perfect numbers 20 22 24 28 62910|925 160354|2358 131862|1939 83876|3 170594|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Perfect numbers A number is said to be perfect if it is equal to the sum of its divisors other than itself, e.g., 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28. The lowest perfect number is 6 (=1 + 2 + 3). ^<n The highest known perfect number, and the 32nd so far discovered, is (2 to ^ the power of 756,839 -1) x 2 to the power of 756,838. It has a total of 455,663 digits, a consequence of the largest Mersenne prime (also the largest prime known) being 2 to the power of 756,839 -1, discovered in February 1992. (See Prime ^ numbers.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Newest mathematical constant T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Newest mathematical constant 20 22 24 28 62978|926 222098|3266 131726|1937 83876|4 235460|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Newest mathematical constant The study of turbulent water, the weather and other chaotic phenomena has revealed the existence of a new universal constant, the Feigenbaum number. Named after its discoverer, Mitchell Feigenbaum (USA), it equals approximately 4.669201609102990. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Most complex object T \p8\D06\3704073 Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Most complex object 20 23 25 29 63046|927 180278|2651 10550|155 131386|1932 83876|5 175106|248 14722|0 -PCAP- The Mandelbrot Set, named after Benoit Mandelbrot, is represented by a unique pattern plotted from complex number coordinates. A mathematical description of the shape's outline would require an infinity of information and yet the pattern can be ^ generated from a few lines of computer code. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Most complex object The Mandelbrot Set, named after Benoit Mandelbrot, is represented by a unique pattern plotted from complex number coordinates. (A number is described as complex if it takes the form: a + b (square root of -1) where a and b are real numbers.) A ^ mathematical description of the shape's outline would require an infinity of information and yet the pattern can be generated from a few lines of computer code. Used in the study of chaotic behavior, Mandelbrot's work has found applications in ^ fields such as fluid mechanics, economics and linguistics. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Most-proved theorem T \p8\D06\3904076 Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Most-proved theorem 20 22 24 28 63114|928 180482|2654 10618|156 131658|1936 83876|6 175106|251 14722|1 -PCAP- Part of a manuscript written by the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras (c. 580-500 B.C.), whose theorem has at least 370 different published proofs. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Most-proved theorem A book published in 1940 entitled ^I contained 370 different proofs of Pythagoras' theorem, including one by President James Garfield. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Longest proof T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Longest proof 20 22 24 28 63182|929 142402|2094 131250|1930 83876|7 139100|204 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Longest proof The proof of the classification of all finite simple groups is spread over more than 14,000 pages in nearly 500 papers in mathematical journals, contributed by more than 100 mathematicians over a period of more than 35 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Most prolific mathematician T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Most prolific mathematician 20 22 24 28 63250|930 203058|2986 131590|1935 83876|8 215538|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Most prolific mathematician Leonard Euler (Switzerland; 1707-83) was so prolific that his papers were still being published for the first time more than 50 years after his death. His collected works have been printed bit by bit since 1910 and will eventually occupy more than ^ 75 large quarto volumes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Most innumerate T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Most innumerate 20 22 24 28 63318|931 180414|2653 131522|1934 83876|9 175106|250 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Most innumerate The Nambiquara of the northwest Matto Grosso of Brazil lack any system of numbers. They do, however, have a verb that means "they are alike." ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Largest mathematical prize T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Largest mathematical prize 20 22 24 28 63386|932 106158|1561 131182|1929 83876|10 91334|352 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Largest mathematical prize Dr Paul Wolfskell left prize money in his will for the first person to solve the last theorem of Pierre Fermat (1601-65). This prize was worth 100,000 deutsch marks in 1908. As a result of inflation, the prize is now worth just over 10,000 deutsch ^ marks. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Oldest mathematical puzzle T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Oldest mathematical puzzle 20 22 24 28 63454|933 230122|3384 131794|1938 83876|11 236192|111 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Oldest mathematical puzzle Apart from slight differences in wording, the following puzzle is identical to one found in the Rhind papyrus, an Egyptian scroll bearing mathematical tables and problems, copied by the scribe Ahmes ^I . 1650 B.C.: ^<n As I was going to St ^ Ives, I met a man with seven wives. Every wife had seven sacks, every sack had seven cats, every cat had seven kits. Kits, cats, sacks and wives, how many were going to St Ives? ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Most accurate version of pi T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Most accurate version of pi 20 22 24 28 63522|934 180210|2650 131318|1931 83876|12 175106|247 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Most accurate version of pi On 19 Nov 1989 the greatest number of decimal places to which ^I had been calculated was 1,073,740,000 by Yasumasa Kanada and Yoshiaki Tamura of the University of Tokyo, Japan using a Hitac S-820/80E computer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Most inaccurate version of pi T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Most inaccurate version of pi 20 22 24 28 63590|935 180346|2652 131454|1933 83876|13 175106|249 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Most inaccurate version of pi In 1897 the General Assembly of Indiana enacted Bill No. 246 stating that ^I was ^I 4. In 1853 William Shanks published his calculation of to 707 decimal places, all calculated by hand. Ninety-two years later, in 1945, it ^ was discovered that the last 180 digits were in fact all incorrect. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Earliest measures T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Earliest measures 20 22 24 28 63658|936 11978|176 131046|1927 83876|14 13960|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Earliest measures The earliest known measure of weight is the ^I of the Amratian period of Egyptian civilization ^I . 3800 B.C., found at Naqada, Egypt. The weights are cylindrical, with rounded ends, and weigh 6.65-7.45 oz. ^<n The unit of ^ length used by the megalithic tomb-builders in northwestern Europe ^I . 3500 B.C. appears to have been 2.72 +/- 0.003 ft. This was deduced by Prof. Alexander Thom (1894-1985) in 1966. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mathematics: Time measure T Science and Technology|Mathematics|General Records|Time measure 20 22 24 28 63726|937 142470|2095 131998|1941 83876|15 139100|205 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- In dealing with large numbers, scientists use the notation of 10 raised to various powers to eliminate a profusion of zeros. For example, 19.16 trillion miles would be written 1.916 x 10 to the power of 13 miles. Similarly, a very small number, for ^ example 0.0000154324 of a gram, would be written 1.54324 x 10 to the power of -5. Of the prefixes used before numbers the smallest is "yocto," symbol y, of power 10 to the power of -24, and the largest is "yotta," symbol Y, of power 10 to the ^ power of 24. Both are based on the Greek ^I , eight (for the eighth power of 10 cubed). ^ -TEXT- Mathematics: Time measure Because of variations in the length of a day, which is estimated to be increasing irregularly at an average rate of about a millisecond per century due to the moon's tidal drag, the second has been redefined. Instead of being 1/86,400th part of a ^ mean solar day, it has, since 1960, been reckoned as 1/315,569,259,747th part of the solar (or tropical) year at A.D. 1900, January 0.12 hr, Ephemeris time. In 1958 the second of Ephemeris time was computed to be equivalent to 9,192,631,770 +/- ^ 20 cycles of the radiation corresponding to the transition of cesium-133 atoms when unperturbed by exterior fields. The greatest diurnal change recorded was 10 milliseconds on 8 Aug 1972, due to the most violent solar storm recorded in 370 years ^ of observations. ^<n The accuracy of the cesium beam frequency standard approaches eight parts in 10 to the power of 14, compared to two parts in 10 to the power of 13 for the methane-stabilized helium-neon laser and six parts in 10 to the power ^ of 13 for the hydrogen maser. ^<n ^<4 Longest measure ^>4 The longest measure of time is the ^I in Hindu chronology. It is equivalent to 4,320 million years. In astronomy a cosmic year is the period of rotation of the sun around ^ the center of the Milky Way galaxy, i.e., 225 million years. In the Late Cretaceous Period of ^I . 85 million years ago the Earth rotated faster, resulting in 370.3 days per year, while in Cambrian times, ^I . 600 million years ^ ago, there is evidence that the year comprised 425 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Computing: Earliest T Science and Technology|Computing|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 63794|938 9190|135 51894|763 85098|0 13960|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Computing: Earliest The earliest programmable electronic computer was the 1,500-valve Colossus formulated by Prof. Max H.A. Newman (1897-1985) and built by T.H. Flowers. It was run in December 1943 at Bletchley Park, Great Britain to break the German coding machine ^ Enigma. It arose from a concept published in 1936 by Dr Alan Mathison Turing (Great Britain; 1912-54) in his paper ^I . Colossus was declassified on 25 Oct 1975. ^<n The ^ world's first stored-program computer was the Manchester University (Great Britain) Mark I, which incorporated the Williams storage cathode ray tube (patented 11 Dec 1946). It ran its first program, by Prof. Tom Kilburn (b. 1921), for 52 min on ^ 21 Jun 1948. ^<n Computers were greatly advanced by the invention of the point-contact transistor by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain announced in July 1948, and the junction transistor by R.L. Wallace, Morgan Sparks and Dr William Bradford ^ Shockley (1910-89) in early 1951. ^<n The concept of the integrated circuit, which has made micro-miniaturization possible, was first published on 7 May 1952 by Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (Great Britain; b. 1909) in Washington, D.C. ^<n The invention ^ of the microcomputer was attributed to a team led by M.E. Hoff, Jr. of Intel Corporation with the production of the microprocessor chip "4004" in 1969-71. However, on 17 Jul 1990 priority was accorded to Gilbert Hyatt (b. 1938), who devised a ^ single chip microcomputer at Micro Computer Inc. of Van Nuys, Los Angeles, CA in 1968-71 with the award of US Patent No. 4942516. ^ -END- -CTRL- Computing: Most powerful T \p8\D06\3704084b Science and Technology|Computing|General Records|Most powerful 20 22 24 26 63862|939 201494|2963 10686|157 52302|769 85098|1 214122|3 14878|0 -PCAP- The CRAY Y-MP/832 computer system is one of the top-of-the-line supercomputers developed by Cray Research Inc, Minneapolis, MN. (Photo: Paul Shambroom/Cray Research Inc.) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Computing: Most powerful The world's most powerful computer is the liquid-cooled CRAY-2, from Cray Research Inc., Minneapolis, MN. Its memory has a capacity of 256 million 64-bit words, resulting in a capacity of 2.12 gigabytes of central memory. (A "byte" is a unit of ^ storage comprising eight "bits" that are collectively equivalent to one alphabetic symbol or two numericals; "giga" denotes 109th power.) It attains speeds of 250 million floating point operations per second. ^ -END- -CTRL- Computing: Fastest T Science and Technology|Computing|General Records|Fastest 20 22 24 26 63930|940 20206|297 51962|764 85098|2 23878|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Computing: Fastest In 1992 it was reported that Cray Research had developed a parallel vector system, the Y-MP C90 supercomputer, with 2 gigabytes of central memory and with 16 CPUs (central processing units), giving a combined peak performance of 16 gigaflops/sec ^ (16 billion floating point operations per second). ^<n Sandia National Laboratory, NM on 18 Mar 1988 announced a "massively parallel" hypercube computer with 1,024 parallel processors, which, by breaking down problems into parts for simultaneous ^ solution, proved 1,019 times faster than any conventional mainframe computer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Computing: Smallest modem T \p8\D06\3805116 Science and Technology|Computing|General Records|Smallest modem 20 22 24 26 63998|941 246238|3621 10754|158 52370|770 85098|3 258628|29 14878|1 -PCAP- The SRM-3A ultra-miniature asynchronous short-range modem is used for local data distribution connecting terminals to computers. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Computing: Smallest modem Modems are devices that allow electron signals to be transmitted over large distances by MOdulating the signal at one end, and DEModulating the signal back to its original form at the destination, hence the name. The smallest is the SRM-3A, which ^ is 2.4 in long, 1.2 in wide, and 0.8 in high, and weighs 1.1 oz. It is currently manufactured by RAD Data Communications Ltd of Tel Aviv, Israel. ^ -END- -CTRL- Computing: Fastest chip T Science and Technology|Computing|General Records|Fastest chip 20 22 24 26 64066|942 20274|298 52030|765 85098|4 23878|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Computing: Fastest chip In March 1992 it was reported that DEC of Maynard, MA had developed an all-purpose computer chip, a 64-bit processor known as Alpha, which could run at speeds of up to 150 MHz (compared with 25 MHz for many modern personal computers). One Alpha ^ chip is claimed to have about the same processing power as a CRAY-1, which went on sale in 1976 as the Cray company's first supercomputer, at a cost of $7.5 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Computing: Fastest transistor T Science and Technology|Computing|General Records|Fastest transistor 20 22 24 26 64134|943 20342|299 52098|766 85098|5 23878|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Computing: Fastest transistor A transistor capable of switching 230 billion times per second was announced by Illinois State University on 5 Oct 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Computing: Longest computation for a yes/no answer T Science and Technology|Computing|General Records|Longest computation for a yes/no answer 20 22 24 26 64202|944 134446|1977 52234|768 85098|6 139100|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Computing: Longest computation for a yes/no answer The twentieth Fermat number, 2 to the power of (2 to the 20th power) + 1, was tested on a CRAY-2 supercomputer in 1986 to see if it was a prime number. After 10 days of calculation the answer was no. ^ -END- -CTRL- Computing: Largest computer company T Science and Technology|Computing|General Records|Largest computer company 20 22 24 26 64270|945 90722|1334 52166|767 85098|7 91334|125 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Computing: Largest computer company The world's largest computer firm is International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation of Armonk, NY. As of 31 Dec 1991, gross revenues were $64.792 billion, net earnings were $2.827 billion and assets were $92.473 billion. The company has 344,396 ^ employees worldwide and 772,047 stockholders. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Largest power plant T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Largest power plant 20 22 24 26 64338|946 114114|1678 176198|2591 85760|0 91334|469 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Largest power plant Currently, the most powerful installed power station is the Raul Leoni hydroelectric plant in Guri, Venezuela, which has a capacity of 10,300 MW. ^<n The $11-billion Itaipu power station on the Paranai River near the Brazil-Paraguay border began ^ generating power formally on 25 Oct 1984 and will attain 13,320 MW from 18 turbines. Construction began in 1975 with a work force approaching 28,000. A 20,000 MW power station project on the Tunguska River, Russia was announced in February 1982. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Nuclear power stations T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Nuclear power stations 20 22 24 26 64406|947 114182|1679 176266|2592 85760|1 13960|96 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Nuclear power stations ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The first nuclear power station producing electricity was the EBR-1 (Experimental Breeder Reactor) in Shippingport, PA on 20 Dec 1951. The station had a capacity of 60 MW. It was shut down in 1974, then resumed operation in 1977 ^ before it was retired in 1984. ^<n As of 31 December 1990, there were 111 nuclear power plants operating in the United States, with a total net summer capability of 99,588 MW. Illinois has the greatest number of stations, at 13. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^ ^>4 The world's largest nuclear power station, with 10 reactors and net output of 8,814 MW, is the station in Fukushima, Japan. ^<n The largest nuclear power complex in the United States is at Wintersburg, AZ. The three Palo Verde, CA units ^ have a net summer capability of 3,663 MW. The largest unit in the country is found in Bay City, TX. The South Texas 1 unit has a capability of 1,251 MW; the South Texas 2 unit's capability is 1,250 MW. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Earliest atomic pile T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Earliest atomic pile 20 22 24 26 64474|948 13746|202 175722|2584 85760|2 13960|95 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Earliest atomic pile The world's first atomic pile was built in a disused squash court at Stagg Field, University of Chicago, IL. It went "critical" at 3:25 P.M. local time on 2 Dec 1942. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Largest nuclear reactors T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Largest nuclear reactors 20 22 24 26 64542|949 114046|1677 176130|2590 85760|3 91334|468 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Largest nuclear reactors The largest single nuclear reactor in the world is the Ignalina station, Lithuania, which came fully in stream in January 1984 and has a net capacity of 1,380 MW. ^<n The largest under construction is the CHOOZ-B1 reactor in France. Work began on ^ site in July 1982 and the first reactor became operational in 1991 with a planned net capacity of 1,455 MW. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Fusion power T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Fusion power 20 22 24 26 64610|950 175858|2586 85760|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Fusion power Tokamak-7, the experimental thermonuclear apparatus, was declared in January 1982 by the then Soviet academician Velikhov to be operating "reliably for months on end." An economically viable thermonuclear reactor is not anticipated anywhere in the ^ world in this millenium. ^<n The first significant controlled fusion power production was achieved on 9 Nov 1991 at the Joint European Torus (JET) at Culham, Great Britain by tritium injection into a deuterium plasma. Optimum fusion was sustained ^ for about 2 sec and produced a power rating of 1.7 megawatts. Temperatures at the center of thermonuclear fusion explosions have been found to be about 400,000,000 deg C. (See Physical Extremes, Highest temperature.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Solar power T \p8\D06\3805111 Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Solar power 20 22 24 26 64678|951 114250|1680 10822|159 176402|2594 17282|254 85760|5 91334|471 15034|0 -PCAP- The LUZ plant has nine solar plants in operation in the Mojave Desert in California. By 1994 the plants will produce 675 MW of electricity, providing enough energy for one million people. (Photo: LUZ International Ltd) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Solar power The largest solar furnace in the world is the LUZ plant, located in the Mojave Desert, 140 miles northeast of Los Angeles, CA. It is currently operating the world's nine largest solar electric generating systems (SEGS), which account for more than ^ 92 percent of the the world's solar electricity. LUZ is now producing 354 MW. SEGS IX is the second phase in a six-plant, $1.5 billion solar development program due for completion in 1994 that will bring the total to 675 MW. ^<n The $30 million ^ thermal solar energy system at the Packerland Packing Co. Bellevue Plant, Green Bay, WI, completed in January 1984, comprises 9,750 4 x 8 ft collectors covering 7.16 acres. It can yield up to 8,000 million BTUs a month. ^<n There were seven ^ solar-powered and 16 wind-powered electric generating plants in the United States as of 1990, owned and operated by public utility companies. California had the most solar plants, with three, while Minnesota had the most wind-powered plants, also ^ three. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: First tidal power station T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|First tidal power station 20 22 24 26 64746|952 39994|588 175790|2585 85760|6 40936|97 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: First tidal power station The world's first major station is the ^I , officially opened on 26 Nov 1966 on the Rance estuary in the Golfe de St-Malo, Brittany, France. It has a net annual output of 544 million kW. The 2,640 ft barrage ^ contains 24 turbo alternators. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Largest boilers T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Largest boilers 20 22 24 26 64814|953 113910|1675 175994|2588 85760|7 91334|466 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Largest boilers The largest boilers ever designed were those ordered in the United States from Babcock & Wilcox (USA), with a capacity of 1,330 MW, involving the evaporation of 9.33 million lb of steam per hour. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Largest generators T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Largest generators 20 22 24 26 64882|954 113978|1676 176062|2589 85760|8 91334|467 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Largest generators The largest operational is a turbo generator of 1,450 MW (net) being installed at the Ignalina atomic power station in southern Lithuania. However, dynamos in the 2,000,000 kW (or 2,000 MW) range are now in the planning stages both in Great Britain ^ and the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Largest and smallest turbines T \p8\D06\3805112 Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Largest and smallest turbines 20 22 24 26 64950|955 113842|1674 10890|160 175926|2587 85760|9 258628|74 15034|1 -PCAP- The smallest self-sustaining gas turbine is shown in front of the intake of the de Havilland Ghost jet engine. (Photo: Geoff Knights) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Largest and smallest turbines The largest hydraulic turbines are those rated at 815,000 kW (equivalent to 1.1 million hp), 32 ft in diameter with a 449 ton runner and a 350 ton shaft installed by Allis-Chalmers at the Grand Coulee Third Powerplant, WA. ^<n ^<4 Pump ^>4 The ^ world's largest reversible pump-turbine is that made by Allis-Chalmers for the Bath County project, VA. It has a maximum rating of 457 MW as a turbine and maximum operating head of 1,289 ft. The impeller/runner diameter is 20 ft 9 in, with a ^ synchronous speed of 257.1 rev/min. ^<n ^<4 Gas ^>4 The largest gas turbine is type GT 13 E from BBC Brown Boveri AG, with a maximum output of 140 MW. The first machine installed in Holland was to increase the general output of a 500 MW ^ steam-powered plant (Hemweg 7) by more than 46 percent. ^<n The smallest self-sustaining gas turbine is one with 2 in compressor and turbine wheels built by Geoff Knights of London, Great Britain. It has an operating speed of 50,000 rev/min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Batteries T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Batteries 20 22 24 26 65018|956 113774|1673 175586|2582 85760|10 175106|358 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Batteries ^<4 Largest ^>4 The 10 MW lead-acid battery at Chino, CA has a design capacity of 40 MW/h. It will be used at an electrical substation for leveling peak demand loads. This $13 million project is a cooperative effort by Southern California Edison ^ Company Electric Power Research Institute and International Lead Zinc Research Organization Inc. ^<n ^<4 Most durable ^>4 The zinc foil and sulfur dry-pile batteries made by Watlin and Hill of London, Great Britain in 1840 have powered ^ ceaseless tintinnabulation inside a bell jar at the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, Great Britain since that year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Biggest blackout T \p8\D06\3904078 Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Biggest blackout 20 23 25 27 65086|957 2526|37 10958|161 175654|2583 13610|200 85760|11 7328|22 15034|2 -PCAP- About 30 million people across the US and Canada were affected by the world's largest power failure on 9-10 Nov 1965. This filtered image, taken from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft, shows normal electricity usage and ^ provides an accurate indication of population densities across several time zones. By extrapolation, one can imagine the scope of that November power failure. (Photo: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Biggest blackout The greatest power failure in history struck seven northeastern US states and Ontario, Canada on 9-10 Nov 1965. About 30 million people in 80,000 sq mi were plunged into darkness. Only two people died as a result of the blackout. In New York City ^ the power failed at 5:27 P.M. and was not fully restored for 13 1/2 hr. ^<n The total losses in the 52-min New York City power failure of 13 Jul 1977, including looting, were put at $1 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Windmills T \p8\D06\3704080 Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Windmills 20 22 24 26 65154|958 13882|204 11026|162 176538|2596 85760|12 13960|97 15034|3 -PCAP- Wind Energy Group Ltd. commercial windfarm at Altamont Pass, California is the world's largest area of wind energy usage. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Windmills ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The earliest recorded windmills were those used for grinding corn in Persia (now Iran) in the 7th century A.D. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The De Noord windmill in Schiedam, Netherlands at 109 ft 4 in is the tallest in Europe. ^<n ^ ^<4 Most powerful ^>4 The world's first 3,000 kW wind generator was the 492 ft tall turbine built by Grosse Windenergie-Anlage, which was set up in 1982 on the Friesian coast of Germany. ^<n The $14.2 million GEC MOD-5A installation on the ^ north shore of Oahu, HI produces 7,300 kW when the wind reaches 32 mph with 400 ft rotors. Installation was started in March 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Oldest water mill T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Oldest water mill 20 22 24 26 65222|959 232434|3418 176334|2593 85760|13 236192|145 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Oldest water mill The water mill with the oldest continuous commercial use is at Priston Mill near Bath, Great Britain, first mentioned in A.D. 931 in a charter to King Athelstone (924/5-939). It is driven by the Conygre Brook and is the only remaining working water ^ mill of the 5,700 recorded in the Domesday Book of 1085. ^ -END- -CTRL- Power: Tidal mill T Science and Technology|Power|General Records|Tidal mill 20 22 24 26 65290|960 176470|2595 85760|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Power: Tidal mill On 12 Nov 1989 the Eling Tide Mill, Great Britain attained 16 hr 7 min rotation of the waterwheel in one day. It is the only surviving mill in the world harnessing the power of the tide for regular production of wholemeal flour. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest blast furnace T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest blast furnace 20 22 24 26 65358|961 95006|1397 75762|1114 86912|0 91334|188 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest blast furnace The world's largest blast furnace has an inner volume of 185,224 cu ft and a 49 ft diameter hearth at ZBF at the Oita Works, Kyuishui, Japan, completed in October 1976 with 4.2 tons annual capacity. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest catalytic cracker T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest catalytic cracker 20 22 24 26 65426|962 95074|1398 75830|1115 86912|1 91334|189 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest catalytic cracker The world's largest catalytic cracker is Exxon's Bayway Refinery plant at Linden, NJ, with a fresh feed rate of 5.04 million gals per day. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Concrete pumping T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Concrete pumping 20 22 24 26 65494|963 75218|1106 86912|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Concrete pumping The world record distance for pumping ready-mixed concrete without a relay pump is 4,986 ft, set on the Lake Chiemsee, Bavaria, Germany sewage tunnels project in the summer of 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Longest conveyor belts T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Longest conveyor belts 20 22 24 26 65562|964 136758|2011 76578|1126 86912|3 139100|121 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Longest conveyor belts The world's longest single-flight conveyor belt is one of 18 miles in Western Australia installed by Cable Belt Ltd of Camberley, Great Britain. ^<n The world's longest multiflight conveyor was one of 62 miles between the phosphate mine near Bucraa ^ and the port of El Aiun, Morocco, built by Krupps and completed in 1972. It had 11 flights of 5.6-6.8 miles and was driven at 10.06 mph. It has since been closed down. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Most powerful cranes T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Most powerful cranes 20 22 24 26 65630|965 201562|2964 76918|1131 86912|4 214122|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Most powerful cranes The greatest single load lifted by cranes is over 10,750 metric tons during the positioning of an integrated module onto the Piper Bravo platform in the North Sea off Aberdeen, Scotland in December 1991. The record lift was carried out by twin ^ AmClyde 6000 cranes, designed and built by AmClyde Engineered Products Inc. of St Paul, MN and installed onboard the vessel ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Gantry crane T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Gantry crane 20 22 24 26 65698|966 75626|1112 86912|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Gantry crane The 92.3 ft wide Rahco (R.A. Hanson Disc Ltd) gantry crane at the Grand Coulee Dam Third Powerplant was tested to lift a load of 2,460 tons in 1975. It lowered a 1,972 ton generator rotor with an accuracy of 1.32 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Tallest mobile crane T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Tallest mobile crane 20 22 24 26 65766|967 254194|3738 77394|1138 86912|6 267614|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Tallest mobile crane The 890-ton Rosenkranz K10001, with a lifting capacity of 1,100 tons, and a combined boom and jib height of 663 ft, is carried on 10 trucks, each limited to a length of 75 ft 8 in and an axle weight of 130 tons. It can lift 33 tons to a height of ^ 525 ft. ^<n The Taklift 4 craneship of the Smit International fleet based in Rotterdam, the Netherlands has a boom and jib height of 312 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Most powerful diesel engines T \p8\D06\3805113b Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Most powerful diesel engines 20 22 24 26 65834|968 201630|2965 11094|163 76986|1132 86912|7 214122|5 15330|0 -PCAP- The President Polk is one of five 12RTA84 type container ships with the most powerful diesel engines, constructed by Sulzer Brothers of Switzerland. Each 12-cylinder power unit gives a maximum continuous output of 57,000 bhp. (Photo: Sulzer) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Most powerful diesel engines Five 12RTA84 type diesel engines have been constructed by Sulzer Brothers of Winterthur, Switzerland, for containerships built for the American President Lines. Each 12-cylinder power unit gives a maximum continuous output of 57,000 bhp at 95 ^ rev/min. The first of these ships, the ^I , was handed over in April 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest draglines T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest draglines 20 22 24 26 65902|969 95142|1399 75898|1116 86912|8 91334|190 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest draglines The Ural Engineering Works in Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk), Russia, completed in March 1962, has a dragline known as the ES-25 (100), with a boom of 328 ft, and a bucket with a capacity of 848 cu ft. ^<n The world's largest walking dragline ^ is "Big Muskie," the Bucyrus-Erie 4250W with an all-up weight of 13,200 tons and a bucket capacity of 5,933 cu ft on a 310 ft boom. This is the largest mobile land machine and is now operating on the Central Ohio Coal Co. Muskingum site in Ohio. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Earthmover T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Earthmover 20 22 24 26 65970|970 75286|1107 86912|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Earthmover The giant wheeled loader developed for open-air coal mining in Australia by SMEC, a consortium of 11 manufacturers in Tokyo, Japan, is 55.1 ft in length, weighs 198 tons, and has rubber tires 11.5 ft in diameter. The bucket has a capacity of 671 cu ^ ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Escalators T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Escalators 20 22 24 26 66038|971 10006|147 75354|1108 86912|10 139100|120 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Escalators The term "escalator" was registered in the United States on 28 May 1900, but the earliest "inclined escalator" was installed by Jesse W. Reno on the pier at Coney Island, NY in 1896. The escalators at the station formerly named Lenin Square on the ^ St Petersburg (Leningrad), Russia underground have 729 steps and a vertical rise of 195 ft 9 1/2 in. ^<n The world's longest ^I is on the four-section outdoor escalator at Ocean Park, Hong Kong, which has an overall length of 745 ft ^ and a total vertical rise of 377 ft. ^<n ^<4 Moving walkways ^>4 The world's longest "moving sidewalks" are those installed in 1970 in the Neue Messe Center, Dusseldorf, Germany, which measure 738 ft between comb plates. ^<n The ultimate in ^ pampering for weary shoppers is the escalator at the shopping mall at Kawasaki-shi, Japan. It has a vertical height of 32.83 in and was installed by Hitachi Ltd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Longest escalator ride T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Longest escalator ride 20 22 24 26 66106|972 136826|2012 76646|1127 21022|309 86912|11 139100|122 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Longest escalator ride The record distance traveled on a pair of "up" and "down" escalators is 133.18 miles, by David Beattie and Adrian Simons at Top Shop in London, Great Britain, from 17 to 21 Jul 1989. They each completed 7,032 circuits. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest forging T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest forging 20 22 24 26 66174|973 95210|1400 75966|1117 86912|12 91334|191 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest forging The largest forging on record is one of a 225-ton, 55-ft-long generator shaft for Japan, forged by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation of Pennsylvania in October 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Forklift trucks T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Forklift trucks 20 22 24 26 66242|974 75558|1111 86912|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Forklift trucks Kalmar LMV of Sweden in 1985 manufactured ten counterbalanced forklift trucks capable of lifting loads up to 99 tons at a load center of 90.5 in. They were built to handle the Libyan Great Man-made River Project, comprising two separate pipelines, ^ one 620 miles long running from Sawir to Gulf of Sirte and the other 575 miles from Tazirbu to Benghazi, Libya. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest lathe T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest lathe 20 22 24 26 66310|975 95278|1401 76034|1118 86912|14 91334|192 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest lathe The largest is the 126-ft-long 460-ton giant lathe built by Waldrich Siegen of Germany in 1973 for the South African Electricity Supply Commission at Rosherville. It has a capacity for 330-ton workpieces and a swing-over bed of 16 ft 5 in in ^ diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Greatest load raised T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Greatest load raised 20 22 24 26 66378|976 48086|707 75694|1113 86912|15 52992|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Greatest load raised The heaviest lifting operation in engineering history was the raising of the entire 0.745 mile long offshore Ekofisk complex in the North Sea, Great Britain, owing to subsidence of the seabed. The complex consists of eight platforms weighing some ^ 44,090 tons. During 17-18 Aug 1987 it was raised 21 ft 4 in by 122 hydraulic jacks requiring a computer-controlled hydraulic system developed and supplied by Hydraudyne Systems & Engineering bv of Boxtel, Netherlands. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Slowest machine T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Slowest machine 20 22 24 26 66446|977 243790|3585 77326|1137 86912|16 257632|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Slowest machine A nuclear environmental machine for testing stress corrosion has been developed by Nene Instruments of Wellingborough, Great Britain that can be controlled at a speed as slow as one million millionth of a millimeter per minute, or one meter (3.28 ^ ft) in about 2 billion years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Oldest machinery T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Oldest machinery 20 22 24 26 66514|978 226722|3334 77122|1134 86912|17 236192|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Oldest machinery The earliest mechanism still in use is the ^I --a water-raising instrument known to have been in use in the Sumerian civilization, which originated ^I . 3500 B.C. in what is now lower Iraq. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest nuts T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest nuts 20 22 24 26 66582|979 95346|1402 76102|1119 86912|18 91334|193 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest nuts The largest nuts ever made weigh 5 tons each with an outside diameter of 52 in and a 25 in thread. Known as "Pilgrim Nuts," they are manufactured by Pilgim Moorside Ltd of Oldham, Great Britain for use on the columns of a large forging press. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest oil tanks T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest oil tanks 20 22 24 26 66650|980 95414|1403 76170|1120 86912|19 91334|194 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest oil tanks The largest oil tanks ever constructed are the five ARAMCO 1 1/2-million-barrel storage tanks at Ju'aymah, Saudi Arabia. They are 72 ft tall with a diameter of 386 ft and were completed in March 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Fastest passenger elevators T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Fastest passenger elevators 20 22 24 26 66718|981 21838|321 75422|1109 86912|20 23878|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Fastest passenger elevators The fastest domestic passenger elevators in the world are the express elevators to the 60th floor of the 787.4 ft tall "Sunshine 60" building, Ikebukuro, in Tokyo, Japan, completed 5 Apr 1978. They were built by Mitsubishi Corporation and operate ^ at a speed of 2,000 ft/min or 22.7 mph. ^<n Much higher speeds are achieved in the winding cages of mine shafts. A hoisting shaft 6,800 ft deep, owned by Western Deep Levels Ltd in South Africa, winds at speeds of up to 40.9 mph (3,595 ft/min). ^ Otitis media (popping of the ears) presents problems above even 10 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Pipelines T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Pipelines 20 22 24 26 66786|982 10074|148 77190|1135 86912|21 13960|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Pipelines ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The world's earliest pipeline, of 2 in diameter cast iron, was laid at Oil Creek, PA in 1863, but was torn up by Luddites (opponents of industrial change or innovation). ^<n ^<4 Oil ^>4 The longest crude oil pipeline in the ^ world is the Interprovincial Pipe Line Company installation from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada to Buffalo, NY, a distance of 1,775 miles. Along the length of the pipe, 13 pumping stations maintain a flow of 8.3 million gals of oil per day. ^<n The ^ ultimate length of the Trans-Siberian pipeline will be 2,319 miles, running from Tuimazy through Omsk and Novosibirsk to Irkutsk. The first 30-mile section was opened in July 1957. ^<n ^<4 Gas ^>4 The longest natural gas pipeline in the world ^ is the Trans-Canada pipeline, which by 1974 had 5,654 miles of pipe up to 42 in in diameter. The world's longest submarine pipeline is 264 miles long and carries natural gas from the Union Oil platform to Rayong, Thailand. It opened on 12 Sep ^ 1981. ^<n ^<4 Water ^>4 The world's longest water pipeline runs a distance of 350 miles to the Kalgoorlie goldfields from near Perth in Western Australia. Engineered in 1903, the system has since been extended fivefold by branches. ^<n ^<4 ^ Most expensive ^>4 The world's most expensive pipeline is the Alaska pipeline running 800.3 miles from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez. On completion of the first phase in 1977, it had cost $8 billion. The pipe is 48 in in diameter and its capacity is ^ now 2.1 million barrels per day. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Most powerful presses T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Most powerful presses 20 22 24 26 66854|983 201698|2966 77054|1133 86912|22 214122|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Most powerful presses The world's two most powerful production machines are forging presses in the United States. The Loewy closed-die forging press, in a plant leased from the US Air Force by the Wyman-Gordon Company at North Grafton, MA, weighs 10,438 tons and stands ^ 114 ft 2 in high, of which 66 ft is sunk below the operating floor. It has a rated capacity of 49,163 tons and became operational in October 1955. A similar press is at the plant of the Aluminum Company of America in Cleveland, OH. ^<n The ^ greatest press force of any sheet metal forming press is 116,844 tons for a QUINTUS fluid cell press delivered by ASEA to BMG AG in Munich, Germany in January 1986. The Beche & Grohs counter-blow forging hammer, manufactured in Germany, is rated ^ at 66,138 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Fastest printer T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Fastest printer 20 22 24 26 66922|984 21906|322 75490|1110 86912|23 23878|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Fastest printer The world's fastest printer was the Radiation Inc. electro-sensitive system at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, CA. It printed up to 36,000 lines per minute, each containing 120 alphanumeric characters per minute, attained by ^ controlling electronic pulses through chemically impregnated recording paper that was moving rapidly under closely spaced fixed styli. It could thus print the entire wordage of the Bible (773,692 words) in 65 seconds--3,048 times as fast as the ^ peak rate of the world's fastest typist. (See Literature, The Bible, and Miscellaneous Endeavors, Fastest typist.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest radar installations T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest radar installations 20 22 24 26 66990|985 95482|1404 76238|1121 86912|24 91334|195 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest radar installations The largest of the three installations in the US Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) is that near Thule, in Greenland, 931 miles from the North Pole. It was completed in 1960 at a cost of $500 million. Its sister stations are one at Cape ^ Clear, AK, which was completed in 1961, and the $115 million radar installation at Fylingdales Moor, Great Britain, which was completed in Jun 1963. ^<n The largest scientific radar installation is the 21-acre ground array at Jicamarca, Peru. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Ropes T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Ropes 20 22 24 26 67058|986 137030|2015 77258|1136 86912|25 139100|125 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Ropes The largest rope ever made was a coir fiber launching rope with a circumference of 47 in made in 1858 for the British liner ^I by John and Edwin Wright of Birmingham, Great Britain. It consisted of four strands, each of 3,780 ^ yarns. The longest fiber rope ever made without a splice was one of 11.36 miles of 6 1/2 in circumference manila by Frost Brothers (now British Ropes Ltd) in London, Great Britain in 1874. ^<n ^<4 Wire ropes ^>4 The longest wire ropes in the ^ world are the four made at British Ropes Ltd, Wallsend, Great Britain, each measuring 14.9 miles. The ropes are 1.3 in in diameter, weigh 120 tons each, and were ordered by the CEGB for use in the construction of the 2,000 MW cross-Channel power ^ cable. ^<n The suspension cables on the Seto Grand Bridge, Japan, completed in 1988, are 41 in in diameter. The thickest ever manufactured are spliced crane strops from wire ropes 11 1/4 in thick with 2,392 individual wires made in Mar 1979 by ^ British Ropes Ltd of Doncaster at Willington Quay, Great Britain, and designed to lift loads of up to 3,307 tons. ^<n The heaviest-ever wire ropes (four in number) are each of 143 tons, made for the twin shaft system of Western Deep Levels gold ^ mine, South Africa by Haggie Rand Ltd of Johannesburg. ^<n The strongest cable-laid wire rope lifting strop made is one 15 1/2 in in diameter with a breaking strain of 8,300 tons manufactured by ScanRope Ltd of Norway. The sling was used to lift ^ the steel jacket for the Veslefrikk Offshore Field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Longest ropeways T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Longest ropeways 20 22 24 26 67126|987 136894|2013 76714|1128 86912|26 139100|123 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Longest ropeways The longest ropeway in the world is the ^I , or COMILOG, installation built in 1959-62 for the Moanda manganese mine in Gabon, which extends 47.2 miles. It has 858 towers and 2,800 buckets, with 96.3 miles of ^ wire rope running over 6,000 idler pulleys. The longest single-span ropeway is the 13,500 ft span from the Coachella Valley to Mt San Jacinto (10,821 ft), CA, inaugurated on 12 Sep 1963. ^<n The highest and longest passenger-carrying aerial ^ ropeway in the world is the ^I in Venezuela, from Merida City (5,379 ft) to the summit of Pico Espejo (15,629 ft), a rise of 10,250 ft. The ropeway is in four sections, involving three car changes in the eight-mile ascent ^ in one hour. The fourth span is 10,070 ft in length. The two cars work on the pendulum system--the carrier rope is locked and the cars are hauled by means of three pull ropes powered by a 233 hp motor. They have a maximum capacity of 45 persons ^ and travel at 32 ft/sec (21.8 mph). ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Most massive shovel T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Most massive shovel 20 22 24 26 67194|988 171914|2528 76850|1130 86912|27 175106|125 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Most massive shovel The Marion 6360 has a reach of 236.75 ft, a dumping height of 153 ft and a bucket capacity of 4,860 cu ft. Manufactured in 1964 by the Marion Power Shovel Co., Marion, OH, it weighs 24.3 million lb and uses 20 electric motors that generate 45,000 ^ hp to operate its 220.5-ft-long boom arm. It is operated for open-cast coal mining near Percy, IL by the Arch Mineral Corporation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Longest snow-plow blade T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Longest snow-plow blade 20 22 24 26 67262|989 136962|2014 76782|1129 86912|28 139100|124 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Longest snow-plow blade A blade measuring 32 ft 3 in in length was designed and constructed by the Thomas Sedgwick Construction Co., Inc. of Syracuse, NY for use at Hancock International Airport. With a 6 in snowfall the plow can push away 229,500 cu ft of snow in one ^ hour. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest steel producers T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest steel producers 20 22 24 26 67330|990 95550|1405 76306|1122 86912|29 91334|196 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest steel producers The Pohang works of the Pohang Iron & Steel Co. Ltd (POSCO) of South Korea produced 9.9 million tons of crude steel in 1988, the highest amount produced by a single integrated works. ^<n The largest producer of steel in the United States in 1991 ^ was USX Corporation, of Pittsburgh, PA, which produced 10.5 million tons of raw steel. The 1991 sales figure for the US Steel Group of USX was $4.86 billion and assets stood at $5.63 billion. The number of employees for the year was 22,234. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest transformers T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest transformers 20 22 24 26 67398|991 95618|1406 76374|1123 86912|30 91334|197 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest transformers The world's largest single-phase transformers are rated at 1,500,000 kVA. Eight of these are in service with the American Electric Power Service Corporation. Of these, five step down from 765 to 345 kV. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Transmission lines T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Transmission lines 20 22 24 26 67466|992 137098|2016 77462|1139 86912|31 139100|126 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Transmission lines ^<4 Longest span ^>4 The longest span between pylons of any power line in the world is that across the Sogne Fjord, Norway, between Rabnaberg and Fatlaberg. Supplied in 1955 by Whitecross of Warrington, Great Britain, and projected and erected ^ by A.S. Betonmast of Oslo as part of the high-tension power cable from Refsdal power station at Vik, it has a span of 16,040 ft and a weight of 13.3 tons. In 1967 two further high-tensile steel/aluminum lines 16,006 ft long, and weighing 36.4 ^ tons, manufactured by Whitecross and BICC, were erected there. ^<n ^<4 Highest ^>4 The world's highest transmission lines are those across the Straits of Messina, Italy, with towers of 675 ft (Sicily side) and 735 ft (Calabria side) 11,900 ft ^ apart. ^<n ^<4 Highest voltages ^>4 The highest voltages now carried are 1,330,000 volts for 1,224 miles on the D.C. Pacific Inter-tie in the United States. The Ekibastuz D.C. transmission lines in Kazakhstan are planned to be 1,490 miles long ^ with 1,500,000 volt capacity. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest valve T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest valve 20 22 24 26 67534|993 95686|1407 76442|1124 86912|32 91334|198 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest valve The world's largest valve is the 32-ft diameter, 187-ton butterfly valve designed by Boving & Co. Ltd of London, Great Britain for use at the Arnold Air Force Base engine test facility in Tennessee. ^ -END- -CTRL- Engineering: Largest wind tunnel T Science and Technology|Engineering|General Records|Largest wind tunnel 20 22 24 26 67602|994 95754|1408 76510|1125 86912|33 91334|199 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Engineering: Largest wind tunnel The world's largest wind tunnel is that of the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Palo Alto, CA. The tunnel, 40 x 80 ft, was opened on 11 Dec 1989 and powered by six 22,500 hp motors allowing a best speed of 345 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drilling: Deepest penetration T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Drilling|Deepest penetration 20 22 24 26 67670|995 5654|83 67806|997 89604|0 11656|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drilling: Deepest penetration The deepest penetration into the Earth's crust is a geological exploratory drilling near Zapolarny in the Kola Peninsula of Arctic Russia, begun on 24 May 1970 and reported in April 1992 to have surpassed a depth of 40,230 ft. The eventual target ^ of 49,212 ft was expected in 1995 but now looks increasingly unlikely. The drill bit is mounted on a turbine driven by a mud pump. The temperature at 7.45 miles was already 229 deg F. The Germans announced the test drilling of the Erbendorf hole, ^ Upper Bavaria on 9 Oct 1986. The planned depth of the $263 million project is 8.6 miles or 45,900 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drilling: Deepest ocean drilling T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Drilling|Deepest ocean drilling 20 22 24 26 67738|996 5586|82 67738|996 89604|1 11656|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drilling: Deepest ocean drilling The deepest recorded drilling into the seabed by the ^I of the US Deep Sea Drilling Project is one of 5,709 ft off northwest Spain in 1976. The deepest site is now 23,077 ft below the surface on the western wall of the ^ Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drilling: Deepest ice borehole T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Drilling|Deepest ice borehole 20 22 24 26 67806|997 5518|81 67670|995 89604|2 11656|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drilling: Deepest ice borehole The deepest borehole in ice was drilled at the Vostok station (Central Antarctica) by specialists of the Leningrad Mining Institute in September 1989, when a depth of 8,333 ft was achieved. The 18th Expedition drilled the deepest "dry" borehole ^ (without antifreeze) in 1972; it reached 3,125 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drilling: Deepest water wells T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Drilling|Deepest water wells 20 22 24 26 67874|998 5722|84 67874|998 89604|3 11656|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drilling: Deepest water wells The world's deepest water bore is the Stensvad Water Well 11-W1 of 7,320 ft, drilled by the Great Northern Drilling Co. Inc. in Rosebud County, MT in October-November 1961. The Thermal Power Co. geothermal steam well, begun in Sonoma County, CA in ^ 1955, is down to 9,029 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drilling: Fastest T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Drilling|Fastest 20 22 24 26 67942|999 21498|316 67942|999 89604|4 23878|68 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drilling: Fastest The most footage drilled in one month is 34,574 ft in June 1988 by Harkins & Company Rig Number 13 during the drilling of four wells in McMullen County, TX. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drilling: Fastest shaft-sinking T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Drilling|Fastest shaft-sinking 20 22 24 26 68010|1000 21566|317 68010|1000 89604|5 23878|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drilling: Fastest shaft-sinking The one-month (31 days) world record is 1,251 ft for a standard shaft 26 ft in diameter at Buffelsfontein Mine, Transvaal, South Africa, in March 1962. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Earliest T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Earliest 20 22 24 26 68078|1001 12046|177 135874|1998 90040|0 13960|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Earliest The earliest mine in the world is the Lion Cavern haematite (red iron ore) mine at Ngwenya, Hhohho, Swaziland. Its founding has been carbon dated at 41,250 B.C. +/- 1,600, but is generally accepted as ^I . 110,000 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Deepest T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Deepest 20 22 24 26 68146|1002 6334|93 135806|1997 90040|1 11656|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Deepest The deepest mine is the Western Deep Levels gold mine at Carletonville, South Africa, which is currently 11,749 ft deep. Sinking began in July 1957 and is scheduled to reach 12,370 ft by 1992, with 14,000 ft or 2.65 miles regarded as the limit. No. ^ 3 vertical ventilation shaft is the world's deepest shaft at 9,675 ft. This mine, which reaches temperatures of 131 deg F, requires 141,150 tons of air per day and refrigeration, which uses the energy it would take to make 41,440 short tons of ^ ice. An underground shift comprises 11,150 men. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Coal T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Coal 20 22 24 26 68214|1003 106702|1569 135670|1995 90040|2 11656|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Coal ^<4 First (US) ^>4 The first recorded discovery of coal in the United States was in 1679 by French explorers, who reported a "coal mine" on the Illinois River. ^<n ^<4 Largest (US) ^>4 ARCO Coal Co.'s Black Thunder Mine in Wright, WY, ^ produces 27.9 million short tons per annum. ^<n ^<4 Oldest (US) ^>4 The James River coalfield near Richmond, VA, was founded ^I . 1750. This site is now abandoned. ^<n ^<4 Deepest (exploratory shaft) ^>4 6,700 ft shaft in the Donbas ^ field, Ukraine. ^<n ^<4 Deepest (open cast, lignite) ^>4 1,066 ft deep mine near Bergheim, Germany. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Copper T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Copper 20 22 24 26 68282|1004 143422|2109 135738|1996 90040|3 11656|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Copper ^<4 Deepest (open pit) ^>4 2,625 ft deep pit at Bingham Canyon, near Salt Lake City, UT (begun 1906). ^<n ^<4 Longest (underground) ^>4 994 miles of tunnels at the Division El Teniente of Codelco, Chile. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 356 ^ miles of tunnels at the San Manuel Mine, Magma Copper Co in AZ. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Gold T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Gold 20 22 24 26 68350|1005 106770|1570 135942|1999 90040|4 175106|258 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Gold ^<4 Largest ^>4 The 12,100 acre gold mine owned by the East Rand Proprietary Mines Ltd, at Boksburg, Transvaal, South Africa, is the largest in the world. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest gold mine in the United States is the Newmont Gold ^ Company's Mine Complex in Eureka County and Elko County, NV. ^<n ^<4 Most productive ^>4 The world's most productive gold mine may be Muruntau, Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan. According to one Western estimate it produces 88 tons of gold in a year. It ^ has been estimated that South Africa has produced in 96 years (1886--1982) 40,768 tons or more than 31 percent of all gold mined since 3900 B.C. The United States produced 290.2 metric tons of gold during 1990, the most since national yearly ^ records were first kept in 1835. ^<n ^<4 Richest ^>4 The Crown Mines in Transvaal, South Africa, has an all-time yield of 49.4 million fine oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Iron T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Iron 20 22 24 26 68418|1006 106838|1571 136010|2000 90040|5 91334|362 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Iron ^<4 Largest ^>4 The Lebedinsky mine in the Kursk region, Russia, produces 22.4 billion tons rich ore (45-65 percent ore). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The Mountain Iron mine, MN produces 13.708 million metric tons. Minnesota produced the most ^ iron in the United States in 1990, at 45.160 metric tons. The greatest year for iron production for the entire country was 1953, with 119.888 million metric tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Lead T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Lead 20 22 24 26 68486|1007 107042|1574 136214|2003 90040|6 91334|365 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Lead The largest lead mine is the Viburnum Trend in southeast Missouri, which produces more than 10 percent of world output. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Platinum T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Platinum 20 22 24 26 68554|1008 107110|1575 136282|2004 90040|7 91334|366 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Platinum The largest platinum mine is owned by the Rustenburg Platinum Mines Group, Western Transvaal, South Africa, and produces 30.8 tons per annum. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Tungsten T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Tungsten 20 22 24 26 68622|1009 107178|1576 136350|2005 90040|8 91334|367 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Tungsten The Union Carbide Mount Morgan mine, near Bishop, CA, produces 2,205 tons per day. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Uranium T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Uranium 20 22 24 26 68690|1010 107246|1577 136418|2006 90040|9 91334|368 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Uranium ^<4 Largest ^>4 The Rio Tinto Zinc open cast pit at Rossing, Namibia, produces 5,600 tons of uranium oxide per day. ^<n ^<4 Unted States ^>4 The biggest mill currently active in the United States is Gas Hills, WY, operated by the Pathfinder ^ Mines Corp. It produces 2,800 short tons of ore per day. The mill with the greatest capacity is in Grant, NM, which can produce 7,000 short tons of ore per day. Although shut down several years ago, it remains on standby. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Largest quarry T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Largest quarry 20 22 24 26 68758|1011 106906|1572 136078|2001 90040|10 91334|363 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Largest quarry ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest quarry is the Fortuna-Garsdorf (lignite) mine near Bergheim, Germany. Begun in 1955, it is 1,066 ft deep, and covers an area of 8 mile sq. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The quarry at Bingham Canyon, UT, covers 2.81 sq ^ mi, and has extracted 3,698 million tons ^ -END- -CTRL- Mines: Largest spoil dump T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Mines|Largest spoil dump 20 22 24 26 68826|1012 106974|1573 136146|2002 90040|11 91334|364 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mines: Largest spoil dump The New Cornelia Tailings at Ten Mile Wash, AZ, has an area of 275 million cu yd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: Largest producer T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|Largest producer 20 22 24 26 68894|1013 109966|1617 155934|2293 90896|0 91334|408 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oil: Largest producer The world's largest oil producer is the former USSR, with a production in 1991 of 10.26 million barrels per day (b/d--compared with a peak 12.5 million b/d), followed by Saudi Arabia with 8.2 million b/d. The United States was third with 7.4 ^ million b/d. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: Largest oil field T \p8\D06\3704078b Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|Largest oil field 20 22 24 26 68962|1014 109898|1616 11162|164 155866|2292 23062|339 90896|1 91334|407 15416|0 -PCAP- The world's largest oilfield is the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia, developed by ARAMCO, which measures 150 x 22 miles. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oil: Largest oil field The world's largest oil field is the Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia, developed by ARAMCO, which measures 150 x 22 miles. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest oil field in the United States is the Permian Basin, which covers approximately 100,000 sq ^ mi in southeast New Mexico and western and northwestern Texas. ^<n In 1989, the United States imported 7,979,000 barrels of oil per day. In 1990, Texas produced 702.16 million barrels of oil, more than any other state. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: Largest refinery T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|Largest refinery 20 22 24 26 69030|1015 110034|1618 156002|2294 90896|2 91334|409 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oil: Largest refinery The world's largest refinery is the Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. refinery in Judibana, Falcon, Venezuela. It is operated by the Lagoven subsidiary of Petroleos and in 1991 produced 530,000 barrels of crude oil per day. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^ The largest refinery in the United States is Amoco Oil Co.'s Texas City, TX refinery, which has a capacity of 433,000 barrels per day. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: Crude oil imports T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|Crude oil imports 20 22 24 26 69098|1016 155730|2290 90896|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oil: Crude oil imports During the period January-December 1991, the United States imported 7.6 million barrels of crude oil and its by-products per day. In 1990 this figure was 7.8 million. Saudi Arabia was the leading supplier at 1.8 million barrels per day, which ^ represented 23.8 percent of US imports. OPEC countries supplied the US with 4.1 million barrels per day, or 53.6 percent of the total, while Persian Gulf countries supplied 1.7 million, or 24.5 percent. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: US crude oil imports (table) B \t\D01\0401521a Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|US crude oil imports (table) 20 22 24 26 69166|1017 156138|2296 90896|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Source: American Petroleum Institute. *Supplier of products made from crude oil. ^ -TEXT- Oil: US crude oil imports (table) Oil: U.S. Crude Oil Imports (Table) CRUDE OIL IMPORTS (January-December 1991) COUNTRY BARRELS 1,000 PER DAY Saudi Arabia 1,795 Canada 1,031 Venezuela 1,014 Mexico 801 Nigeria 702 Angola 254 Algeria 252 Virgin Islands* 243 Colombia 162 United ^ Kingdom 136 OPEC Countries 4,060 Persian Gulf Countries 1,843 ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: Platforms T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|Platforms 20 22 24 26 69234|1018 255690|3760 156070|2295 90896|5 267614|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oil: Platforms ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The world's heaviest oil platform is the ^I in the North Sea, Great Britain, built and operated by the Norwegian oil company Statoil. The platform is of the Condeep type, with a steel deck and modules on top of ^ a concrete gravity base. Total dry weight of the $2.3 billion structure is 933 tons. Total height is 115.82 ft. The gravity base was built by Norwegian contractors, Stavanger, and the deck by Aker, Stord. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The world's ^ tallest production platform stands in water 1,760 ft deep about 100 miles off the Louisiana coast. It is operated by Conoco and co-owned by Conoco, Texas and Occidental Petroleum. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: US rigs T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|US rigs 20 22 24 26 69302|1019 156206|2297 90896|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oil: US rigs On 31 January 1990, the all-time lowest number of oil rigs in the United States was 653. This number includes all land rigs, those on inland barges and offshore rigs. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: Worst spills T \p8\D06\3704078a Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|Worst spills 20 22 24 26 69370|1020 260314|3828 11230|165 156274|2298 23606|347 90896|7 274968|6 15416|1 -PCAP- The worst oil spill from a marine collision was of 260,140 tons from two super-tankers Atlantic Empress and Aegean Captain when they collided off Tobago on 19 July 1979. (Photo: Gamma/Lochon) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oil: Worst spills The world's worst oil spill occurred as a result of a marine blow-out beneath the drilling rig ^I in the Gulf of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico, on 3 Jun 1979. The slick reached 400 miles by 5 Aug 1979. It was eventually capped on 24 Mar ^ 1980 after a loss of 3,000,000 barrels (599,200 tons). ^<n The worst single assault ever made on the environment was released on 19 Jan 1991 by the Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein, who ordered the pumping of Gulf crude oil from Kuwait's Sea ^ Island terminal and from seven large tankers into the Persian Gulf. The best estimate of the outflow is between 4-6 million barrels (168-252 million gallons). It required nine months of intense work to extinguish the fires. ^<n The worst oil ^ spill in history from a marine collision was of 260,140 tons of oil from two supertankers, ^I and ^I , when they collided off Tobago on 19 Jul 1979. ^<n The ^I in Prince William ^ Sound, AK struck a reef on 24 Mar 1989, spilling 10 million gallons of crude. The slick spread over 2,600 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Oil: Greatest gusher T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Oil|Greatest gusher 20 22 24 26 69438|1021 50602|744 155798|2291 90896|8 52992|81 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Oil: Greatest gusher The greatest wildcat ever recorded blew at Alborz No. 5 well, near Qum, Iran on 26 Aug 1956. The uncontrolled oil gushed to a height of 170 ft at 120,000 barrels per day at a pressure of 9,000 lb/sq in. It was closed after 90 days' work by B. ^ Mostofi and Myron Kinley of Texas. ^<n The Lake View No. 1 gusher in California on 15 Mar 1910 may have yielded 125,000 barrels in its first 24 hours. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gas: Largest producer T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Gas|Largest producer 20 22 24 26 69506|1022 99698|1466 91946|1352 91542|0 91334|257 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gas: Largest producer The world's largest producer of natural gas is the former USSR, with 28.8 trillion cu ft in 1990, followed by the United States with 18.4 trillion cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gas: Largest deposits T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Gas|Largest deposits 20 22 24 26 69574|1023 99630|1465 91878|1351 91542|1 91334|256 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gas: Largest deposits The largest gas deposit in the world is at Urengoi, Russia, with an eventual production of 261.6 billion cu yd per year through six pipelines from proved reserves of 9.156 trillion cu yd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gas: Greatest fire T Science and Technology|Borings and Mines|Gas|Greatest fire 20 22 24 26 69642|1024 48562|714 91810|1350 91542|2 52992|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gas: Greatest fire The greatest gas fire was the one that burned at Gassi Touil in the Algerian Sahara from noon on 13 Nov 1961 to 9:30 A.M. on 28 Apr 1962. The pillar of flame rose 450 ft and the smoke 600 ft. It was eventually extinguished by Paul Neal ("Red") ^ Adair (b. 1916) of Houston, TX, using 550 lb of dynamite. His fee was reported to be about $1 million plus expenses. ^ -END- -CTRL- Timepieces: Most accurate T \p8\D06\3704084a Science and Technology|Timepieces|General Records|Most accurate 20 23 25 27 69710|1025 192450|2830 11298|166 224274|3298 19390|285 91994|0 175106|426 15572|0 -PCAP- The most accurate mechanical clock is the the Olsen Clock designed and built by Jens Olsen (1872-1945) and set in motion at Copenhagen Town Hall, Denmark on 15 Dec 1955. It has more than 14,000 components and took 10 years to make and the mechanism ^ functions in 470,000 different ways. The celestial pole motion will take 25,753 years to complete a full circle and is the slowest-moving designed mechanism in the world. (Photo: Lars Hoj Madsen) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Timepieces: Most accurate The most accurate timekeeping device is a commercially available atomic clock manufactured by Hewlett-Packard of Palo Alto, CA, unveiled in December 1991. Designated the HP 5071A primary frequency standard with cesium II technology, the device, ^ costing $54,000 and about the size of a desktop computer, is accurate to one second in 1.6 million years. ^<n ^<4 Mechanical ^>4 The Olsen clock, completed for the Copenhagen Town Hall, Denmark in Dec 1955, has more than 14,000 units, and took ^ 10 years to make; the mechanism functions in 570,000 different ways. The celestial pole motion will take 25,753 years to complete a full circle and is the slowest-moving designed mechanism in the world. The clock is accurate to 0.5 sec in 300 ^ years--50 times more accurate than the previous record. ^ -END- -CTRL- Timepieces: Largest sundial T \p8\D06\3704083 Science and Technology|Timepieces|General Records|Largest sundial 20 23 25 27 69778|1026 123702|1819 11366|167 224138|3296 91994|1 91334|610 15572|1 -PCAP- The Jaipur sundial is part of an observatory built in 1724. Its polar-directed gnomon is a stairway 118 ft, long, whose shadow on the half-ring shaped equatorial dial moves about a foot in five minutes. This type of dial has the Indian name of ^ Samrat Yantra. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Timepieces: Largest sundial The world's largest sundial is the Samrat Yantra, with a gnomon height (rod of sundial that shows time by its shadow on marked surface) of 88.5 ft and a vertical height of 118 ft. It was built in 1724 at Jaipur, India. ^ -END- -CTRL- Timepieces: Largest cylindrical sundial T \p8\D06\3904082 Science and Technology|Timepieces|General Records|Largest cylindrical sundial 20 23 25 27 69846|1027 123634|1818 11434|168 224070|3295 91994|2 91334|609 15572|2 -PCAP- Designed by Arata Isozaki of Tokyo, Japan as the centerpiece of the Walt Disney World Company headquarters in Orlando, FL, this sundial has a base diameter of 122 ft and is 120 ft high, with a gnomon (projecting arm) of the same length. (Photo: ^ Esto Photographics/Peter Aaron) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Timepieces: Largest cylindrical sundial On 1 Mar 1991, Walt Disney World in Orlando, FL unveiled the largest cylindrical sundial, measuring 120 ft high, 122 ft in diameter at the base. The sundial was designed by Arata Isozaki of Tokyo, Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Timepieces: Longest pendulum T Science and Technology|Timepieces|General Records|Longest pendulum 20 22 24 26 69914|1028 153350|2255 224206|3297 91994|3 139100|365 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Timepieces: Longest pendulum The longest pendulum in the world is a reconstruction of Foucault's experiment. It swings from a cable 90 ft long and 23 ft above the heads of visitors to the Convention Center in Portland, OR and weighs 900 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Clocks: Earliest T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Clocks|Earliest 20 22 24 26 69982|1029 225430|3315 47882|704 92290|0 13960|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Clocks: Earliest The earliest mechanical clock--that is, one with an escapement--was completed in China in A.D. 725 by Y. Xing and Liang Lingzan. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest surviving working clock in the world is the faceless clock, dating from 1386, or ^ possibly earlier, at Salisbury Cathedral, in Great Britain, which was restored in 1956, having struck the hours for 498 years and ticked more than 500 million times. Earlier dates, ranging back to ^I . 1335, have been attributed to the ^ weight-driven clock in Wells Cathedral, Great Britain, but only the iron frame is original. ^<n A model of Giovanni de Dondi's heptagonal astronomical clock of 1348-64 was completed in 1962. ^ -END- -CTRL- Clocks: Largest T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Clocks|Largest 20 22 24 26 70050|1030 89090|1310 47950|705 92290|1 91334|101 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Clocks: Largest The world's most massive clock is the astronomical clock in the Cathedral of St-Pierre, Beauvais, France, constructed between 1865 and 1868. It contains 90,000 parts and is 40 ft high, 20 ft wide and 9 ft deep. ^<n The Su Song clock, built in China ^ at Kaifeng in 1088-92, had a 23-ton bronze armillary sphere for 1.7 tons of water. It was removed to Beijing in 1126 and was last known to be working in its 40 ft high tower in 1136. ^<n "Timepiece," a clock that measures 51 x 51 x 51 ft, is ^ suspended over five stories in the atrium of the International Square building in Washington, D.C. Computer-driven and accurate to within 1/100th of a second, it weighs 2.3 tons. It is lit by 400 ft of neon tube lighting and requires 1,500 ft of ^ cable and wiring. Twelve tubes at its base light up to tell the hour and the minute. The clock, designed by the sculptor John Safer, also indicates when the sun is at its zenith in 12 international cities. ^<n ^<4 Clock faces ^>4 The world's ^ largest is that of the floral clock constructed at Matsubara Park, Toi, Japan. The clock face is 101 ft in diameter and the large hand is 41 ft long. ^<n The digital, electronic, two-sided clock that revolves on top of the Texas Building in Fort ^ Worth, TX has dimensions of 44 x 44 x 28 ft. ^<n The largest vertical outdoor clock face is the octagonal Colgate clock in Jersey City, NJ, with a diameter of 50 ft and a minute hand 27 ft 3 in in length. In 1989 it was dismantled from the ^ position it had occupied since 1908 at the top of the company's factory, which is being redeveloped. There are plans to relocate it at another site. ^<n The largest four-faced clock in the world is that on the building of the Allen Bradley Co. of ^ Milwaukee, WI. Each face has a diameter of 40 ft 3 1/2 in with a minute hand 20 ft in overall length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Clocks: Tallest T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Clocks|Tallest 20 22 24 26 70118|1031 253922|3734 48086|707 92290|2 267614|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Clocks: Tallest The tallest two-sided clock in the world is at the top of the Morton International Building, Chicago, IL. It is 580 ft above street level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Clocks: Most expensive T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Clocks|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 70186|1032 195918|2881 48018|706 92290|3 208038|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Clocks: Most expensive The highest price paid for any clock is $1,540,000 for a rare "Egyptian Revival" clock made by Cartier in 1927. Designed as an ancient Egyptian temple gate, with figures and hieroglyphs, the exotic clock is made of mother-of-pearl, coral and lapis ^ lazuli. It was sold at Christie's, New York on 24 Apr 1991 to a private bidder. ^ -END- -CTRL- Watches: Oldest T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Watches|Oldest 20 22 24 26 70254|1033 235766|3467 237670|3495 92586|0 236192|194 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Watches: Oldest The oldest portable clockwork timekeeper is one of iron made by Peter Henlein in Nurnberg (Nuremberg), Germany, ^I . 1504. ^<n The earliest wristwatches were those of Jacquet-Droz and Leschot of Geneva, Switzerland, dating from 1790. ^ -END- -CTRL- Watches: Largest T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Watches|Largest 20 22 24 26 70322|1034 124926|1837 237534|3493 92586|1 91334|628 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Watches: Largest The largest watch was a "Swatch" 531 ft 6 in long and 65 ft 7 1/2 in in diameter, made by D. Tomas Feliu, which was set up on the site of the Bank of Bilbao building, Madrid, Spain from 7-12 Dec 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Watches: Smallest T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Watches|Smallest 20 22 24 26 70390|1035 251338|3696 237738|3496 92586|2 258628|104 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Watches: Smallest The smallest watches are those produced by Jaeger le Coultre of Switzerland. Equipped with a 15-jeweled movement, they measure just over 1/2 in long and 3/16 in in width. Movement and case weigh under 0.25 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Watches: Heaviest T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Watches|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 70458|1036 61890|910 237466|3492 92586|3 65726|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Watches: Heaviest The Eta "watch" on the Swiss pavilion at Expo 86 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada from May-October weighed 38.5 tons and stood 80 ft high. ^ -END- -CTRL- Watches: Astronomical T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Watches|Astronomical 20 22 24 26 70526|1037 237398|3491 92586|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Watches: Astronomical The entirely mechanical Planetarium Copernicus, made by Ulysse Nardin of Switzerland, is the only wristwatch that indicates the time of day, the date, the phases of the moon, and the astronomical position of the sun, Earth, moon and the planets ^ known in Copernicus' day. It also represents the Ptolemaic universe showing the astrological "aspects" at any given time. ^ -END- -CTRL- Watches: Most expensive T Science and Technology|Timepieces|Watches|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 70594|1038 198298|2916 237602|3494 92586|5 208038|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Watches: Most expensive The record price paid for a watch is 1,894,304 pounds ($3,315,000) at Habsburg Feldman, Geneva, Switzerland on 9 Apr 1989 for a Patek Philippe "Calibre '89" with 1,728 separate parts. ^<n Excluding watches with jeweled cases, the most expensive ^ standard man's pocket watch is Heaven at Hand, known to connoisseurs as the Packard and made in 1922 by Patek Philippe for the American automobile magnate James Packard. The timepiece is the most outstanding example of a "complicated" pocket ^ watch in the world and was bought back by Patek Philippe in September 1988 for $1,200,000. To satisfy Packard's eccentric demands, Patek Philippe created a perfect celestial chart in enamel on the watch in gold casing to show the heavens as they ^ moved over Packard's hometown of Warren, OH--in fact, exactly as he could see them from his bedroom window. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Telephones T Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Telephones 20 22 24 26 70662|1039 191702|2819 218086|3207 93108|0 175106|415 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Telephones There were approximately 423,619,000 telephones in the world on 1 Jan 1989. The country with the greatest number was the United States, with 118,400,662. ^<n The city with the most telephones in the world is Tokyo, Japan with 5,511,000. The ^ greatest number of calls made in any country is in the United States with 421,022 million per year. The American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) "Worldwide Intelligent Network" handled a record 41 billion calls in 1991, with the busiest day on 2 ^ Dec, when 157.8 million calls were handled. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Busiest telephone exchange T Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Busiest telephone exchange 20 22 24 26 70730|1040 3954|58 217474|3198 93108|1 9826|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Busiest telephone exchange GPT (GEC Plessey Telecommunications Ltd) demonstrated the ability of the "System X" telephone exchange to handle 1,558,000 calls in an hour through one exchange at Beeston, Great Britain on 27 Jun 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Largest telephone T Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Largest telephone 20 22 24 26 70798|1041 122546|1802 217814|3203 93108|2 91334|593 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Largest telephone The world's largest operational telephone was exhibited at a festival on 16 Sep 1988 to celebrate the 80th birthday of Centraal Beheer, an insurance company based in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. It was 8 ft 1 in high and 19 ft 11 in long, and ^ weighed 3.8 tons. The handset, being 23 ft 5 in long, had to be lifted by crane in order for a call to be made. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Smallest telephone T \p8\D06\3904083 Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Smallest telephone 20 23 25 27 70866|1042 250794|3688 11502|169 218018|3206 93108|3 258628|96 15798|0 -PCAP- The smallest operational telephone was created by Jeff Smith of GTE Northwest, Everett, WA. It was made in 1988 to honor the company's centennial and measured 4 1/8 x 3/4 x 1 1/2 in. Next to it is one of the more usual size with the various ^ functions that telephones often have these days. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Smallest telephone The smallest operational telephone was created by Jeff Smith of GTE Northwest, Everett, WA in 1988 and measured 4 1/8 x 3/4 x 1 1/2 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Longest telephone cable T Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Longest telephone cable 20 22 24 26 70934|1043 152602|2244 217882|3204 93108|4 139100|354 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Longest telephone cable The world's longest submarine telephone cable is ANZCAN, which runs for 9,415 miles (8,181 nautical miles) from Port Alberni, Canada to Auckland, New Zealand and Sydney, Australia via Fiji and Norfolk Island. It cost some $379 million and was ^ inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in Nov 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Largest company T Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Largest company 20 22 24 26 71002|1044 122410|1800 217678|3201 93108|5 91334|591 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Largest company The largest telecommunications company in the United States is AT&T of New York, NY. As of 31 Dec 1991, gross revenues were $44.651 billion and net earnings were $522 million. The company has 317,100 employees and 2.42 million stockholders. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Longest terrestrial call T Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Longest terrestrial call 20 22 24 26 71070|1045 152670|2245 217950|3205 93108|6 139100|355 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Longest terrestrial call A telephone call around the world, over an estimated 98,700 miles, was made on 28 Dec 1985 from, and back to, the Royal Institute, London, Great Britain, during one of the Christmas lectures given by David Pye, Prof. of Zoology, University of ^ London. The international telecommunications "rule," that only one communication satellite be used at a time, was suspended for the demonstration so that both geostationary Intelsats, one over the Indian Ocean and one over the Pacific, could be ^ employed. The two "telephonists," Anieka Russell and Alison Risk, experienced a delay in their conversation of 530 milliseconds. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Largest switchboard T Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Largest switchboard 20 22 24 26 71138|1046 122478|1801 217746|3202 93108|7 91334|592 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Largest switchboard The world's biggest switchboard is the one in the Pentagon, Washington, D.C., with 25,000 lines handling over 200,000 calls per day through 100,000 miles of telephone cable. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Fastest morse code speed T Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Fastest morse code speed 20 22 24 26 71206|1047 30406|447 217610|3200 93108|8 23878|199 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Fastest morse code speed The highest recorded speed at which anyone has received Morse code is 75.2 words per minute--over 17 symbols per second. This was achieved by Ted R. McElroy of the United States in a tournament at Asheville, NC on 2 Jul 1939. ^<n The fastest speed ^ recorded for hand-key transmitting is 175 symbols a minute by Harry A. Turner of the US Army Signal Corps at Camp Crowder, MO on 9 Nov 1942. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telecommunications: Facsimile machines T \c8\D01\3805117z Science and Technology|Telecommunications|General Records|Facsimile machines 20 22 24 26 71274|1048 122342|1799 11570|170 217542|3199 93108|9 258628|95 15798|1 -PCAP- With a scanning and printing width of up to 24 in, this facsimile machine is manufactured by WideCom Group Inc., Ontario, Canada. (Photo: Mel Loynd) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telecommunications: Facsimile machines ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest facsimile (fax) machine is manufactured by WideCom Group Inc of Ontario, Canada. "Wide Fax 36" has scanning and printing facilities to 36 in. ^<n ^<4 Smallest ^>4 The world's smallest fax machine is the NEC ^ portable cellular fax machine NECi300, which can send and receive A4-size documents, and has an error correction mode. It measures 11 3/4 x 8 1/4 x 1 1/2 in and weighs 4 lb 9 1/2 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planetaria: Oldest T Science and Technology|Planetaria|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 71342|1049 232162|3414 170282|2504 93910|0 236192|141 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planetaria: Oldest The ancestor of the modern planetarium is the rotatable Gottorp Globe, built by Andreas Busch in Denmark about 1660. It was 34 ft 7 in in circumference, weighed nearly 3.9 tons and is now preserved in St Petersburg, Russia. The stars were painted ^ on the inside. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The Adler Planetarium in Chicago, IL, which opened on 12 May 1930, is the oldest planetarium in the United States. Its dome is 68 ft in diameter and it seats 450 people. ^<n ^<4 First modern ^>4 The ^ first modern planetarium was opened in 1923 in Jena, Germany; it was designed by Walther Bauersfelt of the Carl Zeiss company. ^ -END- -CTRL- Planetaria: Largest T Science and Technology|Planetaria|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 71410|1050 113094|1663 170214|2503 93910|1 91334|454 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Planetaria: Largest The world's largest planetarium is in Miyazaki, Japan, and was completed on 30 Jun 1987. The dome has a diameter of 88 ft 7 in. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The Rueben H. Fleet Space Theater & Science Center in San Diego, CA and The Ethyl Universe ^ Planetarium & Space Theater in Richmond, VA both have dome diameters of 75.5 ft. ^<n The American Museum-Hayden Planetarium, New York City has a dome diameter of 75.1 ft, but has the largest seating capacity of any planetarium in the United ^ States with 650 seats. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: Earliest T Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 71478|1051 15922|234 218154|3208 94152|0 13960|127 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: Earliest The refractive properties of lenses were certainly known in ancient times, and spectacles were in use in the 13th century. Roger Bacon ( ^I 1214-92) in England wrote extensively about lenses, and claims have been made on behalf of others, ^ notably the Elizabethan scientists Digges (father and son), and Dee. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is said to have used some sort of reflecting device to "make the moon seem larger," though this is not fully authenticated. It is very probable ^ that the first telescope actually constructed was a refractor made by H. Lippershey in Holland in October 1608. The first astronomical observations with telescopes were made shortly afterwards, notably in 1609 by Thomas Harriot (Great Britain; ^ 1560-1621), who even drew a telescopic map of the moon--though the first really systematic telescopic observations were made by Galileo from January 1610. ^<n The first reflecting telescope was made by Isaac Newton, and was presented to the Royal ^ Society in 1671 and thought to have been constructed by him in 1668 or 1669. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: Largest reflector T Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|Largest reflector 20 22 24 26 71546|1052 122750|1805 218426|3212 94152|1 91334|596 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: Largest reflector The largest single-mirror telescope now in use is the 19 ft 8 in reflector sited on Mount Semirodriki, near Zelenchukskaya in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia, at an altitude of 6,830 ft, completed in 1976. It has never come up to expectations, ^ partly because it is not set up on a really good observing site. The largest satisfactory single-mirror telescope is the 200 in Hale reflector at Mount Palomar, CA. Though the Hale was completed in 1948, it is now much more efficient than it was, ^ as it is used with electronic devices that are more sensitive than photographic plates. The CCD (Charged-Coupled Device) increases the sensitivity by a factor of around 100. ^<n ^<4 Metal-mirror ^>4 This 72 in reflector was made by the third ^ Earl of Rosse, and set up at Birr Castle, Ireland in 1845. The mirror was of speculum metal (an alloy of copper and tin). With it, Lord Rosse discovered the spiral forms of the galaxies. It was last used in 1909. ^<n ^<4 Largest partially ^ completed telescope ^>4 The Keck telescope on Mauna Kea, HI now being constructed will have a 394 in mirror, made up of 36 segments fitted together to produce the correct curve. Each segment is 72 in in aperture. An active support system holds ^ each segment in place, and ensures that the images produced are brought to the same focus. The first image of the spiral galaxy NGC 1232 was obtained on 24 Nov 1990, when nine of the segments were in place. All segments were in place by the end ^ of 1991, and the first observational programs began in 1992. A twin Keck telescope is to be set up close to the first. When completed, Keck I and Keck II will be able to work together as an interferometer. Theoretically they would be able to see ^ a car's headlights separately from a distance of 15,500 miles. ^<n ^<4 Largest planned ^>4 The largest telescope of the century should be the VLT (Very Large Telescope) being planned by the European Southern Observatory. It will consist of ^ four 26 ft 3 in telescopes working together, providing a light-grasp equal to a single 52 ft 6 in mirror. The chosen site is Paranal in northern Chile, well to the north of the La Silla Observatory in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile (see ^ First telescope to use active optics). It is hoped to have the first units working by 1995, and the complete telescope by 2000. ^<n ^<4 Multiple-mirror ^>4 The MMT (Multiple-Mirror Telescope) at the Whipple Observatory at Mount Hopkins, AZ ^ uses six 72 in mirrors together, giving a light-grasp equal to a single 176 in mirror. There are, however, considerable operational problems, and it is now planned to replace the six separate mirrors with a single large mirror. ^<n ^<4 Infrared ^ ^>4 The largest infrared reflector in Great Britain is the UKIRT (United Kingdom Infrared Telescope) on Mauna Kea, HI with a 147 in mirror. It is so good that it can be used for visual work as well as infrared. ^<n ^<4 Solar ^>4 The McMath ^ solar telescope at Kitt Peak, AZ has a 6 ft 11 in primary mirror; the light is sent to it via a 32 deg inclined tunnel from a coelostat (rotatable mirror) at the top end. Extensive modifications to it are now being planned. ^<n ^<4 Southern ^>4 ^ The largest southern hemisphere telescope is the 157 7/8 in reflector at Cerro Tololo in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. The Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) at Siding Spring in New South Wales has a 153 1/8 in mirror. ^<n ^<4 Submillimeter ^ ^>4 The James Clark Maxwell telescope on Mauna Kea, HI has a 49 ft 3 in paraboloid primary, and is used for studies of the submillimeter part of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.01-0.03 in). It does not produce a visual image. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: Largest refractor T Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|Largest refractor 20 22 24 26 71614|1053 122818|1806 218494|3213 94152|2 91334|597 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: Largest refractor A 62 ft long 40 in refractor completed in 1897 is situated at the Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, WI and belongs to the University of Chicago, IL. Although nearly 100 years old, it is still in full use on clear nights. A larger refractor ^ measuring 59 in was built in France and shown at the Paris Exhibition in 1900. However, it was a failure and was never used for scientific work. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: Largest radio dish T Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|Largest radio dish 20 22 24 26 71682|1054 122614|1803 218290|3210 94152|3 91334|594 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: Largest radio dish Radio waves from the Milky Way galaxy were first detected by Karl Jansky of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ in 1931 when he was investigating static with an improvised 100 ft aerial. The only radio telescope built for that purpose before ^ the outbreak of the war in 1939 was made by an amateur, Grote Reber, who detected radio emissions from the sun. The diameter of the dish was 31 ft 2 in. ^<n The pioneer large "dish" was the 250 ft telescope at Jodrell Bank, Great Britain, now ^ known as the Lovell Telescope, completed in 1957. It is part of the MERLIN network, which includes other dishes in various parts of Britain. ^<n The world's largest fully steerable dish is the 328-ft-diameter, 3,360-ton assembly at the Max Planck ^ Institute for Radio Astronomy of Bonn in the Effelsberger Valley, Germany; it was completed in 1971. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: Largest radio installation T \p8\D06\3703072 Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|Largest radio installation 20 22 24 26 71750|1055 122682|1804 11638|171 218358|3211 94152|4 91334|595 15954|0 -PCAP- The largest radio-telescopic installation in the US is the US National Science Foundation VLA. There are 27 mobile antennas each 82 ft in diameter arrayed along three railway arms laid out in a gigantic Y shape. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: Largest radio installation The largest radio installation is the Australian Telescope, which includes dishes at Parkes (210 ft), Siding Spring (72 ft) and Culgoora (also 72 ft). There are also links with tracking stations at Usuada and Kashima, Japan, and with the TDRS ^ (Tracking and Data Relay Satellite), which is in a geosynchronous orbit. This is equivalent to a radio telescope with an effective diameter of 2.16 Earth diameters (17,102 miles). ^<n The VLA (Very Large Array) of the US National Science ^ Foundation is Y-shaped, with each arm 13 miles long and with 27 mobile antennae (each of 82 ft diameter) on rails. It is 50 miles west of Socorro in the Plains of San Augustin, NM. It was completed on 10 Oct 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: First telescope to use active optics T Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|First telescope to use active optics 20 22 24 26 71818|1056 43326|637 218222|3209 94152|5 40936|146 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: First telescope to use active optics Active optics involves automatic correction of the mirror curve as the telescope is moved around. It gives a great increase in resolution. The first major telescope to use active optics was the New Technology Telescope (NTT) at La Silla in the ^ Atacama Desert of northern Chile, the observing site of the ESO (European Southern Observatory). The NTT, like all modern telescopes, has an altazimuth mount, and is probably the most effective ground-based telescope in use in the world today. It ^ will shortly incorporate adaptive optics, which involves compensating the shape of the mirror for minor short-term variations in the atmosphere. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: Observatories T Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|Observatories 20 22 24 26 71886|1057 161782|2379 218698|3216 94152|6 170594|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: Observatories ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest observatory building extant is the "Tower of the Winds" used by Andronichus of Cyrrhus in Athens, Greece ^I . 100 B.C., and equipped with sundials and clepsydra (water clock). ^<n ^<4 Highest ^>4 The ^ high-altitude observatory at Denver, CO is at 14,100 ft and was opened in 1973. The main instrument is a 24 in reflector. It is slightly higher than the observatory at the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii at 13,760 ft. ^<n ^<4 Lowest ^>4 The ^ lowest "observatory" is at Homestake Mine, SD, where the "telescope" is a tank of cleaning fluid (perchloroethylene), which contains chlorine, and can trap neutrinos from the sun. The installation is 1.1 miles below ground level, in the shaft of ^ a gold mine; the detector has to be at this depth, as otherwise the experiments would be confused by cosmic rays. The Homestake Observatory has been operating since 1964 and has provided results of tremendous value. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: Largest Schmidt telescope T Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|Largest Schmidt telescope 20 22 24 26 71954|1058 122886|1807 218562|3214 94152|7 91334|598 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: Largest Schmidt telescope A Schmidt telescope uses a spherical mirror with a correcting plate and can cover a very wide field with a single exposure. The largest is the 6 ft 6 in instrument at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory at Tautenberg, Germany. It has a clear ^ aperture of 53 in with a 78 3/4 in mirror, focal length 13 ft. It was brought into use in 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Telescopes: Largest space telescope T \p8\D06\39049gb Science and Technology|Telescopes|General Records|Largest space telescope 20 23 25 27 72022|1059 122954|1808 11706|172 218630|3215 94152|8 91334|599 15954|1 -PCAP- The largest is the $1.55 billion NASA Edwin P. Hubble Space Telescope. It weighs 12 tons and is 43 ft in overall length, with a 94.5 in reflector. It was placed in orbit at an altitude of 381 miles aboard the US space shuttle Discovery on 24 Apr ^ 1990. Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic are recognizable (greenish-gray) on the left. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Telescopes: Largest space telescope The largest is the $1.55 billion NASA Edwin P. Hubble Space Telescope of 12 tons and 43 ft in overall length with a 94.5 in reflector. It was placed in orbit at 381 miles altitude aboard a US space shuttle on 24 Apr 1990. When it had been launched, ^ it was found to have a defective mirror, because of a mistake in the original construction, leading to spherical aberration. It can still outperform any ground-based telescope in some areas of astronomy. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rocketry: Earliest uses T Science and Technology|Rocketry|General Records|Earliest uses 20 22 24 26 72090|1060 15174|223 189322|2784 94884|0 13960|116 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rocketry: Earliest uses War rockets, propelled by gunpowder (charcoal-saltpeter-sulfur), were described by Zeng Gongliang of China in 1042. This early form of rocket became known in Europe by 1258. ^<n The first launching of a liquid-fueled rocket (patented 14 Jul 1914) ^ was by Dr Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-1945; USA), at Auburn, MA, on 16 Mar 1926, when his rocket reached an altitude of 41 ft and traveled a distance of 184 ft. ^<n The earliest rocket in the former USSR was the semiliquid-fueled GIRD-IX ^ (Gruppa Izucheniya Reaktivnogo Dvizheniya), begun in 1931 and tested on 17 Aug 1933. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rocketry: Highest velocity T Science and Technology|Rocketry|General Records|Highest velocity 20 22 24 26 72158|1061 72294|1063 189390|2785 12250|180 94884|1 71062|142 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rocketry: Highest velocity The first space vehicle to achieve the Third Cosmic velocity--sufficient to break out of the solar system--was ^I . The Atlas SLV-3C launcher with a modified Centaur D second stage and a Thiokol TE-364-4 third stage left the Earth ^ at an unprecedented 32,114 mph on 2 Mar 1972. However, the fastest escape velocity from Earth was 34,134 mph, achieved by the ESA ^I spacecraft, powered by an IUS-PAM upper stage after deployment from the Space Shuttle ^I on 18 Oct 1989, en route to a solar polar orbit via Jupiter. ^<n ^I reached a recorded solar system speed of 131,954 mph as it passed Mercury in September 1974, but the fastest speed of approximately 158,000 mph ^ is recorded by the NASA-German ^I solar probe each time it reaches the perihelion of its solar orbit. Sister spaceship ^I will also exceed ^I 's velocity. (See Closest approach to the sun by a ^ rocket.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Rocketry: Most powerful rocket T \p8\D06\3504071 Science and Technology|Rocketry|General Records|Most powerful rocket 20 24 26 28 72226|1062 202310|2975 11774|173 189458|2786 94884|2 214122|15 16110|0 -PCAP- The USSR's ^I , first launched on 15 May 1987 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, is seen here attached to the Soviet Space Shuttle, and alongside the US Shuttle and an average domestic house for comparison. Weighing 2,645 tons and with a ^ thrust of 3,840 tons, it is capable of placing 116 tons into low Earth orbit. lt measures 192 ft 7 in tall with a maximum diameter of 52 ft 6 in and comprises a core stage powered by four liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen engines--the first ^ cryogenic units flown by the Russians on a first stage. There are also four strap-on boosters powered by single RD-170 engines burning liquid oxygen and kerosene. (Artwork: Rhoda and Robert Bums for Guinness Publishing) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rocketry: Most powerful rocket The NI booster of the former USSR, first launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan (then USSR) on 21 Feb 1969, had a thrust of 5,090 tons but exploded at takeoff + 70 secs. Three other launch attempts also failed. Its current booster ^I , ^ first launched on 15 May 1987 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, when fully loaded weighed 2,645 tons and had a thrust of 3,840 tons. It was capable of placing 116 tons into low Earth orbit and measured 192 ft 7 in tall with a maximum diameter of 52 ^ ft 6 in. It comprised a core stage powered by four liquid oxygen and hydrogen engines--the first cryogenic units flown by the Russians. Four strap-on boosters powered by single RD-170 engines burning liquid oxygen and kerosene were used. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rocketry: Most powerful rocket engine T \p8\D06\3805113a Science and Technology|Rocketry|General Records|Most powerful rocket engine 20 23 25 27 72294|1063 202378|2976 11842|174 189526|2787 94884|3 214122|16 16110|1 -PCAP- Built in 1980, the RD-170 rocket engine was used with the ^I and ^I rockets to take the Buran shuttle into low Earth orbit or for space-ships to Mars. It has a turbopump of 190 MW that burns liquid oxygen and kerosene. ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rocketry: Most powerful rocket engine The most powerful rocket engine was built in the former USSR by Scientific Industrial Corporation of Energetic Engineering in 1980. The engine has a thrust of 2,645.5 tons in open space and a thrust of 4,409.5 tons at the Earth's surface. The ^ RD-170 has a turbopump of 190 MW and burns liquid oxygen and kerosene. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rocketry: Altitude records (table) B \t\D01\0401952a Science and Technology|Rocketry|General Records|Altitude records (table) 20 22 24 28 72362|1064 72226|1062 189254|2783 94884|4 71062|141 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- * Apogee in solar orbit. <1> There is some evidence that Tiling may shortly after have reached 5.90 miles with a solid fuel rocket at Wangerooge, East Friesian Islands, Germany. <2> The A.4 rocket was later referred to as the V2 rocket, a code ^ for second revenge weapon (vergeltungswaffe) following upon the V1 {flying bomb.} <3> The V2/WAC height of 244 miles may have been exceeded during the period 1950--56 before the Jupiter C flight, as the Soviets reported in 1954 that a rocket had ^ reached 240 miles at an unspecified date. <4> Distance on crossing Pluto's orbit on 17 Oct 1986. It is now much deeper into space and will be surpassed by Voyager 1. Pioneer II and Voyager 2 are also leaving the solar system. ^ -TEXT- Rocketry: Altitude records (table) Spaceflight: Progressive Rocket Altitude Records (Table) PROGRESSIVE ROCKET ALTITUDE RECORDS HEIGHT ROCKET PLACE LAUNCH DATE (MILES) 0 .71 A 3 in rocket London, Great Britain Apr 1750 1 .25 Reinhold Tiling<1> (Germany) solid fuel rocket ^ Osnabruck, Germany Apr 1931 3 .04 GIRD-X semi-liquid fuel (USSR) Moscow, USSR (now Russia) 25 Nov 1933 52 .46 A.4 rocket (Germany)<2> Peenemu[um]nde, Germany 3 Oct 1942 c. 85 A.4 rocket (Germany) Heidelager, Polandearly 1944 118 A.4 ^ rocket (Germany) Heidelager, Polandmid 1944 244 V2/WAC Corporal (2-stage) Bumper No. 5 (USA) White Sands, NM<3> 24 Feb 1949 682 Jupiter C (USA) Cape Canaveral, FL 20 Sep 1956 >800 ICBM test flight R-7 (USSR) Tyuratam, USSR (now ^ Kazakhstan) 21 Aug 1957 >2,700 Farside No. 5 (4-stage; USA) Eniwetok Atoll 20 Oct 1957 70,700 Pioneer 1-B Lunar Probe (USA) Cape Canaveral, FL1 1 Oct 1958 215,300,000 * Luna 1 or Mechta[ac] (USSR) Tyuratam, USSR (now Kazakhstan) 2 Jan 1959 ^ 242,000,000 * Mars 1 (USSR) Tyuratam, USSR (now Kazakhstan) 1 Nov 1962 3,666,000,000 <4> Pioneer 10 (USA) Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL 2 Mar 1972 ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: First physical laws T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|First physical laws 20 22 24 26 72430|1065 42442|624 203466|2992 95336|0 40936|133 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: First physical laws The physical laws controlling the flight of artificial satellites were first postulated by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) in his ^I ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), begun in March ^ 1686 and first published in July 1687. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: First artificial satellite T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|First artificial satellite 20 22 24 26 72498|1066 42170|620 203194|2988 95336|1 40936|129 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: First artificial satellite The first artificial satellite was successfully put into orbit from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam, Kazakhstan 170 miles east of the Aral Sea and 155 miles south of the town of Baikonur on the night of 4 Oct 1957. It reached an altitude of ^ between 142 miles (perigee or nearest point to Earth) and 588 miles (apogee or furthest point from Earth) and a velocity of more than 17,750 mph. This spherical satellite, called ^I ("Fellow Traveler"), was officially designated ^ "Satellite 1957 Alpha 2." It weighed 184.3 lb, with a diameter of 22 3/4 in; its lifetime is believed to have been 92 days, ending on 4 Jan 1958. The 96 ft 9 in SL-4 launcher was designed under the direction of former Gulag prisoner Dr Sergei ^ Pavlovich Korolyov (1907-66). ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: First manned spaceflight T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|First manned spaceflight 20 22 24 26 72566|1067 42306|622 203330|2990 11502|169 95336|2 40936|131 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: First manned spaceflight The earliest manned spaceflight ratified by the world governing body, the ^I (FAI, founded 1905), was by Cosmonaut Flight Major (later Col.) Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934-68) in ^I on ^ 12 Apr 1961. Details filed showed takeoff to be from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan at 6:07 A.M. GMT and the landing near Smelovka, near Engels, in the Saratov region, of Russia, 108 minutes later. Col. Gagarin landed separately from his ^ spacecraft, by parachute, after ejecting as planned, as did all the ^I pilots. ^<n The maximum altitude during ^I 's 25,394 1/2 mile flight was listed at 203 miles, with a maximum speed of 17,560 mph. Col. Gagarin, ^ invested a Hero of the Soviet Union and awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal, was killed in a jet plane crash near Moscow on 27 Mar 1968. ^<n There were 151 manned spaceflights to 7 May 1992, of which 77 were American and 73 Soviet. ^ ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 On 5 May 1961, aboard ^I , Cdr Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (USN) became the first American to man a spaceflight. The suborbital flight, which lasted 15 min 28 sec, covered 302 miles and reached an altitude of ^ 116.5 miles. ^<n John H. Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth. His flight aboard ^I ( ^I ) was launched at 9:47 A.M. EST on 20 Feb 1962 and splashed down into the Atlantic Ocean at 2:43 P.M. EST that ^ same day. Glenn completed three orbits of the Earth and traveled approximately 81,000 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: First woman in space T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|First woman in space 20 22 24 26 72634|1068 42646|627 203670|2995 12318|181 95336|3 40936|136 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: First woman in space The first woman to orbit the Earth was Junior Lt (now Lt-Col. Eng) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (b. 6 Mar 1937), who was launched in ^I from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan at 9:30 A.M. GMT on 16 Jun 1963, and landed at ^ 8:16 A.M. on 19 June, after a flight of 2 days 22 hr 50 min, during which she completed over 48 orbits (1.23 million miles) and passed momentarily within three miles of ^I . As of 31 Mar 1992 a total of eighteen women had flown ^ into space--14 Americans, two Soviets, one from Great Britain and one Canadian. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The first American woman in space was Sally Ride, who was launched in the US space shuttle ^I on 18 Jun 1983, and ^ returned to Earth 24 Jun. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: First spacewalk T \m\00000010 Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|First spacewalk 20 22 24 26 72702|1069 42578|626 203602|2994 95336|4 40936|135 1518|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- While James McDivitt piloted ^I , Edward H. White became the first American to walk in space on 3 June 1965, duplicating Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov's feat from three months earlier. (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: First spacewalk Lt-Col. (now Maj. Gen.) Aleksey Arkhipovich Leonov (b. 20 May 1934) from ^I was the first person to engage in EVA ("extravehicular activity") on 18 Mar 1965. The first woman to perform an EVA was Svetlana Savitskaya (b. 8 Aug 1948) ^ from ^I on 25 Jul 1985. ^<n The greatest number of spacewalks is eight by Soviet cosmonauts Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov during two missions in 1984 and 1986. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The first American to "walk" ^ in space was Edward H. White II (1930-67) from the spacecraft ^I on 3 Jun 1965. Between 3-7 Jun, White and James McDivitt completed 62 circuits in orbit around the Earth, and it was during the third orbit that White left the ^ capsule and, using a 25-ft lifeline, maneuvered for 20 minutes in space. ^<n The first American woman to "walk" in space was Kathryn D. Sullivan, on 11 Oct 1984, as part of the space shuttle ^I mission 5-13 Oct 1984. ^<n Capt. ^ Bruce McCandless II (b. 8 Jun 1937; USN), from the space shuttle ^I , was the first to engage in untethered EVA, at an altitude of 164 miles above Hawaii, on 7 Feb 1984. His MMU (Manned Maneuvering Unit) back-pack cost $15 ^ million to develop. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Longest spacewalk T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Longest spacewalk 20 22 24 26 72770|1070 151378|2226 204078|3001 95336|5 139100|336 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Longest spacewalk The longest recorded spacewalk in Earth orbit was one of 8 hr 29 min, by Pierre Thuot, Rick Hieb and Tom Akers of ^I ^I on 13 May 1992. The longest spacewalk by Soviet cosmonauts was an EVA by Anatoli Solovyov and ^ Alexander Balandin outside the Mir space station on 1 Jul 1990. It lasted 7 hr 16 min. ^<n The longest spacewalk in lunar orbit was the second lunar EVA by Eugene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on ^I . It lasted 7 hr 37 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Most space fatalities T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Most space fatalities 20 22 24 26 72838|1071 190886|2807 204350|3005 13678|201 95336|6 175106|403 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Most space fatalities The greatest published number to perish in any of the 151 attempted spaceflights to 7 May 1992 is seven (five men and two women) aboard the ^I on 28 Jan 1986, when an explosion occurred 73 sec after liftoff, at a height of ^ 47,000 ft. ^I broke apart under extreme aerodynamic overpressure. Four people, all Soviet, have been killed during actual spaceflight--Vladimir Komarov on 24 Apr 1967 on ^I , which crashed on landing; and the ^ un-spacesuited Georgi Dobrovolsky, Viktor Patsayev and Vladislav Volkov, who died when their ^I spacecraft depressurized during reentry on 29 Jun 1971. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Oldest and youngest astronauts T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Oldest and youngest astronauts 20 22 24 26 72906|1072 234066|3442 204418|3006 95336|7 236192|169 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Oldest and youngest astronauts ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest astronaut of the 270 people in space (to 7 May 1992) was Vance DeVoe Brand (USA; b. 9 May 1931), age 59, while on the space shuttle mission aboard the ^I 2-10 Dec 1990. The oldest woman was ^ Shannon Lucid (USA), aged 48 years on space shuttle mission ^I in July 1991. Lucid is also the first woman to make three space flights. ^<n ^<4 Youngest ^>4 The youngest was Major (later Lt-Gen) Gherman Stepanovich ^ Titov (b. 11 Sep 1935), who was 25 years 329 days when launched in ^I on 6 Aug 1961. The youngest woman in space was Valentina Tereshkova, 26. (See First woman in space.) ^<n The youngest American astronaut was astrophysicist ^ Tamara Jernigan, who on 5 Jun 1991, aged 32 years, was launched aboard ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Longest and shortest manned spaceflight T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Longest and shortest manned spaceflight 20 22 24 26 72974|1073 151242|2224 203942|2999 95336|8 139100|334 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Longest and shortest manned spaceflight The longest manned flight was by Col. Vladimir Georgeyevich Titov (b. 1 Jan 1947) and Flight Engineer Musa Khiramanovich Manarov (b. 22 Mar 1951), who were launched to the Mir space station aboard ^I on 21 Dec 1987, and landed, in ^ ^I (with French spationaut Jean-Loup Chretien), at a secondary recovery site near Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, on 21 Dec 1988, after a spaceflight lasting 365 days 22 hr 39 min 47 sec. The shortest manned flight was made by Cdr Alan ^ B. Shepard, Jr. (b. 18 Nov 1923; USN) aboard ^I on 5 May 1961. His suborbital mission lasted 15 min 28 sec. ^<n The most experienced space traveler is the Soviet flight engineer Musa Manarov, who clocked 541 days 31 min ^ 10 sec on two space flights in 1987-88 and 1990-91. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Gerald P. Carr, Edward G. Gibson and William R. Pogue manned the longest American flight aboard ^I , which was launched 16 Nov 1974 and splashed ^ down 8 Feb 1975, after 2,017 hrs 15 min 32 sec in space. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Longest lunar mission T \m\00000029 Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Longest lunar mission 20 22 25 27 73042|1074 151310|2225 204010|3000 95336|9 139100|335 1518|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- The crew of ^I included the first geologist to travel to the Moon, Harrison Schmitt. He and Eugene Cernan covered 22 miles on the Moon in their Rover. ^I was the last mission in the Apollo lunar landing program. ^ (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Longest lunar mission The crew of ^I collected a record 253 lb of rock and soil during their three EVAS of 22 hr 5 min. They were Capt. Eugene A. Cernan, USN (b. 14 Mar 1934) and Dr Harrison H. (Jack) Schmitt (b. 3 Jul 1935), who became the 12th man on ^ the moon. The crew were on the lunar surface for 74 hr 59 min during the longest of lunar missions, which took 12 days 13 hr 51 min on 7-19 Dec 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Most journeys T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Most journeys 20 22 24 26 73110|1075 190818|2806 204282|3004 95336|10 175106|402 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Most journeys Capt. John Watts Young (USN ret.) (b. 24 Sep 1930) completed his sixth spaceflight on 8 Dec 1983, when he relinquished command of ^I ^I after a space career of 34 days 19 hr 41 min 53 sec. Young flew ^I and ^I . The greatest number of flights by a Soviet cosmonaut is five, by Vladimir Dzhanibekov (between 1978 and 1985). The most by a woman is three, by Shannon Lucid ( ^I , ^I and ^I ) and Kathryn Sullivan ( ^I , ^I and ^I ). Lucid is scheduled to make a fourth flight in 1993. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Largest crew T \p8\D06\3805119 Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Largest crew 20 22 24 26 73178|1076 118942|1749 11910|175 203874|2998 16194|238 95336|11 91334|540 16266|0 -PCAP- On 30 Oct 1985, ^I lifted off with eight crew members aboard. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Largest crew The largest crew on a single space mission was eight. This included one female and was launched on space shuttle ^I , the 22nd shuttle mission, on 30 Oct 1985, carrying the German ^I laboratory. The ^ mission, commanded by Henry W. "Hank" Hartsfield, lasted 7 days 44 min 51 sec. The greatest number of women in a space crew is three (of seven) on ^I in June 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Most in space T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Most in space 20 22 24 26 73246|1077 190750|2805 204214|3003 95336|12 175106|401 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Most in space The greatest number of people in space at any one time has been 12, on three occasions. Seven Americans were aboard the space shuttle ^I , two Soviet cosmonauts were aboard the ^I space station, and two cosmonauts ^ and one Japanese journalist were aboard ^I on 2-10 Dec 1990. On 23-24 Mar 1992, six Americans and one Belgian were on space shuttle ^I , two Soviet cosmonauts were on ^I and two Soviet cosmonauts and a ^ German were on ^I . On 31 Jul 1992 four CIS cosmonauts and one Frenchman were aboard ^I ; and five US astronauts, one Swiss and one Italian were aboard the space shuttle ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: First on the moon T \m\00000011 Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|First on the moon 20 22 24 26 73314|1078 42374|623 203398|2991 95336|13 40936|132 1518|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- Flown by Neil Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, the ^I Lunar Excursion Module makes the first manned landing on the Moon (21 July 1969). Michael Collins remained in Command Module ^I . (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: First on the moon Neil Alden Armstrong (b. 5 Aug 1930), command pilot of the ^I mission, became the first human to set foot on the moon, on the Sea of Tranquility, at 02:56 and 15 sec GMT on 21 Jul 1969. He was followed out of the lunar module ^I by Col. Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr., USAF (b. 20 Jan 1930) while the command module ^I , piloted by Lt. Col. Michael Collins, USAF (b. 31 Oct 1930), orbited above. ^<n ^I landed at 20:17 and 42 sec GMT ^ on 20 July and lifted off at 17:54 GMT on 21 July, after a stay of 21 hr 36 min. ^I had blasted off from Cape Canaveral, FL at 13:32 GMT on 16 July and was a culmination of the US space program, up to that point, which, at its ^ peak, employed 376,600 people and attained in 1966-67 a record budget of $5.9 billion. ^<n There were six lunar landings altogether, and twelve people made a total of 14 EVAs on the moon totalling 79 hr 35 min between July 1969 and December 1972. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Greatest altitude T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Greatest altitude 20 22 24 26 73382|1079 51486|757 203738|2996 95336|14 52992|94 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Greatest altitude The greatest altitude attained by humans was when the crew of the ^I were at apocynthion (i.e., their furthest point) 158 miles above the lunar surface, and 248,655 miles above the Earth's surface at 1:21 A.M. EST on 14 Apr 1970. ^ The crew were Capt. James Arthur Lovell, Jr., USN (b. 25 Mar 1928), Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. (b. 14 Nov 1933) and John L. Swigert (1931-82). ^<n The greatest altitude attained by an American woman is 330 miles by astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan (b. ^ 3 Oct 1951; USA) during her flight in space shuttle ^I on 24 Apr 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Fastest speed T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 73450|1080 29386|432 203126|2987 95336|15 23878|184 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Fastest speed The fastest speed at which humans have traveled is 24,791 mph when the command module of ^I carrying Col. (now Brig. Gen) Thomas Patten Stafford, USAF (b. 17 Sep 1930), and Cdr Eugene Andrew Cernan, USN (b. 14 Mar 1934) and Cdr ^ (now Capt.) John Watts Young, USN (b. 24 Sep 1930), reached this maximum value at the 75.7 mile altitude interface on its trans-Earth round-trip flight on 26 May 1969. ^<n The fastest speed recorded by a woman is 17,864 mph by Kathryn Sullivan at ^ the start of reentry at the end of the ^I shuttle mission on 29 Apr 1990. The highest recorded by a Soviet space traveler was 17,470 mph by Valentina Tereshkova of the USSR (see First woman in space) in ^I ^ on 16 Jun 1963, although because orbital injection of Soyuz spacecraft occurs at a marginally lower altitude, it is probable that Tereshkova's speed was exceeded twice by Svetlana Savitskaya aboard ^I and ^I on 19 Aug ^ 1982 and 17 Jul 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Closest approach to the sun T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Closest approach to the sun 20 22 24 26 73518|1081 4430|65 203058|2986 95336|16 10628|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Closest approach to the sun The research spacecraft ^I approached within 27 million miles of the sun, carrying both US and German instrumentation, on 16 Apr 1976. (See Highest velocity.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Remotest man-made object T \p8\D06\3704086 \m\00000028 Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Remotest man-made object 20 23 26 28 73586|1082 238826|3512 11978|176 204486|3007 95336|17 252566|5 16266|1 1518|4 -PCAP- A member of the Voyager Mission imaging team processing data from the ^I spacecraft to produce a full-color image of the planet Neptune at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, USA. (Photo: Science Photo ^ Library) ^ -MCAP- Originally designed to have a 21-month lifetime, ^I surpassed this and is now the remotest man-made object in space. ^I was also the first spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. ^ (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Remotest man-made object ^I , launched from Cape Canaveral, FL, crossed the mean orbit of Pluto on 17 Oct 1986, being then at a distance of 3.67 billion miles from Earth. In A.D. 34,593 it will make its nearest approach to the star ^I , 10.3 ^ light-years distant. ^I , traveling faster, will surpass ^I in remoteness from the Earth. ^I and ^I are also leaving the solar system. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: First extraterrestrial vehicle T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|First extraterrestrial vehicle 20 22 24 26 73654|1083 42238|621 203262|2989 95336|18 40936|130 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: First extraterrestrial vehicle The first wheeled vehicle landed on the moon was the unmanned ^I , which began its Earth-controlled travels on 17 Nov 1970. It moved a total of 6.54 miles on gradients up to 304 deg in the Mare Imbrium and did not break down until ^ 4 Oct 1971. The lunar speed and distance record was set by the manned ^I Rover, with 11.2 mph downhill and 22.4 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Heaviest and largest space objects T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Heaviest and largest space objects 20 22 24 26 73722|1084 118874|1748 203806|2997 95336|19 65726|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Heaviest and largest space objects The heaviest object orbited is the ^I third stage of the ^I spacecraft, which, prior to translunar injection into parking orbit, weighed 309,690 lb. The 440 lb US RAE (Radio Astronomy Explorer) B, or ^I , launched on 10 Jun 1973, was, however, larger, with antennae 1,500 ft from tip to tip. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: Most expensive projects T Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|Most expensive projects 20 22 24 26 73790|1085 198026|2912 204146|3002 95336|20 208038|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: Most expensive projects The total cost of the US manned space program as of 14 Feb 1992 was $78.3 billion. The first 15 years of the Soviet space program, from 1958 to September 1973, are estimated to have cost $45 billion. The aggregate cost of the NASA Shuttle program ^ is $42.8 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Space Flight: First reusable spacecraft T \m\00000012 Science and Technology|Space Flight|General Records|First reusable spacecraft 20 22 24 26 73858|1086 42510|625 203534|2993 95336|21 40936|134 1518|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- ^I , the first flight orbiter in the U.S. Space Shuttle program, being launched (12 April 1981). Robert Crippen and John W. Young were aboard. (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Space Flight: First reusable spacecraft The US space shuttle ^I , the world's first reusable spacecraft, lifted off from its launch pad at Cape Canaveral, FL, on 12 Apr 1981 at 7 A.M. EST. After 36 orbits and 54 hours in space, the craft glided to a perfect landing ^ on a dry lake bed at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert, CA on 14 Apr at 1:21 P.M. EST. The craft was manned by John W. Young, USN and Robert L. Crippen. As of 14 Feb 1992 there have been 44 space shuttle flights using four shuttle ^ craft: ^I , ^I , ^I and ^I . ^I has flown the most times with 13 missions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Earliest and oldest T Buildings and Structures|Early Structures|General Records|Earliest and oldest 20 22 24 26 73926|1087 224546|3302 36866|542 97694|0 13960|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Earliest and oldest The earliest-known human structure may be the footings of a windbreak. It is a rough circle of loosely piled lava blocks found on the lowest cultural level at the Lower Paleolithic site at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, revealed by Dr Mary Leakey in ^ January 1960. The ring of several hundred stones was associated with artifacts and bones on a work-floor, dating from ^I 1,750,000 B.C. ^<n The earliest evidence of ^I yet discovered is that of 21 huts with hearths or ^ pebble-lined pits and delimited by stake-holes found in October 1965 at the Terra Amata site in Nice, France, thought to belong to the Acheulian culture of ^I 400,000 years ago. Excavation carried out between 28 Jun and 5 Jul 1966 ^ revealed one hut with palisaded walls with axes of 49 ft and 20 ft. ^<n The remains of a stone tower 20 ft high originally built into the walls of Jericho have been excavated and are dated to 5000 B.C. The foundations of the walls themselves have ^ been dated to as early as 8350 B.C. ^<n The oldest freestanding structures in the world are now believed to be the megalithic temples at Mgarr and Skorba in Malta. With those at Ggantija in Gozo, they date from ^I 3250 B.C., some 3 1/2 ^ centuries earlier than the earliest Egyptian pyramid. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest construction project T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest construction project 20 22 24 26 73994|1088 86370|1270 37206|547 98426|0 91334|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest construction project The Madinat Al-Jubail Al-Sinaiyah project in Saudi Arabia is the largest public works project in modern times. Construction started in 1976 for an industrial city covering 250,705 acres. At the peak of construction nearly 52,000 workers were ^ employed, representing 62 nationalities. The total earth dredging and moving volume has reached 953.5 billion cu ft, enough to construct a 3-foot high belt around the Earth at the equator seven times. ^<n The seawater cooling system is believed ^ to be the world's largest canal system, bringing 353 million cu ft of seawater per day to cool the industrial establishment. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest urban development T \p8\D06\3905088 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest urban development 20 22 24 26 74062|1089 86846|1277 12046|177 37682|554 98426|1 91334|68 16998|0 -PCAP- An aerial view of the largest regeneration project in the world, the London Docklands, which covers an area 8 1/2 sq miles. (Photo: Images Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest urban development The largest urban regeneration project in the world is that of the London Docklands, which covers 8 1/2 sq mi. By 1992 8 billion pounds sterling had been invested by the private sector together with a further 1.1 billion pounds sterling injected by ^ the London Docklands Development Corporation. Over 27 million cu ft of commercial development space and over 17,000 new homes have been completed or are under construction, and 3.5 billion pounds is being invested in new public transport. More ^ than 40,000 jobs have been created since 1981. The Canary Wharf development in the London Docklands is also the world's largest commercial development. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest industrial T \p8\D06\3905089 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest industrial 20 23 25 27 74130|1090 86642|1274 12114|178 37478|551 98426|2 91334|65 16998|1 -PCAP- This photo-montage shows the Asia Terminals Ltd container freight station at Kwai Chung, Hong Kong with a representation of the uncompleted work superimposed on the existing structure. The total floor area on completion at the end of 1992 will be ^ 9,321,171.7 sq ft. (Photo: Asia Terminals) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest industrial The largest multilevel industrial building that is one discrete structure is the container freight station of Asia Terminals Ltd at Hong Kong's Kwai Chung container port. The gross floor area completed by April 1992 was 6,148,660 sq ft, and the ^ total area on completion of the 15-story building, scheduled for the end of 1992, will be 9,321,171.7 sq ft. The building plan area is 905.5 x 958 ft and 359.25 ft high. It has a total floor area of 21.4 acres and its height is 359 ft. The ^ building's volume will be 206,698.87 cu ft. The entire area in each floor is directly accessible by 46 ft container trucks, and the building includes 16.67 miles of roadway and 2,609 container truck parking bays. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest commercial T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest commercial 20 22 24 26 74198|1091 86302|1269 37138|546 98426|3 91334|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest commercial The greatest ground area covered by any commercial building in the world under one roof is the flower auction building of the Co-operative VBA (Verenigde Bloemenveilingen Aalsmeer), Aalsmeer, Netherlands, with dimensions of 2,546 x 2,070 ft. The ^ original floor surface of 84.82 acres was extended in 1986 to 91.05 acres. ^<n The assembly plant with the largest cubic capacity in the world is that of the Boeing Company at Everett, WA, completed in 1968, with a volume capacity of 2,440,000 sq ^ ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest scientific T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest scientific 20 22 24 26 74266|1092 86778|1276 37614|553 98426|4 91334|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest scientific The most capacious scientific building is the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at Complex 39, the selected site for the final assembly and launching of the ^I spacecraft on the Saturn V rocket, at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on ^ Merritt Island, Cape Canaveral, FL. Construction was begun in April 1963 by the Ursum Consortium. It is a steel-framed building measuring 716 ft in length, 518 ft in width and 525 ft high. The building contains four bays, each with its own door ^ 460 ft high. Its floor area is 7.88 acres and its capacity is 129.5 million cu ft. The building was "topped out" on 14 Apr 1965, the cost then amounting to $108,700,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest administrative T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest administrative 20 22 24 26 74334|1093 86234|1268 37070|545 98426|5 91334|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest administrative The largest ground area covered by any office building is that of the Pentagon, in Arlington, VA. Built to house the US Defense Department's offices, it was completed on 15 Jan 1943 and cost an estimated $83 million. Each of the outermost sides is ^ 921 ft long and the perimeter of the building is about 4,610 ft. Its five stories enclose a floor area of 149.2 acres. The corridors total 17 miles in length and there are 7,748 windows to be cleaned. There are 29,000 people working in the ^ building, which has over 44,000 telephones connected by 160,000 miles of cable. There are 220 employees to handle 280,000 calls a day. Two restaurants, six cafeterias, ten snack bars and a staff of 675 form the catering department. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest office T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest office 20 22 24 26 74402|1094 86710|1275 37546|552 98426|6 91334|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest office The complex with the largest rentable space is the World Trade Center in New York City with a total of 100.32 acres in each of the twin towers. Tower Two is 1,377 ft high, incorporating the observation deck on top. The tip of the TV antenna on ^ Tower One is 1,710 ft above street level and is thus 3 ft taller than the antennae on top of the Sears Tower (see Tallest). There are 99 elevators in each tower building and 43,600 windows comprising 600,000 sq ft of glass. There are 50,000 ^ people working in the complex and 90,000 visitors daily. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Highest rentals T \c8\D01\3808175z Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Highest rentals 20 23 25 27 74470|1095 64406|947 12182|179 36934|543 98426|7 71062|27 16998|2 -PCAP- The Ginza district (left) of Toyko, Japan, where the rent can reach $243.01 per sq ft, and a parking space costs $2 million extra in rental. High-rise rents at the commercial and residential Kioicho building in Akasaka, Japan (right) are over ^ $17,000 per month--payable ten months in advance! (Photos: Images and Gamma/Wada) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Highest rentals The highest rentals in the world for prime offices, according to ^I by Richard Ellis of London, Great Britain, are in Tokyo, Japan at $224.78 per sq ft per year (December 1991). With added service charges and rates this ^ is increased to $243.01 per sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest exhibition center T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest exhibition center 20 22 24 26 74538|1096 86506|1272 37342|549 98426|8 91334|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest exhibition center The International Exposition Center in Cleveland, OH, the world's largest, is situated on a 188 acre site adjacent to Cleveland Hopkin's International Airport in a building that measures 57.39 acres. An indoor terminal provides direct rail access ^ and parking for 10,000 cars. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest demolished by explosives T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest demolished by explosives 20 22 24 26 74606|1097 86438|1271 37274|548 98426|9 91334|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest demolished by explosives The largest was the 21-story Traymore Hotel, Atlantic City, NJ on 26 May 1972 by Controlled Demolition Inc. of Towson, MD. This 600-room hotel had a cubic capacity of 6.5 million cu ft. ^<n The tallest chimney ever demolished by explosives was the ^ Matla Power Station chimney, Kriel, South Africa, on 19 Jul 1981. It stood 902 ft and was brought down by the Santon (Steeplejack) Co. Ltd of Greater Manchester, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Largest fumigation T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Largest fumigation 20 22 24 26 74674|1098 86574|1273 37410|550 98426|10 91334|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Largest fumigation Carried out during the restoration of the Mission Inn complex in Riverside, CA on 28 Jun-1 Jul 1987 to rid the buildings of termites, the fumigation was performed by Fume Masters Inc. of Riverside. Over 350 tarpaulins were used, each weighing up to ^ 350 lb, and the operation involved completely covering the 70,000 sq ft site and buildings--domes, minarets, chimneys and balconies, some of which exceeded 100 ft in height. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Tallest office T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Tallest office 20 22 24 26 74742|1099 253650|3730 37750|555 22178|326 98426|11 267614|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Tallest office The tallest office building in the world is the Sears Tower, national headquarters of Sears, Roebuck & Co. on Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, with 110 stories, rising to 1,454 ft. Its gross area is 103.3 acres. Construction was started in August 1970 ^ and it was "topped out" on 4 May 1973, having surpassed the World Trade Center in New York City in height at 2:35 P.M. on 6 Mar 1973 with the first steel column reaching to the 104th story. It does not, however, surpass the World Trade Center for ^ most rentable space. The addition of two TV antennae brought the total height to 1,707 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Tallest unbuilt structure T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Tallest unbuilt structure 20 22 24 26 74810|1100 253718|3731 37818|556 98426|12 267614|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Buildings: Tallest unbuilt structure The tallest unbuilt structure yet designed is the proposed "Millenium Tower" planned by the Japanese Ohbuyashi building conglomerate for a reclaimed site in Tokyo Bay. The design by Sir Norman Foster calls for a conical tower 2,624.6 ft tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Buildings: Highest structures in the US (table) B \t\D01\0500141a Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|General Records|Highest structures in the US (table) 20 22 24 26 74878|1101 253582|3729 37002|544 98426|13 267614|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Source: Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat; Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA ^ -TEXT- Buildings: Highest structures in the US (table) Tallest structures: Highest Structures in the U.S. (Table) HIGHEST STRUCTURES IN THE UNITED STATES Feet Stories Building Year Completed 1,454 110 Sears Tower, Chicago, IL 1974 1,377 110 World Trade Center (North), New York City 1972 1,362 110 ^ World Trade Center (South), New York City 1973 1,250 102 Empire State Building, New York City 1931 1,136 80 Amoco Building, Chicago, IL 1973 1,127 100 John Hancock Center, Chicago, IL 1968 1,046 77 Chrysler Building, New York City 1930 1,012 75 ^ Library Square Tower, Los Angeles, CA 1989 1,000 79 Texas Commerce Plaza, Houston, TX 1982 970 71 Allied Bank Plaza, Houston, TX 1983 ^ -END- -CTRL- Habitations: Greatest altitude T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Habitations|Greatest altitude 20 22 24 26 74946|1102 48834|718 99290|1460 99422|0 52992|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Habitations: Greatest altitude The highest inhabited buildings in the world are those in the Indo-Tibetan border fort of Baisisi by the Maina Pass (Lat. 31 deg 04'N, Long. 79 deg 24'E) at ^I 19,700 ft. ^<n In April 1961 a three-room dwelling was discovered at 21,650 ft ^ on Cerro Llullaillaco (22,057 ft), on the Argentina-Chile border, believed to date from the late pre-Columbian period ^I 1480. A settlement on the T'e-li-mo trail in southern Tibet is sited at an altitude of 19,800 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Habitations: Northernmost T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Habitations|Northernmost 20 22 24 26 75014|1103 222166|3267 99358|1461 99422|1 235756|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Habitations: Northernmost The Danish scientific station set up in 1952 in Pearyland, northern Greenland is over 900 miles north of the Arctic Circle and is manned every summer. Inuit hearths dated to before 1000 B.C. were discovered there in 1969. Polar Inuits were ^ discovered in Inglefield Land, northwest Greenland in 1818. ^<n The former USSR's drifting research station "North Pole 15" passed within 1 1/4 miles of the North Pole in December 1967. ^<n The most northerly continuously inhabited place is the ^ Canadian Department of National Defense outpost at Alert on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories at Lat. 82 deg 30' N, Long. 62 deg W, set up in 1950. ^ -END- -CTRL- Habitations: Southernmost T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Habitations|Southernmost 20 22 24 26 75082|1104 251474|3698 99426|1462 99422|2 266080|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Habitations: Southernmost The most southerly permanent human habitation is the United States' Amundsen-Scott South Polar Station, completed in 1957 and replaced in 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Embassies and Civic Buildings: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Embassies and Civic Buildings|Largest 20 22 24 26 75150|1105 94802|1394 73518|1081 99648|0 91334|185 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Embassies and Civic Buildings: Largest The embassy of the former USSR, now the Russian embassy, on Bei Xiao Jie, Beijing, China, in the northeastern corner of the northern walled city, occupies the whole 45 acre area of the old Orthodox Church Mission (established 1728), now known as ^ the ^I . It was handed over to the USSR in 1949. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest American embassy is in Bonn, Germany, at 6.6 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shopping Centers: First T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Shopping Centers|First 20 22 24 26 75218|1106 41694|613 198910|2925 99734|0 40936|122 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shopping Centers: First The world's first shopping center was built in 1896 at Roland Park, Baltimore, MD. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shopping Centers: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Shopping Centers|Largest 20 22 24 26 75286|1107 118670|1745 198978|2926 99734|1 91334|536 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shopping Centers: Largest The world's largest center is the $1.1 billion West Edmonton Mall in Alberta, Canada, which was opened on 15 Sep 1981 and completed four years later. It covers 5.2 million sq ft on a 121 acre site and encompasses over 800 stores and services as ^ well as 11 major department stores. Parking is provided for 20,000 vehicles for more than 500,000 shoppers per week. ^<n The world's largest wholesale merchandise mart is the Dallas Market Center on Stemmons Freeway, Dallas, TX, with nearly 213.5 ^ acres in eight buildings; technically, six comprise the Dallas Market Center, one is Infomart, and one is Design District. The three segments together are still called by the original name; however, they are managed by different companies. The ^ complex covers 175 acres and houses some 2,580 permanent showrooms displaying merchandise of more than 30,000 manufacturers. The center attracts 760,000 buyers each year to its 107 annual markets and trade shows. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shopping Centers: Longest mall T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Shopping Centers|Longest mall 20 22 24 26 75354|1108 150630|2215 199046|2927 99734|2 139100|325 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shopping Centers: Longest mall The longest mall in the world is part of the 40 million pounds ($68 million) shopping center at Milton Keynes, Great Britain. It measures 2,133 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Industrial Structures: Tallest chimneys T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Industrial Structures|Tallest chimneys 20 22 24 26 75422|1109 255078|3751 109422|1609 99960|0 267614|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Industrial Structures: Tallest chimneys The Ekibastuz, Kazakhstan coal power plant No. 2 stack is 1,377 ft tall and was built at a cost of 7.89 million rubles. It was started on 15 Nov 1983 and completed on 15 Oct 1987 by the Soviet Building Division of the Ministry of Energy. The ^ diameter tapers from 144 ft at the base to 46.6 ft at the top. It weighs 42,996 tons and became operational in 1991. ^<n The world's most massive chimney is one of 1,148 ft at Puentes de Garcia Rodriguez, northwest Spain, built by M.W. Kellogg ^ Co. It contains 549,840 cu ft of concrete and 2.9 million lb of steel and has an internal volume of 6.7 million cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Industrial Structures: Largest cooling towers T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Industrial Structures|Largest cooling towers 20 22 24 26 75490|1110 101806|1497 109286|1607 99960|1 91334|288 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Industrial Structures: Largest cooling towers The largest cooling tower is that adjacent to the nuclear power plant at Uentrop, Germany, which is 590 ft tall, completed in 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Industrial Structures: Largest brickworks T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Industrial Structures|Largest brickworks 20 22 24 26 75558|1111 101738|1496 109218|1606 99960|2 91334|287 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Industrial Structures: Largest brickworks The largest brickworks in the world is the London Brick Co. Ltd plant at Stewartby, Great Britain. Established in 1898, the site now covers 221 acres and has a weekly production capacity of 10.5 million bricks and brick equivalent. ^ -END- -CTRL- Industrial Structures: Largest grain elevator T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Industrial Structures|Largest grain elevator 20 22 24 26 75626|1112 101874|1498 109354|1608 99960|3 91334|289 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Industrial Structures: Largest grain elevator The single-unit elevator operated by the C-G-F Grain Co. at Wichita, KS consists of a triple row of storage tanks, 123 on each side of the central loading tower or "head house." The unit is 2,717 ft long and 100 ft wide. Each tank is 120 ft high, ^ with an inside diameter of 30 ft, giving a total storage capacity of 20 million bushels of wheat. ^<n The world's largest collection of grain elevators are the 23 at Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, on Lake Superior, with a total capacity of 103.9 ^ million bushels. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hangars: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Hangars|Largest 20 22 24 26 75694|1113 100514|1478 100446|1477 100256|0 91334|269 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hangars: Largest Hangar 375 ("Big Texas") at Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, completed on 15 Feb 1956, has four doors, each 250 ft wide, 60 ft high and weighing 598 tons. The high bay area measures 2,000 x 300 x 90 ft and is surrounded by a 44 acre concrete ^ apron. It is the largest freestanding hangar in the world. ^<n Delta Airlines' jet base on a 175 acre site at Hartsfield International Airport, Atlanta, GA has a 36 acre roof area. An addition to the hangar has just been completed. The high bay ^ area is 1,041 x 242 x 90 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sewage Works: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Sewage Works|Largest 20 22 24 26 75762|1114 118398|1741 197278|2901 100342|0 91334|532 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sewage Works: Largest The Stickney Water Reclamation Plant (formerly the West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works), in Stickney, IL began operation in 1939 on a 570-acre site and serves an area containing 2,193,000 people. It treated an average of 791 million gal of waste ^ per day in 1991 and the capacity of its sedimentation and aeration tanks is 1.7 million cu yd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sewage Works: Refuse electrical generation plants T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Sewage Works|Refuse electrical generation plants 20 22 24 26 75830|1115 2730|40 197346|2902 100342|1 7328|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sewage Works: Refuse electrical generation plants As of 1990 there were 13 refuse electrical generation plants in the United States, with an aggregate capacity of 276 Mw. The biggest plant in the country is the South Meadow, Hartford County, CT plant, which has a capacity of 90 Mw. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wooden Buildings: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Wooden Buildings|Largest 20 22 24 26 75898|1116 125266|1842 243518|3581 100498|0 91334|633 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Wooden Buildings: Largest Between 1942 and 1943, 16 Navy airship wooden blimp hangers were built at various locations throughout the United States. They measure 1,040 ft long, 150 ft 4 in high at the crown and 296 ft 6 in wide at the base. There are only nine ^ remaining---two each at Tillamook, OR, Moffett Field and Santa Ana, CA and Lakehurst, NJ, and one at Elizabeth City, NC. ^ -END- -CTRL- Air-supported Buildings: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Working|Air-supported Buildings|Largest 20 22 24 26 75966|1117 82222|1209 350|5 100584|0 91334|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Air-supported Buildings: Largest The 80,638-capacity octagonal Pontiac Silverdome Stadium, Pontiac, MI is 522 ft wide and 722 ft long. The air pressure is 5 lb/sq ft supporting the 10 acre translucent Fiberglas roofing. The main floor is 402 ft x 240 ft and the roof is 202 ft ^ high. Geiger-Berger Associates of New York City were the structural engineers. ^<n The largest standard size air hall (air-supported structure) is one 860 ft long, 140 ft wide and 65 ft high. One was first sited at Lima, OH, made by Irvin ^ Industries of Stamford, CT. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wooden Buildings: Oldest T \p8\D06\3806124 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Wooden Buildings|Oldest 20 22 24 26 76034|1118 235834|3468 12250|180 243586|3582 101176|0 236192|195 17224|0 -PCAP- The oldest extant wooden building in the world is the Temple of Horyu (Horyu-ji) at Nara, Japan, dating from c. A.D. 670. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Wooden Buildings: Oldest The oldest extant wooden buildings in the world are those comprising the Pagoda, Chumanar Gate and Temple of Horyu (Horyu-ji) at Nara, Japan, dating from ^I . A.D. 670 and completed in 715. The wood used was from 1,000-year-old Hinoki ^ trees. The nearby Daibutsuden, built in 1704-11, once measured 285.4 ft long, 167.3 ft wide and 153.3 ft tall. Presently the dimensions are 188 x 165.3 x 159.4 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Castles: Earliest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Castles|Earliest 20 22 24 26 76102|1119 8714|128 41286|607 101262|0 13960|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Castles: Earliest The castle at Gomdan in Yemen originally had 20 stories and dates from before A.D. 100. ^ -END- -CTRL- Castles: Largest T \p8\D06\3705091 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Castles|Largest 20 22 24 26 76170|1120 88002|1294 12318|181 41354|608 101262|1 91334|85 17224|1 -PCAP- Czechoslovakia has over 2000 castles--the most famous of all is Hradcany Castle, Prague towering over Mala Strana. It originates from the 9th century and is the largest castle in the world. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Castles: Largest The largest inhabited castle in the world is the royal residence of Windsor Castle at Windsor, Great Britain. It is primarily of 12th-century construction and is in the form of a waisted parallelogram measuring 1,890 x 540 ft. ^<n The total area of ^ Dover Castle, Kent, Great Britain, however, covers 34 acres, with a width of 1,100 ft and a curtain wall of 1,800 ft, or if underground works are included, 2,300 ft. ^<n The largest ancient castle in the world is Hradcany Castle, Prague, ^ Czechoslovakia, originating in the 9th century. It is an oblong irregular polygon with an axis of 1,870 ft and an average transverse diameter of 420 ft for a surface area of 18 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Castles: Thickest walls T \p8\D06\3905090 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Castles|Thickest walls 20 22 24 26 76238|1121 258342|3799 12386|182 41422|609 24558|361 101262|2 273230|0 17224|2 -PCAP- Urnammu's city walls, destroyed by the Elamites in 2006 B.C., were 88 ft thick. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Castles: Thickest walls Urnammu's city walls at Ur (now Muqayyar, Iraq), destroyed by the Elamites in 2006 B.C., were 88 ft thick and made of mud brick. ^ -END- -CTRL- Palaces: Largest T \p8\D06\3905091 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Palaces|Largest 20 23 25 27 76306|1122 111122|1634 12454|183 160286|2357 15650|230 101488|0 91334|425 17224|3 -PCAP- The largest palace in the world is the beautiful Palace of Versailles, which was completed in 1682 to the designs of the great architects Le Vau, Charles Le Brun and J.H. Mansart, for Louis XIV, the King of France (1643-1715). (Photo: Images Colour ^ Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Palaces: Largest The Imperial Palace (Gu gong) in the center of Beijing, China, covers a rectangle 3,150 x 2,460 ft, an area of 178 acres. The outline survives from the construction of the third Ming emperor, Yongle (1402-24), but due to constant reconstruction ^ work most of the intramural buildings are from the 18th century. These consist of five halls and 17 palaces. ^<n The Palace of Versailles, 14 miles south-west of Paris, France, has a facade 1,902 ft in length, with 375 windows. The building, ^ completed in 1682 for Louis XIV (1643-1715), occupied over 30,000 workmen under Jules Hardouin-Mansert (1646-1708). ^<n ^<4 Residential ^>4 The palace (Istana Nurul Iman) of HM the Sultan of Brunei in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan, completed ^ in January 1984 at a reported cost of $350 million, is the largest residence in the world, with 1,788 rooms and 257 lavatories. The underground garage accommodates the sultan's 110 cars. ^ -END- -CTRL- Palaces: Largest moat T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Palaces|Largest moat 20 22 24 26 76374|1123 111190|1635 160354|2358 101488|1 91334|426 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Palaces: Largest moat From plans drawn by French sources it appears that those that surround the Imperial Palace in Beijing measure 162 ft wide and have a total length of 10,800 ft. In all, the city's moats total 23 1/2 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hotels: Largest T \p8\D06\3905092a Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Hotels|Largest 20 23 25 27 76442|1124 101058|1486 12522|184 106226|1562 9666|142 101644|0 91334|277 17224|4 -PCAP- The Excalibur Hotel/Casino, Las Vegas, NV opened in April 1990. The architect was Veldon Simpson and the interior designer Yates Silverman. The design is based on the theme of King Arthur, Camelot and the Knights of the Round Table. (Photo: ^ Excalibur Hotel) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hotels: Largest The $290-million Excalibur Hotel/Casino, NV, opened in April 1990, is built on a 117 acre site. It has 4,032 deluxe rooms and employs a staff of 4,000. Its facilities include seven theme restaurants and a total of 11 food outlets throughout the ^ hotel and casino. ^<n The Las Vegas Hilton, Reno, NV, built on a 63 acre site in 1974-81, has 3,174 rooms, 13 international restaurants and a staff of 3,600. It has a 10 acre rooftop recreation deck, a 48,000 sq ft pillar-free ballroom and ^ 125,000 sq ft of convention space. ^<n The Hotel Rossiya in Moscow, Russia opened in 1967 with 3,200 rooms, but because of its high proportion of dormitory accommodations, it is not on the international list of the largest hotels. The Izmailovo ^ Hotel complex, opened in July 1980 for the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow, was designed to accommodate 9,500 people. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hotels: Largest hotel operator T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Hotels|Largest hotel operator 20 22 24 26 76510|1125 101126|1487 106294|1563 101644|1 91334|278 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hotels: Largest hotel operator Following its acquisition of Holiday Inns North America in February 1990, Bass plc, Great Britain's largest brewing company, took ownership of the world's largest hotel chain. The company now owns, manages and franchises 1,655 hotels totaling ^ 326,843 rooms in 53 countries. (See Business World--Brewers.) ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest hotel operator in the United States for 1991, based on number of properties, was Best Western International of Phoenix, AZ, with 1,774. The ^ largest hotel operator based on number of rooms was Holiday Inn Worldwide, which operates 270,050. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hotels: Largest lobby T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Hotels|Largest lobby 20 22 24 26 76578|1126 101194|1488 106362|1564 101644|2 91334|279 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hotels: Largest lobby The lobby at the Hyatt Regency, San Francisco, is 350 ft long and 160 ft wide, and at 170 ft is the height of a 17-story building. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hotels: Tallest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Hotels|Tallest 20 22 24 26 76646|1127 254942|3749 106634|1568 101644|3 267614|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hotels: Tallest Measured from the street level of its main entrance to the top, the 73-story Westin Stamford in Raffles City, Singapore "topped out" in March 1985 at 741.9 ft tall. The $235 million hotel is operated by Westin Hotel Co. and owned by Raffles City ^ Pte Ltd. However, the Westin at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, MI, is 748 ft tall when measured from the rear entrance. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hotels: Most expensive T \c8\D01\3806125z Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Hotels|Most expensive 20 23 25 27 76714|1128 196734|2893 12590|185 106430|1565 20682|304 101644|4 208038|19 17224|5 -PCAP- The Penthouse suite at the Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, CA costs $6,000 a night, plus tax. The suite was added to the hotel in 1927, 20 years after its construction, to the design of John Drum. The two-story circular library (left) has a domed ^ ceiling with handpainted constellations of the heavens in gold leaf. Rich oak adorns the walls, and the doors are of the finest mahogany. (Photos: Fairmont Hotel) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hotels: Most expensive The Penthouse Suite in the Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, CA can be rented for $6,000 per night, plus tax. The price includes an around-the-clock butler and maid, and airport limousine service. The suite was built in 1927 atop the Fairmont's main ^ building. It has an immense drawing room with grand piano, a dining room accommodating up to 50, a two-story circular library with the celestial constellations in gold on a domed ceiling, a game room, three bedrooms and four bathrooms with ^ 24-carat gold-plated fittings. ^<n In May 1989 the 92-room Hotel Bel-Air in Los Angeles was sold for a record $1.2 million per room, for a total cost of $110 million, to the Sekitei Kaihatsu Co. of Tokyo, Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hotels: Most mobile T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Hotels|Most mobile 20 22 24 26 76782|1129 178034|2618 106498|1566 101644|5 175106|215 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hotels: Most mobile The three-story brick Hotel Fairmount (built 1906) in San Antonio, TX, which weighed 1,600 tons, was moved on 36 dollies with pneumatic tires over city streets approximately five blocks and over a bridge, which had to be reinforced. The move by ^ Emmert International of Portland, OR took six days, 30 Mar-4 Apr 1985, and cost $650,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hotels: Spas T \p8\D06\3905092b Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Hotels|Spas 20 22 24 26 76850|1130 101262|1489 12658|186 106566|1567 101644|6 71062|72 17224|6 -PCAP- The Thermalisme in Vichy Spa, Allier Departement, France. Vichy is the largest spa in the world, with 14,000 hotel rooms. Its alkaline springs first became famous in the 17th century. (Photo: Gamma Presse Images) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hotels: Spas Spas are named after the town of Spa, a watering place in the Liege province of Belgium, where hydropathy was developed from 1626. The largest spa, measured by number of available hotel rooms, is Vichy, Allier, France, with 14,000 rooms. The ^ highest French spa is Bareges, Hautes-Pyrenees, at 4,068 ft above sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Housing: Most dwelling units T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Housing|Most dwelling units 20 22 24 26 76918|1131 178102|2619 106974|1573 102150|0 175106|216 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Housing: Most dwelling units For comparison purposes, a dwelling unit is defined as a structurally separated room or rooms occupied by a private household of one or more people and having separate access or a common passageway to the street. ^<n The country with the greatest ^ number of dwelling units is China, with 276,947,962 in 1990. ^<n At the end of the fiscal year 1991 there were 91,947,410 households in the United States. Of these, 59,024,811 were owner-occupied (64.19 percent) and 32,922,599 (35.81 percent) ^ were rentals. ^ -END- -CTRL- Housing: Median price T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Housing|Median price 20 22 24 26 76986|1132 67602|994 106906|1572 102150|1 71062|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Housing: Median price According to the National Association of Realtors, as of November 1991 the median price of existing homes sold in the 83 largest metropolitan areas in the United States is $97,800. The metropolitan area with the highest median price is Honolulu, ^ HI, at $345,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Housing: Largest house T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Housing|Largest house 20 22 24 26 77054|1133 101330|1490 106702|1569 102150|2 91334|281 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Housing: Largest house The 250-room Biltmore House in Asheville, NC is owned by George and William Cecil, grandsons of George Washington Vanderbilt II (1862-1914). The house was built between 1890 and 1895 in an estate of 119,000 acres, at a cost of $4.4 million; it is ^ now valued at $5.5 million, with 12,000 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Housing: Longest continuous construction T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Housing|Longest continuous construction 20 22 24 26 77122|1134 139886|2057 106838|1571 102150|3 139100|167 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Housing: Longest continuous construction Winchester House in San Jose, CA has been under construction for 38 years. The original house was an eight-room farmhouse with separate barn on the 161-acre estate of Oliver Winchester, who did not invent the Winchester rifle, but owned its patent. ^ Sarah Winchester, widowed in 1886, consulted a psychic in Boston, who told her that she alone could balance the ledger for those killed by Winchester firearms by never stopping construction of the estate. ^<n Mrs. Winchester moved to California, ^ where she transformed the farmhouse into a mansion, which now has 13 bathrooms, 52 skylights, 47 fireplaces, 10,000 windows, 40 staircases, 2,000 doorways and closets opening into blank walls, secret passageways, trapdoors, three $10,000 ^ elevators and more. The house remodeling is intended to confuse the resident ghosts. ^ -END- -CTRL- Housing: Most expensive house T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Housing|Most expensive house 20 22 24 26 77190|1135 196802|2894 107042|1574 102150|4 208038|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Housing: Most expensive house The most expensive private house ever built is the Hearst Ranch at San Simeon, CA. It was built from 1922-39 for William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951), at a total cost of more than $30 million. It has more than 100 rooms, a 104-ft-long heated ^ swimming pool, an 83-ft-long assembly hall and a garage for 25 limousines. The house was maintained by 60 servants. ^<n The highest price for any house on the global presidential property market is 50 million pounds asked in 1992 for the Casa ^ Batllo in central Barcelona, Spain. It was built by Jose Batllo in 1887 and extensively remodeled by Antonio Gaudi (d. 1926). ^ -END- -CTRL- Housing: Largest non-palatial residence T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Housing|Largest non-palatial residence 20 22 24 26 77258|1136 101398|1491 106770|1570 102150|5 91334|282 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Housing: Largest non-palatial residence St Emmeram Castle, Regensburg, Germany, valued at more than $177 million, contains 517 rooms with a floor space of 231,000 ft sq. Only 95 rooms are personally used by the family of the late Prince Johannes von Thurn und Taxis. ^ -END- -CTRL- Apartments: Tallest T \p8\D06\3806126 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Apartments|Tallest 20 22 24 26 77326|1137 252902|3719 12726|187 8714|128 102586|0 267614|0 17224|7 -PCAP- Standing 639.4 ft high and dominating the skyline of Chicago, Illinois, is the 70-story, 879-unit block of apartments of Lake Point Tower, the tallest purely residential block in the world. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Apartments: Tallest The 716-ft Metropolitan Tower on West 57th Street, New York City is 78 stories; the upper 48 are residential. ^<n The tallest purely residential apartment house is Lake Point Tower, Chicago, IL, which has 879 units consisting of 70 stories, ^ standing 639.4 ft high. ^ -END- -CTRL- Teepees: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Living|Teepees|Largest 20 22 24 26 77394|1138 122274|1798 217406|3197 102672|0 91334|589 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Teepees: Largest The largest teepee in the United States measures 43 ft in height, 42 ft in diameter and utilizes 42 teepee poles. The teepee, owned by M.P. Doss of Washington, D.C., was exhibited near the Little Big Horn National Cemetery in 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stadiums: Largest T \p8\D07\3806127 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Stadiums|Largest 20 22 24 26 77462|1139 121050|1780 12794|188 210878|3101 20478|301 103334|0 91334|571 17800|0 -PCAP- The Louisiana Superdome is the largest indoor stadium and has the longest roof span in the world with a diameter of 680 ft. It was the site of Super Bowl XXIV in 1990. (Photo: Allsport, USA/Rosato) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stadiums: Largest The open Strahov Stadium in Prague, Czechoslovakia was completed in 1934 and could accommodate 240,000 spectators for mass displays of up to 40,000 Sokol gymnasts. ^<n ^<4 Soccer ^>4 The Maracana Municipal Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has ^ a normal capacity of 205,000, of whom 155,000 can be seated. A crowd of 199,854 was accommodated for the World Cup final between Brazil and Uruguay on 16 Jul 1950. A dry moat, 7 ft wide and more than 5 ft deep, protects players from spectators ^ and vice versa. ^<n The largest stadium in the United States is the Rose Bowl, Pasadena, CA, which has a current seating capacity of 102,083. The largest crowd ever to attend an event there was 106,869 for the Rose Bowl game on New Year's Day, ^ 1973. USC defeated Ohio State 42-27. ^<n ^<4 Covered ^>4 The Azteca Stadium, Mexico City, opened in 1968, has a capacity of 107,000. Nearly all seats are under cover. ^<n ^<4 Retractable roof ^>4 The world's largest covers the ^ 54,000-seating-capacity SkyDome, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, completed in June 1989. The diameter is 679 ft. ^<n ^<4 Indoor ^>4 The $173-million 273-ft tall Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, LA, covering 13 acres, was completed in May 1975. ^ Its maximum seating capacity for conventions is 97,365, or 76,791 for football. A gondola with six 312 in TV screens produces instant replay. ^<n ^<4 Largest roof ^>4 The transparent acrylic glass "marquee" roof over the Munich Olympic ^ Stadium, Germany measures 914,940 sq ft in area, resting on a steel net supported by masts. ^<n The longest roof span in the world is that of the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, LA at 680 ft diameter. The major axis of the elliptical Texas ^ Stadium, completed in 1971 at Irving, TX, is, however, 787 ft 4 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Resorts: Amusement parks T \p8\D07\3705092b Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Resorts|Amusement parks 20 22 24 26 77530|1140 116222|1709 12862|189 187282|2754 103420|0 175106|381 17800|1 -PCAP- One of the many attractions that can be seen by the thousands of visitors who flock to Disney World in Florida. (Photo: Images) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Resorts: Amusement parks ^<4 Largest ^>4 Disney World is set in 28,000 acres of Orange and Osceola counties, 20 miles southwest of Orlando in central Florida. It was opened on 1 Oct 1971 after a $400 million investment. ^<n ^<4 Most attended ^>4 Disneyland, Anaheim, ^ CA (opened 1955) received its 250-millionth visitor on 24 Aug 1985 at 9:52 A.M. Disneyland welcomed its 300-millionth visitor in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Resorts: Largest pleasure beach T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Resorts|Largest pleasure beach 20 22 24 26 77598|1141 116290|1710 187350|2755 103420|1 91334|501 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Resorts: Largest pleasure beach Virginia Beach, VA has 28 miles of beachfront on the Atlantic and 10 miles of estuary frontage. The area embraces 310 sq mi with 157 hotels, motels and condos with 11,189 rooms. There are also 2,230 campsites. ^ -END- -CTRL- Resorts: Piers T \p8\D07\3905093 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Resorts|Piers 20 22 24 26 77666|1142 149066|2192 12930|190 187418|2756 103420|2 139100|302 17800|2 -PCAP- The longest pleasure pier in the world is Southend Pier, Essex, Great Britain, which is 1.34 miles in length. Its attractions include a narrow-gauge railway, theaters, shops, and amusement arcades. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Resorts: Piers ^<4 Origins ^>4 The origin of piers goes back to the origin of man-made harbors. The one at Caesarea reputedly had the first freestanding breakwaters in 13 B.C. However, it is possible that the structures associated with the "great harbors" of ^ the ancient world in Crete, Alexandria and Carthage predate this. ^<n ^<4 Longest ^>4 The longest pleasure pier in the world is Southend Pier at Southend-on-Sea, Great Britain. The original wooden pier was opened in 1830 and extended in 1846. ^ The present pier is 1.34 miles in length and was first opened in August 1889, with final extensions made in 1929. In 1949-50 the pier had a peak 5.75 million visitors. The pier railroad closed in October 1978, and reopened on 2 May 1986. ^<n ^<4 ^ Most piers ^>4 The resort with the most piers was Atlantic City, NJ with seven, though currently only five remain: the Garden Pier (1912), Million Dollar (1906; now called Shops on Ocean One), Auditorium (1900; now the Steeplechase), Steel ^ (1898), and Applegates (1883; now known as Central). ^ -END- -CTRL- Fairs: Earliest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Fairs|Earliest 20 22 24 26 77734|1143 10142|149 78210|1150 103646|0 13960|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fairs: Earliest The earliest major international fair was the Great Exhibition of 1851 in the Crystal Palace, London, Great Britain, which in 141 days attracted 6,039,195 admissions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fairs: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Fairs|Largest 20 22 24 26 77802|1144 95958|1411 78278|1151 103646|1 91334|202 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fairs: Largest The site of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St Louis, MO in 1904 covered 1,271.76 acres and there was an attendance of 19,694,855. Events of the 1904 Olympic Games were staged in conjunction with the fair. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fairs: Big wheels T \p8\D07\3806128 Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Fairs|Big wheels 20 22 24 26 77870|1145 95890|1410 12998|191 78142|1149 20546|302 103646|2 91334|201 17800|3 -PCAP- Cosmoclock 21 is 328 ft in diameter and 344.88 ft high. The 60 arms holding the gondalas serve as a second hand for the clock and light up one per second. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fairs: Big wheels The original Ferris Wheel, named after its constructor, George W. Ferris (1859-96), was erected in 1893 at the Midway at the Chicago World's Fair for $385,000. It was 250 ft in diameter, 790 ft in circumference, weighed 1,283.8 tons and carried 36 ^ cars, each seating 60 people, making a total of 2,160 passengers. The structure was removed in 1904 to St Louis, MO for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and was eventually sold as scrap for $1,800. ^<n In 1897 a Ferris Wheel with a diameter of ^ 248 ft was erected for the Earl's Court Exhibition, London, Great Britain. It had ten 1st-class and 30 2nd-class cars. ^<n The largest-diameter wheel now operating is the Cosmoclock 21 at Yokohama City, Japan. It is 344 1/2 ft high and 328 ft in ^ diameter, with 60 gondolas, each with eight seats. There are such features as illumination by laser beams and acoustic effects by sound synthesizers. The 60 arms holding the gondolas each serve as a second hand for the 42 1/2-ft-long electric ^ clock mounted at the hub. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Coasters: Oldest operating T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Roller Coasters|Oldest operating 20 22 24 26 77938|1146 233590|3435 191022|2809 103872|0 236192|162 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Coasters: Oldest operating A ^I (Russian Switchback) Mk.2 was constructed at the Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1913. This coaster opened to the public in 1914, and has remained open ever since. ^<n The oldest operating roller coaster in the ^ United States is the ^I , constructed at Libertyland Amusement Park, Memphis, TN in 1915. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Coasters: Longest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Roller Coasters|Longest 20 22 24 26 78006|1147 149610|2200 190818|2806 103872|1 139100|310 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Coasters: Longest The longest roller coaster in the world is ^I at Lightwater Valley, Ripon, Great Britain. The run is 1.42 miles. ^<n The longest roller coaster in the United States is ^I at Kings Island near Cincinnati, Ohio. ^ The run of 1.40 miles incorporates 800 ft of tunnels and a 540-degree banked helix. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Coasters: Greatest drop and fastest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Roller Coasters|Greatest drop and fastest 20 22 24 26 78074|1148 28434|418 190750|2805 15582|229 103872|2 23878|170 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Coasters: Greatest drop and fastest The ^I , opened in April 1991 at Kennywood Amusement Park, West Mifflin, PA, has a vertical drop of 225 ft into a natural ravine, with a speed of 80 mph. ^<n The maximum speeds claimed for many switchbacks, scenic railroads or ^ roller coasters have long been exaggerated for commercial reasons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Coasters: Tallest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Roller Coasters|Tallest 20 22 24 26 78142|1149 256302|3769 191090|2810 103872|3 267614|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Coasters: Tallest The tallest above ground is the ^I at the Fujikyu Highland Park, near Kawaguchi Lake, Japan, opened on 24 Jun 1983. It is 207 ft tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Coasters: Most loops T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Roller Coasters|Most loops 20 22 24 26 78210|1150 189730|2790 190954|2808 103872|4 175106|386 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Coasters: Most loops At its highest point 188 ft above the ground the ^I at Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, CA sends riders upside-down seven times over a 3,830 ft track. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Coasters: Longest slide T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Roller Coasters|Longest slide 20 22 24 26 78278|1151 149678|2201 190886|2807 103872|5 139100|311 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Coasters: Longest slide The Bromley Alpine Slide on Route 11 in Peru, VT, has a length of 4,000 ft and a vertical drop of 700 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Casinos: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Casinos|Largest 20 22 24 26 78346|1152 87934|1293 41218|606 104308|0 91334|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Casinos: Largest The Trump Taj Mahal, Atlantic City, NJ, which opened in April 1990, has a casino area of 2.75 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Night Clubs: Earliest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Night Clubs|Earliest 20 22 24 26 78414|1153 12658|186 154642|2274 104394|0 13960|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Night Clubs: Earliest The earliest night club ( ^I ) was "Le Bal des Anglais" at 6 rue des Anglais, Paris, France. Established in 1843, it closed ^I 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Night Clubs: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Night Clubs|Largest 20 22 24 26 78482|1154 109558|1611 154710|2275 104394|1 91334|402 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Night Clubs: Largest Gilley's Club (formerly Shelly's), built in 1955, was extended in 1971 on Spencer Highway, Houston, TX, with a seating capacity of 6,000 under one roof covering 4 acres. ^<n The largest night club in the world in the more classic sense of the term ^ is The Mikado in the Akasaka district of Tokyo, Japan, with a seating capacity of 2,000. Binoculars can be essential to an appreciation of the floor show. ^ -END- -CTRL- Night Clubs: Lowest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Night Clubs|Lowest 20 22 24 26 78550|1155 160626|2362 154778|2276 104394|2 170594|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Night Clubs: Lowest The Minus 206 in Tiberias, Israel, on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, is 676 ft below sea level. An alternative candidate has been the oft-raided "Outer Limits," opposite the Cow Palace, San Francisco, CA. It has been called "The Most Busted ^ Joint" and "The Slowest to Get the Message." ^ -END- -CTRL- Restaurants: Earliest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Restaurants|Earliest 20 22 24 26 78618|1156 15038|221 187486|2757 104620|0 13960|114 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Restaurants: Earliest The Casa Botin was opened in 1725 in Calle de Cuchilleros 17, Madrid, Spain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Restaurants: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Restaurants|Largest 20 22 24 26 78686|1157 116358|1711 187622|2759 104620|1 91334|502 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Restaurants: Largest The Tump Nak restaurant in Bangkok, Thailand consists of 65 adjoining houses built on 10 acres. A thousand waiters are available to serve the 3,000 potential customers. ^<n ^<4 Fish and chip restaurant ^>4 The world's largest fish and chip ^ eatery is Harry Ramsden's at White Cross, Guiseley, Great Britain, with 140 employees serving 1 million customers per year, who consume 235 tons of fish and 392 tons of potatoes. On 30 Oct 1988, between 11:30 A.M. and 10:00 P.M., Harry Ramsden's ^ celebrated its Diamond Jubilee by selling 10,182 servings of fish and chips at 1928 prices. ^ -END- -CTRL- Restaurants: Highest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Restaurants|Highest 20 22 24 26 78754|1158 72022|1059 187554|2758 104620|2 71062|138 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Restaurants: Highest The highest restaurant in the world is in the Chacaltaya ski resort, Bolivia, at 17,519 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Restaurants: Largest chain T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Restaurants|Largest chain 20 22 24 26 78822|1159 116426|1712 187690|2760 104620|3 91334|503 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Restaurants: Largest chain The world's largest restaurant chain is operated by McDonald's Corporation of Oak Brook, IL, founded in 1955 by Ray A. Kroc (1902-84) after buying out the brothers Dick and "Mac" McDonald, pioneers of the fast-food drive-in. By April 1992 ^ McDonald's licensed and owned 12,500 restaurants in 60 countries. Its largest outlet opened in Beijing, China on 23 Apr 1992, with almost 1,000 specially trained local staff at the 28,000 sq ft, 700-seater restaurant. Worldwide sales in 1991 were ^ $19.9 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bars: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Bars|Largest 20 22 24 26 78890|1160 84330|1240 18030|265 104916|0 91334|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bars: Largest The largest beer-selling establishment in the world is the "Mathaser," Bayerstrasse 5, Munich, Germany, where daily sales reach 84,470 pints. It was established in 1829, demolished in World War II and rebuilt by 1955. It now seats 5,500 people. ^<n ^ The beer consumption at the Dube beer halls in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa may, however, be higher on some Saturdays when the average daily consumption of 48,000 pints is far exceeded. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bars: Tallest T \p8\D07\3705092a Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Bars|Tallest 20 23 25 27 78958|1161 253038|3721 13066|192 18166|267 5790|85 104916|1 267614|2 17800|4 -PCAP- Paul Ellinson designed and constructed this steel structured bar for Humperdink's Seafood and Steakhouse, Dallas, Texas which can hold over 1,000 bottles. The top shelf can only be reached by climbing a library-type ladder and stepping onto a ^ balcony. Some of the most exclusive liquors are purposely placed on the top shelf and patrons get a kick out of sending staff up there. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bars: Tallest Humperdink's Seafood and Steakhouse Bar in Dallas, TX is 25 ft 3 in high with two levels of shelving containing over 1,000 bottles. The lower level has four rows of shelves approximately 40 ft across and can be reached from floor level. If an order ^ has to be met from the upper level, which has five rows of shelves, it is reached by climbing a ladder. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bars: Longest T Buildings and Structures|Buildings for Entertainment|Bars|Longest 20 22 24 26 79026|1162 129754|1908 18098|266 104916|2 139100|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bars: Longest The world's longest permanent bar is the 340-ft-long bar in "Lulu's Roadhouse," Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, opened on 3 Apr 1984. The "Bar at Erickson's," on Burnside Street, Portland, OR, in its heyday (1883-1920) possessed a bar measuring 684 ft ^ that ran continuously around and across the main saloon. The chief bouncer, Edward "Spider" Johnson, had an assistant named "Jumbo" Reilly, who weighed 322 lb and was said to resemble "an ill-natured orangutan." Beer was five cents for 16 fluid ^ ounces. Temporary bars of greater length have been erected. ^ -END- -CTRL- Towers and Masts: Tallest structure T Buildings and Structures|Towers and Masts|General Records|Tallest structure 20 22 24 26 79094|1163 257866|3792 224682|3304 3002|44 105228|0 267614|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towers and Masts: Tallest structure ^<4 World ^>4 The tallest-ever structure in the world was the guyed Warszawa Radio mast at Konstantynow, 60 miles northwest of the capital of Poland. Prior to its fall during renovation work on 10 Aug 1991 it was 2,120 2/3 ft tall or more than ^ four-tenths of a mile. It was completed on 18 Jul 1974 and put into operation on 22 Jul 1974. It was designed by Jan Polak and weighed 606 tons. The mast was so high that anyone falling off the top would reach terminal velocity and hence cease to ^ be accelerating before hitting the ground. Work was begun in July 1970 on this tubular steel construction, with its 15 steel guy ropes. It recaptured for Europe, after 45 years, a record held in the United States since the Chrysler Building ^ surpassed the Eiffel Tower in 1929. After 1991 it was described by the Poles as the "world's longest tower." ^ -END- -CTRL- Towers and Masts: Tallest tower T Buildings and Structures|Towers and Masts|General Records|Tallest tower 20 22 24 26 79162|1164 257934|3793 224750|3305 105228|1 267614|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towers and Masts: Tallest tower The tallest self-supporting tower (as opposed to a guyed mast) in the world is the $44 million CN Tower in Metro Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which rises to 1,815 ft 5 in. Excavation began on 12 Feb 1973 for the erection of the 143,300 ton ^ reinforced, post-tensioned concrete structure, which was "topped out" on 2 Apr 1975. The 416-seat restaurant revolves in the Sky Pod at 1,140 ft, from which the visibility extends to hills 74 1/2 miles distant. Lightning strikes the top about 200 ^ times (30 storms) per year. ^<n The tallest tower built before the era of television masts is the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, designed by Alexandre Gustav Eiffel (1832-1923) for the Paris Exhibition and completed on 31 Mar 1889. It was 985 ft ^ 11 in tall, now extended by a TV antenna to 1,052 1/3 ft, and weighs 8,090 tons. The maximum sway in high winds is 5 in. The whole iron edifice, which has 1,792 steps, took 2 years, 2 months and 2 days to build and cost 7,799,401 francs 31 ^ centimes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Oldest T \p8\D07\390510gb Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 79230|1165 224478|3301 13134|193 36662|539 105540|0 236192|28 18166|0 -PCAP- The crossing of the East Dart River at Postbridge on Dartmoor, Devon, England. Built of moorland stone, such clapper bridges are thought to be prehistoric. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Oldest Arch construction was understood by the Sumerians as early as 3200 B.C., and a reference exists to a Nile bridge in 2650 B.C. ^<n The oldest surviving datable bridge in the world is the slab stone single-arch bridge over the River Meles in Izmir ^ (formerly Smyrna) Turkey, which dates from ^I . 850 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Clapper bridges T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Clapper bridges 20 22 24 26 79298|1166 35370|520 105540|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Clapper bridges The clapper bridges of Dartmoor and Exmoor, Great Britain (e.g. the Tarr Steps over the River Barle, Exmoor, Great Britain) are thought to be of prehistoric types although none of the existing examples can be dated with certainty. They are made of ^ large slabs of stone placed over boulders. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Fastest construction T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Fastest construction 20 22 24 26 79366|1167 19594|288 35438|521 105540|2 23878|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Fastest construction British soldiers from the 35th Engineer Regiment based at Hameln, Germany constructed a bridge across a 26 ft gap using a five-bay single-story MGB (medium girder bridge) in 8 min 31 sec at Quebec Barracks, Osnabruck, Germany on 17 Oct 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Largest antique T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Largest antique 20 22 24 26 79434|1168 86166|1267 35710|525 105540|3 91334|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Largest antique The largest antique ever sold was London Bridge in Great Britain in March 1968. The sale was made by Ivan F. Luckin (d. 1992) of the Court of Common Council of the Corporation of London to the McCulloch Oil Corporation of Los Angeles, CA for ^ 1,029,000 pounds ($2,469,600). The 11,810.5 tons of facade stonework were reassembled at a cost of $7.2 million at Lake Havasu City, AZ and rededicated on 10 Oct 1971. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest cable suspension T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest cable suspension 20 22 24 26 79502|1169 131658|1936 35914|528 105540|4 139100|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest cable suspension The world's longest bridge span is the main span of the Humber Estuary Bridge, Humberside, Great Britain, at 4,626 ft. Work began on 27 Jul 1972, after a decision announced on 22 Jan 1966. The towers are 533 ft 1 5/8 in tall and are 1 3/8 in out ^ of parallel to allow for the curvature of the Earth. Including the Hessle and the Barton side spans, the bridge stretches 1.37 miles. It was structurally completed on 18 Jul 1980 at a cost of 96 million pounds ($192 million) and was opened by ^ Queen Elizabeth II on 17 Jul 1981. ^<n The Akashi-Kaikyo road bridge linking Honshui and Shikoku, Japan was started in 1988 and completion is planned for 1998. The main span will be 6,528 ft in length with an overall suspended length, with side ^ spans, totaling 12,828 ft. Two towers will rise 974.40 ft above water level, and the two main supporting cables will be 43.3 in in diameter, making both tower heights at span world records. ^<n The Seto-Ohashi double-deck road and rail bridge ^ linking Kojima, Honshuii with Sakaide, Shikoku, Japan opened on 10 Apr 1988 at a cost of $8.33 billion and 17 lives. The overall length of the bridge is 7.64 miles, making it the longest combined road/railway bridge in the world. The tolls for ^ cars are $43 each way. The Minami Bisan-seto Bridge on this link has the world's longest suspension bridge span--3,609 ft for combined road-railroad traffic. ^<n ^<4 Cable-stayed ^>4 The longest cable-stayed bridge span in the world is the ^ 1,739 ft Skarnsundet Bridge over the Trondheim Fjord in Norway, completed in 1991. ^<n The Tatara Bridge on the Onomichi-Imabari Route, Japan, is due for completion in 1997, and will be the leading long-span cable-stayed bridge in the world, with ^ a main span of 2,920 ft. ^<n The Mackinac Straits Bridge between Mackinac City and St Ignace, MI is the longest suspension bridge between anchorages (1.58 miles), and has an overall length, including approaches, of 5 miles. ^<n ^<4 United States ^ ^>4 The longest suspension bridge in the USA is the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, which measures 4,260 ft. The bridge spans Lower New York Bay and connects Staten Island to Brooklyn. Construction was completed in 1964. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest cantilever T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest cantilever 20 22 24 26 79570|1170 131726|1937 35982|529 105540|5 139100|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest cantilever The Quebec Bridge (Pont de Quebec) over the St Lawrence River in Canada has the longest cantilever truss span of any in the world--1,800 ft between the piers and 3,239 ft overall. It carries a railroad track and two carriageways. Begun in 1899, it ^ was finally opened to traffic on 3 Dec 1917 at a cost of 87 lives and Can$22.5 million. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest cantilever bridge in the USA is the John Barry Bridge, in Chester, PA. It spans the Delaware River and measures 1,644 ^ ft. Work was completed in 1974. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest steel arch T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest steel arch 20 22 24 26 79638|1171 132270|1945 36526|537 105540|6 139100|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest steel arch The longest is the New River Gorge bridge, near Fayetteville, WV, completed in 1977, with a span of 1,700 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest concrete arch T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest concrete 20 22 24 26 79706|1172 131794|1938 36050|530 105540|7 139100|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest concrete arch The longest concrete arch is the Jesse H. Jones Memorial Bridge, which spans the Houston Ship Canal in Texas. Completed in 1982, the bridge measures 1,500 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest covered T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest covered 20 22 24 26 79774|1173 131930|1940 36186|532 105540|8 139100|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest covered The longest is that at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada, measuring 1,282 ft overall, completed in 1899. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest railway T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest railway 20 22 24 26 79842|1174 132134|1943 36390|535 105540|9 139100|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest railway The world's longest railway bridge is the 43,374-ft-long Seto-Ohashi double-deck road and rail bridge linking Kojima, Honshuii with Sakaide, Shikoku, Japan, which opened on 10 Apr 1988 (see Bridges, Longest). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The ^ longest is the Huey P. Long Bridge, Metairie, LA, with a railroad section 23,235 ft long (4.4 miles), including approach roads. It has a 3-span tress: 529 ft, 790 ft and 531 ft, followed by a single span of 531.5 ft. It was completed on 16 Dec ^ 1935. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest bridging T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest bridging 20 22 24 26 79910|1175 131590|1935 35846|527 105540|10 139100|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest bridging The Second Lake Pontchartrain Causeway was completed on 23 Mar 1969, joining Lewisburg and Mandeville, LA. It has a length of 126,055 ft. It cost $29.9 million and is 228 ft longer than the adjoining First Causeway, completed in 1956. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest railway viaduct T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest railway viaduct 20 22 24 26 79978|1176 132202|1944 36458|536 105540|11 139100|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest railway viaduct The longest railway viaduct is the rock-filled Great Salt Lake Railroad Trestle, carrying the Southern Pacific Railroad 11.85 miles across the Great Salt Lake, UT. It was opened as a pile and trestle bridge on 8 Mar 1904, but converted to rock fill ^ in 1955-60. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest stone arch T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest stone arch 20 22 24 26 80046|1177 132338|1946 36594|538 105540|12 139100|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest stone arch The longest stone arch bridge is the 3,810 ft-long Rockville Bridge north of Harrisburg, PA, with 48 spans containing 216,051 tons of stone. It was completed in 1901. ^<n The longest stone arch span is the Planen Bridge in Germany at 295 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest concrete arch T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest concrete arch 20 22 24 26 80114|1178 131862|1939 36118|531 105540|13 139100|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest concrete arch The longest concrete arch is the Jesse H. Jones Memorial Bridge, which spans the Houston Ship Canal in Texas. Completed in 1982, the bridge measures 1,500 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest floating T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest floating 20 22 24 26 80182|1179 131998|1941 36254|533 105540|14 139100|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest floating The longest is the Second Lake Washington Bridge, Evergreen, Seattle, WA. Its total length is 12,596 ft and its floating section measures 7,518 ft. It was built at a total cost of $15 million and completed in August 1963. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest bicycle T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest bicycle 20 22 24 26 80250|1180 131522|1934 35778|526 105540|15 139100|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest bicycle The longest bicycle bridge is over the 17 railroad tracks of Cambridge Station, Great Britain. It has a tower 115 ft high and two 164-ft-long approach ramps, and is 779.5 ft in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Longest illuminated T \p8\D07\3806130 Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Longest illuminated 20 23 25 27 80318|1181 132066|1942 13202|194 36322|534 105540|16 139100|52 18166|1 -PCAP- To celebrate the centenary of the Forth Bridge in Scotland, Scottish Power erected 1,000 high powered sodium floodlights in 1990 which stretch for nearly one and three quarter miles along the bridge. They will remain lit for at least ten years. ^ (Photo: Eric Thorburn) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Longest illuminated The Forth Bridge in Scotland was opened on 4 Mar 1890. To celebrate its centenary Scottish Power erected 1,000 high-powered sodium floodlights which stretch for nearly 1 3/4 miles along the bridge. They will remain lit for at least ten years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Widest T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Widest 20 22 24 26 80386|1182 132406|1947 36798|541 105540|17 139100|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Widest The widest long-span bridge is the 1,650 ft Sydney Harbor Bridge, Australia (160 ft wide). It carries two electric overhead railroad tracks, eight lanes of roadway and bicycle and pedestrian lanes. It was officially opened on 19 Mar 1932. ^<n The ^ Crawford Street Bridge in Providence, RI has a width of 1,148 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Highest T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Highest 20 22 24 26 80454|1183 64202|944 35506|522 105540|18 71062|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Highest The highest bridge in the world is over the Royal Gorge of the Arkansas River in Colorado, at 1,053 ft above the water level. It is a suspension bridge with a main span of 880 ft and was constructed in six months, ending on 6 Dec 1929. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Highest railway T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Highest railway 20 22 24 26 80522|1184 64270|945 35574|523 105540|19 71062|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Highest railway The highest railroad bridge in the world is the Mala Rijeka viaduct of Yugoslav Railways at Kolasin on the Belgrade-Bar line. It is 650 ft high and was opened on 1 Jun 1976. It consists of steel spans mounted on concrete piers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Highest road T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Highest road 20 22 24 26 80590|1185 64338|946 35642|524 105540|20 71062|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Highest road The road bridge at the highest altitude in the world, 18,380 ft, is the 98.4-ft-long Bailey Bridge, designed and constructed by Lt Col. S.G. Vombatkere and an Indian Army team in August 1982 near Khardung-La, in Ladakh, India. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bridges: Tallest T \p8\D07\3905095 Buildings and Structures|Bridges|General Records|Tallest 20 23 25 27 80658|1186 253514|3728 13270|195 36730|540 22110|325 105540|21 267614|9 18166|2 -PCAP- The Golden Gate suspension bridge is the tallest in the world. It connects San Francisco and Marin County, CA. Opened to traffic in May 1937, its 4,200-ft span made it the world's longest suspension bridge until surpassed by the Verrazano-Narrows ^ Bridge in New York City in 1964. It carries six lanes of roadway and two footways on a deck 90 ft wide. Its towers extend 745 ft above the water level. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bridges: Tallest The tallest bridge in the world is the Golden Gate Bridge, which connects San Francisco and Marin Co., CA. The towers of this suspension bridge extend 747 ft above the water. Completed in 1937, the bridge has an overall length of 9,266 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aqueducts: Longest ancient T \p8\D07\3705096 Buildings and Structures|Bridges|Aqueducts|Longest ancient 20 22 24 26 80726|1187 129142|1899 13338|196 8850|130 13406|197 107096|0 139100|9 18166|3 -PCAP- The greatest of the ancient aqueducts is that of Carthage in Tunisia. Built by the Romans, its original capacity has been calculated at 7 million gal per day. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aqueducts: Longest ancient The greatest of ancient aqueducts was the aqueduct of Carthage in Tunisia, which ran 87.6 miles from the springs of Zaghouan to Djebel Djougar. It was built by the Romans during the reign of Publius Aelius Hadrianus (A.D. 117-138). In 1895, 344 ^ arches still survived. Its original capacity has been calculated at 7 million gal per day. ^<n The triple-tiered aqueduct Pont du Gard, built in A.D. 19 near Nimes, France, is 157 ft high. ^<n The tallest of the 14 arches of the Aguas Livres ^ aqueduct, built in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1784 is 213 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aqueducts: Longest modern T Buildings and Structures|Bridges|Aqueducts|Longest modern 20 22 24 26 80794|1188 129210|1900 8918|131 107096|1 139100|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aqueducts: Longest modern The world's longest aqueduct, in the nonclassical sense of water conduit, excluding irrigation canals, is the California State Water Project aqueduct, completed in 1974, with a length of 826 miles, of which 385 miles is canalized. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canals: Longest artificial seaway T Buildings and Structures|Canals|General Records|Longest artificial seaway 20 22 24 26 80862|1189 132678|1951 38838|571 107408|0 139100|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canals: Longest artificial seaway The St Lawrence Seaway is 189 miles in length along the New York State-Ontario border from Montreal to Lake Ontario. It enables ships up to 728 ft long and 26.2 ft draft (some of which weigh 29,100 tons) to sail 2,342 miles from the North Atlantic ^ up the St Lawrence estuary and across the Great Lakes to Duluth, MN. The project, begun in 1954, cost $470 million and was opened on 25 Apr 1959. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canals: Busiest T Buildings and Structures|Canals|General Records|Busiest 20 22 24 26 80930|1190 3614|53 38634|568 107408|1 9826|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canals: Busiest The busiest ship canal is the Kiel Canal linking the North Sea with the Baltic Sea in Germany. Over 45,000 transits were recorded in 1987. The busiest in terms of tonnage of shipping is the Suez Canal, with nearly 440 million grt. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canals: Earliest T Buildings and Structures|Canals|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 80998|1191 8510|125 38702|569 107408|2 13960|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canals: Earliest Relics of the oldest canals in the world, dated by archaeologists ^I . 4000 B.C., were discovered near Mandali, Iraq early in 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canals: Longest T Buildings and Structures|Canals|General Records|Longest 20 22 24 26 81066|1192 132610|1950 38770|570 107408|3 139100|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canals: Longest The longest canal in the ancient world was the Grand Canal of China from Beijing to Hangzhou. It was begun in 540 B.C. and not completed until A.D. 1327, by which time it extended (including canalized river sections) for 1,107 miles. The estimated ^ work force ^I . A.D. 600 reached 5 million on the Bian section. By 1950 it had been allowed to silt up to the point that it was nowhere more than 6 ft deep; however, it is now plied by vessels of up to 2,205 tons. ^<n The Beloye More ^ (White Sea) Baltic Canal from Belomorsk to Povenets, Karelian Republic, Russia is 141 miles long and has 19 locks. It was completed with the use of forced labor in 1933 but cannot accommodate ships of more than 16 ft in draft. ^<n The world's ^ longest big-ship canal is the Suez Canal linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, opened on 16 Nov 1869 but inoperative from June 1967 to June 1975. It is 100.6 miles in length from Port Said lighthouse to Suez Roads, and 197 ft wide. The ^ canal was planned by the French diplomat Comte Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805-94) and work began on 25 Apr 1859. The work force consisted of 8,213 men and 368 camels. ^<n The largest vessel to transit the Suez Canal has been SS ^I , ^ of 355,432 tons (length 1,110.3 ft; beam 188.1 ft at a maximum draft of 73.3 ft). This was southbound in ballast on 6 Aug 1986. The USS ^I transited southbound on 15-16 Aug 1984 in a record 7 hr 45 min. There are over 20,000 ^ transits annually or some 55 per day. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest canal in the USA is the Erie Barge Canal, connecting the Hudson River at Troy, NY, with Lake Erie at Buffalo, NY. It is 365 miles long, 150 ft wide and 12 ft in depth. ^ The Erie Barge is part of the main waterway of the New York State Barge Canal System, which covers a distance of 525 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canals: Longest irrigation T Buildings and Structures|Canals|General Records|Longest irrigation 20 22 24 26 81134|1193 132746|1952 38906|572 107408|4 139100|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canals: Longest irrigation The Karakumsky Kanal stretches 745 miles from Haun-Khan to Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan. The "navigable" length is 497 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Locks: Deepest T Buildings and Structures|Canals|Locks|Deepest 20 22 24 26 81202|1194 6062|89 121118|1781 107774|0 11656|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Locks: Deepest The deepest lock is the Zaporozhe on the Dnieperbug Canal, Ukraine which can raise or lower barges at 128 ft. ^<n The deepest lock in the United States is the John Day dam lock on the River Columbia, in Oregon and Washington State, was completed in ^ 1963. It can raise or lower barges 113 ft and is served by a 1,100-ton gate. ^ -END- -CTRL- Locks: Largest T Buildings and Structures|Canals|Locks|Largest 20 22 24 26 81270|1195 103642|1524 121254|1783 107774|1 91334|315 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Locks: Largest The Berendrecht lock, which links the River Scheldt with docks at Antwerp, Belgium, is the largest sea lock in the world. First used in April 1989, it has a length of 1,640 ft, a width of 223 ft and a sill level of 44.3 ft. Each of its four sliding ^ lock gates weighs 1,771.5 tons. The cost of construction was approximately BFr 12,000 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Locks: Highest rise and longest flight T Buildings and Structures|Canals|Locks|Highest rise and longest flight 20 22 24 26 81338|1196 141382|2079 121186|1782 107774|2 139100|189 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Locks: Highest rise and longest flight The world's highest lock elevator overcomes a head of 225 ft at Ronquieres on the Charleroi-Brussels Canal, Belgium. Two 236-wheeled caissons are each able to carry 1,510 tons, and take 22 minutes to cover the 4,698-ft-long inclined plane. ^ -END- -CTRL- Locks: Largest cut T \p8\D07\3905097 Buildings and Structures|Canals|Locks|Largest cut 20 22 24 26 81406|1197 103710|1525 13406|197 121322|1784 10890|160 107774|3 91334|316 18462|0 -PCAP- The Corinth Canal, Greece links the Aegean and Ionian seas. With its towering and almost vertical rock walls its extreme depth is 1,505 ft. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Locks: Largest cut The Corinth Canal, Greece, opened in 1893, is 3.94 miles long, 26 ft deep, with an average depth of cutting of 1,003 ft over some 2.6 miles, and an extreme depth of 1,505 ft. ^<n The Gaillard Cut (known as "the Ditch") on the Panama Canal is 270 ft ^ deep between Gold Hill and Contractor's Hill with a bottom width of 500 ft. In one day in 1911 as many as 333 trains, each carrying 400 tons of earth, left this site--a total of more than 130,000 tons of spoil. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Earliest T Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 81474|1198 9598|141 61074|898 108156|0 13960|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Earliest The earliest-known dams were those uncovered by the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem in 1974 and at Jawa in Jordan in 1975. These stone-faced earthen dams are dated to ^I . 3200 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Most massive T Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Most massive 20 22 24 26 81542|1199 170282|2504 61618|906 108156|1 175106|101 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Most massive Measured by volume, the earth- and rock-filled Pati Dam on the Parana River, Argentina has a volume of 8.4 billion cu ft. It is 108.6 miles in length and 118 ft high. This volume will be surpassed by the Syncrude Tailings dam in Canada with 19 ^ billion cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Largest concrete T \p8\D07\3806132 Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Largest concrete 20 22 24 26 81610|1200 92422|1359 13474|198 61210|900 12590|185 108156|2 91334|150 18548|0 -PCAP- The Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, WA became operational on 22 Mar 1941. It weighs approximately 21.5 million tons, has a crest length of 4,173 ft, and is 550 ft high. (Photo: Telegraph Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Largest concrete The Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, WA was begun in 1933 and became operational on 22 Mar 1941. It was finally completed in 1942 at a cost of $56 million. It has a crest length of 4,173 ft and is 550 ft high. The volume of concrete poured ^ was 285 million cu ft to the weight of 21.5 million tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Largest hydroelectric T \p8\D07\3705097 Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Largest hydroelectric 20 22 24 26 81678|1201 92490|1360 13542|199 61278|901 108156|3 91334|151 18548|1 -PCAP- If measured by power output, the Itaipu power station by the Brazil-Paraguay border is the largest in the world. Its 18 turbines can attain 13,320 kW. (Photo: Gamma/Sampers) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Largest hydroelectric Measured by power output, the Itaipu power station by the Brazil-Paraguay border is the largest in the world. Its 18 turbines can attain 13,320 kW. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Highest T Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Highest 20 22 24 26 81746|1202 65494|963 61142|899 108156|4 71062|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Highest The highest will be the 1,098-ft-high Rogunskaya earth-filled dam across the river Vakhsh, Tadzhikistan, with a crest length of only 1,975 ft and a volume of 2.5 billion cu ft. Preparations for building started in 1976, and construction began in ^ March 1981. The completion date was set for early 1992, but it will probably not be met. Meanwhile the tallest dam ever completed is the 984-ft-high Nurek dam, of 2.05 billion cu ft volume. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The embankment-earthfill ^ Oroville Dam is the United States' highest dam, reaching 754 ft and spanning the Feather River of California. It was completed in 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Longest T Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Longest 20 22 24 26 81814|1203 134990|1985 61550|905 108156|5 139100|95 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Longest The 134 1/2-ft-high Yacyreta-Apipe Dam across the Parana on the Paraguay-Argentina border will extend for 43.2 miles. It was due for completion in 1992. ^<n The Kiev Dam across the Dnieper, Ukraine, completed in 1964, has a crest length of 256 ^ miles. ^<n In the early 17th century an impounding dam of moderate height was built in Lake Hongze, Jiangsu, China, of a reputed length of 62 miles. ^<n The longest sea dam in the world is the Afsluitdijk, stretching 20.2 miles across the mouth ^ of the Zuider Zee in two sections of 1.6 miles (mainland of North Holland to the Isle of Wieringen) and 18.6 miles from Wieringen to Friesland. It has a sea-level width of 293 ft and a height of 24 ft 7 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Strongest T Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Strongest 20 22 24 26 81882|1204 252358|3711 61686|907 108156|6 266742|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Strongest On completion, the strongest will be the 803.8-ft-high Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam on the River Yenisey, Russia, which is designed to bear a load of 19.8 million tons from a fully filled reservoir of 1.1 trillion cu ft capacity. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Largest reservoir T Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Largest reservoir 20 22 24 26 81950|1205 92694|1363 61482|904 108156|7 91334|154 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Largest reservoir The most voluminous man-made reservoir is the Bratskoye reservoir, on the Angara River in Siberia, Russia, with a volume of 40.6 cu mi and an area of 2,112 sq mi. It extends for 372 miles with a width of 21 miles. It was filled in 1961-67. ^<n The ^ world's largest artificial lake measured by surface area is Lake Volta, Ghana, formed by the Akosombo Dam, completed in 1965. By 1969 the lake had filled to an area of 3,275 sq mi, with a shoreline 4,500 miles in length. ^<n The completion in ^ 1954 of the Owen Falls Dam near Jinja, Uganda, across the northern exit of the White Nile from the Victoria Nyanza, marginally raised the level of that natural lake by adding 218.9 million acre-feet, and technically turned it into a reservoir ^ with a surface area of 17.2 million acres. ^<n The $4-billion Tucurui Dam in Brazil by 1984 converted the Tocantins River into a 1,180-mile-long chain of lakes. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest wholly artificial reservoir in the USA is ^ Lake Mead in Nevada. It was formed by the Hoover Dam, which was completed in 1936. The lake has a capacity of 1,241,445 million cu ft and a surface area of 28,255,000 acre-ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Largest polder T Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Largest polder 20 22 24 26 82018|1206 92626|1362 61414|903 108156|8 91334|153 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Largest polder Of the five great polders (lands reclaimed from the sea) in the old Zuider Zee, Netherlands, the largest will be the Markerwaard, of 148,250 acres (231 sq mi). Work on the 65-mile-long surrounding dike began in 1957. The water area remaining after ^ the erection of the dam (20 miles in length), built between 1927-32, is called IJsselmeer, and will have a final area of 487 1/2 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dams: Largest levees T Buildings and Structures|Dams|General Records|Largest levees 20 22 24 26 82086|1207 92558|1361 61346|902 108156|9 91334|152 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dams: Largest levees The most massive ever built are the Mississippi levees, begun in 1717 but vastly augmented by the federal government after the disastrous floods of 1927. They extend for 1,732 miles along the main river from Cape Girardeau, MO to the Gulf of Mexico ^ and comprise more than 27 billion cu ft of earthworks. Levees on the tributaries comprise an additional 2,000 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Largest-diameter T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Largest-diameter 20 22 24 26 82154|1208 124042|1824 231414|3403 108958|0 91334|615 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Largest-diameter The largest-diameter road tunnel in the world is the one blasted through Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco, CA. It is 77 ft 10 in wide, 56 ft high and 540 ft long. More than 90 million vehicles pass through on its two decks every year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Oldest navigable T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Oldest navigable 20 22 24 26 82222|1209 235630|3465 232094|3413 108958|1 236192|192 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Oldest navigable The Malpas tunnel on the Canal du Midi in southwest France was completed in 1681 and is 528 ft long. Its completion enabled vessels to navigate from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea via the river Garonne to Toulouse and the Canal du Midi ^ to Sete. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest water-supply T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest water-supply 20 22 24 26 82290|1210 155254|2283 232026|3412 108958|2 139100|393 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest water-supply The longest tunnel of any kind is the New York City West Delaware water-supply tunnel, begun in 1937 and completed in 1944. It has a diameter of 13 1/2 ft and runs for 105 miles from the Rondout Reservoir into the Hillview Reservoir, on the border ^ of Yonkers, NY and New York City. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest rail T \p8\D07\3705098 Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest rail 20 22 24 26 82358|1211 154982|2279 13610|200 231754|3408 9802|144 108958|3 139100|389 18704|0 -PCAP- The Seikan Rail Tunnel is 33.46 miles long and 328 ft below the sea bed of the Tsugaru Strait between Tappi Saki Honshu, and Fukushima, Hokkaido, Japan. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest rail The 33.46-mile-long Seikan Rail Tunnel was bored to 787 ft beneath sea level and 328 ft below the seabed of the Tsugaru Strait between Tappi Saki, Honshui, and Fukushima, Hokkaidoi, Japan. Tests started on the subaqueous section (14 1/2 miles) in ^ 1964 and construction began in June 1972. It was holed through on 27 Jan 1983 after a loss of 34 lives. The first test run took place on 13 Mar 1988. ^<n Proposals for a Brenner Pass Tunnel between Innsbruck, Austria and Italy envisage a rail ^ tunnel 36-39 miles long. ^<n The Channel Tunnel, an electric railroad under the English Channel, is being constructed as a joint Anglo-French project at an estimated cost of $13.5 billion. Nonstop through trains, operated by the national ^ railroads, will carry passengers and freight. The system will consist of three bored tunnels---two main tunnels each carrying a single railroad track and a central tunnel containing essential services such as electricity, ventilation and ^ drainage. Some 23 miles will be under the sea and the journey will take about 35 minutes. The project is due for completion in 1993. (See also Channel Tunnel feature). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest main-line tunnel railroad in the USA ^ is the Moffat Tunnel, which cuts through a 6.2 mile section of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Tunnel construction was completed in 1928. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest continuous subway T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest continuous subway 20 22 24 26 82426|1212 154846|2277 231618|3406 108958|4 139100|387 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest continuous subway The Moscow Metro underground railroad line from Medvedkovo to Bittsevsky is ^I . 23.5 miles long and was completed in early 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest road T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest road 20 22 24 26 82494|1213 155050|2280 231822|3409 108958|5 139100|390 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest road The 10.14-mile-long two-lane St Gotthard road tunnel from Goschenen, Switzerland to Airolo, Italy opened to traffic on 5 Sep 1980. Nineteen lives were lost during its construction, begun in fall 1969, at a cost of SFr 686 million (then $414 ^ million). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest road tunnel in the USA is the 2.5 mile Lincoln Tunnel, linking New York City and New Jersey. The tunnel was dug beneath the Hudson River and was completed in 1937. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest unsupported T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest unsupported 20 22 24 26 82562|1214 155186|2282 231958|3411 108958|6 139100|392 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest unsupported The longest unsupported example of a machine-bored tunnel is the Three Rivers water tunnel, 30,769 ft long with a 10.5 ft diameter, constructed for the city of Atlanta, GA from April 1980 to February 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest hydroelectric irrigation T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest hydroelectric irrigation 20 22 24 26 82630|1215 154914|2278 231686|3407 108958|7 139100|388 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest hydroelectric irrigation The 51 1/2-mile-long Orange-Fish Rivers tunnel, South Africa, was bored between 1967 and 1973 at an estimated cost of 60 million pounds ($144 million). The lining to a minimum thickness of 9 in gave a completed diameter of 17 1/2 ft. ^<n The Majes ^ dam project in Peru involves 60.9 miles of tunnels for hydroelectric and water-supply purposes. The dam is at 13,780 ft altitude. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest sewerage T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest sewerage 20 22 24 26 82698|1216 155118|2281 231890|3410 108958|8 139100|391 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest sewerage The Chicago TARP (Tunnels and Reservoir Plan) in Illinois, when complete, will involve 130 miles of sewerage tunneling. Phase I will comprise 109 miles when completed. As of August 1991, 50.5 miles are operational, 24.9 miles are under ^ construction, and the remaining 33.8 miles are unfunded. The system will provide pollution control to the area and will service 3.9 million people in 52 communities over a 375 sq mi area. The estimated cost for the project is $3.7 billion ($2.5 ^ billion for Phase I, $1.2 billion for Phase II). ^<n The Viikinmaki Central Treatment Plant in Helsinki, Finland is the world's first major waste-water plant to be built underground. It will involve the excavation of nearly 35,314 cu ft of rock ^ before its completion in 1993. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest bridge-tunnel T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest bridge-tunnel 20 22 24 26 82766|1217 154710|2275 231482|3404 108958|9 139100|385 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest bridge-tunnel The Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel extends 17.65 miles from the Eastern Shore peninsula to Virginia Beach, VA. It cost $200 million and was completed in 42 months. It opened to traffic on 15 Apr 1964. The longest bridged section is Trestle C (4.56 ^ miles long) and the longest tunnel section is the Thimble Shoal Channel Tunnel (1.09 miles). ^ -END- -CTRL- Tunnels: Longest canal-tunnel T Buildings and Structures|Tunnels|General Records|Longest canal-tunnel 20 22 24 26 82834|1218 124110|1825 231550|3405 108958|10 139100|386 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tunnels: Longest canal-tunnel The Rove Tunnel on the Canal de Marseille au Rhone in the south of France was completed in 1927 and is 23,359 ft long, 72 ft wide and 37 ft high, making it the longest and largest canal-tunnel in the world. Built to be navigated by seagoing ships, ^ it was closed in 1963 following a collapse and has not been reopened. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Advertising signs T \c8\D01\3705099z Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Advertising signs 20 23 25 27 82902|1219 151446|2227 13678|201 204554|3008 1098|16 109830|0 139100|337 18790|0 -PCAP- (Left) Although dismantled in 1936, the world's most conspicuous sign was on the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. The sign read Citroen and could be seen from a distance of 24 miles away. (Right) Topsy, the clown situated outside Circus Circus Hotel, ^ Reno, NV, is the largest animated sign. It weighs over 45 tons and has 1.4 miles of neon tubing. (Photos: Archiv Fur Kunst and Picture Point) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Advertising signs ^<4 Highest ^>4 The highest is the logo "I" at the top of the 73-story 1,017-ft-tall First Interstate World Center building, Los Angeles, CA. ^<n The most conspicuous sign ever erected was the electric Citroen sign on the Eiffel Tower, Paris, ^ France. It was switched on on 4 Jul 1925, and could be seen 24 miles away. It was in six colors with 250,000 lamps and 56 miles of electric cables. The letter "N" that terminated the name "Citroen" between the second and third levels measured 68 ^ ft 5 in in height. The sign was dismantled in 1936. ^<n ^<4 Neon ^>4 The longest is the letter "M" installed on the Great Mississippi River Bridge, Old Man River at Memphis, TN. It is 1,800 ft long and comprises 200 high-intensity lamps. ^<n ^ The largest neon sign measures 210 x 55 ft and was built for Marlboro cigarettes at Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong in May 1986. It contains 35,000 ft of neon tubing and weighs approximately 126 tons. ^<n An interior-lit fascia advertising sign in ^ Clearwater, FL completed by the Adco Sign Corp in April 1983 measured 1,168 ft 6 1/2 in in length. ^<n ^<4 Billboards ^>4 The world's largest billboard is that of the Bassat Ogilvy Promotional Campaign for Ford Espana, measuring 475 ft 9 in in ^ length and 78 ft 9 in in width. It is sited at Plaza de Toros Monumental de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. ^<n ^<4 Illuminated ^>4 The world's longest illuminated sign measures 196 1/2 ft x 65 1/2 ft. It is lit by 62,400 W metal-halide ^ projectors and was erected by Abudi Signs Industry Ltd of Israel. ^<n ^<4 Animated ^>4 The world's most massive is the one outside the Circus Circus Hotel, Reno, NV, which is named Topsy the Clown. It is 127 ft tall and weighs over 45 tons, ^ with 1.4 miles of neon tubing. Topsy's smile measures 14 ft across. ^<n ^<4 Longest airborne ^>4 Reebok International Ltd of Massachusetts flew a banner from a single-seater plane that read "Reebok Totally Beachin." The banner measured 50 ft ^ in height and 100 ft in length, and was flown from 13-16 and 20-23 Mar 1990 for four hours each day at Daytona Beach, FL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest bonfire T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest bonfire 20 22 24 26 82970|1220 119214|1753 204894|3013 109830|1 91334|544 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest bonfire The largest was constructed in Espel, in the Noordoost Polder, Netherlands. It stood 91 ft 5 in high with a base circumference of 276 ft 11 in and was lit on 19 Apr 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Longest breakwater T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Longest breakwater 20 22 24 26 83038|1221 151582|2229 206118|3031 109830|2 139100|339 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Longest breakwater The world's longest breakwater is the one that protects the Port of Galveston, TX. The granite South Breakwater is 6.74 miles in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Cemeteries T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Cemeteries 20 22 24 26 83106|1222 119010|1750 204622|3009 109830|3 267614|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Cemeteries ^<4 Largest ^>4 Rookwood Necropolis, New South Wales, Australia is the largest cemetery, covering an area of 728 acres, with over 575,536 interments and 177,542 cremations. It has been in continuous use since 1867. ^<n The United States' largest ^ cemetery is Arlington National Cemetery, which is situated on the Potomac River in Virginia, directly opposite from Washington, D.C. It is 612 acres in extent and more than 200,000 members of the armed forces are buried there. Presidents William ^ Howard Taft and John Fitzgerald Kennedy are also buried there. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The permanently illuminated Memorial Necropole Ecumencio, located in Santos, near Sao Paulo, Brazil is 10 stories high, occupying an area of 4.448 acres. When ^ full, its final capacity will be 20,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest columns T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest columns 20 22 24 26 83174|1223 256982|3779 207070|3045 109830|4 267614|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest columns The tallest are the thirty-six 90-ft-tall fluted pillars of Vermont marble in the colonnade of the Education Building, Albany, NY. Their base diameter is 6 1/2 ft. ^<n The tallest load-bearing stone columns in the world are those measuring 69 ft in ^ the Hall of Columns of the Temple of Amun at Karnak, opposite Thebes on the Nile, the ancient capital of Upper Egypt. They were built in the 19th dynasty in the reign of Rameses II ^I 1270 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest crematorium T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Crematorium 20 22 24 26 83242|1224 119282|1754 204962|3014 109830|5 91334|545 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest crematorium The largest crematorium in the world is at the Nikolo-Arkhangelskoye Cemetery, east Moscow, Russia with seven twin cremators of British design, completed in March 1972. It has several Halls of Farewell for atheists. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest domes T \p8\D07\3905100 Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest domes 20 23 25 27 83310|1225 119350|1755 13746|202 205030|3015 109830|6 91334|546 18790|1 -PCAP- The concrete dome of the Pantheon, Rome was the largest built until modern times, with a diameter of 142 1/2 ft and rising to a height of 71 ft. Built as a temple, it was dedicated in A.D. 609 as the church of the Sta. Maria Rotonda. (Photo: ^ Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest domes The largest is the Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, which has a diameter of 680 ft. ^<n The largest dome of ancient architecture is that of the Pantheon, built in Rome in A.D. 112, with a diameter of 142 1/2 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Doors T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Doors 20 22 24 26 83378|1226 119078|1751 204690|3010 109830|7 65726|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Doors ^<4 Largest ^>4 The four doors in the Vehicle Assembly Building near Cape Canaveral, FL have a height of 460 ft. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The heaviest is that of the laser target room at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA. It weighs 360 ^ tons, is up to 8 ft thick and was installed by Overly. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest dry dock T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest dry dock 20 22 24 26 83446|1227 119418|1756 205098|3016 109830|8 91334|547 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest dry dock With a maximum shipbuilding capacity of 1.34 million tons dwt, the Daewoo Okpo No. 1 Dry Dock, Koje Island in South Korea measures 1,740 ft long x 430 ft wide and was completed in 1979. The dock gates, 46 ft high and 33 ft thick at the base, are ^ the world's most massive. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest earthworks T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest earthworks 20 22 24 26 83514|1228 119486|1757 205166|3017 109830|9 91334|548 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest earthworks The largest prior to the mechanical era were the Linear Earth Boundaries of the Benin Empire in the Bendel state of Nigeria. Their existence was first reported in 1900 and they were partially surveyed in 1967. In April 1973 it was estimated by ^ Patrick Darling that the total length of the earthworks was probably between 4,000 and 8,000 miles, with the amount of earth moved estimated at 13.4 -16 billion cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Fences T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Fences 20 22 24 26 83582|1229 151514|2228 204758|3011 109830|10 139100|338 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Fences ^<4 Longest ^>4 The dingo-proof wire fence enclosing the main sheep areas of Australia is 6 ft high, 1 ft underground and stretches for 3,437 miles. The Queensland state government discontinued full maintenance in 1982. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 ^ The world's tallest fences are security screens 65 ft high erected by Harrop-Allin of Pretoria, South Africa in November 1981 to protect fuel depots and refineries at Sasolburg from terrorist rocket attack. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest flagpoles T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest flagpoles 20 22 24 26 83650|1230 257050|3780 207138|3046 109830|11 267614|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest flagpoles Erected outside the Oregon Building at the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, CA, and trimmed from a Douglas fir, this flagpole stood 299 ft 7 in in height and weighed 51.8 tons. ^<n The tallest unsupported flagpole in ^ the world is the 282-ft-tall steel pole, weighing 120,000 lb, that was erected on 22 Aug 1985 at the Canadian Expo 86 exhibition in Vancouver, British Columbia and supports a gigantic ice hockey stick 205 ft in length. Sherrold Haddad of Flag ^ Chevrolet Oldsmobile Ltd was instrumental in moving and reconstructing the flagpole at its present location at the company's premises on 104th Avenue, Surrey, British Columbia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest fountain T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest fountain 20 22 24 26 83718|1231 257118|3781 207206|3047 109830|12 267614|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest fountain The tallest is the fountain at Fountain Hills, AZ, built at a cost of $1.5 million for McCulloch Properties Inc. At full pressure of 375 lb/sq in and at a rate of 5,828 gal/min, the 562-ft-tall column of water weighs more than 8 tons. When all ^ three pumps are on, it can reach 625 ft, if weather conditions are favorable. The nozzle speed achieved by the three 600 hp pumps is 46.7 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest gas tanks T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest gas tanks 20 22 24 26 83786|1232 119622|1759 205302|3019 109830|13 91334|550 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest gas tanks The largest gas tanks are at Fontaine L'Eveque, Belgium, where disused mines have been adapted to store up to 17.6 billion cu ft of gas at ordinary pressure. ^<n The largest known remaining conventional gas tank is that at Wien-Simmering, Vienna, ^ Austria, completed in 1968, with a height of 275 ft and a capacity of 10.6 million cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest garbage dump T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest garbage dump 20 22 24 26 83854|1233 119554|1758 205234|3018 109830|14 91334|549 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest garbage dump Reclamation Plant No. 1, Fresh Kills, Staten Island, NY, opened in March 1974, is the world's largest sanitary landfill. In its first four months of operation 503,751 tons of refuse from New York City carried by 700 barges was dumped on the site. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest revolving globe T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest revolving globe 20 22 24 26 83922|1234 119894|1763 205574|3023 109830|15 91334|554 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest revolving globe The 33-ton 33-ft-diameter sphere called "Globe of Peace" was built in five years, from 1982 to 1987, by Orfeo Bartolucci from Apecchio, Pesaro, Italy. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Longest deep-water jetty T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Longest deep-water jetty 20 22 24 26 83990|1235 151718|2231 206254|3033 109830|16 139100|341 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Longest deep-water jetty The Quai Hermann du Pasquier at Le Havre, France, with a length of 5,000 ft, is part of an enclosed basin and has a constant depth of water of 32 ft on both sides. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest kitchen T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest kitchen 20 22 24 26 84058|1236 119690|1760 205370|3020 109830|17 91334|551 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest kitchen An Indian government field kitchen set up in April 1973 at Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra, a famine area, daily provided 1.2 million subsistence meals. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest lampposts T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest lampposts 20 22 24 26 84126|1237 257254|3783 207342|3049 109830|18 267614|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest lampposts The tallest lighting columns are the four made by Petitjean & Cie of Troyes, France and installed by Taylor Woodrow at Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex, Muscat, Oman. They stand 208 ft 4 in high. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Lighthouses T \p8\D07\3806136 Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Lighthouses 20 22 24 26 84194|1238 256710|3775 13814|203 206050|3030 2730|40 109830|19 267614|56 18790|2 -PCAP- The lights with the greatest range are those on the Empire State Building, New York City. Each of the four lights has a candlepower of 450 million and can be seen at 80 miles from the ground and 300 miles from the air. (Photo: Images) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Lighthouses ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The 348 ft steel tower near Yamashita Park in Yokohama, Japan has a power of 600,000 candelas and a visibility range of 20 miles. ^<n ^<4 Greatest range ^>4 The lights with the greatest range are those 1,089 ft above the ^ ground on the Empire State Building, New York City. Each of the four-arc mercury bulbs has a rated candlepower of 450 million, visible 80 miles away on the ground and 300 miles away from aircraft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest marquee T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest marquee 20 22 24 26 84262|1239 119826|1762 205506|3022 109830|20 91334|553 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest marquee A marquee covering an area of 188,368 sq ft (4.32 acres) was erected by the firm of Deuter of Augsburg, Germany for the 1958 "Welcome Expo" in Brussels, Belgium. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Mazes T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Mazes 20 22 24 26 84330|1240 120370|1770 206526|3037 109830|21 236192|170 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Mazes ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest datable representation of a labyrinth is that on a clay tablet from Pylos, Greece ^I . 1200 B.C. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The world's largest hedge maze is the one at Longleat, near Warminster, Great Britain, ^ designed for Lord Weymouth by Greg Bright, which has 1.69 miles of paths flanked by 16,180 yew trees. It was opened on 6 Jun 1978 and measures 381 x 187 ft. ^<n "Il Labirinto" at Villa Pisani, Stra, Italy, in which Napoleon was "lost" in 1807, ^ had 4 miles of pathways. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest menhir T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest menhir 20 22 24 26 84398|1241 257322|3784 207410|3050 109830|22 267614|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest menhir The tallest known menhir (prehistoric upright monolith) is the 418.8 ton Grand Menhir Brise, now in four pieces, which originally stood 72 ft high at Locmariaquer, Brittany, France. Recent research suggests a possible 75 ft for the height of a ^ menhir, in three pieces, weighing 280 tons, also at Locmariaquer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest monuments T \p8\D07\3705087 Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest monuments 20 22 24 26 84466|1242 257390|3785 13882|204 207478|3051 2798|41 109830|23 267614|66 18790|3 -PCAP- The stainless steel Gateway to the West Arch in St Louis, MO, rises to a height and span of 630 ft. It was designed by Eero Saarinen and was completed on 28 Oct 1965. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest monuments ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The stainless-steel Gateway to the West arch in St Louis, MO, completed on 28 Oct 1965 to commemorate the westward expansion after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, is a sweeping arch spanning 630 ft and rising to the same height ^ of 630 ft. It cost $29 million. It was designed in 1947 by the Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen (1910-61). ^<n ^<4 Tallest column ^>4 Constructed from 1936-39, at a cost of $1.5 million, the tapering column that commemorates the Battle ^ of San Jacinto (21 Apr 1836), on the bank of the San Jacinto River near Houston, TX, is 570 ft tall, 47 ft square at the base, and 30 ft square at the observation tower, which is surmounted by a star weighing 220 tons. It is built of concrete ^ with buff limestone, and weighs 35,150 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest trilithons T \p8\D07\3905101 Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest trilithons 20 23 25 27 84534|1243 120030|1765 13950|205 205710|3025 17350|255 109830|24 91334|556 18790|4 -PCAP- The largest trilithons are at Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Great Britain. They are made up of two standing stones with a linking lintel. Stonehenge is generally thought to have been constructed for religious purposes. (Photo: Spectrum Colour ^ Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest trilithons The largest trilithons exist at Stonehenge, to the south of Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, Great Britain, with single sarsen blocks weighing over 49.6 tons and requiring over 550 men to drag them up a 9 degree gradient. The earliest stage of the ^ construction of the ditch has been dated to 2800 B.C. Whether Stonehenge, which required some 30 million man-years, was built as a place of worship, as a lunar calendar, or as an eclipse predictor is still debated. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest artificial mound T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest artificial mound 20 22 24 26 84602|1244 119146|1752 204826|3012 109830|25 91334|543 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest artificial mound The gravel mound built as a memorial to the Seleucid King Antiochus I (r. 69-34 B.C.) stands on the summit of Nemrud Dagi (8,182 ft), southeast of Malatya, eastern Turkey. It measures 197 ft tall and covers 7.5 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Naturist resorts T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Naturist resorts 20 22 24 26 84670|1245 234202|3444 206594|3038 109830|26 236192|171 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Naturist resorts ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest resort is Der Freilichtpark, Klingberg, Germany, established in 1903. ^<n The center Helio-Marin at Cap d'Agde, southern France, which covers 222 acres, is visited by 100,000 people each year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Obelisks T \p8\D07\3905102 Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Obelisks 20 22 24 26 84738|1246 256778|3776 14018|206 206662|3039 21702|319 109830|27 267614|57 18790|5 -PCAP- The Washington Monument, located at the west end of the Mall, Washington, D.C. Standing 555 ft 5 1/8 in high, it was completed in 1884 to honor George Washington, the first President. (Photo: Images/Horizon Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Obelisks The "skewer" or "spit" (from the Greek ^I ) of Tuthmosis III brought from Aswan, Egypt by Emperor Constantius in the spring of A.D. 357 was repositioned in the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterane, Rome on 3 Aug 1588. Once 118.1 ft tall, ^ it now stands 107.6 ft and weighs 501.5 tons. ^<n The unfinished obelisk, probably commissioned by Queen Hatshepsut ^I 1490 B.C., and ^I at Aswan, Egypt is 136.8 ft in length and weighs 1,287 tons. ^<n The obelisk that ^ has remained upright ^I for the longest time is the one still standing at Heliopolis, near Cairo, erected by Senwosret I ^I . 1750 B.C. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The world's tallest obelisk is the Washington Monument in ^ Washington, D.C. Situated in a 106 acre site and standing 555 ft 5 1/8 in high, it was built to honor George Washington (1732-99), the first President. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Longest piers T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Longest piers 20 22 24 26 84806|1247 151786|2232 206322|3034 109830|28 139100|342 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Longest piers The Dammam Pier, Saudi Arabia, on the Persian Gulf, with an overall length of 6.79 miles, was begun in July 1948 and completed on 15 Mar 1950. The area was subsequently developed by 1980 into the King Abdul Aziz Port, with 39 deep-water berths. The ^ original causeway, greatly widened, now extends to 7.95 miles including other port structures. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Longest covered promenade T \p8\D07\3905103 Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Longest covered promenade 20 22 24 26 84874|1248 151650|2230 14086|207 206186|3032 109830|29 139100|340 18790|6 -PCAP- This covered way is located at the southern side of the Longevity Hill skirting the shoreline of the Kunming Lake, Beijing, China. Built entirely from wood, the 273 sections are 2,388.5 ft in length. (Photo: Hu Chuei) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Longest covered promenade The Long Corridor in the Summer Palace in Beijing, China is a covered promenade running for 2,388 1/2 ft. It is built entirely of wood and divided by crossbeams into 273 sections. These crossbeams, as well as the ceiling and side pillars, have over ^ 10,000 paintings of famous Chinese landscapes, episodes from folk tales, and flowers and birds. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Pyramids T \p8\D07\3806138b Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Pyramids 20 23 25 27 84942|1249 120438|1771 14154|208 206730|3040 1438|21 109830|30 236192|172 18790|7 -PCAP- The Djoser step pyramid at Saqqara, Egypt was constructed by Imhotep, the architect and astrologer and chief minister to Djoser ^I . 2686-2613 B.C. It is the oldest monument of hewn stone known in the world. The pyramid consists of six ^ steps and attains a height of 204 ft. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Pyramids ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest pyramid, and the largest monument ever constructed, is the Quetzalcoatl at Cholula de Rivadabia, 63 miles southeast of Mexico City. It is 177 ft tall and its base covers an area of nearly 45 acres. Its total volume ^ has been estimated at 116.5 million cu ft compared with 88.2 million cu ft for the Pyramid of Khufu or Cheops (a fourth-dynasty Egyptian pharoah). ^<n The largest-known single block in pyramid-building is from the Third Pyramid (Pyramid of ^ Mycerinus) at El Gizeh, Egypt and weighs 320 tons. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The Djoser step pyramid at Saqqara, Egypt dates from ^I 2680 B.C. It was constructed by Imhotep to a height of 204 ft, and originally had a Tura limestone casing. ^ ^<n The oldest New World pyramid is that on the island of La Venta in southeastern Mexico, built by the Olmec people ^I 800 B.C. It stands 100 ft tall with a base dimension of 420 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest sand castle T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest sand castle 20 22 24 26 85010|1250 257458|3786 207546|3052 109830|31 267614|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest sand castle The tallest sand castle on record, constructed only with hands, buckets and shovels, was 19 ft 6 in high and was made by Team Totally in Sand and Freddie and the Sandblasters at Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada on 15 Oct 1991. ^<n The ^ longest sand castle was 5.2 miles long, and was made by staff and pupils of Ellon Academy, near Aberdeen, Great Britain on 24 Mar 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Scaffolding T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Scaffolding 20 22 24 26 85078|1251 120506|1772 206798|3041 109830|32 267614|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Scaffolding The tallest scaffolding was 174.8 ft high, erected around the statue of the Albert Memorial in London, Great Britain. It was freestanding and clad with plastic sheeting and could resist wind forces of up to 90 mph. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The ^ largest freestanding scaffolding in the United States is believed to be the one erected for the restoration of the Goldstone antenna in California. It was 170 ft high, 70 ft deep and went 180 ft around the circumference of the structure. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest scarecrow T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest scarecrow 20 22 24 26 85146|1252 257526|3787 207614|3053 109830|33 267614|68 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest scarecrow The tallest scarecrow ever built was "Stretch II," constructed by the Speers family of Paris, Ontario, Canada and a crew of 15 at the Paris, Ontario Fall Fair on 2 Sep 1989. It measured 103 ft 6 3/4 in in height. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Seven Wonders of the World T \p8\D07\3806138a Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Seven Wonders of the World 20 23 25 27 85214|1253 14222|209 206866|3042 109830|34 18790|8 -PCAP- The pyramid of Khufu or Cheops at Giza, Egypt, rises up above the Great Sphinx. The Great Pyramid is the sole surviving monument designated by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World in the second century B.C. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Seven Wonders of the World The Seven Wonders of the World were first designated by Antipater of Sidon in the second century B.C. They included the Pyramids of Giza, built by three fourth-dynasty Egyptian pharaohs, Khwfw (Khufu or Cheops), Kha-f-Ra (Khafre, Khefren or ^ Chepren) and Menkaure (Mycerinus) near El Giza (El Gizeh), southwest of El Qahira (Cairo) in Egypt. ^<n ^<4 The Great Pyramid ^>4 The "Horizon of Khufu" was finished under Rededef c. 2580 B.C. Its original height was 480 ft 11 in (now, since ^ the loss of its topmost stones and the pyramidion, reduced to 449 ft 6 in) with a base line of 756 ft and thus covering slightly more than 13 acres. It has been estimated that a permanent work force of 4,000 required 30 years to maneuver into ^ position the 2.3 million limestone blocks averaging 2.76 tons each, totaling about 6,437,432 tons and a volume of 88.2 million cu ft. Some blocks weighed 15 tons. A cost estimate published in December 1974 indicated that it would take 405 men six ^ years to build it at a cost of $1.13 billion. ^<n ^<4 Fragments remain of: ^>4 ^<n The Temple of Artemis (Diana) of the Ephesians, built c. 350 B.C. at Ephesus, Turkey (destroyed by the Goths in A.D. 262). ^<n The Tomb of King Mausolus of ^ Caria, at Halicarnassus, now Bodrum, Turkey, c. 325 B.C. ^<n ^<4 No trace remains of: ^>4 ^<n The Hanging Gardens of Semiramis, at Babylon, Iraq c. 600 B.C. ^<n The statue of Zeus (Jupiter), by Phidias (fifth century B.C.), at Olympia, Greece ^ (lost in a fire in Istanbul) in marble, gold and ivory and 40 ft tall. ^<n The figure of the god Helios (Apollo), the 117-ft-tall statue by Chares of Lindus called the Colossus of Rhodes (sculptured 292--280 B.C., destroyed by an earthquake in ^ 224 B.C.). ^<n The 400-ft-tall lighthouse, the world's earliest lighthouse, built by Sostratus of Cnidus (c. 270 B.C.) as a pyramidically shaped tower of white marble (finally destroyed by earthquake in A.D. 1375), on the island of Pharos (Greek, ^ pharos = lighthouse), off the coast of El Iskandariya (Alexandria), Egypt. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Snow and ice constructions T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Snow and ice constructions 20 22 24 26 85282|1254 120574|1773 206934|3043 109830|35 91334|564 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Snow and ice constructions A snow palace 87 ft high, one of four structures which together spanned 702.7 ft, was unveiled on 7 Feb 1987 at Asahikawa City, Hokkaidoi, Japan. ^<n The world's largest ice construction was the ice palace built in January 1986, using 9,000 blocks ^ of ice, at St Paul, MN during the Winter Carnival. Designed by Ellerbe Associates Inc., it stood 128 ft 9 in high---the equivalent of a 13-story building. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest snowman T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest snowman 20 22 24 26 85350|1255 257594|3788 207682|3054 8714|128 109830|36 267614|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest snowman Philip and Colleen Price, in coordination with 10 others, constructed a snowman, "Prince William," 76 ft 2 in high at Prince William Sound Community College, Valdez, AK on 2 Apr 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Longest stairways T \p8\D07\3806139 Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Longest stairways 20 22 24 26 85418|1256 151854|2233 14290|210 206390|3035 109830|37 139100|343 18790|9 -PCAP- Constructed in 1956 by Mariano Masana i Ribas, this spiral staircase, consisting of 217 steps, weaves its way around the 207.34-ft tall chimney at Tarrasa, Barcelona, Spain. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Longest stairways The service staircase for the Niesenbahn funicular near Spiez, Switzerland rises to 7,759 ft. It has 11,674 steps and a banister. ^<n The stone-cut Tai Chan temple stairs of 6,600 steps in the Shandong Mountains, China ascend 4,700 ft. ^<n The ^ tallest spiral staircase is on the outside of the chimney Bobila Almirall located in Angel Sallent in Tarrasa, Barcelona, Spain. Built by Mariano-Masana i Ribas in 1956, it is 207 ft high and has 217 steps. ^<n The longest spiral staircase is one ^ 1,103 ft deep with 1,520 steps installed in the Mapco-White County Coal Mine, Carmi, IL by Systems Control Inc. in May 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Statues T \c8\D01\3806140z Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Statues 20 23 25 27 85486|1257 151990|2235 14358|211 207002|3044 1642|24 109830|38 139100|345 18790|10 -PCAP- (Left) ^I , the tallest statue, commemorates the victory of the Battle of Stalingrad (1942-3) and stands on Mamayev Hill outside Volgograd, USSR. (Right) this magnificent statue of Maitreya is carved out of a single white ^ sandalwood tree standing 85.30 ft high. It is situated in the Pavilion House of Ten Thousand Fortunes of the Lama Temple northwest of Beijing, China. (Photos: Gamma/Novosti and Beijing Tourist Office) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Statues ^<4 Longest ^>4 Near Bamiyan, Afghanistan there are the remains of the recumbent Sakya Buddha, built of plastered rubble, which was "about 1,000 ft" long and is believed to date from the 3rd or 4th century A.D. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 A ^ full-figure statue, that of "Motherland," a prestressed concrete female figure on Mamayev Hill, outside Volgograd, Russia, was designed in 1967 by Yevgeny Vuchetich, to commemorate victory in the Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43). The statue from ^ its base to the tip of the sword clenched in the right hand measures 270 ft. ^<n The statue of Maitreya is carved out of a single piece of wood from a white sandalwood tree and it stands 85.30 ft high. It is located northwest of Beijing, China at ^ the Lama Temple (Yonghegong), built in 1649. The Imperial Court allowed two years for the carving of the statue in the Pavilion House of Ten Thousand Fortunes and finished the project in 1750. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The Statue of Liberty, ^ originally named Liberty Enlightening the World, is the tallest statue in the United States. Designed and built in France to commemorate the friendship of the two countries, the 152 ft statue was shipped to New York City, where its copper sheets ^ were assembled. President Grover Cleveland accepted the statue for the USA on 28 Oct 1886. ^<n The statue, which became a national monument in 1924, stands on Liberty Island in Upper New York Bay. The base of the statue is an eleven-pointed star; ^ a 150 ft pedestal is made of concrete faced with granite. The statue was closed to the public on 23 Jun 1985 in order to complete restoration work, at a cost of $698 million. The statue was officially reopened by President Ronald Reagan on 4 Jul ^ 1986 during a weekend-long celebration of the statue's 100th birthday. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest Lego statue T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest Lego statue 20 22 24 26 85554|1258 119758|1761 205438|3021 109830|39 91334|552 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest Lego statue The sculpture of the Indian chief Sitting Bull, at the Legoland Park, Billund, Denmark, measures 25 ft to the top of the feather. The largest statue ever constructed from Lego, it required 1.5 million bricks, individually glued together to ^ withstand the weather. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest swing T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest swing 20 22 24 26 85622|1259 257662|3789 207750|3055 109830|40 267614|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest swing A glider swing 30 ft high was constructed by Kenneth R. Mack, Langenburg, Saskatchewan, Canada for Uncle Herb's Amusements. The swing is capable of taking its four sides 25 ft off the ground. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest tombs T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest tombs 20 22 24 26 85690|1260 119962|1764 205642|3024 109830|41 91334|555 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest tombs The Mount Li tomb, the burial place of Qin Shi Huangdi, the 1st Emperor of Qin, dates to 221 B.C. and is situated 25 miles east of Xianyang, China. The two walls surrounding the grave measure 7,129 x 3,195 ft and 2,247 x 1,896 ft. Several pits in ^ the tomb contained a vast army of an estimated 8,000 life-sized terracotta soldiers. ^<n A tomb housing 180,000 World War II dead on Okinawa, Japan was enlarged in 1985 to accommodate another 9,000 bodies thought to be buried on the island. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest totem pole T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest totem pole 20 22 24 26 85758|1261 257730|3790 207818|3056 109830|42 267614|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest totem pole A 173-ft-tall pole was raised on 6 Jun 1973 at Alert Bay, British Columbia, Canada. It tells the story of the Kwakiutl tribe and took 36 man-weeks to carve. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Vats T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Vats 20 22 24 26 85826|1262 120642|1774 207954|3058 109830|43 236192|173 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Vats ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest wooden winecask in the world is the Heidelberg Tun, completed in 1751, in the cellar of the Friedrichsbau, Heidelberg, Germany. Its capacity is 40,790 gal. ^<n "Strongbow," used by H. P. Bulmer Ltd, the English ^ cider-makers of Hereford, Great Britain, measures 64 1/2 ft in height and 75 1/2 ft in diameter, with a capacity of 1.63 million gal. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The world's oldest-known vat still in use is at Hugel et Fils (founded 1639), Riqueweihr, ^ Haut-Rhin, France. Twelve generations of the family have used it since 1715. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Longest wall T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Longest wall 20 22 24 26 85894|1263 151922|2234 206458|3036 12726|187 109830|44 139100|344 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Longest wall The Great Wall of China has a main-line length of 2,150 miles. Completed during the reign of Qin Shi Huangdi (221-210 B.C.), it has a further 1,780 miles of branches and spurs. Its height varies from 15-39 ft and it is up to 32 ft thick. It runs ^ from Shanhaiguan, on the Gulf of Bohai, to Yumenguan and Yanguan, and was kept in repair up to the 16th century. Some 32 miles of the wall have been destroyed since 1966 and part of the wall was blown up to make way for a dam in July 1979. On 6 ^ Mar 1985 a report from China stated that a five-year survey proved that its total length was once 6,200 miles. In October 1990 it was reported that after two years of exertion Lin Youdian had become the first person to walk its entire length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest indoor waterfall T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest indoor waterfall 20 22 24 26 85962|1264 257186|3782 207274|3048 109830|45 267614|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest indoor waterfall The tallest indoor waterfall measures 114 ft in height and is backed by 2,525 sq ft of marble. It is situated in the lobby of Greektown's International Center Building, Detroit, MI. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Tallest water tower T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Tallest water tower 20 22 24 26 86030|1265 257798|3791 207886|3057 109830|46 267614|72 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Tallest water tower The Union water tower in New Jersey, built in 1965, rises to a height of 210 ft, with a capacity of 250,000 gal. The tower is owned and operated by the Elizabethtown Water Co. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest waterwheel T \p8\D07\3806140b Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest waterwheel 20 22 24 26 86098|1266 120098|1766 14426|212 205778|3026 109830|47 91334|557 18790|11 -PCAP- The Mohammadieh Noria wheel at Hamah, Syria has a wheel diameter of 131 ft. (Photo: Explorer) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest waterwheel The Mohammadieh Noria wheel at Hamah, Syria has a diameter of 131 ft and dates from Roman times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest windows T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest windows 20 22 24 26 86166|1267 120166|1767 205846|3027 109830|48 91334|558 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest windows The largest sheet of glass ever manufactured was one of 540 sq ft, or 65 ft 7 in by 8 ft 2 1/4 in, exhibited by the Saint Gobin Co. in France at the ^I in March 1958. ^<n The largest single windows in ^ the world are those in the Palace of Industry and Technology at ^I , Paris, France, with an extreme width of 715.2 ft and a maximum height of 164 ft. ^<n The largest sheet of tempered (safety) glass ever processed ^ was one made by P.T. Sinar Rasa Kencana of Jakarta, Indonesia. It measures 22.96 ft long by 7.02 ft wide and is 0.05 in thick. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest wine cellars T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest wine cellars 20 22 24 26 86234|1268 120234|1768 205914|3028 109830|49 91334|559 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest wine cellars The cellars at Paarl of the Ko-operative Wijnbouwers Vereeniging, known as KWV, Cape Province, in the center of the wine-growing district of South Africa, cover an area of 25 acres and have a capacity of 30 million gal. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^ The Cienega Winery of the Almaden Vineyards in Hollister, CA covers 4 acres and can house 37,300 oak barrels containing 1.83 million gallons of wine. ^ -END- -CTRL- Specialized Structures: Largest ziggurat T Buildings and Structures|Specialized Structures|General Records|Largest ziggurat 20 22 24 26 86302|1269 120302|1769 205982|3029 109830|50 91334|560 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Specialized Structures: Largest ziggurat The largest ziggurat (from the Assyrian ^I , meaning summit, height) ever built was that of the Elamite King Untas, ^I 1250 B.C., known as the Ziggurat of Choga Zanbil, 18.6 miles from Haft Tepe, Iran. The outer base was ^ 344 x 344 ft and the fifth "box" 91.8 x 91.8 ft, nearly 164 ft above. ^<n The largest partially surviving ziggurat is the Ziggurat of Ur (now Muquyyar, Iraq) with a base 200 x 150 ft, built to three stories and surmounted by a summit temple. The ^ first and part of the second stories now survive to a height of 60 ft. It was built in the reign of Ur-nammu ( ^I 2113-2096 B.C.). ^ -END- -CTRL- Ships: Earliest seagoing boats T Transport|Ships|General Records|Earliest seagoing boats 20 22 24 26 86370|1270 15378|226 198094|2913 114708|0 13960|119 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ships: Earliest seagoing boats Aborigines are thought to have been able to cross the Torres Strait from New Guinea to Australia, then at least 43 1/2 miles across, as early as 55,000 B.C. It is believed that they used double canoes. ^<n The earliest surviving "vessel" is a ^ pinewood dugout found in Pesse, Netherlands and dated to ^I 6315 B.C. +/- 275, now in the Provincial Museum, Assen. ^<n The earliest representation of a boat is a matter for dispute; there are possible rock-art outlines of Mesolithic ^ skin-boats in Hognipen, Norway ( ^I 8000-7000 B.C.); in Minateda, Spain (7000-3000 B.C.); and in Kobystan, Russia (8000-6000 B.C.). ^<n An 18-in-long paddle was found at the Star Carr site in Great Britain in 1948. It has been dated to ^ ^I 7600 B.C. and is now in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology, Great Britain. ^<n The oldest surviving boat is a 27-ft-long 2 1/2-ft-wide wooden eel-catching canoe discovered at Tybrind Vig on the Baltic island of Funen, which is dated ^ to ^I 4490 B.C. ^<n A fleet of 12 funerary boats discovered in 1991 at Abydos, Egypt have been tentatively dated to about 3000 B.C.; they measure up to 60 ft in length. ^<n The oldest shipwreck ever found is one of a Cycladic trading ^ vessel located off the islet of Dhokos, near the Greek island of Hydra, reported in May 1975 and dated to 2450 B.C. +/- 250. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ships: Largest human-powered T Transport|Ships|General Records|Largest human-powered 20 22 24 26 86438|1271 118602|1744 198230|2915 114708|1 91334|535 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ships: Largest human-powered The giant ship ^I , a three-banked catamaran galley with 4,000 rowers, built for Ptolemy IV ^I 210 B.C. in Alexandria, Egypt, measured 420 ft with up to eight men to an oar of 38 cubits (57 ft) in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ships: Earliest powered T Transport|Ships|General Records|Earliest powered 20 22 24 26 86506|1272 15310|225 198026|2912 114708|2 13960|118 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ships: Earliest powered Marine propulsion by steam engine was first achieved when in 1783 the Marquis Claude-Francois-Dorothee Jouffroy d'Abbans (1751-1832) ascended a reach of the river Saone near Lyons, France, in the 198-ton paddle wheeler ^I . ^<n The ^ tug ^I was the first successful power-driven vessel. She was a stern paddle wheel steamer built for the Forth and Clyde Canal, Great Britain in 1801-02 by William Symington (1763-1831), using a double-acting condensing ^ engine constructed by James Watt (1736-1819). ^<n The world's oldest active paddle wheeler continuously operated as such is ^I , which has plied Lake Mjosa, Norway since 1856. She was built in Motala, Sweden and has had two major ^ refits. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ships: Earliest turbine powered T Transport|Ships|General Records|Earliest turbine powered 20 22 24 26 86574|1273 15446|227 198162|2914 114708|3 13960|120 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ships: Earliest turbine powered The ^I , built in 1894 at Wallsend-on-Tyne, Great Britain to the design of Sir Charles Parson (1854-1931), was 100 ft long and of 46 tons displacement with machinery consisting of three steam turbines totaling about 2,000 shp. At her ^ first public demonstration in 1897 she reached 34.5 knots and is now preserved at Newcastle upon Tyne, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ships: Oldest active T Transport|Ships|General Records|Oldest active 20 22 24 26 86642|1274 233862|3439 198298|2916 114708|4 236192|166 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ships: Oldest active The world's oldest active oceangoing ship is the ^I (Greek for "servant"), built in 1914 in the USA and first named ^I . She is currently operating as an international educational and Christian service vessel with ^ approximately 300 crew members, personnel and passengers on board from 30 different nations. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ships: Wooden vessels T Transport|Ships|General Records|Wooden vessels 20 22 24 26 86710|1275 150562|2214 198366|2917 114708|5 139100|324 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ships: Wooden vessels ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The ^I , 333 2/3 ft long and weighing 8,534 tons, was launched in Toulon, France on 3 Dec 1873. ^<n HM Battleship ^I , completed in 1869, displaced 7,940 tons. ^<n ^<4 Longest ^>4 The longest ^ ever built was the New York-built ^I (1867-72), formerly the ^I , which measured 377 ft 4 in overall. ^<n It should be noted that the biblical length of Noah's ark was 300 cubits, or, at 18 in to a cubit, 450 ^ ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Warships: Largest battleships T \p8\D07\3906106 \m\00000033 Transport|Ships|Warships|Largest battleships 20 23 26 28 86778|1276 124858|1836 14494|213 237330|3490 115144|0 91334|627 20012|0 2094|9 -PCAP- The USS ^I was one of four IOWA class battleships built during World War II. Although all are now deactivated, she most recently saw action off Lebanon in 1983-84. Her armaments include 32 Tomahawk cruise missiles and nine 16-inch ^ guns. (Photo: US Navy) ^ -MCAP- Completed just after Pearl Harbor, the USS ^I , an IOWA class battleship, is the largest active battleship in the world. Gen. Douglas MacArthur accepted the surrender of Japan aboard the ^I , ending World War II. ^ (Archive Films) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Warships: Largest battleships The largest battleship in active service is the USS ^I , an IOWA class battleship. The remaining three ships in this class were recently deactivated. It is 887 ft, has a beam of 108 ft, and its displacement is 58,000 tons. Her ^ complement is 1,573 crewmen, including 58 Marines. The ship can attain a maximum speed of over 40 mph (35 knots). Armament includes nine 16 in/50 caliber guns, twelve 5 in/38 caliber guns, four 20 mm Phalanx CIWS (Close In Warfare System), 32 ^ Tomahawk cruise missiles from eight armored box launchers, and 16 Harpoon missiles fired from four quad cell launchers. Four SH-3 or SH-60 helicopters are on deck. ^<n Two other ships of the same class, USS ^I and USS ^I , are now in reserve. ^I last saw action off Lebanon in 1983-84. ^<n The Japanese battleships ^I (completed on 16 Dec 1941 and sunk southwest of Kyuishui, Japan by US planes on 7 Apr 1945) and ^I ^ (sunk in the Philippine Sea by 11 bombs and 16 torpedoes on 24 Oct 1944) were the largest battleships ever commissioned, each with a full-load displacement of 81,545 tons. With an overall length of 863 ft, a beam of 127 ft and a full-load draft ^ of 35 1/2 ft, they mounted nine 18.1-in guns in three triple turrets. Each gun weighed 181.5 tons and was 75 ft in length, firing a 3,200 lb projectile. ^ -END- -CTRL- Warships: Fastest warship T Transport|Ships|Warships|Fastest warship 20 22 24 26 86846|1277 32174|473 237262|3489 115144|1 23878|225 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Warships: Fastest warship A US Navy hovercraft, the 78-ft-long 110-ton test vehicle SES-100B, achieved a speed of 91.9 knots (105.8 mph). (See Hovercraft, fastest.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Warships: Fastest destroyer T Transport|Ships|Warships|Fastest destroyer 20 22 24 26 86914|1278 32106|472 237194|3488 115144|2 23878|224 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Warships: Fastest destroyer The fastest speed attained by a destroyer was 45.25 knots (51.83 mph) by the 3,120 ton French destroyer ^I in 1935. She was built in Blainville, France and was powered by four Yarrow small-tube boilers and two Rateau geared ^ turbines, giving 100,000 shp. She was removed from the active list at the end of 1957. ^<n The fastest destroyers in the US Navy arsenal are the Spruance class and Kidd class ships, which attain a maximum speed of 38 mph (33 knots). ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft Carriers: Largest T \c8\D01\3807144z Transport|Ships|Aircraft Carriers|Largest 20 22 24 26 86982|1279 82290|1210 14562|214 554|8 22654|333 115370|0 91334|1 20012|1 -PCAP- The USS ^I is one of four of the world's largest full-load displacement warships at 100,846 metric tons. The flight deck covers 4 1/2 acres. These views were taken at Monaco. (Photos: US Navy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft Carriers: Largest The warships with the largest full-load displacement in the world are the Nimitz class US Navy aircraft carriers USS ^I , ^I , and ^I ^ , the last two of which displace 100,846 tons. They are 1,092 ft in length overall, with 4 1/2 acres of flight deck, and have a speed well in excess of 30 knots from their four nuclear-powered 260,000 shp geared steam turbines. They have to be ^ refueled after about 900,000 miles of steaming. Their full complement of personnel is 5,986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft Carriers: Most aircraft landings T Transport|Ships|Aircraft Carriers|Most aircraft landings 20 22 24 26 87050|1280 163482|2404 622|9 115370|1 175106|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft Carriers: Most aircraft landings The greatest number of landings on an aircraft carrier in one day was 602, achieved by Marine Air Group 6 of the United States Pacific Fleet Air Force aboard the USS ^I on 25 May 1945 between 8 A.M. and 5 P.M. ^ -END- -CTRL- Submarines: Largest T Transport|Ships|Submarines|Largest 20 22 24 26 87118|1281 121798|1791 213802|3144 115526|0 91334|582 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Submarines: Largest The world's largest submarines are of the Russian Typhoon class. The launch of the first at the covered shipyard at Severodvinsk in the White Sea was announced by NATO on 23 Sep 1980. They are believed to have a dive displacement of 27,557 tons, to ^ measure 558 ft overall and to be armed with 20 SS NX 20 missiles with a 4,800-nautical-mile range, each with seven warheads. By late 1987 two others built in St Petersburg, Russia (formerly Leningrad, USSR) were operational, each deploying 140 ^ warheads. ^<n The largest submarines in the US Navy are of the Ohio class. Each of the nine ships in active service has a displacement of 18,700 tons. At 560 ft, they are the longest submarines in the fleet at 42 ft, and also have the largest ^ crew, at 165. ^<n The longest submarine patrol that ever dove unsupported (of those that have been made public) is 111 days by HM Submarine ^I in the South Atlantic from 25 Nov 1982 to 15 Mar 1983. She sailed 30,804 nautical ^ miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Submarines: Fastest T Transport|Ships|Submarines|Fastest 20 22 24 26 87186|1282 29794|438 213734|3143 115526|1 23878|190 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Submarines: Fastest The Russian Alfa class nuclear-powered submarines have a reported maximum speed of 45 knots plus (51.8 mph). With the use of titanium alloy in the hull, they are believed to be able to dive to 2,500 ft. A US spy satellite over Leningrad's naval ^ yard on 8 Jun 1983 showed they were being lengthened and are now 260.1 ft long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Submarines: Deepest T Transport|Ships|Submarines|Deepest 20 22 24 26 87254|1283 7014|103 213666|3142 22586|332 115526|2 11656|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Submarines: Deepest The US Navy deep submergence vessel ^I (DSV 4), 30 tons, commissioned in 1973, reached a depth of 20,000 ft in March 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Passenger Liners: Largest T Transport|Ships|Passenger Liners|Largest 20 22 24 26 87322|1284 111598|1641 163210|2400 115752|0 91334|432 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Passenger Liners: Largest The RMS ^I (finally 82,998 but formerly 83,673 grt), of the Cunard fleet, was the largest passenger vessel ever built and had the largest displacement of any liner in the world. She had an overall length of 1,031 ft, was 118 ^ ft 7 in in breadth and was powered by steam turbines that developed 168,000 hp. Her last passenger voyage ended on 15 Nov 1968. In 1970 she was removed to Hong Kong to serve as a floating marine university and renamed ^I ^ . She was burned out on 9 Jan 1972 when three ^I outbreaks of fire strongly pointed to arson. The gutted hull had been cut up and removed by 1978. ^I was a pun on the owner's initials--C.Y. Tung (1911-82). ^ -END- -CTRL- Passenger Liners: Largest in service T Transport|Ships|Passenger Liners|Largest in service 20 22 24 26 87390|1285 111666|1642 163278|2401 115752|1 91334|433 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Passenger Liners: Largest in service The largest passenger liner in current use, and the longest ever, is the ^I , 76,049 tons and 1,035 ft 7 1/2 in in overall length, with a capacity of 2,400 passengers. She was built as the ^I in 1960 and renamed after ^ purchase in June 1979 by Norwegian Knut Kloster. She normally cruises in the Caribbean and is based at Miami, FL. Work undertaken during an extensive refit, including two new decks, during the fall of 1990 increased the number of passenger decks ^ to 11. Her draft is 34 1/2 ft and her speed is 18 knots. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tankers: Largest T Transport|Ships|Tankers|Largest 20 22 24 26 87458|1286 122138|1796 216998|3191 115908|0 91334|587 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tankers: Largest The ^I , formerly the ^I , had the all-time record for any ship with a deadweight of 622,420 tons. She is 1,504 ft long overall, with a beam of 225 ft 11 in, and has a draft of 80 ft 9 in. She was lengthened by ^ Nippon Kokan in 1980 by adding a 265 ft 8 in midship section. She was attacked by Iraqi Mirage jets off Larak Island in the Persian Gulf on 22 Dec 1987 and was severely damaged in another attack on 14 May 1988. Despite this damage, she was bought ^ by a Norwegian, and is to be returned to service after refitting in Singapore. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tankers: Largest in service T Transport|Ships|Tankers|Largest in service 20 22 24 26 87526|1287 122206|1797 217066|3192 115908|1 91334|588 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tankers: Largest in service The largest tanker and ship of any kind in service today is the 611,839 ton dwt ^I , a steam turbine tanker built in 1979. Of 254,582 grt and 227,801 nrt, she is managed by the Bilinder Marine Corporation of Athens, Greece but has ^ been laid up in Piraeus, Greece since April 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cargo Vessels: Largest T Transport|Ships|Cargo Vessels|Largest 20 22 24 26 87594|1288 87458|1286 40402|594 116064|0 91334|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cargo Vessels: Largest The largest ship carrying dry cargo is the Norwegian ore carrier ^I , 402,082.6 tons dwt, built in South Korea for the Norwegian owner Signora Bergesen. She has a length of 1,125 ft, a beam measuring 208 ft and was launched on 5 ^ Nov 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cargo Vessels: Largest rail ferry T Transport|Ships|Cargo Vessels|Largest rail ferry 20 22 24 26 87662|1289 87594|1288 40538|596 116064|1 91334|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cargo Vessels: Largest rail ferry The operating route of the biggest international rail ferries, ^I , ^I , ^I and ^I , is in the Baltic Sea, between the ports of Klaipeda, Lithuania and Mukran, Germany. Consisting of two ^ decks 625 ft in length, 301.4 ft in breadth and 13,104 tons dwt, these ferries were built in Wismar, Germany. Each of them can lift 103 railcars of standard 48.65 ft length and weighing up to 84 tons. The ferries can cover a distance of 273 ^ nautical miles (314.2 miles) in 17 hours. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cargo Vessels: Largest whale factory T Transport|Ships|Cargo Vessels|Largest whale factory 20 22 24 26 87730|1290 87662|1289 40606|597 116064|2 91334|80 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cargo Vessels: Largest whale factory The former USSR's ^I (35,878 tons), with a summer deadweight of 51,519 tons, was completed in October 1959. She is 714 1/2 ft in length and 84 ft 7 in abeam. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cargo Vessels: Largest barges T Transport|Ships|Cargo Vessels|Largest barges 20 22 24 26 87798|1291 87526|1287 40470|595 116064|3 91334|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cargo Vessels: Largest barges The world's largest RoRo (roll-on, roll-off) ships are four ^I class barges, weighing 18,408 tons and measuring 580 ft in length. They were built by the FMC Corp of Portland, OR and are operated by Crowley Maritime Corp of San ^ Francisco between Florida and Puerto Rico with tri-level lodging for up to 376 truck-trailers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cargo Vessels: Containerships T Transport|Ships|Cargo Vessels|Containerships 20 22 24 26 87866|1292 8646|127 40334|593 116064|4 13960|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cargo Vessels: Containerships ^<4 Earliest ^>4 Shipborne containerization began in 1955 when the tanker ^I was converted by Malcolm McLean (USA). She carried containers only on deck. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 American President Lines has built five ships in ^ Germany-- ^I , ^I , ^I , ^I and ^I --that are termed post-Panamax, being the first container vessels too large for transit of the ^ Panama Canal. They are 902.69 ft in length and 129.29 ft abeam; the maximum beam for the Panama transit is 105.97 ft. These vessels have a quoted capacity of 4,300 TEU (Standard length Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit Containers); they have in fact ^ carried in excess of this in normal service. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cargo Vessels: Car ferries T Transport|Ships|Cargo Vessels|Car ferries 20 22 24 26 87934|1293 19798|291 40266|592 116064|5 23878|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cargo Vessels: Car ferries ^<4 Largest ^>4 The world's largest car and passenger ferry is the 58,376 grt ^I , which entered service between Stockholm, Sweden and Helsinki, Finland in 1990 and is operated by the Silja Line. She is 666 ft long and ^ 103.34 ft abeam, and can carry 2,500 passengers and 450 cars. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The fastest is the 24,065 grt gas-turbine powered ^I , built in 1977, which operates in the Baltic Sea between Helsinki, Finland and Travemunde, ^ Germany and is capable of exceeding 30 knots (34.47 mph). ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vessels: Largest hydrofoil T Transport|Ships|Miscellaneous Vessels|Largest hydrofoil 20 22 24 26 88002|1294 107926|1587 144170|2120 116500|0 91334|378 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vessels: Largest hydrofoil The 212-ft-long ^I (347 tons full-load) naval hydrofoil was launched by the Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Co. at Seattle, WA on 28 Jun 1965. She has a service speed of 57.2 mph. ^<n Three 185-ton Supramar PTS 150 Mk III ^ hydrofoils carry 250 passengers at 40 knots across the Ore Sound between Malmo, Sweden and Copenhagen, Denmark. They were built by Westermoen Hydrofoil Ltd of Mandal, Norway. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vessels: Largest riverboat T Transport|Ships|Miscellaneous Vessels|Largest riverboat 20 22 24 26 88070|1295 107994|1588 144238|2121 116500|1 91334|379 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vessels: Largest riverboat The world's largest inland boat is the 382-ft ^I , designed by James Gardner of London, Great Britain. The vessel was commissioned on 25 Jul 1976 in Cincinnati, OH and is now in service on the Mississippi River. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vessels: Most powerful icebreaker T Transport|Ships|Miscellaneous Vessels|Most powerful icebreaker 20 22 24 26 88138|1296 201970|2970 144510|2125 116500|2 214122|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vessels: Most powerful icebreaker The most powerful icebreaker built for that purpose is the 28,000 ton 460-ft-long ^I , powered by 75,000 hp nuclear engines, built in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg, Russia) and completed in 1985. ^<n A 100,000 hp engined 636-ft-long ^ polar icebreaker of the Class 8 type was ordered by the Canadian government in October 1985. Her cost was $Can 500 million. ^<n The largest ^I icebreaker was the 1,007-ft-long SS ^I (43,000 shp), which was ^ converted by the Humble Oil Co. into a 168,000 ton icebreaker. She made a double voyage through the Northwest Passage in Arctic Canada from 24 Aug to 12 Nov 1969. ^<n The Northwest Passage was first navigated by Roald Engebereth Gravning Amundsen ^ (Norway; 1872-1928) in the sealing sloop ^I in 1906. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vessels: Largest yacht T \p8\D07\3706107 Transport|Ships|Miscellaneous Vessels|Largest yacht 20 22 24 26 88206|1297 108062|1589 14630|215 144306|2122 116500|3 91334|380 20012|2 -PCAP- The 482 ft royal yacht ^I is owned by the King of Saudi Arabia. It was built in Denmark and is estimated to be worth more than $100 million. (Photo: Gamma/Siccoli) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vessels: Largest yacht ^<4 Largest (royal) ^>4 The largest royal yacht in the world is the Saudi Arabian royal yacht ^I , which is 482 ft long. Built in Denmark and completed in 1984 at Vospers Yard, Southampton, Great Britain, it was estimated in ^ September 1987 to be worth more than $100 million. ^<n ^<4 Largest (nonroyal) ^>4 The largest private (nonroyal) yacht is the ^I , a former ferry converted to a private yacht in 1986, at 400 ft overall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vessels: Most powerful dredger T Transport|Ships|Miscellaneous Vessels|Most powerful dredger 20 22 24 26 88274|1298 201902|2969 144442|2124 116500|4 214122|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vessels: Most powerful dredger The 468.4-ft long ^I of 10,586 grt can dredge up 19,700 tons of sand from a depth of 115 ft via two suction tubes in less than an hour. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vessels: Most powerful tugs T Transport|Ships|Miscellaneous Vessels|Most powerful tugs 20 22 24 26 88342|1299 202038|2971 144578|2126 116500|5 214122|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vessels: Most powerful tugs The ^I and ^I , commissioned in April-May 1989, and built by Hollming Ltd of Sweden for V/O Sudoiport, in the former USSR, have 24,480 hp and are capable of 250 tons bollard pull at full power. They are 324.8 ft ^ long and 63.8 ft wide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vessels: Longest canoe T Transport|Ships|Miscellaneous Vessels|Longest canoe 20 22 24 26 88410|1300 144986|2132 144374|2123 116500|6 139100|242 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vessels: Longest canoe The 117-ft-long Kauri wood Maori war canoe ^I was shaped with adzes at Kerikeri Inlet, New Zealand in 1940. The crew numbered 70 or more. ^<n The "Snake Boat" ^I , 135 ft long, from Kerala, southern ^ India, has a crew of 109 rowers and nine "encouragers." ^ -END- -CTRL- Sailing Ships: Largest T Transport|Ships|Sailing Ships|Largest 20 22 24 26 88478|1301 117106|1722 193674|2848 117006|0 91334|513 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sailing Ships: Largest The largest vessel ever built in the era of sail was the ^I (5,806 gross tons), launched at Bordeaux, France in 1911. This was a steel-hulled, five-masted barque (square-rigged on four masts and fore-and-aft rigged on the aftermost ^ mast). Her hull measured 418 ft overall. Although principally designed as a sailing vessel with a stump topgallant rig, she was also fitted with two auxiliary engines; however, these were removed in 1919 and she became a pure sailing vessel. She ^ was wrecked off New Caledonia on 13 Jul 1922. ^<n The only seven-masted sailing schooner ever built was the 375.6-ft-long ^I (5,218 gross tons), built at Quincy, MA in 1902 and wrecked off the Isles of Scilly, Great ^ Britain on 15 Dec 1907. (See Largest junks.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Sailing Ships: Largest in service T \p8\D07\3706109b Transport|Ships|Sailing Ships|Largest in service 20 23 25 27 88546|1302 117174|1723 14698|216 193742|2849 117006|1 91334|514 20012|3 -PCAP- The ^I is the largest sailing ship in service, measuring 357 ft in length. She was launched in 1921 and used for training in the USSR with a full crew of 65 and 120 officer trainees. She is 48 ft in width and has a sail area of 45,123 ^ sq ft. (Photo: Gamma/Caoudal) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sailing Ships: Largest in service The largest now in service is the 357-ft-long ^I , built in 1921 in Kiel, Germany and used for training by the Russians. She is 48 ft wide, with a displacement of 6,300 grt (4,267.2 tons) and a sail area of 45,123 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sailing Ships: Ship-of-the-line T \p8\D07\3906108 Transport|Ships|Sailing Ships|Ship-of-the-line 20 23 25 27 88614|1303 14766|217 194082|2854 117006|2 20012|4 -PCAP- HMS ^I was Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. This 104-gun ship-of-the-line was launched at Chatham, Great Britain on 7 May 1765. She is constructed from the wood of 2,220 oak trees. (Photo: Spectrum Colour ^ Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sailing Ships: Ship-of-the-line The world's only surviving first rate ship-of-the-line is the Royal Navy's 104-gun battleship HMS ^I , laid down at Chatham, Great Britain on 23 Jul 1759 and constructed from the wood of some 2,200 oak trees. She bore the body of ^ Admiral Nelson from Gibraltar to Portsmouth, Great Britain, arriving 44 days after serving as his victorious flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 Oct 1805. In 1922 she was moved to No. 2 dock, Portsmouth--site of the world's oldest graving ^ dock. The length of her cordage (both standing and running rigging) is 19.12 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sailing Ships: Oldest active T Transport|Ships|Sailing Ships|Oldest active 20 22 24 26 88682|1304 233726|3437 194014|2853 117006|3 236192|164 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sailing Ships: Oldest active The oldest active square-rigged sailing vessel in the world is the restored SV ^I (formerly the ^I ), built near Barcelona, Spain in 1858. She is 98 ft overall and weighs 142.3 tons. She was restored in ^ 1981-82 and is used for film work, promotional appearances at regattas and sail training. She is operated by The Friends of ^I of Lenham, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sailing Ships: Longest T Transport|Ships|Sailing Ships|Longest 20 22 24 26 88750|1305 149950|2205 193946|2852 117006|4 139100|315 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sailing Ships: Longest The longest is the 613-ft-long French-built ^I with five aluminum masts. The 2,500 ft sq polyester sails are computer-controlled. She is operated as a Caribbean cruise vessel for 425 passengers bound for Club Med. With her small ^ sail area and powerful engines she is really a motor-sailer. A sister ship, ^I , is now being commissioned. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sailing Ships: Largest junks T Transport|Ships|Sailing Ships|Largest junks 20 22 24 26 88818|1306 117242|1724 193810|2850 117006|5 91334|515 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sailing Ships: Largest junks The largest on record was the seagoing ^I , flagship of Admiral Cheng Ho's 62 treasure ships, ^I 1420, with a displacement of 3,472 tons and a length variously estimated up to 538 ft. She is believed to have had nine masts. ^ ^<n A river junk 361 ft long, with treadmill-operated paddle wheels, was recorded in A.D. 1161. ^<n In ^I A.D. 280 a floating fortress 600 ft square, built by Wang Jun on the Yangzi River, took part in the Jin-Wu river war. Present-day ^ junks do not, even in the case of the Jiangsu traders, exceed 170 ft in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sailing Ships: Largest sails T Transport|Ships|Sailing Ships|Largest sails 20 22 24 26 88886|1307 117310|1725 193878|2851 117006|6 91334|516 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sailing Ships: Largest sails Sails are known to have been used for marine propulsion since 3500 B.C. The largest spars ever carried were those in HM Battleship ^I , completed at Chatham, Great Britain, on 31 Aug 1877. She was broken up in 1921. The fore and ^ main yards measured 115 ft in length. The foresail contained 5,100 ft of canvas weighing 2.23 tons, and the total sail area was 25,000 sq ft. ^<n HM Battleship ^I was ship-rigged when completed at Chatham, Great Britain on 10 Oct ^ 1871 and carried 34,100 sq ft of sails plus 15,300 ft sq of stunsails. She was broken up in 1946. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sailing Ships: Tallest mast T \p8\D07\3706109a Transport|Ships|Sailing Ships|Tallest mast 20 22 24 26 88954|1308 256370|3770 14834|218 194150|2855 117006|7 267614|51 20012|5 -PCAP- The ^I , a Class J sailing vessel, measures from heel fitting to mast trunk 169 ft 3 in in height. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sailing Ships: Tallest mast The ^I , a J-class sailing vessel, is the tallest known single-masted yacht in the world. Measured from heel fitting to the mast truck, she is 169 1/4 ft in height. Built in 1933, the second of the four British J-class yachts, she is ^ unusual in that she was the only one ever built that was not intended to race for the America's Cup. With a displacement of 160 tons, she supports a sail area of 7,500 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Earliest Atlantic crossing T Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Earliest Atlantic crossing 20 22 24 26 89022|1309 11842|174 129346|1902 117582|0 13960|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Earliest Atlantic crossing The earliest crossing of the Atlantic by a power vessel, as opposed to an auxiliary-engined sailing ship, was a 22-day voyage begun in April 1827, from Rotterdam, Netherlands, to the West Indies, by the ^I . She was a 127-ft wooden ^ paddle boat of 490.5 tons, built as the ^I in Dover, Great Britain in 1826 and purchased by the Dutch government for a West Indian mail service. ^<n The earliest Atlantic crossing entirely under steam (with intervals for desalting ^ the boilers) was by HMS ^I , from Plymouth, Great Britain to Barbados in 1832. ^<n The earliest crossing under continuous steam power was by the condenser-fitted packet ship ^I (787 tons) from Queenstown (now ^ Cobh), Ireland to Sandy Hook, NJ, in 18 days 10 hr, from 4-22 Apr 1838. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Fastest Atlantic crossing T \p8\D07\3807148 Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Fastest Atlantic crossing 20 23 25 27 89090|1310 24626|362 14902|219 129414|1903 117582|1 23878|114 20012|6 -PCAP- Under the rules of the Hales Trophy or "Blue Riband" for Atlantic crossings, ^I set the highest average speed at 36.966 knots between the Nantucket Light Buoy and Bishop Rock Lighthouse on 20-23 Jun 1990. She was ^ launched in Tasmania, Australia on 28 Jan 1990 and made the record crossing during delivery to Hoverspeed. When in regular service between Dover and Calais/Boulogne she will be able to carry 450 passengers and 80 cars. (Photo: Gamma/Rossi) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Fastest Atlantic crossing Under the rules of the Hales Trophy or "Blue Riband," which recognizes the highest average speed rather than the shortest duration, the record is held by ^I with an average speed of 36.966 knots (46.02 mph) between ^ the Nantucket Light Buoy, Nantucket, MA and Bishop Rock Lighthouse, Cornwall, Great Britain on 20-23 Jun 1990. However, although she is a passenger vessel, ^I is not intended for the North Atlantic, and ^ traditionalists still feel that the Blue Riband should be held by the vessel making the best passage in regular liner service. ^<n That distinction goes to the ^I (then 51,988, now 38,216 grt), former flagship of the United ^ States Lines. On her maiden voyage between 3-7 Jul 1952 from New York to Le Havre, France and Southampton, Great Britain, she averaged 35.39 knots (40.75 mph) for three days 10 hr 40 min (6:36 P.M. GMT, 3 July to 5:16 A.M., 7 July) on a route of ^ 2,949 nautical miles from the Ambrose Light Vessel to the Bishop Rock Lighthouse, Isles of Scilly, Great Britain. During this run, on 6-7 July, she steamed the greatest distance ever covered by any ship in a day's run (24 hr)--868 nautical miles ^ (998.9 miles), thus averaging 36.17 knots (41.65 mph). The maximum speed attained from her 240,000 shp engines was 44.13 mph in trials on 9-10 Jun 1952. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Fastest Pacific crossing T Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Fastest Pacific crossing 20 22 24 26 89158|1311 24694|363 129482|1904 117582|2 23878|115 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Fastest Pacific crossing The fastest crossing from Yokohama, Japan to Long Beach, CA--4,840 nautical miles (5,567.64 miles)--took 6 days 1 hr 27 min (30 Jun-6 Jul 1973) by the containership ^I (56,353 tons), at an average speed of 33.27 knots ^ (38.31 mph). ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Fastest water speed T Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Fastest water speed 20 22 24 26 89226|1312 24762|364 129550|1905 11842|174 117582|3 23878|116 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Fastest water speed The fastest speed ever achieved on water is an estimated 300 knots (345.48 mph) by Kenneth Peter Warby (b. 9 May 1939) on the Blowering Dam Lake, New South Wales, Australia on 20 Nov 1977 in his unlimited hydroplane ^I . ^ ^<n The official world water speed record is 277.57 knots (319.63 mph) set on 8 Oct 1978 by Warby on Blowering Dam Lake. ^<n Fiona, Countess of Arran (b. 1918) drove her 15-ft three-point hydroplane ^I (Gaelic "The Spark") to the ^ first world water speed record for electrically propelled powerboats at a speed of 45.13 knots (51.97 mph), at the National Water Sports Center, Nottingham, Great Britain, on 22 Nov 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Longest day's run under sail T Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Longest day's run under sail 20 22 24 26 89294|1313 142062|2089 129618|1906 117582|4 139100|199 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Longest day's run under sail Calculated for any commercial vessel under sail, the longest day's run was one of 462 nautical miles by the clipper ^I (3,048.7 tons) of the Liverpool Black Ball Line, running before a northwesterly gale in the south ^ Indian Ocean under the command of Capt. Alex Newlands in 1854. The elapsed time between the fixes was 23 hr 17 min, giving an average of 19.97 knots (23 mph). ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Transatlantic crossings T \p8\D07\3706110 Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Transatlantic crossings 20 23 25 27 89362|1314 229850|3380 14970|220 129754|1908 117582|5 236192|107 20012|7 -PCAP- Serge Madec (France) plus crew achieved the fastest Atlantic crossing from west to east under sail in Jet Services 5, taking 7 days 6 hours 30 minutes for the crossing from Ambrose Light Tower, at the entrance to New York harbor to the Lizard, ^ Cornwall, Great Britain in June 1988. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Transatlantic crossings The following records were compiled by Nobby Clarke and Richard Boehmer. All mileages are nautical miles, mpd = miles per day, smg = speed made good. ^<n ^<4 First solo sailing E-W ^>4 ^<n Vessel: 15-ton gaff sloop ^<n Skipper: Josiah Shackford ^ (USA) ^<n Start: Bordeaux, France, 1786 ^<n Finish: Surinam (Guiana) ^<n Duration: 35 days ^<n ^<4 First rowing ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Ship's boat, 20 ft ^<n Skipper: John Brown and 5 British deserters from garrison ^<n Start: St Helena, 10 Jun 1799 ^ ^<n Finish: Belmonte, Brazil (fastest-ever row) ^<n Duration: 28 days (83 mpd) ^<n ^<4 First solo sailing W-E ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Centennial, 20 ft ^<n Skipper: Alfred Johnson (USA) ^<n Start: Shag Harbor, ME, 1876 ^<n Finish: Wales ^<n Duration: ^ 46 days ^<n ^<4 First motorboat ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Abiel Abbott Low, 38 ft (engine: 10hp kerosene) ^<n Skipper: William C. Newman (USA), Edward (son) ^<n Start: New York, 1902 ^<n Finish: Falmouth, Great Britain ^<n Duration: 36 days (83.3 mpd) ^ ^<n ^<4 First woman solo E-W ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Felicity Ann, 23 ft ^<n Skipper: Ann Davison (Great Britain) ^<n Start: Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 20 Nov 1952 ^<n Finish: Dominica 1953 ^<n Duration: 65 days ^<n ^<4 First solo rowing E-W ^>4 ^<n ^ Vessel: Britannia, 22 ft ^<n Skipper: John Fairfax (Great Britain) ^<n Start: Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 20 Jan 1969 ^<n Finish: Ft Lauderdale, FL, 19 Jul 1969 ^<n Duration: 180 days ^<n ^<4 First solo rowing W-E ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Super Silver, ^ 20 ft ^<n Skipper: Tom McClean (Ireland) ^<n Start: St John's, Newfoundland, 1969 ^<n Finish: Black Sod Bay, Ireland, 27 Jul 1969 ^<n Duration: 70.7 days ^<n ^<4 First outboard ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Trans-Atlantic, 26 ft (2.65 hp Evinrudes) ^<n ^ Skipper: Al Grover (USA), Dante (son) ^<n Start: St Pierre, Newfoundland, 1985 (via Azores) ^<n Finish: Lisbon, Portugal ^<n Duration: 34 days (88 mpd approx.) ^<n ^<4 First row both directions ^>4 ^<n Vessel: QE III, 19 ft 10 in ^<n Skipper: ^ Don Allum (Great Britain) ^<n Start: Canary Islands 1986 ^<n Finish: Nevis, West Indies ^<n Duration: 114 days ^<n Start: St John's, Newfoundland, Canada ^<n Finish: Ireland 1987 ^<n Duration: 77 days ^<n ^<4 Youngest solo sailing ^>4 ^<n ^ Vessel: Sea Raider, 35 ft ^<n Skipper: David Sandeman (Great Britain; 17 years 176 days) ^<n Start: Jersey, Channel Island, 1976 ^<n Finish: Newport, RI ^<n Duration: 43 days ^<n ^<4 Oldest solo sailing ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Tawny Pipit, 25 ft ^<n ^ Skipper: Stefan Szwarnowski (Great Britain; 76 years 165 days) ^<n Start: New Jersey, 2 Jun 1989 ^<n Finish: Bude, Great Britain, 13 Aug 1989 ^<n Duration: 72 days ^<n ^<4 Youngest solo rowing ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Finn Again, 20 ft 6 in ^<n Skipper: ^ Sean Crowley (Great Britain; 25 years 306 days) ^<n Start: Halifax, Nova Scotia, 17 Jun 1988 ^<n Finish: Co. Galway, Ireland, 21 Sep 1988 ^<n Duration: 95 days 22 hr ^<n ^<4 Oldest solo rowing ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Khaggavisana, 19 3/4 ft ^<n ^ Skipper: Sidney Genders (Great Britain; 51 years) ^<n Start: Penzance, Great Britain, 1970 ^<n Finish: Miami, FL via Antigua ^<n Duration: 160 days 8 hr ^<n ^<4 Fastest power W-E ^>4 ^<Vessel: Gentry Eagle, 110 ft ^<n Skipper: Tom Gentry (USA) ^< ^ ) ^<n Start: Ambrose Light Tower, NJ, 13:49 BST 24 Jul 1989 ^<n Finish: Bishop Rock Light, Great Britain, 03:56 BST 27 Jul 1989 ^<n Duration: 2 days 14 hr 7 min 47 sec (45.7 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 Fastest sail W-E non-solo ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Jet ^ Services 5, 75 ft catamaran sloop ^<n Skipper: Serge Madec (France) ^<n Start: Ambrose Light Tower, NJ, 2 Jun 1990 ^<n Finish: Lizard Lighthouse, Great Britain, 9 Jun 1990 ^<n Duration: 6 days 13 hr 3 min 32 sec (18.4 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^ sail W-E solo ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Pierre 1er, 60 ft trimaran sloop ^<n Skipper: Florence Arthaud (France) ^<n Start: Ambrose Light Tower, NJ, 24 Jul 1990 ^<n Finish: Lizard Lighthouse, Great Britain, 3 Aug 1990 ^<n Duration: 9 days 21 hr 42 min ^ (12.2 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 Fastest sail E-W solo in multihull ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Fleury Michon (IX), 60 ft trimaran ^<n Skipper: Philippe Poupon (France) ^<n Start: Plymouth, Great Britain (STAR), 5 Jun 1988 ^<n Finish: Newport, RI, 15 Jun 1988 ^<n ^ Duration: 10 days 9 hr 15 min 9 sec (11.6 knots smg) ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Transpacific crossings T \c8\D01\3906110z Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Transpacific crossings 20 24 26 28 89430|1315 11910|175 15038|221 129822|1909 11366|167 117582|6 13960|68 20012|8 -PCAP- (Left) Peter Bird (Great Britain) was the first person to row solo east to west across the Pacific Ocean from San Francisco to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. He began his journey on 23 Aug 1982 and arrived in Australia on 14 Jun 1983 after ^ traveling a distance of 9,000 miles in his 32-ft-long ^I boat. (Right) French oarsman Gerard d'Aboville set out from Choshi, Japan on 11 Jul 1991 to row alone across the Pacific Ocean from west to east. After battling ^ with storms and capsizing many times, he ended his grueling journey after 134 days when he landed at the fishing village of Ilwaco, WA, having covered 6,300 miles. (Photos: Peter Bird, Gerard d'Aboville) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Transpacific crossings The earlest single-handed Pacific crossings were achieved East-West by Bernard Gilboy (USA) in 1882 in the 18 ft double-ender Pacific to Australia, and West-East by Fred Rebel (Latvia) in the 18 ft Elaine (from Australia) and Edward Miles (USA) in ^ the 36 3/4 ft Sturdy II (from Japan), both in 1932, the latter via Hawaii. ^<n The following records were compiled by Nobby Clarke and Richard Boehmer. All mileages are nautical miles, smg = speed made good. ^<n ^<4 First raft shore to shore ^>4 ^ ^<n Vessel: La Balsa, 42 ft (balsa logs) ^<n Skipper: Vital Alsar (Spain) and 3 crew ^<n Start: Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1970 ^<n Finish: Mooloolaba, Australia ^<n Duration: 160 days ^<n ^<4 First rowing ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Britannia II, 35 ft ^<n ^ Skipper: John Fairfax (Great Britain), Sylvia Cook (Great Britain) ^<n Start: San Francisco, CA, 26 Apr 1971 ^<n Finish: Hayman Island, Australia, 22 Apr 1972 ^<n Duration: 362 days ^<n ^<4 First rowing solo E-W ^>4 ^<n Vessel: ^ Hele-on-Britannia, 32 ft ^<n Skipper: Peter Bird (Great Britain) ^<n Start: San Francisco, CA, 23 Aug 1982 ^<n Finish: Great Barrier Reef, Australia 14 Jun 1983 ^<n Duration: 294 days 9,000 miles ^<n ^<4 First rowing solo W-E ^>4 ^<n Vessel: ^ Sector, 26 ft ^<n Skipper: Gerard d'Aboville (France) ^<n Start: Choshi, Japan, 11 Jul 1991 ^<n Finish: Ilwaco, WA, 21 Nov 1991 ^<n Duration: 133 days, 6,300 miles ^<n ^<4 Fastest sail California-Japan ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Pen Duick V, 35-ft sloop ^ ^<n Skipper: Eric Tabarly (France) ^<n Start: San Francisco, CA, 15 Mar 1969 ^<n Finish: Tokyo, Japan, 24 Apr 1969 ^<n Duration: 39 days 15 hr 44 min (4.66 knots smg) ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Circumnavigation T \p8\D08\3807143 Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Circumnavigation 20 22 24 26 89498|1316 24558|361 15106|222 129278|1901 117582|7 23878|113 20012|9 -PCAP- David Scott Cowper holds a record for the first circumnavigation via the Northwest Passage. This picture shows him off Cape Town, South Africa. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Circumnavigation Strictly speaking, a circumnavigation involves someone passing through a pair of antipodal points. Of the records listed below, only those with an asterisk are actually known to have met this requirement. A nonstop circumnavigation is entirely ^ self-maintained; no water supplies, provisions, equipment or replacements of any sort may be taken aboard en route. Vessel may anchor, but no physical help may be accepted apart from passing mail or messages. The following records were compiled ^ by Nobby Clarke and Richard Boehmer ^<n ^<4 First* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Victoria, Expedition of Fernao de Magalhaes (Ferdinand Magellan) ^<n Skipper: Juan Sebastian de Elcano or del Cano, (d. 1526) and 17 crew ^<n Start: Seville, Spain, 20 Sep 1519 ^ ^<n Finish: San Lucar, Spain 6 Sep 1522 ^<n Distance: 30,700 nm ^<n Eduard Roditi, author of ^I , advances the view that Magellan's slave, Enrique, was the first circumnavigator. He had been purchased in Malacca and ^ it was shown that he already understood the Filipino dialect Vizayan when he reached the Philippines from the east. He "tied the knot" off Limasawa on 28 Mar 1521. ^<n ^<4 First woman ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Etoile (Storeship for Bougainville's La ^ Boudeuse) ^<n Skipper: Crypto-female valet of M. de Commerson, named Jeanne Baret ^<n Start: St Malo, France 1766 ^<n Finish: 1769 (revealed as female on Hawaii) ^<n ^<4 First solo* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Spray, 36 ft 9 in gaff yawl ^<n Skipper: Capt ^ Joshua Slocum, 51 (USA; a nonswimmer) ^<n Start: Newport, RI, via Magellan Straits 24 Apr 1895 ^<n Finish: 3 Jul 1898 ^<n Distance: 46,000 nm ^<n ^<4 First motorboat ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Speejacks, 98 ft ^<n Skipper: Albert Y. Gowen (USA) plus wife ^ and crew ^<n Start: New York City 1921 ^<n Finish: New York City 1922 ^<n ^<4 First submerged* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Triton nuclear submarine ^<n Skipper: Capt Edward L. Beach USN, plus 182 crew ^<n Start: New London, CT, 16 Feb 1960 ^<n Finish: 10 ^ May 1960 ^<n Duration: 84 days 19 hr ^<n Distance: 36,300 nm ^<n ^<4 First nonstop solo W-E* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Suhaili, 32.4 ft Bermudan ketch ^<n Skipper: Robin Knox-Johnston (Great Britain) ^<n Start: Falmouth, Great Britain, 14 Jun 1968 ^<n ^ Finish: 22 Apr 1969 ^<n Duration: 312 days ^<n ^<4 First nonstop solo E-W* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: British Steel, 59 ft ketch ^<n Skipper: Chay Blyth (Great Britain) ^<n Start: Hamble River, Great Britain, 18 Oct 1970 ^<n Finish: 6 Aug 1971 ^<n ^ Duration: 292 days ^<n ^<4 First woman solo* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Express Crusader, 53 ft cutter ^<n Skipper: Dame Naomi James (New Zealand) ^<n Start: Dartmouth, Great Britain, 9 Sep 1977 ^<n Finish: Dartmouth, Great Britain 8 Jun 1978 ^<n ^ Duration: 265 sailing days + 7 days in port ^<n ^<4 First by northwest passage* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Mabel E. Holland, 42 ft motor lifeboat ^<n Skipper: David Scott Cowper (Great Britain) ^<n Start: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Great Britain, 14 Jul 1986 ^ ^<n Finish: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Great Britain, 24 Sep 1990 ^<n Duration: (approx. 260 days motoring) ^<n ^<4 First solo in both directions (via Cape Horn)* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Ocean Bound, 41 Bermudean sloop ^<n Skipper: David Scott Cooper (Great B ^ at Britain) ^<n Start: Plymouth, Great Britain 1979 (W-E) ^<n Finish: Plymouth 1980 ^<n Start: Plymouth 1981 (E-W) ^<n Finish: Plymouth 1982 ^<n ^<4 First solo round three times (same yacht) ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Tarmin, 24 ft 7 in Bermudan sloop ^<n ^ Skipper: John Sowden (USA) ^<n Start: Various ports:1966, 1974, 1983 ^<n Finish: 1970, 1977, 1986 ^<n ^<4 Fastest sail nonstop W-E Solo in monohull ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Ecureuil d'Aquitaine II, 60 ft ULDB cutter ^<n Skipper: Titouan Lamazou (France) ^ ^<n Start: Les Sables, France (VGC) 26 Nov 1989 ^<n Finish: Les Sables, France (via 5 capes) 16 Mar 1990 ^<n Duration: 109 days 8 hr 48 min 50 sec (205.7 mpd) ^<n ^<4 Fastest sail with stops W-E Solo in multihull* ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Un Autre ^ Regard, 75 ft trimaran ^<n Skipper: Olivier de Kersauson (France) ^<n Start: Brest, France, 28 Dec 1988 ^<n Finish: Brest, France (via 5 capes and 2 stops) 5 May 1989 ^<n Duration: 125 d 19 h 32 m 33 s + 2 days in port ^ -END- -CTRL- Marine Records: Miscellaneous T Transport|Ships|Marine Records|Miscellaneous 20 22 24 26 89566|1317 142130|2090 129686|1907 117582|8 139100|200 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marine Records: Miscellaneous The following records were compiled by Nobby Clarke and Richard Boehmer. Note, ULDB = Ultra-light displacement boat, VGC = Vendee Globe Challenge Race, GCD = Great circle distance, all mileages are nautical miles, smg = speed made good. ^<n ^<4 ^ Longest time and distance nonstop by sail ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Parry Endeavour, 44 ft Bermudan sloop ^<n Skipper: Jon Sanders (Australia) ^<n Start: Fremantle, Australia, 25 May 1986 ^<n Finish: Fremantle, Australia, 13 Mar 1988 ^<n Distance and ^ duration: (71,000 nm in 658 days; 4.5 knots) ^<n ^<4 Gold Rush route, fastest multihull ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Great American, 60 ft trimaran ^<n Skipper: Georgs Kolesnikovs (Canada) ^<n Start: New York, 10 Mar 1989 ^<n Finish: San Francisco, 26 May ^ 1989 ^<n Duration: 76 days 23 hr 20 min (7.36 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 Gold Rush route, fastest monohull ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Thursday's Child, 60 ft ULDB cutter ^<n Skipper: Warren Luhrs (USA) ^<n Start: New York, 24 Nov 1988 ^<n Finish: San Francisco, ^ 12 Feb 1989 ^<n Duration: 80 days 18 hr 39 min (includes 3-day stop) ^<n ^<4 Best day's run, non-solo in multihull ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Jet Services 5, 60 ft catamaran sloop ^<n Skipper: Serge Madec (France) ^<n Start: 42.638 deg N 62.626 deg W, ^ 22:22 GMT 3 Jun 1990 ^<n Finish: 45.750 deg N 51.480 deg W, 21:58 GMT 4 Jun 1990 ^<n Distance: 514.01 nm (GCD)/23 hr 36 min, (21.8 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 Best day's run, non-solo in monohull ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Phocea, 243 ft ULDB schooner ^<n ^ Skipper: Philippe Morinay (France) ^<n During transatlantic record run in 1988 ^<n Distance: 490 nm/24 hr (20.4 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 Best day's run, solo in multihull ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Laiterie Mont St Michel, 60 ft trimaran ^<n Skipper: Olivier ^ Moussy (France) ^<n Start: 50 deg 13' N 11 deg 30' W, 18:18 GMT 6 Jun 1988 ^<n Finish: 48 deg 18' N 23 deg 30' W, 21:17 GMT 7 Jun 1988 ^<n Distance: 430.8 nm (GCD)/24 hr (18.0 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 Best day's run, solo in monohull ^>4 ^<n ^ Vessel: Generali Concorde, 60 ft sloop ^<n Skipper: Alain Gautier (France) ^<n Start: 50.300 deg S 42.550 deg E, 15:39 GMT 2 Dec 1990 ^<n Finish: 51.800 deg S 50.617 deg E, 15:16 GMT 3 Dec 1990 ^<n Distance: 317.1 nm (GCD)/23 hr 37 min (13.43 ^ knots smg) ^<n ^<4 Best day's run, sailboard ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Fanatic board, Gaastra sail ^<n Skipper: Francoise Canetos (France) ^<n Start: Sete, France, 13 Jul 1988 ^<n Finish: 14 Jul 1988 ^<n Distance: 227 nm/24 hr (9.46 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 ^ One nautical mile, fastest sail ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Credit Agricole (II), 74 ft catamaran ^<n Skipper: Philippe Jeantot (France) ^<n Place: Martinique, January 1985 ^<n Duration: 2 min 13 sec (27.1 knots smg) ^<n ^<4 500 meters, fastest ^>4 ^<n ^ Vessel: Naish sailboard with ART sail ^<n Skipper: Pascal Maka (France) ^<n Place: Saintes Maries de-la-Mer, France, 27 Feb 1990 ^<n Duration: 22.65 sec (42.91 knots) ^<n ^<4 500 meters, fastest sailboat ^>4 ^<n Vessel: Longshot, 20 ft 9 in ^ trifoiler ^<n Skipper: Russell Long (USA) ^<n Place: Lethbridge, Canada, 12 Oct 1990 ^<n Duration: 26.17 sec (37.14 knots) ^ -END- -CTRL- Merchant Shipping: Total T Transport|Ships|Merchant Shipping|Total 20 22 24 26 89634|1318 134446|1977 118228|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Merchant Shipping: Total The world total of merchant shipping, excluding vessels of less than 100 gross tonnage, sailing vessels and barges, was 80,030 ships of 423,026,858 gross tonnage on 1 Jul 1991. ^<n As of September 1991, there were 395 privately owned deep draft ^ merchant ships with a gross tonnage of 1,000 or more in the United States. These ships are either oceangoing or Great Lakes motor carriers. Their carrying capacity is 19.949 million deadweight tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Merchant Shipping: Shipbuilding T \p8\D08\3707135 Transport|Ships|Merchant Shipping|Shipbuilding 20 22 24 26 89702|1319 15174|223 134378|1976 118228|1 20012|10 -PCAP- The world's leading shipbuilder in 1991 was Hyundai of South Korea, which completed 30 ships of 1.9 million gross tonnage. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Merchant Shipping: Shipbuilding Worldwide production completed in 1991 was 16.1 million gross tonnage of ships, excluding sailing ships, nonpropelled vessels and vessels of less than 100 gross tonnage. The figures for the Commonwealth of Independent States (formerly part of the ^ USSR), Romania and the People's Republic of China are incomplete. Japan completed 7.2 million gross tonnage (45 percent of the world total) in 1991. ^<n The world's leading shipbuilder in 1991 was Hyundai of South Korea, which completed 30 ships ^ of 1.9 million gross tonnage. ^ -END- -CTRL- Merchant Shipping: Fastest shipbuilding T Transport|Ships|Merchant Shipping|Fastest shipbuilding 20 22 24 26 89770|1320 25102|369 133970|1970 118228|2 23878|121 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Merchant Shipping: Fastest shipbuilding The fastest times in which complete ships of more than 10,000 tons were ever built were achieved at Kaiser's Yard, Portland, OR during the wartime program for building 2,742 liberty ships in 18 shipyards from 27 Sep 1941. In 1942 No. 440, named ^ ^I , had her keel laid on 8 November, was launched on 12 November and was operational after 4 days 15 1/2 hr on 15 November. She was broken up in 1963. ^ -END- -CTRL- Merchant Shipping: Largest propeller T Transport|Ships|Merchant Shipping|Largest propeller 20 22 24 26 89838|1321 106430|1565 134174|1973 118228|3 91334|356 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Merchant Shipping: Largest propeller The largest propeller ever made is the triple-bladed screw of 36 ft 1 in diameter made by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Japan, and delivered on 17 Mar 1982 for the 233,787 ton bulk carrier ^I (now renamed ^I ). ^ -END- -CTRL- Merchant Shipping: Largest owner T Transport|Ships|Merchant Shipping|Largest owner 20 22 24 26 89906|1322 106362|1564 134106|1972 118228|4 91334|355 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Merchant Shipping: Largest owner The largest ship owners are the Japanese NYK Group, whose fleet of owned vessels totaled 11,374,977 gross tons on 1 Feb 1992. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest shipping owner and operator in the United States is Exxon Corporation, whose ^ fleets of owned/managed and chartered tankers in 1987 totaled a daily average of 10.42 million deadweight tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Merchant Shipping: Largest fleet T Transport|Ships|Merchant Shipping|Largest fleet 20 22 24 26 89974|1323 106294|1563 134038|1971 118228|5 91334|354 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Merchant Shipping: Largest fleet The largest merchant fleet in the world in mid-1991 was that under the flag of Liberia with a fleet totaling 52,426,516 gross tonnage. ^ -END- -CTRL- Merchant Shipping: Largest wreck T Transport|Ships|Merchant Shipping|Largest wreck 20 22 24 26 90042|1324 106498|1566 134242|1974 9734|143 118228|6 91334|357 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Merchant Shipping: Largest wreck The 312,186 dwt very large crude carrier (VLCC) ^I blew up and broke in two in the Straits of Hormuz on 12 Dec 1979. Her full value was $58 million. ^<n The largest wreck removal was carried out in 1979 by Smit Tak ^ International, which removed the remains of the French tanker ^I , 120,000 tons, from Bantry Bay, Republic of Ireland, within 20 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Merchant Shipping: Most massive collision T Transport|Ships|Merchant Shipping|Most massive collision 20 22 24 26 90110|1325 180754|2658 134310|1975 118228|7 175106|255 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Merchant Shipping: Most massive collision The closest an irresistible force has come to striking an immovable object occurred on 16 Dec 1977, 22 miles off the coast of southern Africa, when the tanker ^I (330,954 dwt) struck her sister ship ^I (330,869 dwt). ^ -END- -CTRL- Ports: Largest T Transport|Ships|Ports|Largest 20 22 24 26 90178|1326 113298|1666 173954|2558 118804|0 91334|457 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ports: Largest The largest port in the world is the Port of New York and New Jersey. The port has a navigable waterfront of 755 miles (295 miles in New Jersey), stretching over 92 sq mi. A total of 261 general cargo berths and 130 other piers gives a total ^ berthing capacity of 391 ships at any one time. The total warehousing floor space is 422.4 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ports: Busiest T \p8\D08\3906112 Transport|Ships|Ports|Busiest 20 22 24 26 90246|1327 3750|55 15242|224 173886|2557 118804|1 9826|5 20012|11 -PCAP- Rotterdam is the second-largest town in the Netherlands but it has the world's largest artificial harbor and is the busiest port, dealing with cargo from all over the world. It covers an area of 38 sq miles. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ports: Busiest The world's busiest port and largest artificial harbor is Rotterdam-Europoort in the Netherlands, which covers 38 sq mi, with 76 miles of quays. It handled 317.1 million tons of seagoing cargo. ^<n Although the port of Singapore handled less ^ tonnage in total seaborne cargo (than Rotterdam), it handled the greatest number of containers, making it the No.1 container port in the world, with a record of 6.35 million TEUs in 1991. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The busiest port in the USA ^ is New Orleans, LA, which handled 1.775 million tons of cargo in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hovercraft: Fastest T Transport|Ships|Hovercraft|Fastest 20 22 24 26 90314|1328 23402|344 107110|1575 118960|0 23878|96 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hovercraft: Fastest The world's fastest warship is the 78-ft-long 110.2 ton US Navy test hovercraft SES-100B. She attained a world record 91.9 knots (105.8 mph) on 25 Jan 1980 on the Chesapeake Bay Test Range, MD. As a result of the success of this test craft, a 3,307 ^ ton US Navy Large Surface Effect Ship (LSES) was built by Bell Aerospace under contract from the Department of Defense in 1977-81. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hovercraft: Longest journey T Transport|Ships|Hovercraft|Longest journey 20 22 24 26 90382|1329 139954|2058 107246|1577 118960|1 139100|168 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hovercraft: Longest journey The longest hovercraft journey was one of 5,000 miles, by the British Trans-African Hovercraft Expedition, under the leadership of David Smithers, through eight West African countries in a Winchester class SRN6, between 15 Oct 1969 and 3 Jan 1970. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Hovercraft: Highest T \p8\D08\3807149 Transport|Ships|Hovercraft|Highest 20 22 24 26 90450|1330 67670|995 15310|225 107178|1576 118960|2 71062|74 20012|12 -PCAP- The ^I hovercraft and crew succeeded in navigating to the glacier source region in northwest China to a height of 16,050 ft. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hovercraft: Highest The highest altitude reached by a hovercraft was on 11 Jun 1990 when ^I and her crew of ten reached the navigable source of the Yangzi River, China at 16,050 ft. ^<n The greatest altitude at which a hovercraft is operating ^ is on Lake Titicaca, Peru, where since 1975 an HM2 Hoverferry has been hovering 12,506 ft above sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Total T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Total 20 22 24 26 90518|1331 15174|223 119832|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Total The total number of vehicles constructed worldwide in 1991 was 46,420,410, of which 34,998,534 were automobiles. ^<n In 1991 the number of automobiles constructed in the United States was 5,438,579. The leading manufacturer was General Motors ^ Corporation, which produced 2,496,006. The number of trucks manufactured in 1991 was 3,366,943; Ford was the leading manufacturer with 1,255,076. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Largest manufacturer T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Largest manufacturer 20 22 24 26 90586|1332 83990|1235 14290|210 119832|1 91334|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Largest manufacturer The world's largest manufacturer of motor vehicles and parts (and the largest manufacturing company) is General Motors Corporation of Detroit, MI. The company has on average 756,300 employees. The company's highest annual income was $126 billion in ^ 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Largest plant T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Largest plant 20 22 24 26 90654|1333 84058|1236 14358|211 119832|2 91334|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Largest plant The largest single automobile plant in the world is the Volkswagenwerk at Wolfsburg, Germany, with 64,000 employees and a capacity for producing 4,000 vehicles every week. The factory buildings cover an area of 371 acres and the whole plant covers ^ 1,878 acres, with 46 miles of rail sidings. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest automobile plant in the United States, as calculated by its "straight-time capacity" (the number of cars or trucks built using two eight-hour shifts, five days ^ per week), is Honda of America Manufacturing Inc.'s Marysville, OH plant with a capacity of 370,000 cars per year. It is estimated that Nissan Motor Manufacturing Corp's Smyrna, TN plant will have a capacity of 450,000 cars and compact pickup ^ trucks at the end of 1992. The GM Lordstown, OH plant will also be capable of producing 450,000 cars by 1993. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Earliest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Earliest 20 22 24 26 90722|1334 7830|115 13406|197 119832|3 13960|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Earliest ^<4 Model ^>4 The earliest "automobile" of which there is a record was a two-foot-long steam-powered model constructed by Ferdinand Verbiest (d. 1687), a Belgian Jesuit priest, and described in his ^I . His model of ^ 1668 was possibly inspired either by Giovanni Branca's description of a steam turbine, published in his ^I in 1629, or even by ^I (writings on "fire carts") in the Chu kingdom ( ^I 800 B.C.). ^<n The ^ earliest full-scale automobile was the first of two military steam tractors completed at the Paris Arsenal in October 1769 by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804). This reached 2 1/4 mph. Cugnot's second, larger tractor, completed in May 1771, today ^ survives in the ^I in Paris, France. ^<n ^<4 Passenger-carrying ^>4 The world's first passenger-carrying automobile was a steam-powered road vehicle carrying eight passengers and built by ^ Richard Trevithick (1771-1833). It first ran on 24 Dec 1801 in Camborne, Great Britain. ^<n ^<4 Internal combustion ^>4 The Swiss Isaac de Rivaz (d. 1828) built a carriage powered by his "explosion engine" in 1805. The first practical internal ^ combustion engined vehicle was that built by the Londoner Samuel Brown (British Patent Number 5350, 25 Apr 1826), whose 4 hp two-cylinder atmospheric gas 88 liter engined carriage climbed Shooters Hill, Kent, Great Britain in May 1826. ^<n The ^ first successful gasoline-driven car, the Motorwagen, built by Karl-Friedrich Benz (1844-1929) of Karlsruhe, Germany, ran at Mannheim, Germany in late 1885. It was a 3 cwt three-wheeler reaching 8-10 mph. Its single-cylinder engine (bore 3.6 in, ^ stroke 6.3 in) delivered 0.85 hp at 400 rpm. It was patented on 29 Jan 1886. Its first 1.6 mile road test was reported in the local newspaper, the ^I , of 4 Jun 1886, under the heading "Miscellaneous." ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Earliest car registrations T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Earliest car registrations 20 22 24 26 90790|1335 7898|116 13474|198 119832|4 13960|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Earliest car registrations The world's first license plates were introduced by the Paris police in France in 1893. ^<n License plate No. 8 was sold at a Hong Kong government auction for HK$5 million (approximately $602,250) on 13 Feb 1988 to Law Ting-pong, a textile ^ manufacturer. The number 8 is considered a lucky number. ^<n As of October 1991, it was estimated that there were 145.043 million automobiles and 45.698 million trucks registered in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Land speed record T \p8\D08\3906113a Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Land speed record 20 25 27 29 90858|1336 18846|277 15378|226 14086|207 15514|228 119832|5 23878|29 20938|0 -PCAP- A unique collection of record-breaking cars. In the foreground is Richard Noble's ^I , in which the official one mile land speed record was set at 633.468 mph on 4 Oct 1983. (Far left) ^I , which held the land speed ^ record in 1964 at 403.10 mph when driven by Donald Campbell (1921-67). (Front center) ^I , driven in 1922 by Kenelm Lee Guinness at a record speed of 133.75 mph. (Far back) 1929 ^I , driven by Henry Segrave ^ (1896-1930) at 231.44 mph. He was knighted for his achievement in 1929 but was fatally injured the following year immediately after setting a water speed record. (Right) ^I , also driven by Segrave in 1927 at a speed of 203.79 ^ mph. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Land speed record The ^I one-mile land-speed record is 633.468 mph, set by Richard Noble (b. 1946) on 4 Oct 1983 over the Black Rock Desert, NV in his 17,000 lb thrust Rolls-Royce Avon 302 jet-powered ^I , designed by John Ackroyd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Fastest rocket-engined T \m\00000018 Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Fastest rocket-engined 20 22 24 26 90926|1337 18642|274 13746|202 119832|6 23878|26 2094|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- Fastest rocket-engined automobile: ^I , driven by Gary Gabelich, set a record of 631.367 mph, momentarily exceeding a speed of 650 mph, at the Bonneville Salt Flats on 23 Oct 1970. (NBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Fastest rocket-engined The fastest speed attained by any wheeled land vehicle is 631.367 mph by ^I , a rocket-powered four-wheeled vehicle driven by Gary Gabelich (USA; b. 23 Aug 1940) on the Bonneville Salt Flats, UT on 23 Oct 1970. Momentarily ^ Gabelich exceeded 650 mph. The car was powered by a liquid natural gas/hydrogen peroxide rocket engine developing a maximum 22,000 lb s.t. and thus theoretically capable of 900 mph. ^<n The fastest reputed land speed figure in one direction is ^ 739.666 mph, or Mach 1.0106, by Stan Barrett (USA) in the ^I , a rocket-engined three-wheeled car, at Edwards Air Force Base, CA on 17 Dec 1979. ^I not ^<I officially ^ sanctioned by the USAF, as the Digital Instrument Radar was not calibrated or certified. The radar information was not generated by the vehicle directly but by an operator aiming a dish by means of a TV screen ^>I . ^<n The fastest land speed ^ recorded by a woman is 524.016 mph by Mrs Kitty Hambleton (nee O'Neil; USA) in the 48,000 hp rocket-powered three-wheeled SM1 ^I over the Alvard Desert, OR on 6 Dec 1976. Her official two-way record was 512.710 mph and she ^ probably touched 600 mph momentarily. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Fastest piston-engined T \p8\D08\3906113b Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Fastest piston-engined 20 23 25 27 90994|1338 18506|272 15446|227 13610|200 119832|7 23878|24 20938|1 -PCAP- Al Teague built ^I between January 1974 and August 1976, adding further modifications thereafter. On 21 Aug 1991 he broke his own world record for a wheel-driven, single-piston-engine car at Bonneville Salt ^ Flats, Wendover, UT with a speed of 432.692 mph. (Photo: Rasco) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Fastest piston-engined The fastest speed measured for a wheel-driven car is 432.692 mph by Al Teague in ^I ^I at Bonneville Salt Flats, UT on 21 Aug 1991 over the final 132 ft of a mile run (av. 425.230 mph for the whole mile). ^ ^<n For a flying start over a distance of 666.386 yd, Donald Malcolm Campbell (1921-67) attained an average speed of 403.10 mph in his 30 ft long ^I , weighing 9,600 lb, on the salt flats at Lake Eyre, South Australia on 17 Jul ^ 1964. The car was powered by a Bristol-Siddeley Proteus 705 gas-turbine engine developing 4,500 shp. Its peak speed was ^I 445 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Fastest diesel-engined T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Fastest diesel-engined 20 22 24 26 91062|1339 18438|271 13542|199 119832|8 23878|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Fastest diesel-engined The prototype 3 liter Mercedes C 111/3 attained 203.3 mph in tests on the Nardo Circuit, southern Italy on 5-15 Oct 1978, and in April 1978 averaged 195.4 mph for 12 hours, thus covering a world record 2,399.76 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Fastest rocket-powered sleds T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Fastest rocket-powered sleds 20 22 24 26 91130|1340 18710|275 13814|203 119832|9 23878|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Fastest rocket-powered sleds The fastest speed recorded on ice is 247.93 mph by ^I , driven by Sammy Miller (b. 15 Apr 1945) on Lake George, NY on 15 Feb 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Fastest steam-powered T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Fastest steam-powered 20 22 24 26 91198|1341 18778|276 13882|204 119832|10 23878|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Fastest steam-powered On 19 Aug 1985 Robert E. Barber broke the 79-year-old record for a steam car driving No. 744, ^I , built by the Barber-Nichols Engineering Co, which reached 145.607 mph at Bonneville Salt Flats, UT. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Fastest road cars T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Automobiles: Fastest road cars 20 22 24 26 91266|1342 18574|273 13678|201 119832|11 23878|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Fastest road cars Various revved up track cars have been licensed for road use but are not normal production models. The highest speed ever attained by a standard production car is 217.1 mph for a Jaguar XJ220, driven by Martin Brundle at the Nardo test track, Italy ^ on 21 Jun 1992. It has a sale price of over $580,000. ^<n The highest road-tested acceleration reported for a standard production car is 60 mph in 3.98 sec for a Ferrari F40 owned by Nick Mason and driven by Mark Hales of ^I ^ magazine at Millbrook, Great Britain on 9 Feb 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Largest for private use T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Largest for private use 20 22 24 26 91334|1343 83922|1234 14222|209 119832|12 91334|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Largest for private use Of cars produced for private use, the largest was the Bugatti Royale type 41, of which only six were assembled (although it is believed that seven were built) at Molsheim, France by the Italian Ettore Bugatti. First built in 1927, this machine has ^ an eight-cylinder engine of 12.7 liters capacity, and measures over 22 ft in length. The hood is over 7 ft long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Longest T \p8\D08\3706112b Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Longest 20 23 25 27 91402|1344 129414|1903 15514|228 14494|213 3138|46 119832|13 139100|13 20938|2 -PCAP- The ultimate in cars--owned by Jay Ohrberg of California, USA, this 100 ft monster is made to drive as one piece or it can be made to bend in the middle. It has two cad engines and moves along with 26 wheels. Among is special features are a ^ swimming pool with diving board, a king size water bed and a helicopter landing base, plus many items which are now part of our modern technology and essentials in the office and kitchen. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Longest A 100-ft-long 26-wheeled limo was designed by Jay Ohrberg of Burbank, CA. It has many special features, including a swimming pool, a diving board and a king-sized water bed. It is designed to be driven as one piece, or it can be changed to bend in ^ the middle. Its main purpose is for use in films and exhibitions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Largest engines T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Largest engines 20 22 24 26 91470|1345 83854|1233 14154|208 119832|14 91334|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Largest engines The largest car ever used was the White Triplex, sponsored by J.H. White of Philadelphia, PA. Completed early in 1928, after two years' work, the car weighed about 4.5 tons and was powered by three Liberty V12 aircraft engines with a total capacity ^ of 81,188 cc, developing 1,500 brake horsepower (bhp) at 2,000 rpm. It was used to break the world speed record but crashed at Daytona, FL on 13 Mar 1929. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Most powerful T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Most powerful 20 22 24 26 91538|1346 201290|2960 14834|218 119832|15 214122|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Most powerful The highest engine capacity of a production car was 2.5 gallon, for the US Pierce-Arrow 6-66 Raceabout of 1912-18, the US Peerless 6-60 of 1912-14 and the Fageol of 1918. ^<n The most powerful current production car is the Bugatti GB110 Super ^ Sports, which develops in excess of 610 bhp. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Heaviest T \p8\D08\3807150 Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 91606|1347 57606|847 15582|229 13950|205 14154|208 119832|16 65726|3 20938|3 -PCAP- The heaviest car in production today is the Soviet-built ZIL-41047. It weighs 7,352 lb, can carry seven passengers comfortably and uses 5.8 gallons of gasoline per 62 miles. (Photo: Gamma/Brissaud) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Heaviest The heaviest car recently in production (up to 25 were made annually) appears to be the Russian-built Zil-41047 limousine with a 12.72 ft wheelbase. It weighs 7,352 lb (3.3 tons). The "stretched" Zil (four to five made annually) was used by former ^ USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev until December 1991. It weighed 6.6 tons and was made of three-inch armor-plated steel. The eight-cylinder, 7-liter engine guzzled fuel at a rate of 6 miles to the gallon. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Most wrecked T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Most wrecked 20 22 24 26 91674|1348 164910|2425 14970|220 119832|17 175106|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Most wrecked The greatest number of cars wrecked in a stunting career is 1,997 through April 1992 by Dick Sheppard of Gloucester, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Smallest street-legal car T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Smallest street-legal car 20 22 24 26 91742|1349 244674|3598 15106|222 119832|18 258628|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Smallest street-legal car The smallest registered street-legal car in the United States has an overall length of 88 3/4 in and a width of 40 1/2 in. It was built by Arlis Sluder and is now owned by Jeff Gibson. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Highest mileage T \p8\D08\3807151 Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Highest mileage 20 22 24 26 91810|1350 62842|924 15650|230 14018|206 15038|221 119832|19 71062|4 20938|4 -PCAP- The greatest mileage covered in one year was 354,257 miles by two Opel Rekord 2-litre sedans driven by a team of drivers from Delta Motor Corporation, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Highest mileage The highest recorded mileage for a car was 1,402,515 authenticated miles up to 23 Jun 1992 for a 1963 Volkswagen "Beetle" owned by Albert Klein of Pasadena, CA. ^<n The greatest mileage covered in one year, without any major mechanical breakdown, ^ was 354,257 miles by two Opel Rekord 2-litre sedans driven by a team of drivers from Delta Motor Corporation, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Longest in production T \p8\D08\3706113a Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Longest in production 20 22 24 26 91878|1351 129482|1904 15718|231 14562|214 119832|20 139100|14 20938|5 -PCAP- The Volkswagen "Beetle" remains in limited production in Brazil. Pictured here is a prewar KdF prototype (Kraft durch Freude = strength through joy.) (Volkswagen) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Longest in production Among mass-production models, the Volkswagen "Beetle" dates from 1938. The 21 millionth "Beetle" rolled off the last remaining production line, at Puebla, Mexico in December 1991. It is still Mexico's best-selling car. ^<n The Morgan 4/4 celebrated ^ its 56th birthday on 27 Dec 1991. Built by the Morgan Motor Car Co. of Malvern, Great Britain (founded 1910), there is still a six to eight-year waiting list. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The luxury model Cadillac Fleetwood has been in continuous ^ production since 1936. The oldest mass-production model still in production is the Chrysler Imperial, which was in production from 1926-84 and 1990-present. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Lightest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Lightest 20 22 24 26 91946|1352 127714|1878 14426|212 119832|21 138174|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Lightest Louis Borsi of London, Great Britain has built and driven a 21 lb car with a 2.5-cc engine. It is capable of 15 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Most Rolls-Royces T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Most Rolls-Royces 20 22 24 26 92014|1353 164842|2424 14902|219 119832|22 175106|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Most Rolls-Royces The unrivaled collector of Rolls-Royces was Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (Osho; ne Chandra Mohan Jain [1931-90]), the Indian mystic of Rajneeshpuram, OR. His disciples bestowed 93 of these upon him before his deportation from the USA in November 1985. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Parade of Rolls-Royces T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Parade of Rolls-Royces 20 22 24 26 92082|1354 15038|221 119832|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Parade of Rolls-Royces A parade of 114 Rolls-Royce motor cars assembled on the northbound carriageway of the Tolo Harbour Highway in the New Territories of Hong Kong on 8 Sep 1991. The average length of the cars participating was 17 ft 2 in and the total length of the ^ parade was 1 mile 22 yd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Most expensive T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 92150|1355 195646|2877 14630|215 119832|24 208038|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Most expensive The most expensive car ever built was the US Presidential 1969 Lincoln Continental Executive delivered to the US Secret Service on 14 Oct 1968. It has an overall length of 21 ft 6 1/4 in with a 13 ft 4 in wheelbase, and with the addition of 2.2 ^ tons of armor plate weighs 6 tons (12,000 lb). The estimated cost of research, development and manufacture was $500,000, but it is rented at $5,000 per year. Even if all four tires were shot out it could travel at 50 mph on inner rubber-edged ^ steel discs. ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Most expensive used T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Most expensive used 20 22 24 26 92218|1356 195714|2878 14698|216 119832|25 208038|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Most expensive used Although higher prices have been reported for sales by private treaty, the greatest price paid at a public auction was 6.4 million pounds ($10.83 million), including commission, for a 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO sold by Sotheby's on 22 May 1990 at Monte ^ Carlo, Monaco. It was bought by Hans Thulin (Sweden). ^ -END- -CTRL- Automobiles: Most inexpensive T Transport|Road Vehicles|Automobiles|Most inexpensive 20 22 24 26 92286|1357 164774|2423 14766|217 119832|26 175106|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Automobiles: Most inexpensive The cheapest car of all time was the 1922 Red Bug Buckboard, built by the Briggs & Stratton Co. of Milwaukee, WI, listed at $125-$150. It had a 62 in wheelbase and weighed 245 lb. Early models of the King Midget cars were sold in kit form for ^ self-assembly for as little as $100 in 1948. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Around the world T \p8\D08\3706114 Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Around the world 20 22 24 26 92354|1358 21634|318 15786|232 69030|1015 121738|0 23878|70 20938|6 -PCAP- Manfred Muller and Paul-Ernst Luhrs spent 20 years driving their 1963 Citroen 2cv through 83 countries and covering a distance of 217,490 miles. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Around the world ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The fastest circumnavigation embracing more than an equator's length of driving (24,901 miles) is one of 39 days 23 hr 35 min. Driving two Rover 827Si Saloon cars, six members (three male and three female) of the Transworld ^ Venture, organized by the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, left the Tower of London, Great Britain on 13 May 1990 and returned to the same place on 22 June. On their journey they traveled through six continents and covered 25 countries. The distance ^ covered was 25,187.8 miles. ^<n ^<4 Slowest ^>4 Manfred Muller and Paul-Ernst Luhrs spent 20 years driving their 1963 Citroen 2cv through 83 countries and covering a distance of 217,490 miles. They started and finished in Bremerhaven, Germany. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Amphibious circumnavigation T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Amphibious circumnavigation 20 22 24 26 92422|1359 68962|1014 121738|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Amphibious circumnavigation The only circumnavigation by an amphibious vehicle was by Ben Carlin (Australia; d. 7 Mar 1981) in the amphibious jeep ^I . He completed the last leg of the Atlantic crossing (the English Channel) on 24 Aug 1951. He arrived back in ^ Montreal, Canada on 8 May 1958, having completed a circumnavigation of 39,000 miles over land and 9,600 miles by sea and river. He was accompanied on the transatlantic stage by his ex-wife Elinore (USA) and on the long transpacific stage (Tokyo, ^ Japan to Anchorage, AK) by Broye Lafayette De-Mente (USA; b. 1928). ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Greatest distance in one year T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Greatest distance in one year 20 22 24 26 92490|1360 54070|795 69098|1016 12862|189 121738|2 61634|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Greatest distance in one year The greatest distance ever covered in one year is 354,257 miles by two Opel Rekord 2 liter passenger sedans, both of which covered this distance between 18 May 1988 and the same date in 1989 without any major mechanical breakdowns. The vehicles ^ were manufactured by the Delta Motor Corporation, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, and were driven on tar and gravel roads in the Northern Cape by a team of company drivers from Delta. The entire undertaking was monitored by the Automobile ^ Association of South Africa. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Trans-Americas T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Trans-Americas 20 22 24 26 92558|1361 69846|1027 121738|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Trans-Americas Garry Sowerby (Canada), with Tim Cahill (USA) as co-driver and navigator, drove a 1988 GMC Sierra K3500 four-wheel-drive pickup truck powered by a 6.2 liter V8 Detroit diesel engine from Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina to Prudhoe Bay, AK, a ^ distance of 14,739 miles, in a total elapsed time of 23 days 22 hr 43 min from 29 Sep to 22 Oct 1987. The vehicle and team were surface-freighted from Cartagena, Colombia to Balboa, Panama so as to bypass the Darien Gap. ^<n The Darien Gap was ^ first traversed by the Land Rover ^I (The Affectionate Cockroach) of the Trans-Darien Expedition 1959-60, crewed by Richard E. Bevir (Great Britain) and engineer Terence John Whitfield (Australia). They left Chepo, ^ Panama on 3 Feb 1960 and reached Quibdo, Colombia on 17 June, averaging 660 ft per hour of indescribable difficulty. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Trans-America T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Trans-America 20 22 24 26 92626|1362 69778|1026 121738|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Trans-America Jeremiah L. Burr (driver/leader), Kurt E. Detlefsen (driver) and Thaddeus E. Burr (navigator) of Connecticut completed the first documented traverse of all the contiguous 48 states of the United States from 13 May to 19 May 1991, in a total elapsed ^ time of 5 days, 7 hours and 15 minutes and a total distance of 7,217.8 miles. The team drove a 1990 Chevrolet Astro Van and stopped only for fuel. Dehydrated foods and nine gallons of water made the team self-sufficient. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Lowest gasoline consumption T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Lowest gasoline consumption 20 22 24 26 92694|1363 159470|2345 69438|1021 3750|55 121738|5 170594|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Lowest gasoline consumption An experimental Japanese vehicle achieved the equivalent of 6,409 mpg in the Shell Mileage Marathon at Silverstone, Great Britain on 30 Jun 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Longest fuel range T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Longest fuel range 20 22 24 26 92762|1364 136078|2001 69234|1018 121738|6 139100|111 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Longest fuel range The greatest distance driven without refueling on a single fuel fill in a standard vehicle (38.2 gal carried in factory-optional twin fuel tanks) is 1,691.6 miles by a 1991 Toyota LandCruiser diesel station wagon. Driven by Ewan Kennedy with Ian ^ Lee (observer) from Nyngan, New South Wales, Australia to Winton, Queensland and back between 18-21 May 1992, the average speed 37.3 mph giving 44.2 mpg. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: In reverse T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|In reverse 20 22 24 26 92830|1365 136010|2000 69166|1017 121738|7 139100|110 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: In reverse Charles Creighton (1908-70) and James Hargis of Maplewood, MO drove their Model A Ford 1929 roadster in reverse from New York 3,340 miles to Los Angeles, CA, from 26 Jul-13 Aug 1930 without once stopping the engine. They arrived back in New York in ^ reverse on 5 September, having completed 7,180 miles in 42 days. ^<n Brian "Cub" Keene and James "Wilbur" Wright drove their Chevrolet Blazer 9,031 miles in reverse in 37 days (1 Aug-6 Sep 1984) through 15 American states and Canada. Though it ^ was prominently named "Stuck in Reverse," law-enforcement officers in Oklahoma refused to believe it and insisted they drive in reverse reverse--i.e., forward--out of the state. ^<n The highest average speed attained in any nonstop reverse drive ^ exceeding 500 miles was achieved by Gerald Hoagland, who drove a 1969 Chevrolet Impala 501 miles in 17 hr 38 min at Che-mung Speed Drome, NY on 9-10 Jul 1976, to average 28.41 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: On two side wheels T \p8\D08\3807152 Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|On two side wheels 20 22 24 26 92898|1366 136282|2004 15854|233 69642|1024 146|2 121738|8 139100|114 20938|7 -PCAP- Sven-Erik Soiderman of Sweden drove this truck a distance of 6.73 miles at Mora Siljan airport, Mora, Sweden on 19 May 1991. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: On two side wheels ^<4 Car ^>4 Bengt Norberg (b. 23 Oct 1951) of Appelbo, Sweden drove a Mitsubishi Colt GTi-16V on two side wheels nonstop for a distance of 192.873 miles in a time of 7 hr 15 min 50 sec. He also achieved a distance of 30.328 miles in 1 hr at ^ Rattvik Horse Track, Sweden on 24 May 1989. ^<n Sven-Erik Soderman (Sweden; b. 26 Sep 1960) achieved a speed of 102.14 mph over a 100 m (328.1 ft) flying start on the two wheels of an Opel Kadette at Mora Siljan airport, Mora, Sweden on 2 Aug ^ 1990. Soderman achieved a record speed for the flying kilometer at 152.96 km (95.04 mph) at the same venue on 24 Aug 1990. ^<n ^<4 Truck ^>4 Sven-Erik Soderman drove a Daf 2800 7.5 ton truck on two wheels for a distance of 6.73 miles at Mora ^ Siljan airport, Mora, Sweden on 19 May 1991. ^<n ^<4 Bus ^>4 Bobby Ore (Great Britain; b. Jan 1949) drove a double-decker bus a distance of 810 ft on two wheels at North Weald airfield, Great Britain on 21 May 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Longest wheelie T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Longest wheelie 20 22 24 26 92966|1367 136214|2003 69370|1020 121738|9 139100|113 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Longest wheelie Steve Murty, driving a Pirelli High Performer, established the record for the longest wheelie in a truck, covering 1,794.9 ft at the National Power Sports Festival in Blackpool, Great Britain on 28 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Longest ramp jump T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Longest ramp jump 20 22 24 26 93034|1368 136146|2002 69302|1019 121738|10 139100|112 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Longest ramp jump The longest ramp jump in an automobile, with the car landing on its wheels and being driven on, is 232 ft, by Jacqueline De Creed (nee Creedy) in a 1967 Ford Mustang at Santa Pod Raceway, Bedfordshire, Great Britain on 3 Apr 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Most durable driver T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Most durable driver 20 22 24 26 93102|1369 170894|2513 69506|1022 121738|11 175106|110 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Most durable driver Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. test driver Weldon C. Kocich drove 3,141,946 miles from 5 Feb 1953 to 28 Feb 1986, thus averaging 95,210 miles per year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Worst driver T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Worst driver 20 22 24 26 93170|1370 260042|3824 69914|1028 121738|12 274968|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Worst driver It was reported that a 75-year-old male driver received ten traffic tickets, drove on the wrong side of the road four times, committed four hit-and-run offenses and caused six accidents, all within 20 minutes, in McKinney, TX on 15 Oct 1966. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Oldest drivers T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Oldest drivers 20 22 24 26 93238|1371 226518|3331 69574|1023 121738|13 236192|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Oldest drivers Roy M. Rawlins (b. 10 Jul 1870) of Stockton, CA was given a warning for driving at 95 mph in a 55 mph zone in June 1974. On 25 Aug 1974 he was awarded a California State license valid until 1978, but he died on 9 Jul 1975, one day short of his ^ 105th birthday. ^<n Mrs Maude Tull of Inglewood, CA, who took to driving at the age of 91 after her husband died, was issued a renewal on 5 Feb 1976 when she was 104. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Tests T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Tests 20 22 24 26 93306|1372 16738|246 69710|1025 121738|14 175106|111 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Tests ^<4 Easiest ^>4 The world's easiest tests are those in Egypt, in which the ability to drive 19.64 ft forward and the same in reverse has been deemed sufficient. In 1979 it was reported that accurate reversing between two rubber traffic cones had ^ been added. "High cone attrition" soon led to the substitution of white lines. ^<n ^<4 Most attempts ^>4 Mrs Fannie Turner (b. 1903) of Little Rock, AR passed the ^I test for drivers on her 104th attempt in Oct 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Driving: Youngest license holders T Transport|Road Vehicles|Driving|Youngest license holders 20 22 24 26 93374|1373 262422|3859 69982|1029 121738|15 275964|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Driving: Youngest license holders Regular drivers' licenses are issued to 15-year-olds without a driver-education course only in Hawaii and Mississippi. Thirteen states issue restricted juvenile licenses at 14. ^ -END- -CTRL- Services: Filling stations T Transport|Road Vehicles|Services|Filling stations 20 22 24 26 93442|1374 118126|1737 196802|2894 122874|0 71062|146 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Services: Filling stations ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest concentration of pumps is 204--96 of them Tokheim Unistar (electronic) and 108 Tokheim Explorer (mechanical)--in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ^<n ^<4 Highest ^>4 The highest filling station in the world is at Leh, Ladakh, ^ India, at 12,001 ft, operated by the Indian Oil Corporation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Services: Largest garages T Transport|Road Vehicles|Services|Largest garages 20 22 24 26 93510|1375 118194|1738 196870|2895 122874|1 91334|529 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Services: Largest garages The largest private garage is one of two stories built outside Bombay, India for the private collection of 176 cars owned by Pranlal Bhogilal (b. 1939). ^<n The KMB Overhaul Center, operated by the Kowloon Motor Bus Co. (1933) Ltd, Hong Kong, is ^ the world's largest multi-story service center. Built expressly for double-decker buses, it has four floors occupying more than 11.6 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Services: Largest parking lot T Transport|Road Vehicles|Services|Largest parking lot 20 22 24 26 93578|1376 118262|1739 196938|2896 122874|2 91334|530 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Services: Largest parking lot The world's largest is the one in the West Edmonton Mall, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, which can hold 20,000 vehicles. There are overflow facilities on an adjoining lot for 10,000 more cars. ^ -END- -CTRL- Services: Largest tires T Transport|Road Vehicles|Services|Largest tires 20 22 24 26 93646|1377 118330|1740 197006|2897 122874|3 91334|531 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Services: Largest tires The largest ever manufactured were by Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. for giant dump trucks. They measure 12 ft in diameter, weigh 12,500 lb and cost $74,000. A tire 17 ft in diameter is believed to be the limit of what is practical. ^ -END- -CTRL- Services: Most tires lifted T Transport|Road Vehicles|Services|Most tires lifted 20 22 24 26 93714|1378 190138|2796 197210|2900 122874|4 175106|392 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Services: Most tires lifted The greatest number of tires supported in a free-standing lift is 96, by Gary Windebank of Romsey, Great Britain in February 1984. The total weight was 1,440 lb. The tires used were Michelin XZX 155 x 13. ^ -END- -CTRL- Services: Longest tows T Transport|Road Vehicles|Services|Longest tows 20 22 24 26 93782|1379 150358|2211 197142|2899 122874|5 139100|321 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Services: Longest tows The longest on record was one of 4,759 miles from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Canada's Pacific coast, when Frank J. Elliott and George A. Scott of Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada persuaded 168 passing motorists in 89 days to tow their Model T Ford (in ^ fact engineless) to win a $1,000 bet on 15 Oct 1927. ^<n After his 1969 MGB broke down in the vicinity of Moscow, Russia (formerly USSR), the late Eddie McGowan of Chipping Warden, Great Britain was towed by Mark Steven Morgan, driving his 1968 ^ MGC, a distance of 1,456 miles from Moscow to Berlin, Germany on a single 7-ft nylon tow rope from 12-17 Jul 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Services: Longest skid marks T Transport|Road Vehicles|Services|Longest skid marks 20 22 24 26 93850|1380 150290|2210 197074|2898 122874|6 139100|320 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Services: Longest skid marks The skid marks made by the jet-powered ^I , driven by Norman Craig Breedlove, after the car went out of control at Bonneville Salt Flats, UT, on 15 Oct 1964, were nearly six miles long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Largest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Largest 20 22 24 26 93918|1381 107586|1582 143082|2104 123380|0 91334|373 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Largest The most massive automotive land vehicle is "Big Muskie," the 12,004 ton mechanical shovel built by Bucyrus Erie for the Musk mine. It is 487 ft long, 151 ft wide and 222 ft high, with a grab capacity of 364 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Longest 20 22 24 26 93986|1382 144442|2124 143286|2107 123380|1 139100|234 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest The Arctic Snow Train owned by the world-famous tightrope-walker Steve McPeak (USA) has 54 wheels and is 572 ft long. It was built by R.G. Le Tourneau Inc. of Longview, TX for the US Army. Its gross train weight is 441 tons, with a top speed of 20 ^ mph, and it was driven by a crew of six when used as an "overland train" for the military. McPeak undertook all repairs, including every punctured wheel, single-handedly in often sub-zero temperatures in Alaska. It generates 4,680 shp and has a ^ fuel capacity of 7,832 gal. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Largest ambulance T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Largest ambulance 20 22 24 26 94054|1383 107654|1583 143150|2105 123380|2 91334|374 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Largest ambulance The world's largest are the 59-ft-long articulated Alligator Jumbulances Marks VI, VII, VIII and IX, operated by the ACROSS Trust to convey the sick and handicapped on vacations and pilgrimages across Europe. They are built by Van Hool of Belgium ^ with Fiat engines, cost $350,000 and carry 44 patients and staff. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Most massive crawler T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Most massive crawler 20 22 24 26 94122|1384 183542|2699 143694|2113 123380|3 175106|296 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Most massive crawler The most massive vehicle ever constructed is the Marion eight-caterpillar crawler used for conveying Saturn V rockets to their launch pads at Cape Canaveral, FL. It measures 131 ft 4 in x 114 ft and the two built cost $12.3 million. The loaded ^ train weight is 9,000 tons. The windshield wiper blades are 42 in long and are the world's largest. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Buses T \c8\D01\3706116z Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Buses 20 23 25 27 94190|1385 107450|1580 15922|234 142742|2099 123380|4 139100|232 20938|8 -PCAP- Between 6 Nov 1988 and 3 Dec 1989, Hughie Thompson, John Weston and Richard Steel, all from Great Britain, visited 18 countries in their red, double-decker London bus covering a distance of 54,289 miles. The photos show some of the many countries ^ they visited. (Photos: Hughie Thompson) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Buses ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The first municipal bus service in the world was inaugurated on 12 Apr 1903 and ran between Eastbourne railroad station and Meads, Great Britain. ^<n ^<4 Longest ^>4 The longest are the articulated buses, with 121 passenger ^ seats and room also for 66 "strap-hangers," built by the Wayne Corporation of Richmond, IN for use in the Middle East. They are 76 ft long and weigh 23,957 lb. ^<n The longest rigid single bus is 49 ft long and carries 69 passengers. It was built ^ by Van Hool of Belgium. ^<n ^<4 Largest fleet ^>4 The 6,580 single-decker buses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil make up the world's largest bus fleet. ^<n ^<4 Longest route ^>4 The longest regularly scheduled bus route is 3,559 miles long, ^ operated by Group Ormeno, which since August 1978 has run a regular scheduled service between Tumbes, Peru and Buenos Aires, Argentina. The route takes 116 hr, with two hours stopover in Lima and 12 hours in Santiago, Chile. ^<n The longest ^ scheduled bus route currently in use in the United States is by Greyhound from Los Angeles to St. Louis. It runs twice per day, is 1,680 miles long, and takes 42 hours to complete employing six drivers, with no change of bus. ^<n ^<4 Longest ^ journey ^>4 Between 6 Nov 1988 and 3 Dec 1989, Hughie Thompson, John Weston, and Richard Steel, all from Great Britain, visited 18 countries in their red, double-decker London bus covering a distance of 54,289 miles. ^<n ^<4 Greatest passenger ^ volume ^>4 The city with the greatest passenger volume in the United States as of December 1991 was New York City, with 715.403 million unlinked passenger trips. In 1989 the city with the highest aggregate for passenger miles traveled was Los ^ Angeles, CA, where bus riders logged 1.660 billion miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Campers T \p8\D08\3906116 Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Campers 20 23 25 27 94258|1386 107518|1581 15990|235 142810|2100 1506|22 123380|5 139100|233 20938|9 -PCAP- The world's largest camper has five stories, stands 39 ft high, is 66 ft long and 39 ft wide. There are eight bedrooms, each with a bathroom, and garage space for four cars. It was manufactured for H.E Sheik Hamad Bin Hamdan Al Nahyan, a member of ^ the ruling family of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. (Photo: Peter Beattie, Australian Arab Agriculture Co.) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Campers ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest two-wheeled two-story camper was built in 1990 by H.E Sheik Hamad Bin Hamdan Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It is 66 ft long, 39 ft wide and stands 39 ft. Weighing 120 tons, it comprises eight bedrooms, ^ eight bathrooms, four garages and water storage for 6,340 gal. ^<n ^<4 Longest journey ^>4 The continuous motor camper journey of 143,716 miles by Harry B. Coleman and Peggy Larson in a Volkswagen Camper from 20 Aug 1976 to 20 Apr 1978 took ^ them through 113 countries. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The world speed record for a camper is 126.76 mph by a Roadster camper towed by a 1990 Ford EA Falcon, driven by Charlie Kovacs, at Mangalore Airfield, Seymour, Victoria, Australia on 18 Apr ^ 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Largest dump truck T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Largest dump truck 20 22 24 26 94326|1387 107722|1584 143218|2106 123380|6 91334|375 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Largest dump truck The world's largest is the Terex Titan 33-19 manufactured by General Motors Corporation and now in operation at Westar Mine, British Columbia, Canada. It has a loaded weight of 604.7 tons and a capacity of 350 tons. When tipped its height is 56 ft. ^ The 16 cylinder engine delivers 3,300 hp. The fuel tank holds 1,300 gal. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Fire engines T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Fire engines 20 22 24 26 94394|1388 26666|392 142946|2102 123380|7 23878|144 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Fire engines ^<4 Greatest pumping capacity ^>4 The fire appliance with the greatest pumping capacity is the 860 hp eight-wheel Oshkosh firetruck, weighing 66 tons and used for aircraft and runway fires. It can discharge 41,600 gal of foam through two turrets ^ in just 150 sec. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The fastest on record is the Jaguar XJ12 "Chubb Firefighter," which on 2 Nov 1982 attained a speed of 130.57 mph in tests when servicing the ^I land-speed record trials. (See Fastest ^ cars---Land speed.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest fire pump tow T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Longest fire pump tow 20 22 24 26 94462|1389 144510|2125 143354|2108 123380|8 139100|235 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest fire pump tow The longest unaided tow of a fire appliance in excess of 1,120 lb in 24 hr on a closed circuit is 223 miles, by a 32-man team of the Dublin Fire Brigade with a 1,144-lb fire pump on 20-21 Jun 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Go karts T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Go karts 20 22 24 26 94530|1390 55634|818 143014|2103 123380|9 61634|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Go karts The highest mileage recorded in 24 hours on an outdoor circuit by a four-man team is 1,018 miles on a one mile track at the Erbsville Kartway, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada on 4-5 Sep 1983. The 5-hp 140 cc Honda engined kart was driven by Owen Nimmo, ^ Gary Ruddock, Jim Timmins and Danny Upshaw. ^<n The greatest distance recorded in a 48-hour marathon is 1,696.3 miles by Denis Wedes, Stephen Mantle, Len Nicholson and Janice Bennett, driving a Yamaha RC100SE kart powered by a KT100J 100 cc ^ engine at Mount Sugarloaf Circuit, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia on 25-27 Mar 1983. They averaged 70.67 mph. ^<n A record distance achieved in six hours in the 100 cc non-gearbox category is 194.81 miles by Emily Newman at Rye House ^ Raceway, Hoddesdon, Great Britain on 25 Jun 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Widest lawn mower T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Widest lawn mower 20 22 24 26 94598|1391 259430|3815 144102|2119 123380|10 274376|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Widest lawn mower The widest gang mower in the world is the 5.6 ton 60 ft wide 27-unit "Big Green Machine" used by the turf farmer Jay Edgar Frick of Monroe, OH. It mows an acre in 60 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest lawn mower drive T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Longest lawn mower drive 20 22 24 26 94666|1392 144578|2126 143422|2109 123380|11 139100|236 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest lawn mower drive The longest drive on a power lawn mower was 3,034 miles, when Ian Ireland of Harlow, Great Britain drove an Iseki SG15 between Harlow and Southend Pier, Great Britain from 13 Aug to 7 Sep 1989. He was assisted by members of 158 Round Table, Luton, ^ Great Britain and raised over 15,000 pounds ($26,250) to aid the Leukemia Research Fund. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest pedal car drive T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Longest pedal car drive 20 22 24 26 94734|1393 144646|2127 143490|2110 123380|12 139100|237 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest pedal car drive The record from Marble Arch, London, Great Britain to the Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France, including a Channel crossing by ferry, is 21 hr 24 min 0 sec, for a distance of 238 miles, by a team of six members of the national childcare charity in Great ^ Britain on 30 Aug 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Fastest solar-powered T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Fastest solar-powered 20 22 24 26 94802|1394 26598|391 142878|2101 123380|13 23878|143 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Fastest solar-powered The fastest speed attained by a solely solar-powered land vehicle is 48.71 mph by Molly Brennan driving the General Motors ^I at Mesa, AZ on 24 Jun 1988. The fastest speed of 83.88 mph using solar/battery power was achieved by Star ^ Micronics' solar car ^I driven by Manfred Hermann on 5 Jan 1991 at Richmond RAAF Base, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest snowmobile journey T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Longest snowmobile journey 20 22 24 26 94870|1395 144714|2128 143558|2111 123380|14 139100|238 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest snowmobile journey John W. Outzen of Derry (expedition organizer and leader), Andre, Carl and Dennis Boucher, traveled 10,252.3 miles across North America, from Anchorage, AK to Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, in 62 days (56 riding days) from 2 Jan to 3 Mar 1992 on ^ four Arctic Cat Panther Deluxe Snowmobiles. The team averaged 183 miles per day on the first documented transcontinental drive from the Pacific to the Atlantic oceans entirely on snow. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Taxis T \p8\D08\3906117 Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Taxis 20 23 25 27 94938|1396 107790|1585 16058|236 143898|2116 123380|15 91334|376 20938|10 -PCAP- Mexico City has the largest taxi fleet in the world with over 60,000. Seen here in Reforma Avenue are the yellow taxis of the city passing the famous statue of Cuauhtemoc (1495-1522), the 11th and last Aztec emperor. (Photo: Spectrum Colour ^ Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Taxis ^<4 Largest fleet ^>4 The largest taxi fleet is that in Mexico City, with 60,000 "normal" taxis, ^I (communal fixed-route taxis) and ^I (airport taxis). ^<n The city with the largest taxi fleet in the USA is New York ^ City, which on 1 Jan 1992 had 11,787 registered yellow medallion cabs and 38,000 drivers. In addition, there are approximately 28,000 rental service vehicles in New York City. Both figures for 1992 show a significant drop from previous years. ^<n ^ ^<4 Taxi drivers ^>4 Carmen Fasanella (b. 19 Feb 1903) was continuously licensed as a taxicab owner and driver in the Borough of Princeton, NJ for 68 years 243 days, from 1 Feb 1921 to 2 Nov 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest taxi ride T \p8\D08\3706117a Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Longest taxi ride 20 23 25 27 95006|1397 144782|2129 16126|237 143626|2112 123380|16 139100|239 20938|11 -PCAP- On 19 Aug 1988 a taxi with passengers set off from Buckingham Palace, London for Australia. After travelling through 14 countries and covering a distance of 13,670 miles, they arrived at Sydney Opera House in Australia on 27 October having raised ^ 250,000 pounds (approximately $400,000) along the way for charities. The fare on the meter read an amazing 31,446 pounds (approximately $50,000). (Photo: Paul Chelow) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Longest taxi ride The longest taxicab ride on record is one of 14,414 miles with the meter running at a cost of 70,000 FIM (approximately $16,000). Mika Lehtonen and Juhani Saramies left Nokia, Finland on 2 May 1991, travelling through Scandinavia down to Spain, and ^ arrived back in Nokia on 17 May 1991. ^<n A higher fare was recorded by taxi driver Guy Smith, whose meter ran up a cost of 31,446 pounds (approximately $50,000) after a 13,670 mile journey from London, England to Sydney, Australia. Setting out ^ from London on 19 Aug 1988, Smith and his passengers traveled through 14 countries, arriving at the Sydney Opera House in Australia on 27 October, having raised 250,000 pounds (approximately $400,000) along the way for charities. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Tractors T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Tractors 20 22 24 26 95074|1398 107858|1586 143966|2117 123380|17 139100|240 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Tractors ^<4 Largest ^>4 The world's largest tractor is a $459,000 US Department of Agriculture Wide Tractive Frame Vehicle completed by Ag West of Sacramento, CA in June 1982. It measures 33 ft between its wheels, which are designed to run on permanent ^ paths, and weighs 24.5 tons. ^<n ^<4 Tractor-pulling ^>4 The sport of tractor-pulling was put on a national US championship basis in 1967 at Bowling Green, OH, where the winner was "The Purple Monster" built and driven by Roger E. Varns. Today ^ there are 12 classes ranging up to "12,200 lb unlimited." ^<n ^<4 Longest journey ^>4 The longest journey by tractor on record is 14,500 miles. The Young Farmers Group of Devon, Great Britain left their native country on 18 Oct 1990 and drove ^ overland to Zimbabwe, arriving on 4 Mar 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Trams T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Trams 20 22 24 26 95142|1399 144918|2131 144034|2118 123380|18 139100|241 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Trams ^<4 Longest journey ^>4 The longest tram journey now possible is from Krefeld St Tonis to Witten Annen Nord, Germany. With luck at the eight interconnections, the 65.5 mile trip can be completed in 5 1/2 hours. ^<n By early 1991, St Petersburg, ^ Russia had the most extensive tramway system, with 2,402 cars on 64 routes and 429.13 miles of track. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest trams in revenue service in the world are motor cars 1 and 2 of the Manx Electric Railway, dating from 1893. ^ These run regularly on the 17 3/4 mile railroad between Douglas and Ramsey, Isle of Man, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Most powerful truck T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Most powerful truck 20 22 24 26 95210|1400 201766|2967 143762|2114 123380|19 214122|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Most powerful truck A 1987 Ford LTL 9000 truck, owned and driven by Ken Warby of Cincinnati, OH, is outfitted with a General Electric J 79 engine tuned to produce 20,000 lbf of thrust. Weighing 4.8 tons, it has achieved 210.2 mph in 7.7 sec over a quarter-mile course ^ from a standing start. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Most powerful wrecker T Transport|Road Vehicles|Miscellaneous Vehicles|Most powerful wrecker 20 22 24 26 95278|1401 201834|2968 143830|2115 123380|20 214122|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Miscellaneous Vehicles: Most powerful wrecker The world's most powerful wrecker is the Twin City Garage and Body Shop's 22.7-ton, 36-ft-long International M6-23 "Hulk" 1969 stationed at Scott City, MO. It can lift in excess of 325 tons on its short boom. ^ -END- -CTRL- Loads: Heaviest load T Transport|Road Vehicles|Loads|Heaviest load 20 22 24 26 95346|1402 59646|877 121050|1780 124866|0 65726|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Loads: Heaviest load On 14-15 Jul 1984 John Brown Engineers & Contractors BV moved the Conoco Kotter Field production deck with a roll-out weight of 325 tons for the Continental Netherlands Oil Co. of Leidsenhage, Netherlands. ^ -END- -CTRL- Carriages: Longest single hitch T Transport|Road Vehicles|Carriages|Longest single hitch 20 22 24 26 95414|1403 133086|1957 41150|605 124952|0 139100|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Carriages: Longest single hitch The only man to drive 48 horses in a single hitch is Dick Sparrow of Zearing, IA, between 1972 and 1977. The lead horses were on reins 135 ft long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Carriages: Longest horse-drawn procession T Transport|Road Vehicles|Carriages|Longest horse-drawn procession 20 22 24 26 95482|1404 133018|1956 41082|604 124952|1 139100|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Carriages: Longest horse-drawn procession The longest horse-drawn procession was a cavalcade of 68 carriages that measured 3,018 ft "nose to tail," organized by the Spies Traveling Company of Denmark on 7 May 1986. It carried 810 people through the woods around Copenhagen to celebrate the ^ coming of spring. ^ -END- -CTRL- Model Cars: Nonstop duration T Transport|Road Vehicles|Model Cars|Nonstop duration 20 22 24 26 95550|1405 144918|2131 125108|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Model Cars: Nonstop duration A Scalextric Jaguar XJ8 ran nonstop for 866 hr 44 min 54 sec and covered a distance of 1,771.2 miles from 2 May to 7 Jun 1989. The event was organized by the Rev. Bryan G. Apps and church members of Southbourne, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Model Cars: 24-hour slot car racing T Transport|Road Vehicles|Model Cars|24-hour slot car racing 20 22 24 26 95618|1406 145054|2133 144850|2130 125108|1 139100|243 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Model Cars: 24-hour slot car racing ^<4 Distance record ^>4 On 5-6 Jul 1986 the North London Society of Model Engineers team at the ARRA club in Southport, Great Britain achieved a distance record for a 1:32 scale car of 305.949 miles in 24 hours, 11,815 laps of the track, driving ^ a Rondeau M482C Group C Sports car, built by Ian Fisher. This was under the rules of the BSCRA (British Slot Car Racing Association). ^<n ^<4 Longest track ^>4 The longest slot car track measures 958 ft and was built at Mallory Park Circuit, ^ Great Britain on 22 Nov 1991 using pieces collected from enthusiasts. One lap was successfully completed by a car. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Total T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Total 20 22 24 26 95686|1407 147502|2169 125264|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Total As of October 1991 it was estimated that there were 4.156 million registered motorcycles in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Earliest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Earliest 20 22 24 26 95754|1408 12250|180 146754|2158 125264|1 13960|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Earliest The earliest internal combustion-engined motorized bicycle was a wooden-framed machine built at Bad Cannstatt, Germany in October-November 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) and first ridden by Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929). It had a top speed of ^ 12 mph and developed one-half of one horsepower from its single-cylinder 264 cc four-cycle engine at 700 rpm. Known as the "Einspur," it was lost in a fire in 1903. ^<n The earliest factory that made motorcycles in quantity was opened in 1894 by ^ Heinrich and Wilhelm Hildebrand and Alois Wolfmuller in Munich, Germany. In its first two years this factory produced over 1,000 machines, each having a water-cooled 1,488 cc twin-cylinder four-cycle engine developing about 2.5 bhp at 600 ^ rpm---the highest-capacity motorcycle engine ever put into production. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Fastest production road machine T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Fastest production road machine 20 22 24 26 95822|1409 26870|395 146822|2159 125264|2 23878|147 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Fastest production road machine The 151 hp 1-litre Tu Atara Yamaha Bimota 6th edition EI has a road-tested top speed of 186 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Fastest racing machine T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Fastest racing machine 20 22 24 26 95890|1410 26938|396 146890|2160 125264|3 23878|148 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Fastest racing machine There is no satisfactory answer to the identity of the fastest track machine other than to say that the current Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha machines have all been geared to attain speeds marginally in excess of 186.4 mph under race conditions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Fastest speeds T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Fastest speeds 20 22 24 26 95958|1411 27006|397 146958|2161 125264|4 23878|149 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Fastest speeds ^I ^<n Donald A. Vesco (USA; b. 8 Apr 1939), riding his ^ 6.4 m long ^I streamliner, powered by two 1,016 cc Kawasaki engines, on Bonneville Salt Flats, UT on 28 Aug 1978 set AMA and FIM absolute records with an overall average of 318.598 mph and had a fastest run at an average of ^ 318.865 mph. ^<n The world record for 1,093.6 yd (1 km) from a standing start is 16.68 sec by Henk Vink (Netherlands; b. 24 Jul 1939) on his supercharged 984 cc four-cylinder Kawasaki, at Elvington Airfield, North Yorkshire, Great Britain on 24 ^ Jul 1977. The faster run was made in 16.09 sec. ^<n The world record for 1,320 ft from a standing start is 8.805 sec by Henk Vink on his supercharged 1,132 cc four-cylinder Kawasaki at Elvington Airfield, Great Britain on 23 Jul 1977. The faster ^ run was made in 8.55 sec. ^<n The fastest time for a single run over 1,320 ft (1 km) from a standing start is 7.08 sec by Bo O'Brechta (USA) riding a supercharged 1,200 cc Kawasaki-based machine in Ontario, CA in 1980. ^<n The highest terminal ^ velocity recorded at the end of a 1,320 ft (1 km) run from a standing start is 199.55 mph by Russ Collins (USA) in Ontario, CA on 7 Oct 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Longest T \p8\D08\3706118a Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Longest 20 22 24 26 96026|1412 145190|2135 16194|238 147026|2162 125264|5 139100|245 20938|12 -PCAP- This monster motorcycle was built by Les Nash of Coventry, England. It has a Rover 3.5 litre V-8 engine, weighs over 500 lb and is 12 ft 6 in x 4 ft. (Photo: Les Nash) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Longest Gregg Reid of Atlanta, GA designed and built a Yamaha 250 cc motorcycle that measures 15 ft 6 in long and weighs 520 lb. It is street legal and has been insured. ^<n A more powerful monster motorcycle was built by Les Nash of Coventry, England. It ^ has a Rover 3.5 litre V-8 engine, weighs over 500 lb and is 12 ft 6 in in length and 4 ft wide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Smallest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Smallest 20 22 24 26 96094|1413 248278|3651 147434|2168 125264|6 258628|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Smallest Simon Timperley and Clive Williams of Progressive Engineering Ltd, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, Great Britain designed and constructed a motorcycle with a wheelbase of 4.25 in, a seat height of 3 3/4 in and a wheel diameter of 0.75 in for the ^ front and 0.95 in for the back. The bike was ridden a distance of 3.2 ft. ^<n Magnor Mydland of Norway constructed a motorcycle with a wheelbase of 4.72 in, a seat height of 5.82 in and wheel diameters of 1.49 in for the front and 3.39 in for the ^ back. He rode a distance of 1,870 ft, reaching a speed of 7.2 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Longest nonstop motion T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Longest nonstop motion 20 22 24 26 96162|1414 145326|2137 147162|2164 125264|7 139100|247 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Longest nonstop motion The longest time a motor scooter, a Kinetic Honda DX 100 cc, has been kept in nonstop motion is 1,001 hrs. It was ridden by Har Parkash Rishi, Amarjeet Singh and Navjot Chadha, covering a distance of 49,831 miles at Traffic Park, Pune, Maharashtra, ^ India between 22 Apr and Jun 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Longest tour T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Longest tour 20 22 24 26 96230|1415 145462|2139 147298|2166 125264|8 139100|249 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Longest tour Jim Rogers and Tabitha Estabrook traveled 57,022 miles on motorcycle from New York through Europe, Africa, Asia, South America and ending in New York, from March 1990 to November 1991. If other modes of transportation are counted, they journeyed ^ 99,422 miles in total. ^<n The first woman to circumnavigate the world solo was Moniika Vega (b. 9 May 1962) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, riding her Honda 200 cc motorcycle. Her journey began in Milan, Italy on 7 Mar 1990 and she returned to Italy ^ on 24 May 1991, having covered a distance of 51,885 miles and visited 53 countries. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Trans-Americas T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Trans-Americas 20 22 24 26 96298|1416 147638|2171 125264|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Trans-Americas Kurt Nerlich and Hans Shirmer traveled 67,000 miles (55,400 by motorcycle) around the Americas (North, South and Central) in 27 months from July 1954 to September 1956. Travel to and through Central and South America was much more primitive then ^ than it is today. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Trans-America T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Trans-America 20 22 24 26 96366|1417 147570|2170 125264|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Trans-America Ken Hatton of Chicago, IL completed a solo motorcycle trek across the United States, in September 1988, in a record time of 42 hr 17 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Biggest pyramid T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Biggest pyramid 20 22 24 26 96434|1418 2186|32 146686|2157 125264|11 7328|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Biggest pyramid The ASC Tornadoes, a motorcyle display team of the Indian Army, established a world record with a pyramid of 45 men on eight motorcycles. The pyramid was held together by muscle and determination only, with no straps, harnesses or other aids. It ^ traveled a distance of 874 yd on 6 Jun 1992 at Manekshaw Parade Ground, Bangalore, India. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Longest backwards riding T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Longest backwards riding 20 22 24 26 96502|1419 145258|2136 147094|2163 125264|12 139100|246 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Longest backwards riding Steering a motorcycle facing backwards from the top of a 10 ft ladder, over a continuous period of 1 hr 30 min, Signalman Dewi Jones of the Royal Signals White Helmets covered a distance of 20.505 miles at Catterick Airfield, Great Britain on 30 ^ Nov 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Wheelie T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Wheelie 20 22 24 26 96570|1420 27074|398 147842|2174 125264|13 23878|150 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Wheelie ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 Yasuyuki Kudoh at the Japan Automobile Research Institute, Tsukuba City, Ibaragi-prefecture, Japan covered 205.7 miles nonstop on the rear wheel of his Honda TLM 220 R 216 cc motorcycle on 5 May 1991. ^<n ^<4 United ^ States ^>4 Doug Domokos on the Alabama International Speedway, Talladega on 27 Jun 1984 covered 145 miles nonstop on the rear wheel of his Honda XR 500. He stopped only when the gasoline ran out. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The highest speed ^ attained on a rear wheel of a motorcycle is 150 mph by Steve Burns on 3 Jul 1989 at Bruntingthorpe Proving Ground, Great Britain on his Suzuki GXS 1100 engine Spondon 1425 turbo. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Two-wheel sidecar riding T \p8\D08\3706118b Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Two-wheel sidecar riding 20 22 24 26 96638|1421 55770|820 16262|239 147706|2172 125264|14 61634|34 20938|13 -PCAP- Graham John Martin on the Gerotek Test Track, Pretoria, South Africa where he achieved a distance of 198.9 miles, in 3 hr 5 min. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Two-wheel sidecar riding ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 Graham John Martin drove a distance of 198.9 miles on a Yamaha XS 1,100 cc bike in a time of 3 hr 5 min at Gerotek Test Track, Pretoria, South Africa on 21 Aug 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Most on one machine T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Most on one machine 20 22 24 26 96706|1422 183678|2701 147366|2167 125264|15 175106|298 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Most on one machine The record for the most people on a single machine is 46 members of the Illawarra Mini Bike Training Club, New South Wales, Australia. They rode on a 1,000 cc motor-cycle and traveled a distance of one mile on 11 Oct 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Wall of death T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Wall of death 20 22 24 26 96774|1423 50194|738 147774|2173 125264|16 52992|75 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Wall of death The greatest endurance feat on a "wall of death" was 7 hr 0 min 13 sec, by Martin Blume, Berlin, Germany on 16 Apr 1983. He rode over 12,000 laps on the 33-ft diameter wall on a Yamaha XS400, averaging 30 mph for the 181 1/2 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycles: Longest ramp jump T Transport|Road Vehicles|Motorcycles|Longest ramp jump 20 22 24 26 96842|1424 145394|2138 147230|2165 125264|17 139100|248 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycles: Longest ramp jump The longest distance ever achieved by a motorcycle long-jumping is 251 ft, by Doug Danger on a 1991 Honda CR500 at Loudon, NH on 22 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Earliest T \p8\D08\3906118 Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Earliest 20 23 25 27 96910|1425 8034|118 16330|240 24966|367 126540|0 13960|11 20938|14 -PCAP- In 1870 James Starley, an inventive foreman at Rowley B. Turner of Coventry, England, set out to reduce the weight of the first practical bicycle, the velocipede. He made a bicycle with a large front wheel and a small rear wheel, which was ^ nicknamed the "penny-farthing" after the largest and smallest English copper coins of the period. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Earliest The first design for a machine propelled by cranks and pedals with connecting rods has been attributed to Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) or one of his pupils, ^I . 1493. ^<n The earliest such design actually built was in 1839-40 by ^ Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1810-78) of Dumfries, Great Britain. The machine is now in the Science Museum, London, Great Britain. ^<n The first practical bicycle was the ^I built in March 1861 by Pierre Michaux and his son Ernest of ^ Rue de Verneuil, Paris, France. ^<n In 1870, James Starley of Coventry, Great Britain constructed the first "penny-farthing" or ordinary bicycle. It had wire-spoked wheels for lightness and was later available with an optional-speed gear. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Greatest parade T Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Greatest parade 20 22 24 26 96978|1426 46182|679 25102|369 126540|1 52992|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Greatest parade The greatest participation was one involving 30,000 cyclists (2.75 percent of the population of Puerto Rico) at San Juan on 17 Apr 1988. It was organized by TV personality "Pacheco" Joaquin Monserrat. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Underwater tricycling T Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Underwater tricycling 20 22 24 26 97046|1427 53594|788 25510|375 826|12 126540|2 61634|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Underwater tricycling ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 A team of 32 divers pedaled a distance of 116.66 miles in 75 hr 20 min on a standard tricycle at Diver's Den, Santa Barbara, CA on 16-19 Jun 1988 to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Longest trishaw parade T Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Longest trishaw parade 20 22 24 26 97114|1428 130638|1921 25306|372 126540|3 139100|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Longest trishaw parade The longest parade on record was when 177 trishaw peddlers rode in single file in Penang, Malaysia on 23 Nov 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Longest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Longest 20 22 24 26 97182|1429 130570|1920 25238|371 126540|4 139100|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Longest The longest true tandem bicycle ever built (i.e., without a third stabilizing wheel) is one of 66 ft 11 in for 35 riders built by Pedaalstompers Westmalle of Belgium. The riders covered ^I 195 ft in practice on 20 Apr 1979. The machine ^ weighed 2,425 lb. ^<n Terry Thessman of Pahiatua, New Zealand designed and built a bike measuring 72.96 ft long and weighing 340 lb. It was ridden by four riders a distance of 807 ft on 27 Feb 1988. Turning corners is a problem. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Smallest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Smallest 20 22 24 26 97250|1430 244878|3601 25442|374 126540|5 258628|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Smallest Jacques Puyoou of Pau, Pyrenees-Atlantiques, France has built a tandem of 14.1 in wheel diameter, which has been ridden by him and Madame Puyoou. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Largest T Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Largest 20 22 24 26 97318|1431 84806|1247 25170|370 126540|6 91334|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Largest The largest bicycle as measured by the front-wheel diameter is "Frankencycle," built by Dave Moore of Rosemead, CA and first ridden by Steve Gordon of Moorpark, CA, on 4 Jun 1989. The wheel diameter is 10 ft and it is 11 ft 2 in high. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Fastest HPVs T Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|HPVs 20 22 24 26 97386|1432 19186|282 25034|368 126540|7 23878|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Fastest HPVs ^<4 Fastest land ^>4 The world speed records for human-powered vehicles (HPVs) over a 200 m (656.2 ft) flying start (single rider), are 65.484 mph by Fred Markham at Mono Lake, CA on 11 May 1986 and 62.92 mph (multiple riders) by Dave Grylls and ^ Leigh Barczewski at the Ontario Speedway, CA, on 4 May 1980. The one-hour standing start (single rider) record is held by Pat Kinch, riding ^I , averaging a speed of 46.96 mph on 8 Sep 1990 at Millbrook Proving Ground, Great ^ Britain. ^<n ^<4 Water cycle ^>4 The men's 6,562 ft (single rider) record is 12.84 mph by Steve Hegg in ^I at Long Beach, CA on 20 Jul 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Longest wheelie T Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Longest wheelie 20 22 24 26 97454|1433 157770|2320 25374|373 3342|49 126540|8 169216|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Longest wheelie A duration record of 5 hr 12 min 33 sec was set by David Robilliard at the Beau Sejour Leisure Center, St Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands on 28 May 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bicycles: Unicycles T \p8\D08\3807155 Transport|Road Vehicles|Bicycles|Unicycles 20 22 24 26 97522|1434 244946|3602 16398|241 25578|376 2866|42 126540|9 258628|10 20938|15 -PCAP- Peter Rosendahl of Nevada currently holds four unicycle records; smallest rideable, backwards distance, fastest sprint from standing, and flying starts. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bicycles: Unicycles ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The tallest unicycle ever mastered is one 101 ft 9 in tall ridden by Steve McPeak (with a safety wire suspended by an overhead crane) for a distance of 376 ft in Las Vegas, NV in October 1980. The freestyle riding (ie., without a ^ safety harness) of ever-taller unicycles would inevitably lead to serious injury or fatality. ^<n ^<4 Smallest ^>4 Peter Rosenthal rode a 2 1/2 in wheel diameter unicycle for 38 seconds at the ^I , Las Vegas, CA ^ on 6 Oct 1991. ^<n ^<4 Endurance ^>4 Deepak Lele of Maharashtra, India unicycled 3,963 miles from New York to Los Angeles from 6 Jun-25 Sep 1984. ^<n Takayuki Koike of Kanagawa, Japan set a unicycle record for 100 miles in 6 hr 44 min 21.84 ^ sec on 9 Aug 1987 (average speed 14.83 mph). ^<n ^<4 Backwards ^>4 Peter Rosendahl of Las Vegas, NV rode his 24-in-wheel unicycle backwards for a distance of 46.7 miles in 9 hr 25 min on 19 May 1990. ^<n ^<4 Sprint ^>4 Peter Rosendahl set ^ sprint records from a standing start over 100 m (328.1 ft) of 12.74 secs (17.55 mph), and from a flying start for the same distance of 12.43 secs (17.99 mph), at the Wet 'N Wild Show, Las Vegas on 1 Jul 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Greatest mileage T \c8\D01\3807156z Transport|Roads|General Records|Greatest mileage 20 23 25 27 97590|1435 51282|754 16466|242 188506|2772 127342|0 52992|91 22074|0 -PCAP- The United States has the greatest length of road in the world, with 3.89 million miles of graded road, which crisscross the continent from urban cities to the deserts of California to the barren landscape of Alaska. (Photos: Zefa/Spectrum/Images) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Greatest mileage The country with the greatest length of road is the United States (all 50 states), with 3,880,151 miles of graded road. The state with the most miles of road is Texas (305,951), while Hawaii has the least, with 4,099 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Longest driveable T \p8\D08\3706120 Transport|Roads|General Records|Longest driveable 20 23 25 27 97658|1436 149338|2196 16534|243 188778|2776 127342|1 139100|306 22074|1 -PCAP- The Pan-American Highway runs from northwest Alaska to Santiago, Chile, then eastwards to Buenos Aires, Argentina and terminates in Brazil. There is a gap known as the Tapon del Darien in Panama. Seen here is Garry Sowerby who with Tim Cahill set ^ the Trans-Americas record. (Photo: Garry Sowerby) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Longest driveable The Pan-American Highway, from northwest Alaska to Santiago, Chile, then eastward to Buenos Aires, Argentina and terminating in Brasilia, Brazil is over 15,000 miles in length. There remains a gap known as the Tapon del Darien in Panama and another ^ at the Atrato Swamp, Colombia. The first all-land crossing was achieved by Loren Lee Uption and Patricia Mercier in a 1966 CJ 5 Jeep. Their journey began at Yavisa, Republic of Panama on 22 Feb 1985 and ended on 4 Mar 1987 at Rio Suico, Colombia. ^ ^<n The longest highway solely in the United States is US-20, which runs 3,370 miles from Boston, MA to Newport, OR. The longest highway in the interstate system is I-90, 3,107 miles from Boston, MA to Seattle, WA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Highest T Transport|Roads|General Records|Highest 20 22 24 26 97726|1437 72158|1061 188642|2774 127342|2 71062|140 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Highest The highest trail in the world is an eight-mile stretch of the Kang-ti-suu between Khaleb and Xingi-fu, Tibet, which in two places exceeds 20,000 ft. ^<n The highest traversable road in the world is one 733.2 miles long between Tibet and ^ southwestern Xinjiang, China, completed in October 1957, which takes in passes at altitudes up to 18,480 ft above sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Lowest T \p8\D08\3906120 Transport|Roads|General Records|Lowest 20 22 24 26 97794|1438 161646|2377 16602|244 188914|2778 127342|3 170594|38 22074|2 -PCAP- Seen here at the right of the picture is the lowest road in the world at 1,290 ft below sea level. It runs along the Israeli shores of the Dead Sea in the Judean desert. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Lowest The lowest road is along the Israeli shores of the Dead Sea at 1,290 ft below sea level. ^<n The world's lowest named "pass" is Rock Reef Pass, Everglades National Park, FL, which is 3 ft above sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Widest T Transport|Roads|General Records|Widest 20 22 24 26 97862|1439 259498|3816 189118|2781 127342|4 274376|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Widest The widest road in the world is the Monumental Axis, running for 1 1/2 miles from the Municipal Plaza to the Plaza of the Three Powers in Brasilia, the capital of Brazil. The six-lane boulevard, opened in April 1960, is 820.2 ft wide. ^<n The San ^ Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Toll Plaza has 23 lanes (17 westbound) serving the bridge in Oakland, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Greatest traffic volume T \p8\D08\us06116b Transport|Roads|General Records|Greatest traffic volume 20 22 24 26 97930|1440 51350|755 16670|245 188574|2773 127342|5 52992|92 22074|3 -PCAP- The territory with the highest traffic density is Hong Kong where more than 300,00 vehicles use 867 miles of road. (Photo: Horizon/Globe Press) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Greatest traffic volume The most heavily traveled stretch of road is Interstate 10, at Normandie Avenue Interchange (Junction Route 13.30) and at Vermont Avenue Interchange (Junction Route 13.80) in Los Angeles, CA, which both had a rush-hour traffic volume of 22,400 ^ vehicles in 1990. The Vermont Avenue Interchange has a monthly average number of vehicles per day of 355,000 and a yearly average number of 341,000. These averages are the highest anywhere in the United States. ^<n The territory with the highest ^ traffic density in the world is Hong Kong. By 1 Jan 1987 there were 300,000 motor vehicles on 867 miles of serviceable roads, giving a density of 4.53 yd per vehicle. ^<n ^<4 Bridge ^>4 The world's busiest bridge is the Howrah Bridge across ^ the river Hooghly in Calcutta, India. In addition to 57,000 vehicles per day it carries an incalculable number of pedestrians across its 1,500-ft-long 72-ft-wide span. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Longest traffic jams T Transport|Roads|General Records|Longest traffic jams 20 22 24 26 97998|1441 149406|2197 188846|2777 18030|265 127342|6 139100|307 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Longest traffic jams The longest ever reported was that of 16 Feb 1980, which stretched northwards from Lyons 109.3 miles towards Paris, France. ^<n A record traffic jam was reported for 1 1/2 million cars crawling bumper-to-bumper over the East-West German border on ^ 12 Apr 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Streets T Transport|Roads|General Records|Streets 20 22 24 26 98066|1442 149474|2198 189050|2780 127342|7 139100|308 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Streets ^<4 Longest ^>4 The longest designated street in the world is Yonge Street, running north and west from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The first stretch, completed on 16 Feb 1796, ran 34 miles. Its official length, now extended to Rainy River on the ^ Ontario-Minnesota border, is 1,178.3 miles. ^<n ^<4 Narrowest ^>4 The world's narrowest street is in the village of Ripatransone in the Marche region of Italy. It is called ^I ("Virility Alley") and is 16.9 in ^ wide. ^<n ^<4 Shortest ^>4 The title for "The Shortest Street in the World" is claimed by the town of Bacup, Great Britain, where Elgin Street, situated by the old market ground, measures just 17 ft. ^<n ^<4 Steepest ^>4 The steepest street ^ in the world is Baldwin Street, Dunedin, New Zealand, which has a maximum gradient of 1 in 1.266. ^<n The crookedest and steepest street in the United States is Lombard Street, San Francisco, CA. It has eight consecutive 90-degree turns of 20-ft ^ radius. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Largest squares T \p8\D08\3706119 Transport|Roads|General Records|Largest squares 20 22 24 26 98134|1443 116630|1715 16738|246 188710|2775 127342|8 91334|506 22074|4 -PCAP- Tiananmen square is the largest in the world and is the hub of Peking. It has seen many stirring events and demonstrations by the People. (Photo: Gamma/Moyer) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Largest squares Tiananmen ("Gate of Heavenly Peace") Square in Beijing, described as the navel of China, covers 98 acres. ^<n The Maiden e Shah Square in Isfahan, Iran extends over 20.1 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Worst exit to miss T Transport|Roads|General Records|Worst exit to miss 20 22 24 26 98202|1444 260518|3831 189186|2782 127342|9 274968|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Worst exit to miss The longest distance between controlled access exits in the United States is 51.1 miles from Florida Turnpike exit 193 (Yeehaw Junction, FL) to exit 244 (Kissimee, FL). The worst exit to miss on any interstate highway is 37.7 miles from I-80 exit ^ 41 (Knolls, UT) to exit 4 (Bonneville Speedway, UT). ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Most parking tickets T Transport|Roads|General Records|Most parking tickets 20 22 24 26 98270|1445 189526|2787 188982|2779 7830|115 127342|10 175106|383 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Most parking tickets Mrs Silvia Matos of New York City has set what must be a world record in unpaid parking tickets, totaling $150,000. She collected the 2,800 tickets between 1985 and 1988, but authorities have been unable to collect any money; she registered her car ^ under 19 addresses and 36 license plates and cannot be found. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roads: Earliest parking meter T Transport|Roads|General Records|Earliest parking meter 20 22 24 26 98338|1446 15106|222 188438|2771 127342|11 13960|115 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roads: Earliest parking meter The earliest ever installed, put in the business district of Oklahoma City, OK on 19 Jul 1935, were the invention of Carl C. Magee (USA). ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Earliest T Transport|Railroading|Trains|Earliest 20 22 24 26 98406|1447 16330|240 227878|3351 128564|0 13960|133 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Earliest Wagons running on wooden rails were used for mining as early as 1550 at Leberthal, Alsace. ^<n Richard Trevithick built his first steam locomotive for the 3-ft-gauge iron plateway at Coalbrookdale, Great Britain in 1803, but there is no evidence ^ that it ran. His second locomotive drew wagons in which men rode on a demonstration run at Penydarren, Great Britain on 22 Feb 1804, but it broke the plate rails. ^<n The earliest commercially successful steam locomotive worked in 1812 on the ^ Middleton Colliery Railway to Leeds, Great Britain, and was authorized by Britain's first Railway Act of 9 Jun 1758. ^<n The first practical electric railroad was Werner von Siemens' oval meter-gauge demonstration track, about 984 ft long, at the ^ Berlin Trades Exhibition in Germany on 31 May 1879. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Fastest T \p8\D08\3906121 Transport|Railroading|Trains|Fastest 20 23 25 27 98474|1448 31222|459 16806|247 227946|3352 11774|173 128564|1 23878|211 22440|0 -PCAP- The French ^I (TGV) is the fastest commercial train ever to operate, reaching speeds of 180 mph. The fastest train service currently scheduled is from Paris to Le Mans, where the TGV ^I averages 137 ^ mph--a speed limited only by the amount of straight track available. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Fastest The fastest speed attained by a railed vehicle is 6,121 mph, or Mach 8, by an unmanned rocket sled over the 9 1/2 mile long rail track at White Sands Missile Range, NM on 5 Oct 1982. ^<n The fastest speed recorded on any national rail system is 320 ^ mph by the French SNCF high-speed train TGV ( ^I ) between Courtalain and Tours on 18 May 1990. It was brought into service on 27 Sep 1981. By September 1983 it had reduced its scheduled time for the Paris-Lyons run in ^ France of 264 miles to exactly 2 hours, thus averaging 132 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Fastest steam locomotive T \p8\D08\3807158 \m\00000014 Transport|Railroading|Trains|Fastest steam locomotive 20 23 25 27 98542|1449 31290|460 16874|248 228014|3353 128564|2 23878|212 22440|1 2094|6 -PCAP- The famous Mallard set the record for a steam train on 23 Jul 1938 at 126 mph. Despite suffering damage at that time, she is currently on display at the National Railway Museum, York, Great Britain and has been restored to her original appearance. ^ (Photo: National Railway Museum, York) ^ -MCAP- The No. 4468 ^I , driven by Joseph Duddington, reaches a speed of 125 mph over 1,320 ft on 3 Jul 1938. This was the highest speed ever confirmed for a steam locomotive. (John Huntley Archive) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Fastest steam locomotive The highest speed ever ratified for a steam locomotive was 125 mph over 1,320 ft, by the LNER 4-6-2 No. 4468 ^I (later numbered 60022), which hauled seven coaches weighing 267.9 tons down Stoke Bank, near Essendine, Great Britain on ^ 3 Jul 1938. Driver Joseph Duddington was at the controls with Fireman Thomas Bray. The engine suffered some damage. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Most powerful T Transport|Railroading|Trains|Most powerful 20 22 24 26 98610|1450 202582|2979 228286|3357 128564|3 214122|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Most powerful The world's most powerful steam locomotive, measured by tractive effort, was No. 700, a triple-articulated or triplex six-cylinder 2-8-8-8-4 engine built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1916 for the Virginian Railway. It had a tractive force of ^ 166,300 lb when working compound and 199,560 lb when working simple. ^<n Probably the heaviest train ever hauled by a single engine was one of 17,135 tons made up of 250 freight cars stretching 1.6 miles by the ^I (No. 5014), ^ a 2-8-8-8-2 engine, which ran on the Erie Railroad from May 1914 until 1929. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Greatest load T Transport|Railroading|Trains|Greatest load 20 22 24 26 98678|1451 252766|3717 228082|3354 128564|4 266742|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Greatest load The world's strongest rail carrier, with a capacity of 838 tons, is the 36-axle "Schnabel," 301 ft 10 in long, built for a US railroad by Krupp, Germany in March 1981. ^<n The heaviest load ever moved on rails is the 11,971 ton Church of the Virgin ^ Mary (built in 1548 in the village of Most, Czechoslovakia), in October-November 1975, moved because it was in the way of coal operations. It was moved 2,400 ft at 0.0013 mph over four weeks, at a cost of $17 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Longest and heaviest freight T Transport|Railroading|Trains|Longest and heaviest freight 20 22 24 26 98746|1452 154302|2269 228150|3355 128564|5 139100|379 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Longest and heaviest freight The world's longest and heaviest freight train on record, with the largest number of cars recorded, made a run on the 3-ft-6-in gauge Sishen-Saldanha railroad in South Africa on 26-27 Aug 1989. The train consisted of 660 cars each loaded to 105 ^ tons gross, a tank car and a caboose, moved by nine 50 kV electric and seven diesel-electric locomotives distributed along the train. The train was 4 1/2 miles long and weighed 77,720 tons excluding locomotives. It traveled a distance of 535 ^ miles in 22 hr 40 min. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest and heaviest freight train on record was about 4 miles in length. It comprised 500 coal motor cars with three 3,600 hp diesels pulling and three more in the middle, on the Iaeger, ^ WV, to Portsmouth, OH stretch of 157 miles on the Norfolk and Western Railway on 15 Nov 1967. The total weight was nearly 47,040 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Longest passenger T Transport|Railroading|Trains|Longest passenger 20 22 24 26 98814|1453 154370|2270 228218|3356 128564|6 139100|380 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Longest passenger The longest passenger train was 1,894 yds, consisted of 70 coaches, and had a total weight of over 2,800 tons. The National Belgium Railway Company's train was powered by one electric locomotive and took 1 hr 11 min 5 sec to complete the 38.5 mile ^ journey from Ghent to Ostend on 27 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Smallest model railroad T Transport|Railroading|Trains|Smallest model railroad 20 22 24 26 98882|1454 251134|3693 228422|3359 128564|7 258628|101 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Smallest model railroad The smallest model railroad ever built is one of 1:1000 scale by Jean Damery (b. 1923) of Paris, France. The engine runs on a 4 1/2 volt battery and measures 5/16 in overall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trains: Nonstop duration for models T Transport|Railroading|Trains|Nonstop duration for models 20 22 24 26 98950|1455 228354|3358 128564|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trains: Nonstop duration for models A standard lifelike BL2 HO scale electric train pulled six eight-wheel coaches for 1,207.5 hr from 4 August to 23 Sep 1990 and covered a distance of 909.5 miles. The event was organized by Ike Cottingham and Mark Hamrick of Mainline Modelers of ^ Akron, OH. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Longest T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Longest 20 22 24 26 99018|1456 154166|2267 227470|3345 23402|344 129210|0 139100|377 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Longest The world's longest run is one of 5,864 1/2 miles on the Trans-Siberian line from Moscow to Nakhodka, Russia, on the Sea of Japan. There are 97 stops on the journey, which is scheduled to take 8 days 4 hr 25 min. ^<n The longest cross-country ^ railway in the world is the 1,954 mile Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM), begun in 1938, restarted in 1974 and put into service on 27 Oct 1984. It runs from Ust-Kut, Eastern Siberia to Komsomolsk on the Pacific coast. The volume of earth and rock which ^ had to be moved was estimated at 13.5 billion cu ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Longest straight T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Longest straight 20 22 24 26 99086|1457 154234|2268 227538|3346 129210|1 139100|378 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Longest straight The Commonwealth Railways Trans-Australian line over the Nullarbor Plain, from Mile 496 between Nurina and Loongana, Western Australia to Mile 793 between Ooldea and Watson, South Australia, is 297 miles dead straight, although not level. ^<n ^<4 ^ United States ^>4 The longest straight track in the United States is 78.86 miles on CSX Railroad, between Wilmington and Hamlet, NC. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Widest and narrowest gauge T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Widest and narrowest gauge 20 22 24 26 99154|1458 221622|3259 227810|3350 129210|2 234938|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Widest and narrowest gauge The widest in standard use is 5 ft 6 in. This width is used in Spain, Portugal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Argentina and Chile. ^<n The narrowest gauge on which public services are operated is 10 1/4 in on the Wells Harbor (0.7 mile) ^ and the Wells-Walsingham Railways (4 miles) in Norfolk, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Highest line T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Highest line 20 22 24 26 99222|1459 73994|1088 227402|3344 129210|3 71062|167 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Highest line At 15,806 ft above sea level, the standard gauge (4 ft 8 1/2 in) track on the Morococha branch of the Peruvian State Railways at La Cima is the highest in the world. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Lowest line T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Lowest line 20 22 24 26 99290|1460 161986|2382 227606|3347 129210|4 170594|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Lowest line The world's lowest is in the Seikan Tunnel between Honshu and Hokkaido, Japan. The rails are 786 ft below the Tsugaro Straits. The tunnel was opened on 13 Mar 1988 and is 33.4 miles long. The lowest in Europe is in the Channel Tunnel, where the ^ rails are 417 ft below mean sea level. (See also Buildings and Structures, Channel tunnel feature.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Steepest railway T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Steepest railway 20 22 24 26 99358|1461 252018|3706 227742|3349 129210|5 266516|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Steepest railway The world's steepest railway is the Katoomba Scenic Railway in the Blue Mountains of NSW, Australia. It is 1,020 ft long with a gradient of 1 in 0.82. A 220 hp electric winding machine hauls the car by twin steel cables of 22 mm diameter. The ride ^ takes about 1 min 40 sec and carries about 420,000 passengers a year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Steepest gradient T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Steepest gradient 20 22 24 26 99426|1462 251950|3705 227674|3348 129210|6 266516|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Steepest gradient The world's steepest standard-gauge gradient by adhesion is 1:11, between Chedde and Servoz on the meter-gauge SNCF Chamonix line, France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Busiest system T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Busiest system 20 22 24 26 99494|1463 4022|59 227198|3341 129210|7 9826|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Busiest system The railroad carrying the largest number of passengers is the East Japan Railway Co., which in 1989 carried 14,660,000 passengers daily. Among articles lost in 1989 were 377,712 umbrellas, 141,200 clothing items, 143,761 books and stationery items, ^ 4,359 accessories and 89,799 purses. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Greatest length of railroad T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Greatest length of railroad 20 22 24 26 99562|1464 51894|763 227334|3343 129210|8 52992|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Greatest length of railroad As of 1990, the country that has the greatest length of railroad is the United States, with 178,223 miles for all classes of track. There were 200,074 miles of class I track (freight only) owned. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tracks: Fastest spike driving T Transport|Railroading|Tracks|Fastest spike driving 20 22 24 26 99630|1465 31154|458 227266|3342 129210|9 23878|210 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tracks: Fastest spike driving In the World Championship Professional Spike Driving Competition held at the Golden Spike National Historic Site in Utah, Dale C. Jones, 49, of Lehi, UT, drove six 7-in railroad spikes in a time of 26.4 sec on 11 Aug 1984. He incurred no penalty ^ points under the official rules. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rail Travel: Most countries in 24 hours T Transport|Railroading|Rail Travel|Most countries in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 99698|1466 188710|2775 184562|2714 129926|0 175106|371 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rail Travel: Most countries in 24 hours The greatest number of countries traveled through entirely by train in 24 hours is 10, by Aaron Kitchen on 16-17 Feb 1987. His route started in Yugoslavia and continued through Austria, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium ^ and the Netherlands, ending in Germany 22 hr 42 min later. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rail Travel: Fastest handpumped railcar T Transport|Railroading|Rail Travel|Fastest handpumped railcar 20 22 24 26 99766|1467 28162|414 184426|2712 129926|1 23878|166 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rail Travel: Fastest handpumped railcar A speed of 20.51 mph for a 984 ft course was achieved by Gold's Gym, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada at the Annual World Championship Handcar Races, Port Moodby, British Columbia with their five-man team (one pusher, four pumpers) in a time of ^ 32.71 sec on 2 Jul 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rail Travel: Longest issued rail ticket T Transport|Railroading|Rail Travel|Longest issued rail ticket 20 22 24 26 99834|1468 148930|2190 184494|2713 129926|2 139100|300 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rail Travel: Longest issued rail ticket A rail ticket measuring 111 ft 10 1/2 in was issued to Ronald, Norma and Jonathan Carter for journeys traveled on British Rail between 15-23 Feb 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rail Travel: Most use of a suggestion box T Transport|Railroading|Rail Travel|Most use of a suggestion box 20 22 24 26 99902|1469 188778|2776 184630|2715 129926|3 175106|372 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rail Travel: Most use of a suggestion box The most prolific example on record of the use of a suggestion box is that of John Drayton (1907-87) of Newport, Great Britain, who plied the British rail system with a total of 31,400 suggestions from 1924 to August 1987. More than one in seven ^ were adopted, and 100 were accepted by London Transport. In 1983 he was presented with a chiming clock by British Rail to mark almost 60 years of suggestions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stations: Largest T Transport|Railroading|Stations|Largest 20 22 24 26 99970|1470 121322|1784 212510|3125 130222|0 91334|575 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stations: Largest The world's largest is Grand Central Terminal, Park Avenue and 42nd Street, New York City, built from 1903-13. It covers 48 acres on two levels with 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower. On average there are more than 550 trains and ^ 200,000 commuters, in addition to 300,000 who pass through the terminal. The Main Room is 80,000 sq ft and is 250 ft tall. ^<n In 1993, five new platforms will open for international trains using the Channel Tunnel with additional face of 6,594 ^ ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stations: Busiest T Transport|Railroading|Stations|Busiest 20 22 24 26 100038|1471 3818|56 212374|3123 130222|1 9826|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stations: Busiest The busiest railroad junction in the world is Clapham Junction, London, Great Britain, in the Southern Region of British Rail, with an average of 2,200 trains passing through each 24 hours. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stations: Highest T Transport|Railroading|Stations|Highest 20 22 24 26 100106|1472 73042|1074 212442|3124 130222|2 71062|153 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stations: Highest The Condor station in Bolivia at 15,705 ft on the meter-gauge Rio Mulato-to-Potosi line is the highest in the world. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stations: Largest waiting rooms T Transport|Railroading|Stations|Largest waiting rooms 20 22 24 26 100174|1473 121390|1785 212578|3126 130222|3 91334|576 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stations: Largest waiting rooms The world's largest waiting rooms are the four in Beijing Station, Chang'an Boulevard, Beijing, China, opened in September 1959, with a total standing capacity of 14,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stations: Longest platforms T Transport|Railroading|Stations|Longest platforms 20 22 24 26 100242|1474 152398|2241 212646|3127 130222|4 139100|351 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stations: Longest platforms The longest railroad platform in the world is the Kharagpur platform, West Bengal, India, which measures 2,733 ft in length. ^<n The State Street Center subway platform on "The Loop" in Chicago, IL measures 3,500 ft in length. ^<n ^<4 Widest apart ^ ^>4 The two platforms comprising the New Misato railroad station on the Musa-shino line, Saitama, Japan are 984 ft apart and are connected by a bridge. ^ -END- -CTRL- Subway Systems: Most extensive T Transport|Railroading|Subway Systems|Most extensive 20 22 24 26 100310|1475 191430|2815 214278|3151 130588|0 175106|411 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Subway Systems: Most extensive The subway with most stations in the world is the New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority subway (first section opened on 27 Oct 1904). The network covers 231.73 route miles, comprising 469 subway stations, and serves an estimated 5 ^ million subway and bus riders per day. In 1991, there were an average 3.3 million commuters, and the estimate for 1992 is 3.2 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Subway Systems: Fastest transit T Transport|Railroading|Subway Systems|Fastest transit 20 22 24 26 100378|1476 29862|439 214210|3150 130588|1 23878|191 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Subway Systems: Fastest transit ^<4 New York subway ^>4 The record for traveling the whole system is 26 hr 21 min 08 sec, set by Kevin Foster (USA) on 25-26 Oct 1989. ^<n ^<4 Moscow Metro ^>4 The record transit on 9 Dec 1988 (all 123 named stations) was 9 hr 39 min 50 sec ^ by Peter Altman and Miss Jackie Smith (both Great Britain). ^ -END- -CTRL- Subway Systems: Busiest T Transport|Railroading|Subway Systems|Busiest 20 22 24 26 100446|1477 3886|57 214142|3149 22790|335 130588|2 9826|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Subway Systems: Busiest The world's busiest metro system has been the Greater Moscow Metro (opened 1935) in Russia, with as many as 3.3 billion passengers per year at its peak. There are 141 stations (18 of which have more than one name, being transfer stations) and 140 ^ miles of track. The 5 kopek fare was maintained for the first 55 years from 1935 to 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Subway Systems: Worst subway disaster T Transport|Railroading|Subway Systems|Worst subway disaster 20 22 24 26 100514|1478 260654|3833 214346|3152 130588|3 274968|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Subway Systems: Worst subway disaster The worst subway accident in the United States occurred on 1 Nov 1918, in Brooklyn, NY when a BRT Line train derailed on a curve on Malbone St. in the Brighton Beach section. There were 97 fatalities on the scene and five more people died later ^ from injuries sustained in the crash. The BRT line went bankrupt on 31 Dec 1918 as a result of the tragedy. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Earliest flight T \m\00000006 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Earliest flight 20 22 24 26 100582|1479 33534|493 758|11 12046|177 131670|0 13960|1 2094|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright developed the first self-propelled airplane. Orville achieved flight on 17 December 1903. ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Earliest flight The first controlled and sustained power-driven flight occurred near Kill Devil Hill, Kitty Hawk, NC, at 10:35 A.M. on 17 Dec 1903, when Orville Wright (1871-1948) flew the 12 hp chain-driven ^I for a distance of 120 ft at an ^ airspeed of 30 mph, a ground speed of 6.8 mph and an altitude of 8-12 ft for about 12 seconds, watched by his brother Wilbur (1867-1912), four men and a boy. Both brothers, from Dayton, OH, were bachelors because, as Orville put it, they had not ^ the means to "support a wife as well as an airplane." The ^I was first exhibited in the National Air and Space Museum at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. on 17 Dec 1948. ^<n ^<4 First "hop" ^>4 The first "hop" by a ^ passenger-carrying airplane entirely under its own power was made when Clement Ader (1841-1925) of France flew in his ^I for about 164 ft at Armainvilliers, France on 9 Oct 1890. It was powered by a lightweight steam engine of his own ^ design, which developed about 20 hp. ^<n ^<4 Earliest "rational design" ^>4 The earliest "rational design" for a flying machine, according to the Royal Aeronautical Society, London, Great Britain was that published by Emanuel Swedenborg ^ (1688-1772) in Sweden in 1717. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: First jet-engined flight T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|First jet-engined flight 20 22 24 26 100650|1480 33670|495 1642|24 131670|1 40936|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: First jet-engined flight Proposals for jet propulsion date back to Capt. Marconnet (1909) of France, and Henri Coanda (1886-1972) of Romania, and to the turbojet proposals of Maxime Guillaume (France) in 1921. ^<n The first flight by an airplane powered by a turbojet ^ engine was made by the Heinkel He 178, piloted by Flug Kapitan Erich Warsitz, at Marienehe, Germany on 27 Aug 1939. It was powered by a Heinkel He S3b engine weighing 834 lb (as installed with long tailpipe) designed by Dr Hans Pabst von Ohain, ^ whose first bench tests were made at an unrecorded date in 1937. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Human-powered flight T \p8\D08\3807166 \m\00000016 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Human-powered flight 20 22 24 26 100718|1481 16942|249 2254|33 131670|2 22596|0 2094|5 -PCAP- Kanellos Kanellopoulos pedalled his way 15 ft above the waves to cross from Crete to the island of Santorini, a distance of 74 miles in a time of 2 hr 49 min. (Photo: Gamma-Macrakis) ^ -MCAP- Human-powered flight: ^I , powered by cycling champion Kanellos Kanellopoulos, was pedalled a record 74 miles from Crete to Santorini on 23 Apr 1988. (MIT) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Human-powered flight The Daedalus Project, centered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, achieved its goal of human-powered flight when Kanellos Kanellopoulos (b. 25 Apr 1957) averaged 18.5 mph in his 112 ft wingspan machine from Crete to the ^ island of Santorini, Greece on 23 Apr 1988, flying 74 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: First transatlantic flight T \m\00000003 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|First transatlantic flight 20 22 24 26 100786|1482 163550|2405 1846|27 12114|178 131670|3 175106|2 2094|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- American aviator Charles Lindbergh made the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight. His aircraft, the ^I , left New York on 20 May 1927, and arrived at Le Bourget airport, Paris, after a 33 1/2 hour flight. ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: First transatlantic flight The first crossing of the North Atlantic by air was made by Lt-Cdr Albert Cushion Read (1887-1967) and his crew (Stone, Hinton, Rodd, Rhoads and Breese) in the 84 knot US Navy/Curtiss flying boat NC-4 from Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland, Canada, ^ via the Azores, to Lisbon, Portugal from 16-27 May 1919. The whole flight of 4,717 miles, originating from Rockaway Air Station, Long Island, NY on 8 May, required 53 hr 58 min, terminating at Plymouth, Great Britain on 31 May. The ^ Newfoundland-Azores flight of 1,200 miles took 15 hr 18 min at 81.7 knots (94.1 mph). ^<n ^<4 Nonstop ^>4 The first nonstop transatlantic flight was achieved 18 days later. The pilot, Capt John Williams Alcock (1892-1919), and navigator, Lt ^ Arthur Whitton Brown (1886-1948) left Lester's Field, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada at 4:13 P.M. GMT on 14 Jun 1919, and landed at Derrygimla Bog near Clifden, Republic of Ireland, at 8:40 A.M. GMT, 15 June, having covered a distance of 1,960 ^ miles in their Vickers Vimy, powered by two 360 hp Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engines. ^<n ^<4 Solo ^>4 The first solo transatlantic flight was achieved by Capt. Charles Augustus Lindbergh (USA; 1902-74), who took off in his 220 hp Ryan monoplane ^ ^I at 12:52 P.M. GMT on 20 May 1927 from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, NY. He landed at 10:21 P.M. GMT on 21 May 1927 at Le Bourget Airfield, Paris, France. His flight of 3,610 miles lasted 33 hr 29 1/2 min and he won a ^ prize of $25,000. The ^I is now in the National Air and Space Museum at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ^<n ^<4 Most flights ^>4 Between March 1948 and his retirement on 1 Sep 1984, Flight Service ^ Manager Charles M. Schimpf logged a total of 2,880 Atlantic crossings--a rate of 6.4 per month. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: First transpacific flight T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|First transpacific flight 20 22 24 26 100854|1483 33942|499 1914|28 131670|4 40936|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: First transpacific flight The first nonstop flight was by Major Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon in the Bellanca cabin monoplane ^I . They took off from Sabishiro Beach, Japan and covered the distance of 4,558 miles to Wenatchee, WA in 41 hr 13 min from 3-5 ^ Oct 1931. (For earliest crossing, see Circumnavigational flights.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Circumnavigational flight T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Circumnavigational flight 20 22 24 26 100922|1484 16942|249 690|10 131670|5 13960|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Circumnavigational flight Strict circumnavigation of the globe requires the aircraft to pass through two antipodal points, thus covering a minimum distance of 24,859.73 miles. ^<n ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The earliest such flight, of 26,345 miles, was by two US Army Douglas DWC ^ amphibians in 57 "hops" between 6 April and 28 Sep 1924, beginning and ending in Seattle, WA. The ^I was piloted by Lt Lowell H. Smith and Lt Leslie P. Arnold, and the ^I by Lt Erik H. Nelson and Lt John Harding. ^ Their flying time was 371 hr 11 min. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The fastest flight under the FAI ( ^I ) rules, which permit flights that exceed the length of the Tropic of Cancer or Capricorn (22,858.8 ^ miles), was that of the eastbound flight of 36 hr 8 min 34 sec by the Gulfstream IV, N400GA (Capt Allen E Paulson) from Houston, TX via Lake Charles, Shannon (Ireland), Dubai, Hong Kong, Taipei (Taiwan), Honolulu and Miami on 26-28 Feb 1988. The ^ average speed was 637.7 mph. ^<n A Boeing 747SP ^I (Capt Clay Lacy) with 141 passengers achieved an eastbound flight in 36 hr 54 min 15 sec, covering 23,125 miles from Seattle, WA from 28-30 Jan 1988. The plane reached 803 ^ mph over the Atlantic and refueled only in Athens, Greece and Taipei, Taiwan. ^<n ^<4 First without refueling ^>4 Richard G. "Dick" Rutan and Jeana Yeager, in their specially constructed aircraft ^I , designed by Dick's brother ^ Burt Rutan, flew from Edwards Air Force Base, CA from 14-23 Dec 1986. Their flight took 9 days 3 min 44 sec and they covered a distance of 25,012.665 miles, averaging 115.65 mph. The plane, with a wingspan of 110.8 ft, was capable of carrying ^ 1,240 gal of fuel weighing 8,934 lb. It took over two years and 22,000 man-hours to construct. The pilot flew from a cockpit measuring 5.6 x 1.8 ft and the off-duty crew member occupied a cabin 7 1/2 x 2 ft. ^I is now in the ^ National Air and Space Museum at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ^<n ^<4 First circumpolar ^>4 Capt. Elgen M. Long, 44, achieved the first circumpolar flight in a Piper PA-31 Navajo from 5 Nov-3 Dec 1971. He covered 38,896 miles ^ in 215 flying hours. The cabin temperature sank to -40 deg F over Antarctica. ^<n ^<4 First single-engined circumpolar ^>4 Richard Norton, an American airline captain, and Calin Rosetti, head of satellite navigation systems at the European ^ Space Agency, made the first single-engined circumpolar flight in a Piper PA-46-310P Malibu. This began and finished at Le Bourget Airport, Paris, France, from 21 Jan-15 Jun 1987. They traveled 34,342 miles in a flying time of 185 hr 41 min. ^<n ^ ^<4 Fastest on scheduled flights ^>4 The fastest time for a circumnavigation on scheduled flights is 44 hr 6 min by David J. Springbett (b. 2 May 1938) of Taplow, Great Britain. His route took him from Los Angeles, CA eastwards via London, ^ Bahrain, Singapore, Bangkok, Manila, Tokyo and Honolulu from 8-10 Jan 1980 over a 23,068 mile course. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Largest wingspan T \p8\D08\3807160 \m\00000032 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Largest wingspan 20 22 24 26 100990|1485 82494|1213 17010|250 2458|36 131670|6 91334|4 22596|1 2094|7 -PCAP- The $40 million Hughes H.4 Hercules flying boat ^I , once piloted by Howard Hughes (1905-76), had a wingspan of 319 ft 11 in. She is now at her permanent site at Long Beach Harbor, CA. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- The ^I , built by Howard Hughes, has a wingspan of 319 ft 11 in, the largest of any aircraft. Powered by eight 3,000 hp engines, she was flown only once, in a test run, for a distance of 3,000 ft. (Archive Films) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Largest wingspan The aircraft with the largest wingspan ever constructed is the $40-million Hughes H.4 Hercules flying boat ( ^I ). She was raised 70 ft into the air in a test run of 3,000 ft, piloted by Howard Hughes (1905-76), off Long Beach ^ Harbor, CA, on 2 Nov 1947, but after this she never flew again. The eight-engined 212 ton aircraft had a wingspan of 319 ft 11 in and a length of 218 ft 8 in. In a delicate engineering feat she was moved bodily by the Goldcoast Corporation, aided ^ by the US Navy barge crane YD-171, on 22 Feb 1982, to her final resting place 6 miles across the harbor under a 415-ft-diameter, clear-span aluminum dome, the world's largest. ^<n Among current aircraft, the Russian Antonov An-124 has a span of ^ 240 ft 5 3/4 in, and the Boeing 747-400 one of 213 ft. The USAF C-5B cargo plane has a wingspan of 222 ft 8 1/2 in, which is the greatest for any United States military aircraft. ^<n A modified six-engine version of the An-124, known as An-225 ^ and built to carry the former Soviet space shuttle ^I , has a wingspan of 290 ft (see Heaviest aircraft). ^<n The $34-million Piasecki Heli-Stat, comprising a framework of light alloy and composite materials, to mount four Sikorsky ^ SH-34J helicopters and the envelope of a Goodyear ZPG-2 patrol airship, was exhibited on 26 Jan 1984 at Lakehurst, NJ. Designed for use by the US Forest Service and designated Model 94-37J Logger, it had an overall length of 343 ft and was ^ intended to carry a payload of 24 tons. It crashed on 1 Jul 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Heaviest T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 101058|1486 57402|844 2050|30 131670|7 65726|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Heaviest The aircraft with the highest standard maximum takeoff weight is the Russian Antonov An-225 ^I ("Dream") at 660 tons (1,322,750 lb). (See Most capacious.) The aircraft lifted a payload of 344,579 lb to a height of 40,715 ft on 22 Mar ^ 1989. This flight was achieved by Capt. Alexander Galunenko and his crew of seven pilots, and was made along the route Kiev-St Petersburg-Kiev without landing at a range of 1,305 miles and lasted 3 hr 47 min. (See Most capacious.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: First electric plane T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|First electric plane 20 22 24 26 101126|1487 33602|494 1574|23 131670|8 40936|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: First electric plane The MB-E1 is the first electrically propelled aircraft. A Bosch 10.7 hp motor is powered by Varta FP25 nickel-cadmium 25 Ah batteries. The aircraft, with a wingspan of 39.4 ft, is 23 ft long and weighs 882 lb. It was designed by the model aircraft ^ constructor Fred Militky (USA) and made its maiden flight on 21 Oct 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Ultralight T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Ultralight 20 22 24 26 101194|1488 3342|49 131670|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Ultralight On 3 Aug 1985 Anthony A. Cafaro (b. 30 Nov 1951) flew an ultralight aircraft (ULA; maximum weight 245 lb, maximum speed 65 mph, fuel capacity 5 gal) single-seater Gypsy Skycycle for 7 hr 31 min at Dart Field, Mayville, NY. Nine fuel "pickups" were ^ completed during the flight. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Smallest T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Smallest 20 22 24 26 101262|1489 244266|3592 3274|48 131670|10 258628|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Smallest The smallest plane ever flown is the ^I , designed and built by Robert H. Starr of Arizona. It was 8 ft 10 in long, with a wingspan of 5 ft 6 in, and weighed 396 lb empty. The fastest speed attained was 190 mph. On 8 May 1988, ^ after flying to a height of approximately 400 ft, it crashed, and was totally destroyed. ^<n The smallest monoplane ever flown is the ^I , designed and built by Donald R. Stits. It is 11 ft long, with a wing span of 6 ft 3 in, and ^ weighs 252 lb empty. It is powered by a 55-hp two-cylinder Hirth engine, giving a top speed of 110 mph. It was first flown by Harold Nemer on 4 Aug 1984 at Camarillo, CA. ^<n The smallest twin-engined aircraft may be the Colombian MGI5 Cricri ^ (first flown 19 Jul 1973), which has a wingspan of 16 ft and measures 12 ft 10 in long overall. It is powered by two JPX PUL engines, and it is rated at 15 hp. ^<n The smallest jet is the 280 mph Silver Bullet, weighing 432 lb, with a 17 ft ^ wingspan, built by Bob Bishop (USA). ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Heaviest bomber T \p8\D08\3706123a \m\00000030 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Heaviest bomber 20 22 24 26 101330|1490 57470|845 17078|251 2118|31 131670|11 65726|1 22596|2 2094|0 -PCAP- The B-52H Stratofortress has eight-jet swept wings with a maximum take-off weight of 244 tons. Its wing span is 185 ft, and it is 157 ft 6 3/4 in in length. (Photo: US Air Force) ^ -MCAP- The B-52 Stratofortress was first built in the 1950s. One of the word's most powerful bombers, the B-52 is utilized by the United States Strategic Air Command because of its ability to carry nuclear weapons to global targets on short notice. ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Heaviest bomber The eight-jet swept-wing Boeing B-52G/H Stratofortress has a maximum takeoff weight of over 244 tons (488,000 lb), a wingspan of 185 ft, and is 157 ft 6 3/4 in in length. It has a speed of over 650 mph. Of the two series in active service, the ^ B-52G is the longest bomber in the USAF at 160 ft 11 in. The B-52H has the greatest thrust of a bomber in the US fleet at 136,000 lbs and the greatest unrefueled range of over 8,800 miles. The B-52 can carry 12 SRAM thermonuclear short-range ^ attack missiles or 24 750-lb bombs under its wings and eight more SRAMs, or 84 500-lb bombs, in the fuselage. ^<n The ten-engined Convair B-36J, weighing 204 tons, had a greater wingspan at 230 ft, but it is no longer in service. Its top speed ^ was 435 mph. The use of both piston engines (driving propellers) and jet engines (providing thrust) led to the epithet "six turning, four burning." ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest bombers T \p8\D08\3706123b Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest bombers 20 22 24 26 101398|1491 17146|252 17146|252 962|14 131670|12 23878|4 22596|3 -PCAP- A top view of an FB-111A aircraft of the 509th Bombardment wing, one of the world's fastest bombers with a maximum speed of Mach 2.5. (Photo: US Air Force) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest bombers The world's fastest operational bombers include the French Dassault Mirage IV, which can fly at Mach 2.2 (1,450 mph) at 36,000 ft. ^<n The American variable-geometry or "swing-wing" General Dynamics FB111A has a maximum speed of Mach 2.5, and the ^ Soviet swing-wing Tupolev Tu-22M, known to NATO as "Backfire," has an estimated over-target speed of Mach 2.0 but could be as fast as Mach 2.5. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Largest airliner T \p8\D08\3706103 \m\00000037 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Largest airliner 20 22 24 26 101466|1492 82358|1211 17214|253 2322|34 15310|225 131670|13 91334|2 22596|4 2094|1 -PCAP- The first Boeing 747-400 was put into service on 26 Jan 1988 with a wing span of 213 ft and theoretically a seating capacity of 660 passengers. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- Largest airliner: The Boeing 747-400 was first flown commercially by Northwest Airlines on 26 Jan 1988. It has capacity for 660 passengers and can fly for 8,000 miles before refueling. (Boeing) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Largest airliner The highest-capacity jet airliner is the Boeing 747 "Jumbo Jet," first flown on 9 Feb 1969, which has a capacity of from 385 to more than 650 passengers and a maximum speed of 602 mph. Its wingspan is 231.8 ft and its length 195.7 ft. It entered ^ service on 22 Jan 1970. The first 747-400 entered service with Northwest Airlines on 26 Jan 1988 with a wingspan of 213 ft, a range exceeding 8,000 miles and a capacity for 660 passengers. Theoretical accommodation is available for 516 passengers ^ seated 10 abreast in the main cabin plus up to 69 in the stretched upper deck in the 747-300. ^<n A stretched version of the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 airliner was being contemplated, with accommodation for 515 passengers in the main cabin and up ^ to 96 in a lower "panorama deck" forward of the wing. This has given way to the MD-12, proposed in early 1990 and revised by the manufacturer in April 1992, when it was portrayed in a double-deck configuration with capacity for 511 passengers. ^ Growth options include a 26-ft stretch (to more than 233 ft in length) to accommodate up to 700 people in two classes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Greatest passenger load T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Greatest passenger load 20 22 24 26 101534|1493 45094|663 1982|29 131670|14 52992|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Greatest passenger load The greatest passenger load carried by any single commercial airliner was 1,087 during ^I , which began on 24 May 1991 when Ethiopian Jews were evacuated from Falasha to Israel on a Boeing 747 belonging to El Al airline. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest airliner T \m\00000017 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest airliner 20 22 24 26 101602|1494 17010|250 826|12 21974|323 131670|15 23878|2 2094|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- The Concorde has a cruising speed of Mach 2.2 (1,450 mph) and is 204 ft long. It was introduced cooperatively by the French and the British in 1976 as the first supersonic commercial airliner. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest airliner The supersonic BAC/Aerospatiale Concorde, first flown on 2 Mar 1969, with a designed capacity of 128 (and potentially 144) passengers, cruises at up to Mach 2.2 (1,450 mph). It has a maximum takeoff weight of 408,000 lb. It flew at Mach 1.05 on 10 ^ Oct 1969, exceeded Mach 2 for the first time on 4 Nov 1970, and became the first supersonic airliner used in passenger service on 21 Jan 1976. In service with Air France and British Airways, Concorde has now been laid out to carry 100 passengers. ^ The New York-London, Great Britain record is 2 hr 55 min 15 sec, set on 14 Apr 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: First supersonic airliner T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|First supersonic airliner 20 22 24 26 101670|1495 33738|496 1710|25 131670|16 40936|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: First supersonic airliner The former Soviet Tupolev TU-144 was first flown on 31 Dec 1968 as the world's first supersonic airliner, although it entered service initially as a cargo plane. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Most capacious T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Most capacious 20 22 24 26 101738|1496 163618|2406 2730|40 131670|17 175106|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Most capacious The Aero Spacelines Super Guppy has a cargo hold with a usable volume of 49,790 cu ft and a maximum takeoff weight of 87.5 tons. Its wingspan is 156 ft 3 in and its length 141 ft 3 in. Its cargo compartment is 108 ft 10 in long with a cylindrical ^ section 25 ft in diameter. ^<n The Russian Antonov An-124 ^I has a cargo hold with a usable volume of 35,800 cu ft and a maximum takeoff weight of 446 tons. It is powered by four Lotarev D-18T turbofans giving a cruising speed of up ^ to 528 mph at 39,370 ft and a range of 2,796 miles. A special-purpose heavy-lift version of the An-124, known as An-225 ^I ("Dream"), has been developed with a stretched fuselage providing as much as 42,000 cu ft usable volume. A ^ cargo compartment includes an unobstructed 141 ft hold length, with maximum width and height of 21 ft and 14 ft 5 1/4 in respectively. A new wing center section carries an additional two engines, permiting an estimated total 310,000 lb thrust. ^ Having flown first on 21 Dec 1988, the aircraft was used to carry the Soviet space shuttle ^I for the first time on 13 May 1989, when it was airborne for 13 hr 13 min. (See Heaviest aircraft.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Heaviest commercial cargo movement T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Heaviest commercial cargo movement 20 22 24 26 101806|1497 57538|846 2186|32 131670|18 65726|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Heaviest commercial cargo movement Russian manufacturer Antonov and British charter company Air Foyle claim a record for the heaviest commercial air cargo movement after carrying three transformers weighing 47.4 tons each and other equipment weighing 147.14 tons, from Barcelona, ^ Spain to Noumea, New Caledonia, between 10-14 Jan 1991. ^<n Antonov and the former Soviet state airline Aeroflot carried a one-piece newsprint press weighing 60.6 tons from Helsinki, Finland to Melbourne, Australia in November 1989 on behalf of ^ forwarding agent Rohlig Australia. The total payload was 134.5 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Largest propeller T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Largest propeller 20 22 24 26 101874|1498 82426|1212 2390|35 131670|19 91334|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Largest propeller The largest ever used was the 22 ft 7 1/2 in diameter Garuda propeller, fitted to the Linke-Hofmann R II built in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland), which flew in 1919. It was driven by four 260-hp Mercedes engines and turned at only 545 rpm. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Most flights by propeller-driven airliner T \p8\D09\3906124 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Most flights by propeller-driven airline 20 23 25 27 101942|1499 163754|2408 17282|254 2866|42 3206|47 131670|20 175106|5 22596|5 -PCAP- The CV-580 is a turboprop conversion of the earlier piston engined CV-340 and CV-440. The conversion was developed by Pacific Airmotive of Burbank, CA using Allison 504-D13 turboprop engines. In 1991 it was reported that 139,368 flights had been ^ achieved by one of these aircraft. (Photo: Austin J. Brown) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Most flights by propeller-driven airliner A Convair CV-580 turboprop airliner was reported by the manufacturer in April 1991 to have achieved 139,368 flights. Its exact age was not announced, but even if it were the first such airliner, the figure equates to more than nine flights a day ^ since 1952. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Most flights by jet airliner T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Most flights by jet airliner 20 22 24 26 102010|1500 163686|2407 2798|41 131670|21 175106|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Most flights by jet airliner A survey of aging airliners or so-called "geriatric jets" in ^I Magazine for April 1992 reported a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 still in service that had logged 94,159 flights in less than 26 years. This comes to 10 flights a ^ day and 11 daily flights on weekends, but after allowing for "downtime" for maintenance, the real daily average is higher. ^<n The most hours recorded by a jet airliner still in service is 89,236 hours reported for a Boeing 747 in the same issue ^ of ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Oldest jet airliner T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Oldest jet airliner 20 22 24 26 102078|1501 222574|3273 3070|45 131670|22 236192|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Oldest jet airliner According to the British-based aviation insurance service company Airclaims, two first-generation airliners built in 1958--a deHavilland DH106 Comet and a Boeing 707--were still in service on 1 Jan 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Scheduled flights T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Scheduled flights 20 22 24 26 102146|1502 128734|1893 3206|47 131670|23 139100|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Scheduled flights ^<4 Longest ^>4 The nonstop flights by airlines Air New Zealand, Northwest, United Airlines and Qantas from Los Angeles, CA to Sydney, Australia last 14 hr 50 min in a Boeing 747SP, a journey of over 7,487 miles. ^<n The longest nonstop delivery ^ flight by a commercial jet is 11,250 miles from London, Great Britain to Sydney, Australia by a Qantas Boeing 747-400 ^I , using 176.6 tons of specially formulated Shell Jet A-1 high-density fuel, in 20 hr 9 min on 16-17 Aug 1989. ^ It is the first time this route has been completed nonstop by an airliner. ^<n ^<4 Shortest ^>4 The shortest scheduled flight is by Loganair between the Orkney Islands of Westray and Papa Westray, Great Britain, which has been flown with ^ Britten-Norman Islander twin-engined 10-seat transports since September 1967. Though scheduled for two minutes, in favorable wind conditions it was once completed in 58 sec by Capt. Andrew D. Alsop. The check-in time for the 2 min flight is 20 ^ min. ^<n Alaska Airlines provides the shortest scheduled flight by jet, by McDonnell Douglas MD-80 between San Francisco and Oakland, CA. There is one daily return flight six days a week; the time averages 5 minutes for the 12 mile journey. Some ^ 25 minutes are allowed in the airline timetable. ^<n ^<4 Most flights in 24 hours ^>4 Michael Bartlett of London, Great Britain, an "Eccentric Globetrotter," made 42 scheduled passenger flights with Heli Transport of Nice, Southern France ^ between Nice, Sophia, Antipolis, Monaco and Cannes in 13 hr 33 min on 13 Jun 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Longest flight T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Longest flight 20 22 24 26 102214|1503 128666|1892 2594|38 131670|24 139100|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Longest flight The longest flight on record is 64 days 22 hr 19 min 5 sec, set by Robert Timm and John Cook in the Cessna 172 ^I . They took off from McCarran Airfield, Las Vegas, NV just before 3:53 P.M. local time on 4 Dec 1958 and landed at the ^ same airfield just before 2:12 P.M. on 7 Feb 1959. They covered a distance equivalent to six times around the world, being refueled without any landings. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest London--New York journey T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest London--New York journey 20 22 24 26 102282|1504 17418|256 1234|18 131670|25 23878|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest London--New York journey The record from central London, Great Britain to downtown New York City by helicopter and Concorde is 3 hr 59 min 44 sec, and for the return, 3 hr 40 min 40 sec, both by David J. Springbett and David Boyce on 8-9 Feb 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Around the world---antipodal points T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Around the world---antipodal points 20 22 24 26 102350|1505 486|7 131670|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Around the world---antipodal points Michael Bartlett of Balham, London, Great Britain traveled a distance of 26,868 miles on scheduled flights. He visited the antipodal points at Madrid, Spain and Ti Tree Point, on Highway 52, New Zealand in a time of 95 hrs 44 min. He achieved the ^ second point by flying to Wellington and journeying by car to Ti Tree Point, the exact antipodal point to Madrid. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Longest air ticket T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Longest air ticket 20 22 24 26 102418|1506 128598|1891 2526|37 131670|27 139100|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Longest air ticket A ticket 39 ft 4 1/2 in long was issued for $4,500 to M. Bruno Leunen of Brussels, Belgium in December 1984 for a 53,203 mile trip on 80 airlines with 109 layovers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Most rugged stowaway T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Most rugged stowaway 20 22 24 26 102486|1507 163822|2409 2934|43 131670|28 175106|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Most rugged stowaway The most rugged stowaway was Socarras Ramirez, who escaped from Cuba on 4 Jun 1969 by stowing away in an unpressurized wheel well in the starboard wing of a Douglas DC-8 from Havana, Cuba to Madrid, Spain in a 5,600-mile Iberian Airlines flight. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Plane pulling T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Plane pulling 20 22 24 26 102554|1508 3138|46 131670|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Plane pulling Dave Gauder single-handedly pulled a Concorde 40 ft across the tarmac at Heathrow Airport, London, Great Britain on 11 Jun 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Wing walking T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Wing walking 20 22 24 26 102622|1509 3410|50 9122|134 131670|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Wing walking Roy Castle, the host of the British Broadcasting Corporation ^I television program, flew on the wing of a Boeing Stearman airplane for 3 hr 23 min on 2 Aug 1990, taking off from Gatwick, Great Britain and landing at Le ^ Bourget, near Paris, France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Mach scale T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Mach scale 20 22 24 26 102690|1510 2662|39 131670|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Mach scale The use of the Mach scale for aircraft speeds was introduced by Prof. Ackeret of Zurich, Switzerland. The Mach number is the ratio of the velocity of a moving body to the local velocity of sound. This ratio was first employed by Dr Ernst Mach ^ (1838-1916) of Vienna, Austria in 1887. Mach 1.0 equals 760.98 mph at sea level at 59 deg F, and is assumed, for convenience, to fall to a constant 659.78 mph in the stratosphere, i.e., above 36,089 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: First supersonic flight T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|First supersonic flight 20 22 24 26 102758|1511 17758|261 1778|26 131670|32 23878|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: First supersonic flight The first was achieved on 14 Oct 1947 by Capt. (later Brig. Gen.) Charles ("Chuck") Elwood Yeager (b. 13 Feb 1923), over Edwards Air Force Base, Muroc, CA, in a Bell XS-1 rocket plane ( ^I ---named for Yeager's wife) at Mach ^ 1.015 (670 mph) at an altitude of 42,000 ft. The XS-1 is now in the National Air and Space Museum at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Official speed record T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Official record 20 22 24 26 102826|1512 17826|262 3002|44 131670|33 23878|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Official speed record The airspeed record is 2,193.2 mph, by Capt. Eldon W. Joersz and Major George T. Morgan, Jr., in a Lockheed SR-71A "Blackbird" near Beale Air Force Base, CA over a 15 1/2 mile course on 28 Jul 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Air-launched record T \m\00000007 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Air-launched record 20 22 24 26 102894|1513 16874|248 418|6 131670|34 23878|0 2094|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- The ^I was a rocket-powered aircraft that achieved the greatest manned flight speed within the Earth's atmosphere, reaching Mach 6.7 (7,270 km/hr, or 4,520 mph) on 3 October 1967. (NASA) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Air-launched record The fastest fixed-wing aircraft in the world was the US North American Aviation X-15A-2, which flew for the first time (after modification from the X-15A) on 25 Jun 1964, powered by a liquid oxygen and ammonia rocket-propulsion system. Ablative ^ materials on the airframe enabled it to withstand a temperature of 3,000 deg F. The landing speed was momentarily 242 mph. The fastest speed attained was 4,520 mph (Mach 6.7) when piloted by Major William J. Knight, USAF (b. 1930), on 3 Oct 1967. ^ ^<n An earlier version piloted by Joseph A. Walker (USAF; 1920-66) reached 354,200 ft also over Edwards Air Force Base, CA on 22 Aug 1963. The final flight was on 24 Oct 1968, after which the program was suspended. Each X-15 was carried aloft by ^ a Boeing B-52 "mother" aircraft. ^<n US NASA Rockwell International space shuttle orbiter ^I , commanded by Capt. John W. Young, USN and piloted by Capt. Robert L. Crippen, USN, was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Cape ^ Canaveral, FL on 12 Apr 1981 after expenditure of $9.9 billion since 1972. ^I broke all records in space by a fixed-wing craft, with 16,600 mph at main engine cutoff. After reentry from 75.8 miles, experiencing temperatures of ^ 3,920 deg F, she glided home weighing 107 tons, and with a landing speed of 216 mph, on Rogers Dry Lake, CA on 14 Apr 1981. The space shuttle ^I broke its own world record for duration at 13 days 19 hr 30 min on its 12th mission, ^ ^I , on 9 Jul 1992. ^<n Orbiter ^I holds the shuttle altitude record of 332 miles, achieved on 24 Apr 1990 on its 10th flight. ^<n The greatest mass lifted by the shuttle and placed in orbit was 293,019 lb. This was ^ lift-off weight of ^I , launched on 6 Oct 1990 carrying the ^I solar polar orbiter and an IUS/PAM solid propellant upper stage. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest jet T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest jet 20 22 24 26 102962|1514 17350|255 1166|17 131670|35 23878|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest jet The USAF Lockheed SR-71, a reconnaissance aircraft, has been the world's fastest jet (see official record). First flown in its definitive form on 22 Dec 1964, it was reportedly capable of attaining an altitude ceiling of close to 100,000 ft. It has ^ a wingspan of 55.6 ft and a length of 107.4 ft and weighs 85 tons at takeoff. Its reported range at Mach 3 was 2,982 miles at 78,750 ft. At least 30 are believed to have been built before the plane was retired by the US Air Force. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest combat jets T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest combat jets 20 22 24 26 103030|1515 17282|254 1098|16 131670|36 23878|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest combat jets The fastest combat jet is the Russian Mikoyan MiG-25 fighter (NATO code name "Foxbat"). The reconnaissance aircraft "Foxbat-B" has been tracked by radar at about Mach 3.2 (2,110 mph). When armed with four large underwing air-to-air missiles known ^ to NATO as "Acrid," the fighter "Foxbat-A" is limited to Mach 2.8 (1,845 mph). The single-seat "Foxbat-A" has a wingspan of 45 ft 9 in, is 278 ft 2 in long and has an estimated maximum takeoff weight of 82,500 lb. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The ^ fastest combat jets in the United States' arsenal are the F-111 and the F-15, both of which fly at Mach 2.5, although the F-15 is listed in one official release as flying at Mach 2.5 plus. The F-15E is a two-seat craft that is 63 ft 9 in long, ^ has a wingspan of 42 ft 9 3/4 in, and has a gross takeoff weight of 81,000 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest biplane T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest biplane 20 22 24 26 103098|1516 17078|251 894|13 131670|37 23878|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest biplane The fastest biplane is the Italian Fiat CR42B, with a 1,010 hp Daimler-Benz DB601A engine, which attained 323 mph in 1941. Only one was built. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest piston-engined aircraft T \p8\D09\3906126 Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest piston-engined aircraft 20 22 24 26 103166|1517 17486|257 17350|255 1302|19 131670|38 23878|9 22596|6 -PCAP- Lyle Shelton at the controls of Rare Bear, a modified F8F2 Grumman Bearcat in which he set a world record for a 3 km run of 528.33 mph on 21 Aug 1989. (Photo: Chuck Aro) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest piston-engined aircraft On 21 Aug 1989, in Las Vegas, NV, the ^I , a modified Grumman Bearcat F8F2 piloted by Lyle Shelton, set the FAI approved world record for a 3 km run of 528.3 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest propeller-driven aircraft 20 22 24 26 103234|1518 17554|258 1370|20 131670|39 23878|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest propeller-driven aircraft The fastest propeller-driven aircraft in use is the former Soviet Tu-95/142 "Bear" with four 14,795 hp engines driving eight blade counter-rotating propellers with a maximum level speed of Mach 0.82 575 mph. ^<n The turboprop-powered Republic XF84H ^ prototype US Navy fighter that flew on 22 Jul 1955 had a top ^I speed of 670 mph, but was abandoned. ^<n McDonnell Douglas expected its projected MD-91X, powered by counter-rotating multi-bladed fans, to cruise at about Mach 0.78 ^ (514 mph). In tests during 1987-88 with an MD-80 experimentally fitted with a General Electric GE36 engine driving two fans (in place of one of the two standard Pratt & Whitney JT8D turbofans) a maximum speed of Mach 0.865 was attained before ^ development was discontinued. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest transatlantic flight T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest transatlantic flight 20 22 24 26 103302|1519 17622|259 1438|21 131670|40 23878|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest transatlantic flight The flight record is 1 hr 54 min 56.4 sec by Major James V. Sullivan, 37, and Major Noel F. Widdifield, 33, flying a Lockheed SR-71A "Blackbird" eastwards on 1 Sep 1974. The average speed, slowed from refueling by a KC-135 tanker aircraft, for the ^ New York-London stage of 3,461.53 miles was 1,806.96 mph. ^<n The solo record (Gander to Gatwick) is 8 hr 47 min 32 sec, an average speed of 265.1 mph, by Capt. John J.A. Smith in a Rockwell Commander 685 twin-turboprop on 12 Mar 1978, achieving ^ an average speed of 265.214 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest transcontinental flight T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest transcontinental flight 20 22 24 26 103370|1520 17690|260 1506|22 20886|307 131670|41 23878|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest transcontinental flight The record aircraft time from coast to coast (Los Angeles to Washington, D.C.) is 68 min 17 sec by Lt. Col. Ed Yeilding, pilot, and Lt. Col. J.T. Vida, reconnaissance systems officer, aboard the SR-71 Blackbird spy plane during its Air Force ^ retirement flight to the Smithsonian Institution on 6 Mar 1990. The Blackbird was refueled over the Pacific Ocean at 27,000 ft before starting a climb to above 80,000 ft, heading east from the California coastline and crossing the finish line ^ near Salisbury, MD. The plane averaged 2,145 mph between Los Angeles and Washington, and 2,190 mph between St. Louis and Cincinnati. This is the first (and only) time that a sonic boom has traveled uninterrupted from coast to coast across the ^ continental United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aircraft: Fastest climb T Transport|Aircraft|General Records|Fastest climb 20 22 24 26 103438|1521 17214|253 1030|15 131670|42 23878|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aircraft: Fastest climb Heinz Frick of British Aerospace took a Harrier GR5 powered by a Rolls-Royce Pegasus 11-61 engine from a standing start to 39,370 ft in 2 min 6.63 sec above the Rolls-Royce flight test center, Filton, Bristol, Great Britain on 15 Aug 1989. ^<n ^ Aleksandr Fedotov (USSR) in a Mikoyan E 266M (MiG-25) aircraft established the fastest time-to-height record on 17 May 1975, reaching 114,830 ft in 4 min 11.7 sec after takeoff from Podmoscovnoe, Russia. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The fastest ^ time-to-height record for a United States aircraft is to 62,000 ft in 2 min 2.94 sec, by Major Roger J. Smith, USAF, in an F-15 Eagle on 19 January 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airports: Longest runways T Transport|Aircraft|Airports|Longest runways 20 22 24 26 103506|1522 128802|1894 4022|59 134696|0 139100|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airports: Longest runways The longest runway in the world is at Edwards Air Force Base on the west side of Rogers dry lakebed at Muroc, CA. which measures 39,104 ft, or 7.4 miles. The ^I aircraft, taking off on its around-the-world unrefueled flight (see ^ Circumnavigational flights), used 14,200 ft of the 15,000-ft-long main base concrete runway. ^<n The world's longest civil airport runway is one of 3.04 miles at Pierre van Ryneveld Airport, Upington, South Africa, constructed in five months from ^ August 1975 to January 1976. ^<n The most southerly major runway (1.6 miles) in the world is at Mount Pleasant, East Falkland (Lat 51 deg 50' S), built in 16 months and completed in May 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airports: Largest T \c8\D01\3807162z Transport|Aircraft|Airports|Largest 20 22 24 26 103574|1523 82698|1216 17418|256 3954|58 134696|1 91334|7 22596|7 -PCAP- The King Khalid International Airport outside Riyadh, Saudi Arabia covers an area of 87 sq miles. It also has the world's tallest control tower (inset) at 243 ft. (Photos: Gamma/Guenet). ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airports: Largest The largest is the $3.6 billion King Khalid International Airport outside Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, which covers an area of 87 miles sq (55,040 acres). It was opened on 14 Nov 1983. It also has the world's largest control tower, 266 ft in height. ^<n ^ The Hajj Terminal at the $4.76 billion King Abdul-Aziz Airport near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia is the world's largest roofed structure, covering 370 acres. ^<n The present six runways and four terminal buildings of Dallas/Fort Worth Airport, TX are ^ planned to be extended to eight runways, 13 terminals, and 260 gates, with an ultimate capacity for 150 million passengers. ^<n The world's largest airport terminal is at Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport, GA, opened on 21 Sep 1980, with ^ floor space covering 2.4 million sq ft (50 1/2 acres) and still expanding. It had 146 gates handling 48,024,566 passengers in 1990, but has capacity for 75 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airports: Busiest T \p8\D09\3906127 Transport|Aircraft|Airports|Busiest 20 23 25 27 103642|1524 3546|52 17486|257 3818|56 134696|2 9826|2 22596|8 -PCAP- Aircraft waiting for flight clearance at Chicago International Airport, O'Hare Field, IL, the busiest airport in the world. There are a total of 780,658 operation movements per year, with planes landing or taking off every 40.4 sec. (Photo: Austin ^ J. Brown) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airports: Busiest The busiest airport is Chicago International Airport, O'Hare Field, IL, with a total of 59,130,007 passengers and 780,658 operation movements in the year 1989. This represents a takeoff or landing every 40.4 sec around the clock. ^<n The busiest ^ landing area ever was Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, which handled approximately 1,000,000 takeoffs and landings in 1970. ^<n ^<4 Helipad ^>4 The world's largest helipad was at An Khe, South Vietnam. The heliport at Morgan City, LA, one of ^ a string used by helicopters flying energy-related offshore operations into the Gulf of Mexico, has pads for 46 helicopters. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airports: Landing fields T \p8\D09\3706127 Transport|Aircraft|Airports|Landing fields 20 22 24 26 103710|1525 159062|2339 17554|258 3886|57 134696|3 170594|0 22596|9 -PCAP- Schiphol at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, is the world's lowest international airport at 15 ft below sea level. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airports: Landing fields ^<4 Highest ^>4 The highest is La Sa (Lhasa) Airport, Tibet, People's Republic of China, at 14,315 ft. ^<n ^<4 Lowest ^>4 The lowest landing field is El Lisan on the east shore of the Dead Sea, 1,180 ft below sea level, but during World War ^ II BOAC Short C-class flying boats operated from the surface of the Dead Sea at 1,292 ft below sea level. ^<n The lowest international airport is Schiphol, Amsterdam, Netherlands, at 15 ft below sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airports: Remotest and nearest to city or capital T Transport|Aircraft|Airports|Remotest and nearest to city or capital 20 22 24 26 103778|1526 221690|3260 4090|60 134696|4 235234|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airports: Remotest and nearest to city or capital The airport furthest from the city center it allegedly serves is Viracopos, Brazil, which is 60 miles from Sao Paulo. Gibraltar Airport is a mere 2,625 ft from the city center. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airlines: Busiest T Transport|Aircraft|Airlines|Busiest 20 22 24 26 103846|1527 3410|50 3478|51 135062|0 9826|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airlines: Busiest The country with the busiest airlines system is the United States, where the total number of passenger enplanements by large commercial air carriers in domestic operations in 1991 was 453 million. The overall total, including regional/commuter ^ service, was 484.4 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airlines: Busiest international route T Transport|Aircraft|Airlines|Busiest international route 20 22 24 26 103914|1528 3478|51 3546|52 135062|1 9826|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airlines: Busiest international route The city-pair with the highest international scheduled passenger traffic is London/Paris. In 1989, 3,046,000 passengers flew between the two cities, approximately equal to 4,186 each way each day (although London-bound traffic was 9.5 percent ^ higher than that bound for Paris). The second busiest pair is London/New York (2,356,000 in 1989). ^ -END- -CTRL- Airlines: Largest T Transport|Aircraft|Airlines|Largest 20 22 24 26 103982|1529 82562|1214 3614|53 135062|2 91334|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airlines: Largest The Russian state airline Aeroflot, so named since 1932, was instituted on 9 Feb 1923 and has been the largest airline of all time. In its last complete year of formal existence (1990) it employed 600,000 (more than the top 18 US airlines put ^ together) and flew 139 million passengers, with 20,000 pilots, along 620,000 miles of domestic routes across 11 time zones. The peak size of its fleet remains unknown, with estimates ranging up to 14,700, if both aircraft and helicopters were ^ included. By late 1991 the fleet was operated by at least 46 domestic operators. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest US airline in terms of number of aircraft in 1991 was American, with 622. The airline also led in number of passenger ^ enplanements, 74.864 million, and available seat miles, with 128.7 billion. United Airlines led in revenue passenger miles, at 80.2 billion versus American's 79.7 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airlines: Oldest T Transport|Aircraft|Airlines|Oldest 20 22 24 26 104050|1530 222642|3274 3750|55 135062|3 236192|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airlines: Oldest The oldest airline, KoninklijkeLuchtvaart-Maatschappij NV (KLM), the national airline of the Netherlands, was established on 7 Oct 1919. It opened its first scheduled service (Amsterdam-London, Great Britain) on 17 May 1920, seven months after its ^ establishment. ^<n Delag (Deutsche Luftschiffahrt AG) was founded at Frankfurt am Main, Germany on 16 Oct 1909 and started a scheduled airship service on 17 Jun 1910. ^<n Chalk's International Airline has been flying amphibious planes from Miami, ^ FL to the Bahamas since July 1919. Albert "Pappy" Chalk flew from 1911-75. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airlines: Largest aerospace company T Transport|Aircraft|Airlines|Largest aerospace company 20 22 24 26 104118|1531 82630|1215 3682|54 135062|4 91334|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airlines: Largest aerospace company The world's largest aerospace company is Boeing of Seattle, WA. As of December 1991 its sales figures were $29.3 billion and its workforce was 158,500 worldwide. Cessna Aircraft Company of Wichita, KS had total sales of $818 million and a workforce ^ of 5,400 in 1991. The company has produced over 177,000 aircraft since Clyde Cessna's first was built in 1911. ^ -END- -CTRL- Helicopters: Earliest T Transport|Aircraft|Helicopters|Earliest 20 22 24 26 104186|1532 10550|155 101670|1495 135428|0 13960|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Helicopters: Earliest Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) proposed the idea of a helicopter-type craft, although it is known that the French had built helicopter toys before that time. ^<n Igor Sikorsky built a helicopter in Russia in 1909, but the first practical machine was ^ the Focke-Achgelis, first flown in 1936. ^ -END- -CTRL- Helicopters: Fastest T Transport|Aircraft|Helicopters|Fastest 20 22 24 26 104254|1533 22926|337 101738|1496 135428|1 23878|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Helicopters: Fastest Under FAI rules, the world's speed record for helicopters was set by John Trevor Eggington with co-pilot Derek J Clews, who averaged 249.09 mph over Somerset, Great Britain on 11 Aug 1986 in a Westland Lynx company demonstrator helicopter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Helicopters: Largest T Transport|Aircraft|Helicopters|Largest 20 22 24 26 104322|1534 100718|1481 101942|1499 135428|2 91334|272 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Helicopters: Largest The former Soviet Mil Mi-12 (NATO code-name "Homer"), also known as the V-12, is powered by four 6,500 hp turboshaft engines and has a span of 219 ft 10 in over its rotor tips, with a length of 121 ft 4 1/2 in. It weighs 114 tons. ^<n The largest ^ helicopter in the western world is the USN CH/MH-53 Super Stallion, which weighs 73,500 lb and has an overall length including rotors of 99 ft 1/2 in. The fuselage is 73 ft 4 in long and the rotor diameter is 79 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Helicopters: Smallest T Transport|Aircraft|Helicopters|Smallest 20 22 24 26 104390|1535 247394|3638 102078|1501 135428|3 258628|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Helicopters: Smallest The Aerospace General Co. one-person rocket-assisted minicopter weighs about 160 lb and can cruise for 250 miles at 185 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Helicopters: Highest altitude T Transport|Aircraft|Helicopters|Highest altitude 20 22 24 26 104458|1536 67330|990 101874|1498 135428|4 71062|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Helicopters: Highest altitude The record for helicopters is 40,820 ft by an Aerospatiale SA315B Lama, over Istres, France on 21 Jun 1972 by John Boulet. ^<n The highest recorded landing was at 23,000 ft, below the southeast face of Mt Everest in a rescue sortie in May 1971. ^ -END- -CTRL- Helicopters: Longest hover T \p8\D09\3807164 Transport|Aircraft|Helicopters|Longest hover 20 22 24 26 104526|1537 139478|2051 17622|259 102010|1500 135428|5 139100|161 22596|10 -PCAP- Doug Daigle, one of four pilots mastering his skills during a hover record in December 1989 at Anaheim, CA. Four fresh eggs were taped to the helicopter's wheels to verify that it did not touch the ground for 50 hrs 50 secs. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Helicopters: Longest hover Doug Daigle, Brian Watts and Dave Meyer of Tridair Helicopters, together with Rod Anderson of Helistream, Inc. of California, maintained a continuous hovering flight in a 1947 Bell B model for 50 hr 50 sec during 13 and 15 Dec 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Helicopters: First circumnavigation T Transport|Aircraft|Helicopters|First circumnavigation 20 22 24 26 104594|1538 37886|557 101806|1497 135428|6 40936|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Helicopters: First circumnavigation H. Ross Perot, Jr. and Jay Coburn made the first helicopter circumnavigation in ^I in 29 days 3 hr 8 min 13 sec on 1-30 Sep 1982 from Dallas, TX. ^<n The first solo around-the-world flight in a helicopter was completed by ^ Dick Smith (Australia) on 22 Jul 1983. Taking off from and returning to the Bell Helicopter facility at Fort Worth, TX, in a Bell Model 206L, LongRanger III, his unhurried flight began on 5 Aug 1982 and covered a distance of 35,258 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Autogyros: Earliest T Transport|Aircraft|Autogyros|Earliest 20 22 24 26 104662|1539 7762|114 13270|195 135934|0 13960|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Autogyros: Earliest The autogyro, or gyroplane, a rotorcraft with an unpowered rotor turned by the airflow in flight, preceded any practical helicopter with its engine-driven rotor. ^<n Juan de la Cierva (Spain) designed the first successful gyroplane with his model ^ C.4 (commercially named Autogiro), which flew at Getafe, Spain on 9 Jan 1923. ^ -END- -CTRL- Autogyros: Greatest distance, highest and fastest T Transport|Aircraft|Autogyros|Greatest distance, highest and fastest 20 22 24 26 104730|1540 18370|270 13338|196 135934|1 23878|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Autogyros: Greatest distance, highest and fastest Wing-Cdr Kenneth H. Wallis (Great Britain) holds the straight-line distance record of 543.27 miles, set in his WA-116F autogyro on 28 Sep 1975 with a nonstop flight from Lydd to Wick, Great Britain. On 20 Jul 1982, flying from Boscombe Down, Great ^ Britain, he established a new autogyro altitude record of 18,516 ft in his WA-121/Mc. Wing-Cdr Wallis also flew his WA-116, with a 72-hp McCulloch engine, to a record speed of 120.3 mph over a 1.86 mile straight course at Norfolk, Great Britain, ^ on 18 Sep 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Flying Boats: Fastest T Transport|Aircraft|Flying Boats|Fastest 20 22 24 26 104798|1541 22178|326 84738|1246 136090|0 23878|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Flying Boats: Fastest The fastest flying boat ever built was the Martin XP6M-1 Seamaster, the US Navy four-jet-engined minelayer flown in 1955-59, with a top speed of 646 mph. In September 1946 the Martin JRM-2 Mars flying boat set a payload record of 68,327 lb. ^<n The ^ official flying boat speed record is 566.69 mph, set by Nikolay Andreievski and crew of two in a Soviet Beriev M-10, powered by two AL-7 turbojets, over a 9.3-15 1/2 mile course at Joukovsky-Petrovskoye, Russia on 7 Aug 1961. ^<n The M-10 holds ^ all 12 records listed for jet-powered flying boats, including an altitude record of 49,088 ft set by Georgiy Buryanov and crew over the Sea of Azov in the former USSR on 9 Sep 1961. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airships: Earliest flight T Transport|Aircraft|Airships|Earliest flight 20 22 24 26 104866|1542 7422|109 4158|61 136176|0 13960|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airships: Earliest flight The earliest flight in an airship was by Henri Giffard from Paris to Trappes, France in his steam-powered coal-gas airship 88,300 cu ft in volume and 144 ft long, on 24 Sep 1852. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airships: Largest T Transport|Aircraft|Airships|Largest 20 22 24 26 104934|1543 82766|1217 4362|64 136176|1 91334|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airships: Largest ^<4 Rigid ^>4 The largest was the 235 ton German ^I (LZ 130), with a length of 804 ft and a capacity of 7.06 million cu ft. She flew her maiden flight on 14 Sep 1938 and in May and August 1939 made radar spying missions ^ in British air space. She was dismantled in April 1940. Her sister ship, ^I , was 5 ft 7 in longer. ^<n ^<4 Non-rigid ^>4 The largest ever constructed was the US Navy ZPG 3-W, which had a capacity of 1.5 million cu ft, a ^ length of 403 ft, a diameter of 85.1 ft and a crew of 21. She first flew on 21 Jul 1958 but crashed into the sea in June 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airships: Greatest passenger load T \m\00000002 Transport|Aircraft|Airships|Greatest passenger load 20 22 24 26 105002|1544 45230|665 4294|63 136176|2 52992|2 2094|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- More than 70 people died when the ^I caught fire while landing on 6 May 1937. The Hindenburg disaster put an end to the use of rigid airships in commercial flight. (Archive Films) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Airships: Greatest passenger load The most people ever carried in an airship was 207, in the US Navy ^I in 1931. The transatlantic record is 117, by the German ^I in 1937. She exploded into a fire-ball at Lakehurst, NJ on 6 May 1937. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airships: Greatest distance T Transport|Aircraft|Airships|Greatest distance 20 22 24 26 105070|1545 45162|664 4226|62 136176|3 52992|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airships: Greatest distance The FAI accredited straight-line distance record for airships is 3,967.1 miles, set by the German ^I , captained by Dr Hugo Eckener, between 29 Oct and 1 Nov 1928. From 21-25 Nov 1917 the German ^I flew ^ from Yambol, Bulgaria to a point south of Khartoum, Sudan and returned, covering a minimum of 4,500 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Airships: Longest flight T Transport|Aircraft|Airships|Longest flight 20 22 24 26 105138|1546 128870|1895 4430|65 136176|4 139100|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Airships: Longest flight The longest recorded flight by a non-rigid airship (without refueling) is 264 hr 12 min by a US Navy Goodyear-built ZPG-2 class ship (Cdr J.R. Hunt, USN) that flew 9,448 miles from South Weymouth Naval Air Station, MA to Key West, FL, on 4-15 Mar ^ 1957. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: Earliest T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|Earliest 20 22 24 26 105206|1547 7966|117 17282|254 136542|0 13960|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: Earliest The earliest recorded ascent was by a model hot-air balloon invented by Father Bartolomeu de Gusmao (ne Lourenco; 1685-1724), which was flown indoors at the Casa da India, Terreiro do Paco, Portugal on 8 Aug 1709. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: Greatest distance T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|Greatest distance 20 22 24 26 105274|1548 45842|674 17554|258 136542|1 52992|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: Greatest distance The record distance traveled by a balloon is 5,208.68 miles, by the Raven experimental helium-filled balloon ^I (capacity 399.053 ft cu) from 9-12 Nov 1981. The journey started at Nagashima, Japan and ended at Covello, CA. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: First US crossing T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|First US crossing 20 22 24 26 105342|1549 34690|510 17486|257 136542|2 40936|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: First US crossing The first crossing of the United States was by the helium-filled balloon ^I (pilots Fred Gorell and John Shoecraft), flying 2,515 miles from Costa Mesa, CA to Blackbeard's Island, GA from 9-12 Oct 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: First transatlantic crossing T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|First transatlantic crossing 20 22 24 26 105410|1550 34622|509 17418|256 136542|3 40936|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: First transatlantic crossing Abruzzo and Newman, with Maxie L. Anderson, set a duration record of 137 hr 5 min in ^I in the first balloon crossing of the North Atlantic, from Presque Isle, ME to Miserey, France on 12-17 Aug 1958. ^<n Col. Joe Kittinger, ^ USAF, (see Parachuting) became the first man to complete a solo transatlantic crossing by balloon. He lifted off from Caribou, ME on 14 Sep 1984 and completed a distance of 3,543 miles before landing at Montenotte, near Savona, Italy on 18 Sep ^ 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: Most passengers T \p8\D09\3706128 Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|Most passengers 20 22 24 26 105478|1551 165250|2430 17690|260 17962|264 136542|4 175106|27 22596|11 -PCAP- On 17 Aug 1988 from Lelystad airport in the Netherlands, Henk Brink made a free flight of 656 ft, in the 850,000 cu ft Nashua Number One carrying a total of 50 passengers and crew reaching an altitude of 328 ft. (Photo: Nashua) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: Most passengers ^I , a hot-air balloon of 2.6 million cu ft capacity, was built by Tom Handcock of Portland, Maine. Tethered it rose to a height of 50 ft with 61 passengers on board on 19 Feb 1988. ^<n The Dutch balloonist Henk Brink made an ^ untethered flight of 656 ft in the 850,000 cu ft ^I carrying a total of 50 passengers and crew. The flight, on 17 Aug 1988, lasted 25 mins, commenced from Lelystad airport, Netherlands, and reached an altitude of 328 ft. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: Highest T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|Highest 20 22 24 26 105546|1552 62978|926 17690|260 2934|43 136542|5 71062|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: Highest ^<4 Unmanned ^>4 The highest altitude attained by an unmanned balloon was 170,000 ft by a Winzen balloon, with a 47.8 million cu ft capacity, launched at Chico, CA in October 1972. ^<n ^<4 Manned ^>4 The highest altitude reached in a manned ^ balloon is an unofficial 123,800 ft by Nicholas Piantanida (1933-66) of Bricktown, NJ, from Sioux Falls, SD on 1 Feb 1966. He landed in a cornfield in Iowa but did not survive. ^<n The official record (closed gondola) is 113,740 ft by Cdr Malcolm ^ D. Ross, USNR, and the late Lt Cdr Victor A. Prother, USN, in an ascent from the deck of the USS ^I over the Gulf of Mexico on 4 May 1961 in a balloon of 12 million ft cu capacity. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: Largest T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|Largest 20 22 24 26 105614|1553 84194|1238 17826|262 136542|6 91334|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: Largest The largest balloons ever built have an inflatable volume of 70 million ft cu and stand 1,000 ft tall. They are unmanned. The manufacturers are Winzen Research Inc. of Minnesota. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: Hot-air records T \p8\D09\390614gb Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|Hot-air records 20 23 25 27 105682|1554 34758|511 17758|261 17758|261 136542|7 40936|20 22596|12 -PCAP- One of the two hot-air balloons Star Flyer 1 and 2 that achieved the first overflight of the Himalayas and Mount Everest on 21 Oct 1991. Records were set for the highest recorded launch, 15,536 ft, and the highest recorded touchdown, 16,200 ft. ^ (Photo: Roger Fennings) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: Hot-air records ^<4 First Atlantic crossing ^>4 Richard Branson (Great Britain) and his pilot, Per Lindstrand (Great Britain), were the first to cross the Atlantic in a hot-air balloon, on 2-3 Jul 1987. They ascended from Sugarloaf, ME and covered the distance ^ of 3,075 miles to Limavady, Northern Ireland in 31 hours 41 minutes. ^<n ^<4 First Pacific crossing ^>4 Richard Branson and Per Lindstrand crossed the Pacific in the ^I from the southern tip of Japan to Lac ^ la Matre, Yukon, northwestern Canada on 15-17 Jan 1991 in a 2.6 million cu ft capacity hot-air balloon (the largest ever flown) to set FAI records for duration (46 hr 15 min) and distance (great circle 4,768 miles). Unofficial world best ^ performances were also set for the fastest speed from takeoff to landing, 147 mph. A speed of 239 mph was sustained over one hour. ^<n ^<4 Highest altitude ^>4 Per Lindstrand (Great Britain) achieved the altitude record of 65,000 ft in a Colt ^ 600 hot-air balloon over Laredo, TX on 6 Jun 1988. ^<n The FAI endurance and distance record for a gas and hot-air balloon is 96 hr 24 min and 2,074.817 miles by ^I , crewed by Donald Allan Cameron (Great Britain) and Major ^ Christopher Dafey (Great Britain). The balloon failed by only 103 miles to achieve the first balloon crossing of the Atlantic on 30 Jul 1978, going from St Johns, Newfoundland, Canada to the Bay of Biscay. ^<n ^<4 First flight over Mount Everest ^ ^>4 Two balloons ^I piloted by Chris Dewhirst and Leo Dickinson, and ^I piloted by Andy Elson and Eric Jones (all British) achieved the first overflight of the summit of Mount Everest on 21 Oct 1991. The ^ two 240,000 cu ft capacity balloons had the highest recorded launch of a hot-air balloon at 15,536 ft and the highest recorded touchdown of a hot-air balloon at 16,200 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: First flight over Mount Everest T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|First flight over Mount Everest 20 22 24 26 105750|1555 34554|508 17350|255 24422|359 136542|8 40936|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: First flight over Mount Everest Two balloons ^I , piloted by Chris Dewhirst and Leo Dickinson, and ^I , piloted by Andy Elson and Eric Jones (all British)--achieved the first overflight of the summit of Mount Everest on 21 Oct 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: Largest number to jump from a balloon T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|Largest number to jump from a balloon 20 22 24 26 105818|1556 84262|1239 17894|263 136542|9 91334|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: Largest number to jump from a balloon On 5 Apr 1990 12 members of the Red Devils Free Fall Parachute Team together made a jump from a Cameron A210, hot-air balloon over Bath, Great Britain, at a height of 6,000 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballooning: Greatest mass ascent T Transport|Aircraft|Ballooning|Greatest mass ascent 20 22 24 26 105886|1557 45910|675 17622|259 136542|10 52992|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballooning: Greatest mass ascent The greatest mass ascent of hot-air balloons from a single site took place within one hour on 15 Aug 1987 when 128 participants at the Ninth Bristol International Balloon Festival in Bristol, Great Britain took off. ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Aviation Records: Oldest pilots T Transport|Aircraft|Personal Aviation Records|Oldest pilots 20 22 24 26 105954|1558 231754|3408 164774|2423 137328|0 236192|135 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Aviation Records: Oldest pilots The world's oldest pilot was Ed McCarty (b. 18 Sep 1885) of Kimberley, ID, who in 1979 was flying his rebuilt 30-year-old Ercoupe at the age of 94. ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Aviation Records: Most flying hours T Transport|Aircraft|Personal Aviation Records|Most flying hours 20 22 24 26 106022|1559 186058|2736 164638|2421 137328|1 175106|332 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Aviation Records: Most flying hours ^<4 Pilot ^>4 John Edward Long (USA; b. 10 Nov 1915) between 1 May 1933 and 17 Sep 1991 logged 56,400 hr 5 min of flight time as a pilot---cumulatively more than six years airborne. ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Aviation Records: Most planes flown T Transport|Aircraft|Personal Aviation Records|Most planes flown 20 22 24 26 106090|1560 186126|2737 164706|2422 137328|2 175106|333 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Aviation Records: Most planes flown James B. Taylor, Jr. (1897-1942) flew 461 different types of powered aircraft during his 25 years as an active experimental test and demonstration pilot for the US Navy and a number of American aircraft manufacturing companies. ^ -END- -CTRL- Model Aircraft: Altitude, speed and duration T Transport|Aircraft|Model Aircraft|Altitude, speed and duration 20 22 24 26 106158|1561 26734|393 144646|2127 137554|0 23878|145 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Model Aircraft: Altitude, speed and duration ^<4 Highest altitude and greatest distance ^>4 Maynard L. Hill (USA), flying radio-controlled models, established the world record for altitude of 26,922 ft on 6 Sep 1970, and on 4 Jul 1983 he set a closed-circuit distance record of 1,231 miles. ^ ^<n ^<4 Fastest speed ^>4 The free-flight speed record is 213.70 mph, achieved by V. Goukoune and V. Myakinin, with a radio-controlled model at Klementyevo, Russia on 21 Sep 1971. ^<4 Duration ^>4 ^<n The record duration flight is one of 33 ^ hr 32 min 30 sec by A. Smolentsev flying a radio-controlled glider at Planerskoye, Ukraine on 2-4 Sep 1983. ^<n An indoor model with a wound rubber motor designed by J. Richmond (USA) set a duration record of 52 min 14 sec on 31 Aug 1979. ^<n ^ Jean-Pierre Schiltknecht flew a solar-driven model aircraft for a duration of 10 hr 43 min 51 sec at Wetzlar, Germany on 10 July 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Model Aircraft: Smallest T Transport|Aircraft|Model Aircraft|Smallest 20 22 24 26 106226|1562 248142|3649 144782|2129 137554|1 258628|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Model Aircraft: Smallest The smallest to fly is one weighing 0.004 oz, powered by an attached horsefly and designed by insectonaut Don Emmick of Seattle, WA. On 24 Jul 1979 an Emmick flew for 5 minutes at Kirkland, WA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Model Aircraft: Paper aircraft T \p8\D09\390616gb Transport|Aircraft|Model Aircraft|Paper aircraft 20 22 24 26 106294|1563 108130|1590 17826|262 144714|2128 350|5 137554|2 169216|7 22596|13 -PCAP- This paper aircraft was built by 17 pupils from four high schools at Hampton, VA. With a wing span of 309 ft 6 in it flew a distance of 114 ft 9 in at the NASA Langley Research Center Hangar, Hampton, VA, on 25 Mar 1992. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Model Aircraft: Paper aircraft ^<4 Duration ^>4 The level flight duration record for a hand-launched paper aircraft is 16.89 sec, by Ken Blackburn in the Reynolds Coliseum, North Carolina State University, on 29 Nov 1983. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest flying paper ^ airplane, with a wingspan of 30 ft 6 in, was constructed by pupils of various schools in Hampton, VA and flown on 25 Mar 1992. It was launched indoors from a 10-ft-high platform and flown for a distance of 114 ft 9 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Kite Flying: Longest T Transport|Aircraft|Kite Flying|Longest 20 22 24 26 106362|1564 140294|2063 114318|1681 137780|0 139100|173 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records are all recognized by ^I Magazine. ^ -TEXT- Kite Flying: Longest The longest kite flown was 3,394 ft in length. It was made and flown by Michel Trouillet and a team of helpers at Nimes, France on 18 Nov 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Kite Flying: Largest T Transport|Aircraft|Kite Flying|Largest 20 22 24 26 106430|1565 102486|1507 114250|1680 137780|1 91334|298 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records are all recognized by ^I Magazine. ^ -TEXT- Kite Flying: Largest The largest kite flown was one of 5,952 sq ft. It was first flown by a Dutch team on the beach at Scheveningen, Netherlands on 8 Aug 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Kite Flying: Highest T Transport|Aircraft|Kite Flying|Highest 20 22 24 26 106498|1566 68010|1000 114182|1679 137780|2 71062|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records are all recognized by ^I Magazine. ^ -TEXT- Kite Flying: Highest A record classic height of 31,955 ft was reached by a train of eight kites over Lindenberg, Germany on 1 Aug 1919. ^<n The altitude record for a single kite is 12,471 ft, in the case of a kite flown by Henry Helm Clayton and A.E. Sweetland at the ^ Blue Hill Weather Station, Milton, MA on 28 Feb 1898. ^ -END- -CTRL- Kite Flying: Fastest T Transport|Aircraft|Kite Flying|Fastest 20 22 24 26 106566|1567 23878|351 114046|1677 137780|3 23878|103 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records are all recognized by ^I Magazine. ^ -TEXT- Kite Flying: Fastest The fastest speed attained by a kite was 120 mph for a kite flown by Pete Di Giacomo at Ocean City, MD on 22 Sep 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Kite Flying: Greatest lift T Transport|Aircraft|Kite Flying|Greatest lift 20 22 24 26 106634|1568 49174|723 114114|1678 137780|4 52992|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records are all recognized by ^I Magazine. ^ -TEXT- Kite Flying: Greatest lift The greatest lift by a single kite was one of 728 lb, achieved by a kite flown by G. William Tyrrell, Jr., also at Ocean City, MD on 23 Sep 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Kite Flying: Most on a single line T Transport|Aircraft|Kite Flying|Most on a single line 20 22 24 26 106702|1569 178918|2631 114454|1683 137780|5 175106|228 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records are all recognized by ^I Magazine. ^ -TEXT- Kite Flying: Most on a single line The greatest number of kites flown on a single line is 11,284, by Sadao Harada and a team of helpers at Sakurajima, Kagoshima, Japan on 18 Oct 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Kite Flying: Longest duration T Transport|Aircraft|Kite Flying|Longest duration 20 22 24 26 106770|1570 140362|2064 114386|1682 137780|6 139100|174 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records are all recognized by ^I Magazine. ^ -TEXT- Kite Flying: Longest duration The longest recorded flight is one of 180 hr 17 min by the Edmonds Community College team at Long Beach, WA from 21-29 Aug 1982. Managing the flight of this J-25 parafoil was Harry N. Osborne ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Oldest industry T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Oldest industry 20 22 24 26 106838|1571 225702|3319 51418|756 138598|0 236192|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Oldest industry The oldest-known industry is flint knapping, involving the production of chopping tools and hand axes, dating from 2.5 million years ago in Ethiopia. The earliest evidence of trading in exotic stone and amber dates from ^I . 28,000 B.C. in ^ Europe. Agriculture is often described as "the oldest industry in the world," but in fact there is no firm evidence yet that it was practiced before ^I . 11,000 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Oldest company T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Oldest company 20 22 24 26 106906|1572 225634|3318 51350|755 11978|176 138598|1 236192|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Oldest company The Faversham Oyster Fishery Co. is referred to in the Faversham Oyster Fishing Act of 1930 as having existed "from time immemorial," i.e., in English law, from before 1189. ^<n The oldest existing documented company is Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags ^ of Falun, the Swedish industrial and forestry enterprise, which has been in continuous operation since the 11th century. It is first mentioned in historical records in the year 1288, when a Swedish bishop bartered an eighth share in the ^ enterprise, and it was granted a charter in 1347. Originally concerned with the mining and processing of copper, it is now the largest privately-owned power producer in Sweden. In June 1991 it was reported, however, that the company was closing ^ down its 1,000-year-old copper mine at Falun. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest company T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest company 20 22 24 26 106974|1573 89770|1320 50398|741 138598|2 91334|111 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest company The largest manufacturing company in the world is General Motors Corporation of Detroit, MI, with operations throughout the world and a workforce of 756,300. In addition to its core business of motor vehicles and components, the company produces ^ defense and aerospace materials and provides computer and communication services. Its assets in 1991 were $184.3 billion, with sales totaling $123.8 billion. Despite these figures, however, the company announced a loss of $4.45 billion for the ^ year, representing the largest loss in US history and the second largest ever. (See Greatest loss.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest employer T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest employer 20 22 24 26 107042|1574 89974|1323 50602|744 138598|3 91334|114 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest employer The world's largest employer is Indian Railways, with 1,646,704 employees on 31 Mar 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Greatest sales T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Greatest sales 20 22 24 26 107110|1575 47066|692 49990|735 138598|4 52992|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Greatest sales The first company to surpass the $1 billion mark in annual sales was the United States Steel (now USX) Corporation of Pittsburgh, PA in 1917. ^<n The ^I list of leading industrial corporations in April 1992 is headed by the ^ General Motors Corporation of Detroit, MI, with sales of $123.8 billion for 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Greatest profit T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Greatest profit 20 22 24 26 107178|1576 46930|690 49854|733 138598|5 52992|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Greatest profit The greatest net profit ever made by a corporation in 12 months is $7.6 billion, by American Telephone and Telegraph Co. (AT&T) from 1 Oct 1981 to 30 Sep 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Greatest loss T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Greatest loss 20 22 24 26 107246|1577 46862|689 49786|732 138598|6 52992|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Greatest loss The Argentine-government-owned oil company Yacimientos Petroliferos (YPF) was reported to have had a trading loss of $4.6 billion in 1983. ^<n The record private company deficit, and the greatest loss reported by an American company, was $4.45 ^ billion, posted by General Motors Corporation for 1991. (See Largest company.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Highest takeover bid T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Highest takeover bid 20 22 24 26 107314|1578 65086|957 50058|736 138598|7 71062|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Highest takeover bid The highest bid in a corporate takeover was $21 billion, for RJR Nabisco Inc., the tobacco, food and beverage company, by the Wall Street leveraged buyout firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), which offered $90 a share on 24 Oct 1988. By 1 Dec 1988 ^ the bid, led by Henry Kravis, had reached $109 per share to then total $25 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest bankruptcies T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest bankruptcies 20 22 24 26 107382|1579 89702|1319 50330|740 138598|8 91334|110 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest bankruptcies Rajendra Sethia (b. 1950) was arrested in New Delhi, India on 2 Mar 1985 on charges including criminal conspiracy and forgery. He had been declared bankrupt by the High Court in London, Great Britain on 18 Jan 1985, when Esal Commodities was said ^ to be in debt for a record 170 million pounds ($177 million). His personal debts were estimated at 140 million pounds ($146 million). ^<n William G. Stern (b. 1936) of London, Great Britain, a US citizen since 1957, who set up the Wilstar Group ^ Holding Co. in the London property market in 1971, was declared bankrupt for 104 million pounds ($235 million) in February 1979. This figure rose to 143 million pounds ($272 million) by February 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Greatest auction T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Greatest auction 20 22 24 26 107450|1580 46658|686 49582|729 138598|9 52992|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Greatest auction The greatest auction was of the Hughes Aircraft Co. for $5 billion by General Motors of Detroit, MI on 5 Jun 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Greatest barter deal T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Greatest barter deal 20 22 24 26 107518|1581 46726|687 49650|730 138598|10 52992|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Greatest barter deal The biggest barter in trading history was 30 million barrels of oil, valued at $1,710 million, exchanged for ten Boeing 747s for the Royal Saudi Airline in July 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Greatest rummage sale T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Greatest rummage sale 20 22 24 26 107586|1582 46998|691 49922|734 138598|11 52992|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Greatest rummage sale The Cleveland Convention Center, OH White Elephant Sale (instituted 1933) on 18-19 Oct 1983 raised $427,935.21. The greatest amount of money raised at a one-day sale was $195,388.53 at the 59th one-day rummage sale organized by the Winnetka ^ Congregational Church, IL on 9 May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Greatest faux pas T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Greatest faux pas 20 22 24 26 107654|1583 46794|688 49718|731 138598|12 52992|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Greatest faux pas If measured by financial consequence, the greatest ^I on record was that of the young multimillionaire James Gordon Bennett (1841-1918), committed on 1 Jan 1877 at the family mansion of his demure fiancee, one Caroline May, on Fifth ^ Avenue in New York City. Bennett arrived in a two-horse carriage, late and obviously drunk. By dint of intricate footwork, he entered the drawing room, where he was the center of attention. He mistook the fireplace for a plumbing fixture more ^ usually reserved for another purpose. The May family broke the engagement and Bennett was obliged to spend the rest of his footloose and fancy-free life based in Paris, France, with the resultant noncollection of millions of dollars in tax by the ^ US Treasury. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest accountants T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest accountants 20 22 24 26 107722|1584 89634|1318 50262|739 138598|13 91334|109 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest accountants The world's largest firm of accountants and management consultants is KPMG Peat Marwick McLintock, whose worldwide fee income totaled $6.0 billion at 30 Sep 1991. The company had over 76,000 employees and 819 offices at the end of April 1992. In ^ the United States KPMG also had the most offices at 135. Arthur Andersen & Co., SC, had the most sales in the United States, at $2.5 billion and had 26,790 employees. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Banks T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Banks 20 22 24 26 107790|1585 169398|2491 49378|726 138598|14 175106|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Banks ^<4 Largest ^>4 The world's largest multilateral development bank is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, founded on 27 Dec 1945 and known as the World Bank. Based in Washington, D.C., the bank had an authorized share ^ capital of $174.7 billion on 30 Jun 1991. There were 156 members with a subscribed capital of $139.1 billion on 30 Jun 1991, at which time the World Bank also had unallocated reserves and accumulated net income of $11.9 billion. ^<n The ^ International Monetary Fund (IMF), also in Washington, D.C., had 156 members with an aggregate quota or special drawing rights of $92 billion as of 19 Oct 1991. ^<n ^<4 Commercial ^>4 The world's biggest commercial bank is the Dai-Ichi Kangyo ^ Bank Ltd of Japan, with assets on 31 Mar 1990 of $428.2 billion. ^<n The largest commercial bank in the United States is Citibank, N.A., located in New York City, with total assets of $216.9 billion and deposits of $146.5 billion as of 31 Dec ^ 1991. ^<n ^<4 Most branches ^>4 The bank with most branches is the State Bank of India, which had 12,462 outlets on 1 Jan 1991 and assets of $37.4 billion. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest bank in the United States in continuous operation is ^ The Bank of New York, founded in 1834 by Alexander Hamilton. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest piggy bank T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest piggy bank 20 22 24 26 107858|1586 90450|1330 51078|751 138598|15 91334|121 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest piggy bank The largest piggy bank in the United States measures 6 ft 11 in high x 10 ft x 17 ft 2 in and answers to the name of Penny the Pig. Created by Mary Ann Spanagel and Coldwell Banker Real Estate of Pittsburgh, PA, Penny is used to raise money for the ^ homeless in Pennsylvania. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest confectioners T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest confectioners 20 22 24 26 107926|1587 89838|1321 50466|742 138598|16 91334|112 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest confectioners The largest chocolate and confectionary factory is the one built by Hershey Chocolate United States in Hershey, PA in 1903-05. It has 2 million sq ft of floor space. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Department stores T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Department stores 20 22 24 26 107994|1588 169466|2492 49514|728 138598|17 175106|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Department stores ^<4 Most ^>4 Woolworth Corporation now operates more than 8,700 general stores worldwide. Frank Winfield Woolworth opened his first store, "The Great Five Cent Store," in Utica, NY on 22 Feb 1879. The net income for 1990 was $317 million. ^<n ^ ^<4 Largest ^>4 The world's largest department store is R.H. Macy & Co. Inc. at Herald Square, New York City. It covers 50.5 acres and its employees handle 400,000 items. Total sales for the company's 150 stores in 1990 were $7.3 billion. ^ Rowland Hussey Macy's sales on his first day in his fancy goods store on Sixth Avenue, on 27 Oct 1858, were recorded as $11.06. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest drug stores T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest drug stores 20 22 24 26 108062|1589 89906|1322 50534|743 138598|18 91334|113 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest drug stores The largest chain of drug stores in the world is Rite Aid Corporation of Shiremanstown, PA, which in 1991 had 2,452 branches throughout the United States. The Walgreen Co. of Deerfield, IL has fewer stores, but a larger volume of sales, totaling ^ $6.9 billion in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest employment agency T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest employment agency 20 22 24 26 108130|1590 90042|1324 50670|745 138598|19 91334|115 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest employment agency The world's largest employment services group is Manpower, with worldwide sales of all their brand units of $3.5 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest grocery stores T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest grocery stores 20 22 24 26 108198|1591 90110|1325 50738|746 138598|20 91334|116 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest grocery stores The largest grocery chain in the United States is American Stores, of Salt Lake City, UT, with 1991 sales of $22.2 billion. Kroger Co. of Cincinnati, OH has the most stores in the United States with 2,214. ^<n ^<4 Sales per unit area ^>4 Stew ^ Leonard's Supermarket in Norwalk, CT has the greatest sales per unit area in the United States, with sales of $3,636 per sq ft for the calendar year 1991 (total sales $120,501,770). ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest menswear store T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest menswear store 20 22 24 26 108266|1592 90246|1327 50874|748 138598|21 91334|118 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest menswear store The world's largest store selling only men's suits and accessories is Slater Menswear of Glasgow, Great Britain, which has a weekly turnover in excess of 2,000 suits. The store covers 40,250 sq ft and stocks over 17,000 suits at any one time. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Biggest toy store T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Biggest toy store 20 22 24 26 108334|1593 1302|19 49446|727 138598|22 7328|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Biggest toy store The world's biggest toy store is Hamleys, founded in 1760 in London, Great Britain. Its selling space covers 45,000 sq ft on six floors, and it employs 400 staff during the Christmas season. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Insurance companies T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Insurance companies 20 22 24 26 108402|1594 89498|1316 50126|737 138598|23 91334|107 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Insurance companies The company with the highest volume of insurance in force in the world is the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. of New York City, with $1.0271 trillion at year end 1991. The Prudential Insurance Company of America of Newark, NJ has the greatest ^ volume of consolidated assets, totaling $189.1 billion in 1991. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest single insurance association in the world is the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, the American-based hospital insurance organization. It had ^ a membership of 68.1 million in 1991, and benefits paid out totaled $60 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Insurance policies T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Insurance policies 20 22 24 26 108470|1595 65154|958 50194|738 138598|24 71062|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Insurance policies ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest life insurance policy ever issued was for $100 million, bought by a major American entertainment corporation on the life of a leading American entertainment industry figure. The policy was sold in July 1990 by Peter ^ Rosengard of London, Great Britain and was placed by Shel Bachrach of Albert G. Ruben & Co. Inc. of Beverly Hills, CA and Richard Feldman of the Feldman Agency, East Liverpool, OH with nine insurance companies to spread the risk. ^<n ^<4 Highest ^ payout ^>4 The highest payout on a single life was reported on 14 Nov 1970 to be some $18 million to Linda Mullendore, widow of an Oklahoma rancher. Her murdered husband had paid $300,000 in premiums in 1969. ^<n ^<4 Largest marine insurance ^ loss ^>4 The largest-ever marine insurance loss was approximately $836 million for the Piper Alpha Oil Field in the North Sea, Great Britain. On 6 Jul 1988 a leak from a gas compression chamber underneath the living quarters ignited and ^ triggered a series of explosions that blew Piper Alpha apart. Of the 232 people on board, only 65 survived. The largest sum claimed for consequential losses was approximately $1.7 trillion against owning, operating and building corporations and ^ Claude Phillips, resulting from the 55-million-gallon oil spill from MT ^I on the Brittany coast, France on 16 Mar 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest law firms T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest law firms 20 22 24 26 108538|1596 90178|1326 50806|747 138598|25 91334|117 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest law firms The world's largest law firm in terms of billings is Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, based in New York, which as of 31 Dec 1991 had sales of about $500 million. As of 30 Apr 1992 they had 1,000 lawyers, of whom 230 are partners, and there are ^ 19 offices worldwide. ^<n The largest firm in terms of offices and lawyers is Baker & McKenzie, which was founded in Chicago, IL in 1949 and now has 1,637 lawyers, 509 of whom are partners, and 44 offices in 27 countries. Billings for fiscal year ^ 1991 were $478 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest paper company T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest paper company 20 22 24 26 108606|1597 90314|1328 50942|749 138598|26 91334|119 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest paper company The world's largest producer of paper, fiber and wood products is International Paper of Purchase, NY, with sales in 1991 of $12.7 billion, a net income of $638 million and assets of $14.9 billion. The company employs 70,500 workers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest pharmaceutical company T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest pharmaceutical company 20 22 24 26 108674|1598 90382|1329 51010|750 138598|27 91334|120 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest pharmaceutical company The world's largest pharmaceutical company is Johnson & Johnson of New Brunswick, NJ. The company employed a work force of over 82,000, generating sales of $12.5 billion, net income of $1.5 billion in 1991. Total assets for the year were $10.5 ^ billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest public relations company T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest public relations company 20 22 24 26 108742|1599 51146|752 138598|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest public relations company The world's largest public relations firm is Burson Marsteller. Based in New York, the company had a net fee income of $210.372 million in 1990. Burson Marsteller operates 62 offices worldwide with a staff of 2,299. ^<n Hill and Knowlton Inc. has ^ most offices worldwide, with 68, in 25 countries. The company generated a net fee income solely within the United States of $119.66 million for 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Real estate T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Real estate 20 22 24 26 108810|1600 196122|2884 51486|757 138598|29 208038|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Real estate ^<4 Largest landowner ^>4 The world's largest landowner is the United States government, with a holding of 728 million acres, which is bigger than the world's eighth largest country, Argentina, and 12 times larger than Indiana. ^<n ^<4 Most ^ expensive ^>4 The most expensive piece of property ever recorded, the land around the central Tokyo retail food store Mediya Building in the Ginza district, was quoted in October 1988 by the Japanese National Land Agency at 358.5 million yen ^ per sq ft (then equivalent to $248,000). ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest retailer T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest retailer 20 22 24 26 108878|1601 90518|1331 51214|753 138598|30 91334|122 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest retailer The largest retailer in the United States was Wal-Mart, Inc. of Bentonville, AR with a sales volume of $44 billion and a net income of $1.6 billion, as of 31 Jan 1992. Wal-Mart was founded by Samuel Moore "Sam" Walton (1918-92) in Rogers, AR in ^ 1962, and as of April 1992 Wal-Mart had over 1,720 retail locations employing 365,000 workers. ^<n The largest retailing firm in the United States based on current assets is Sears, Roebuck and Co. (founded by Richard Warren Sears in North ^ Redwood, MN in 1886) of Chicago, IL, with $45.775 billion. Sears Merchandise Group had 956 retail stores, including 88 specialty stores, 33 catalog sales offices and 2,178 independent catalog merchants in the United States as of 31 Dec 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Savings and loan associations T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Savings and loan associations 20 22 24 26 108946|1602 90654|1333 51554|758 138598|31 91334|124 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Savings and loan associations ^<4 Largest ^>4 The world's biggest lender is the Japanese-government-controlled House Loan Corporation. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest savings and loan association (S&L) in the United States is Home Savings of America, FA in ^ Irwindale, CA. As of 30 Sept 1991 the company had total assets of $47.7 billion and total deposits of $39.2 billion. Home Savings also has the most branch offices of any S&L, with 333. Great Western Bank Association in Beverly Hills, CA has the ^ most deposit accounts, with 2.813 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Commerce: Largest Undertakers T Business World|Commerce|General Records|Largest Undertakers 20 22 24 26 109014|1603 51282|754 138598|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Commerce: Largest Undertakers The world's largest undertaking business is SCI (Service Corporation International) of Houston, TX, with 551 funeral homes and 126 cemeteries. Its annual revenue in this most recession-proof of industries in the year ending 31 Dec 1989 was $519 ^ million. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Largest budget T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Largest budget 20 22 24 26 109082|1604 109286|1607 152874|2248 141640|0 91334|398 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Largest budget The greatest governmental expenditure ever made by any country was $1.323 trillion by the United States government for the fiscal year 1991. The highest-ever revenue figure was $1.0543 trillion in the same fiscal year. An expenditure budget of $1.5 ^ trillion was sent to Congress on 29 Jan 1992 for the fiscal year 1993, which starts on 1 Oct 1992. ^<n The greatest fiscal surplus ever was $8,419,469,844 in the United States in 1947/48. The worst deficit was $268.7 billion in the US fiscal year ^ 1991, but this may be exceeded by the anticipated $399 billion for the fiscal year 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Foreign aid T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Foreign aid 20 22 24 26 109150|1605 184154|2708 152534|2243 141640|1 175106|304 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Foreign aid ^<4 Greatest donor ^>4 The greatest donor of foreign aid has been the United States---the total net foreign aid given by its government between 1 Jul 1945 and 1 Jan 1991 was $312.7 billion. ^<n ^<4 Most aid ^>4 The country receiving most US ^ aid in 1990 was Israel with $3.65 billion. Egypt was second with $2.25 billion. These totals are for both economic and military aid. US foreign aid began with $50,000 to Venezuela for earthquake relief in 1812. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Least taxed T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Least taxed 20 22 24 26 109218|1606 126966|1867 153078|2251 21838|321 141640|2 136828|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Least taxed The sovereign countries with the lowest income tax in the world are Bahrain and Qatar, where the rate is zero, regardless of income. No tax is levied on the Sarkese (inhabitants of Sark), in the Channel Islands, Great Britain. There is no taxation ^ in Tristan da Cunha apart from a nominal 65p a year paid by all males between the ages of 18 and 65. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The lowest income tax rate in United States history was 1 percent between 1913 and 1915. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Highest taxation rates T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Highest taxation rates 20 22 24 26 109286|1607 69982|1029 152738|2246 10958|161 141640|3 71062|108 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Highest taxation rates The country with the highest taxation is Norway, where the highest rate of income tax in 1992 is 65 percent, although additional personal taxes make it possible to be charged in excess of 100 percent. In January 1974 the 80 percent limit was ^ abolished there and some 2,000 citizens were then listed in the ^I as paying more than 100 percent of their taxable income. The shipping magnate Hilmar Reksten (1897-1980) was assessed at 491 percent. ^<n In Denmark the ^ highest rate of income tax is 68 percent, but a net wealth tax of 1 percent can result in tax of over 100 percent on income in extreme situations. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest income tax rate in United States history was implemented ^ in 1944 by the Individual Tax Act with a 91 percent bracket. The current highest income tax bracket is 33 percent. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Highest tax levy T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Highest tax levy 20 22 24 26 109354|1608 69914|1028 152670|2245 141640|4 71062|107 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Highest tax levy The highest recorded personal tax levy is one for $336 million on 70 percent of the estate of Howard Hughes. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Balance of payments T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Balance of payments 20 22 24 26 109422|1609 109218|1606 152466|2242 141640|5 91334|397 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Balance of payments ^<4 Largest deficit ^>4 The record balance of payments deficit for any country for a fiscal year is $143.7 billion in 1987 by the United States. The preliminary estimate for the United States balance of payments deficit for the year ending 1991 ^ was $8.6 billion. ^<n ^<4 Largest surplus ^>4 The record balance of payments surplus is $87.0 billion in 1987 by Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Largest debt T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Largest debt 20 22 24 26 109490|1610 109354|1608 152942|2249 141640|6 91334|399 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Largest debt The largest national debt of any country in the world is that of the United States, where the gross federal public debt of the federal government surpassed the trillion dollar mark on 30 Sep 1981. By the end of 1991 it had reached $3.81 trillion, ^ with net interest payments on the debt of $286.02 billion on 30 Sep 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Most foreign debt T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Most foreign debt 20 22 24 26 109558|1611 184222|2709 153146|2252 141640|7 175106|305 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Most foreign debt The country most heavily in overseas debt at the end of fiscal year 1991 was the United States, with $443.4 billion, although the size of its debt is small relative to its economic strength. Among developing countries, Brazil has the highest ^ foreign debt, with $123 billion at the end of 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Largest GNP T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Largest GNP 20 22 24 26 109626|1612 109422|1609 153010|2250 141640|8 91334|400 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Largest GNP The country with the largest GNP (gross national product) is the United States, which, having reached $3 trillion in 1981, was running at $5.67 trillion for the year ending 31 Dec 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Richest country T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Richest country 20 22 24 26 109694|1613 239370|3520 153282|2254 141640|9 253352|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Richest country The richest country as listed in the 1990 ^I ranking is Switzerland, which in 1988 had an average gross national product (GNP) per capita of $27,370. The United States, which had held the lead from 1910 to 1973, was sixth. ^ ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 It has been estimated that the value of all physical assets in the United States on 1 Jan 1983 was $12.5 trillion. By 31 December 1991 the per capita income for the United States was $19,135. ^<n According to figures ^ released by the Commerce Department's Bureau of Economic Analysis, in 1991 Connecticut enjoyed the highest per capita income level of any state ($25,881), while Mississippi continued to be the lowest ($13,343). Personal income totaled $19,135 per ^ person for 1991. ^<n The median household income in the United States in 1990 was $28,906. Connecticut enjoyed the highest level at $42,000 and Mississippi was the lowest at $19,774. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Poorest country T \p8\D09\3907132 Business World|Economics|National Finance|Poorest country 20 22 24 26 109762|1614 236106|3472 17894|263 153214|2253 141640|10 250138|0 23748|0 -PCAP- Mozambique, which achieved its independence from Portugal in 1975, is the poorest country in the world. Its economy has been devastated by civil war and drought; famine is widespread. (Photo: Rex Features/K. Nomachi) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Poorest country Mozambique had the lowest GNP per capita in 1990, with $100, although there are several sovereign countries for which the ^I is not able to include data. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Greatest gold reserves T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Greatest gold reserves 20 22 24 26 109830|1615 50534|743 152602|2244 141640|11 52992|80 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Greatest gold reserves The country with the greatest monetary gold reserves is the United States, whose Treasury held 261.88 million fine oz as of 31 Dec 1991. At $341.90 per fine oz (30 Mar 1992, NY COMEX closing price), their value was $89.54 billion. ^<n The United ^ States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, 30 miles southwest of Louisville, KY, has been the principal federal depository of US gold since December 1936. Gold is stored in 446,000 standard mint bars of 400 troy ounces measuring 7 x 3 5/8 x 1 5/8 ^ in. Gold's peak price was $875 per fine oz on 21 Jan 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Finance: Inflation T Business World|Economics|National Finance|Inflation 20 22 24 26 109898|1616 126898|1866 152806|2247 141640|12 136828|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Finance: Inflation The United States Department of Labor measures changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in twelve-month periods ending in December. The Bureau of Labor Statistics first began keeping the CPI in 1913. Since that time the change of the greatest ^ magnitude was a 20.4 percent increase for the twelve-month period ending December 1918, and the largest decline was -10.8 percent in December 1921. The largest peacetime increase, recorded in December 1979, was 13.3 percent. Figures are based on ^ the United States city average CPI for all urban consumers. ^<n ^<4 Worst ^>4 The world's worst inflation occurred in Hungary in June 1946, when the 1931 gold pengo was valued at 130 million trillion (1.3 x 10 to the power of 20) paper pengos. ^ Notes were issued for "Egymillard billion" (one sextillion or 10 to the power of 21) pengos on 3 June and withdrawn on 11 Jul 1946. Vouchers for 1 billion trillion (10 to the power of 27) pengos were issued for taxation payment only. On 6 Nov ^ 1923 Germany's Reichsbank marks circulation reached 400,338,326,350,700,000,000 and inflation was 755,700 millionfold at 1913 levels. ^<n The country with the worst inflation in 1990, the last year that has comparable figures, was Nicaragua, ^ where the rate was 13,500 percent, according to ^I . Inflation in the CIS (formerly part of the USSR) in April 1992 was variously reported to be running at 200 to 300 percent per month. ^<n ^<4 Least ^>4 The ^ countries with least inflation in 1990 were Burkina Faso and Niger, where the rate was 0.8 percent. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Richest men T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Richest men 20 22 24 27 109966|1617 239506|3522 239982|3529 7898|116 142566|0 253352|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Richest men Much of the wealth of the world's monarchs represents national rather than personal assets. The least fettered and most monarchical is HM Sir Muda Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (b. 15 Jul 1946) of Brunei. He appointed himself Prime ^ Minister, Finance Minister and Home Affairs Minister on 1 Jan 1984. ^I Magazine reported in September 1991 that his fortune was $31 billion. ^<n Of private citizens, the richest would appear to be Robson Walton (USA; b. 1946), son ^ of Sam Walton (1918-92), who built up the sales of the over 1,720 store chain Wal-Mart to $44 billion in 1991. Provided Robson, one of four children, receives over 20 percent of his late father's reputed fortune of $23 billion to add to his own ^ $9.9 billion, he will become the richest American with in excess of $10 billion. The only other estimated deca-billionaire is Taikichiro Mori of Japan, 88 years of age, with assets of $10 billion. (See also Largest retailer.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Richest women T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Richest women 20 22 24 27 110034|1618 239574|3523 240050|3530 142566|1 253352|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Richest women Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is asserted by some to be the wealthiest woman, and ^I of London, Great Britain estimated in April 1992 that she had assets worth 6.5 billion pounds ($10.1 billion). However, few of her assets ^ under the perpetual succession of the Crown are either personal or disposable, and her personal wealth was estimated at 500 million pounds ($900 million). An alternative estimate published by British magazine ^I in January ^ 1992 placed her personal wealth at much closer to 150 million pounds ($270 million). ^<n The cosmetician Madame C.J. Walker (nee Sarah Breedlove [USA]; 1867-1919) is reputed to have been the first self-made millionairess. She was an uneducated ^ black orphan whose fortune was founded on a hair relaxer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Richest families T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Richest families 20 22 24 27 110102|1619 239438|3521 239914|3528 142566|2 253352|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Richest families It has been tentatively estimated that the combined value of the assets nominally controlled by the Du Pont family of some 1,600 members may be on the order of $150 billion. The family arrived in the United States from France on 1 Jan 1800. Capital ^ from Pierre Du Pont (1730-1817) enabled his son Eleuthere Irenee Du Pont to start his explosives company in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Youngest millionaires T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Youngest millionaires 20 22 24 27 110170|1620 265958|3911 240118|3531 24014|353 142566|3 275964|75 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Youngest millionaires The youngest person ever to accumulate a million dollars was the American child film actor Jackie Coogan (1914-84), who co-starred with Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) in ^I , made in 1920. ^<n The youngest of the 71 billionaires reported ^ in the United States in 1992 was William Gates, 36, cofounder of Microsoft of Seattle, WA, whose ^I operating system enables an estimated 72 million of the United States' 90 million ^I (Personal Computers) to work. Gates ^ was 20 when he set up his company in 1976 and was a billionaire by 31. ^<n The youngest millionairess was Shirley Temple (b. 23 Apr 1928), now Mrs Charles Black, who accumulated wealth exceeding $1 million before she was 10. Her childhood acting ^ career spanned the years 1934 to 1939. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Earliest centimillionaire T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Earliest centimillionaire 20 22 24 27 110238|1621 16534|243 239166|3517 142566|4 13960|136 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Earliest centimillionaire The earliest dollar centimillionaire was Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877), who left $100 million in 1877. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: First billionaires T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|First billionaires 20 22 24 27 110306|1622 44890|660 239234|3518 142566|5 40936|169 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: First billionaires The first billionaires were John Davison Rockefeller (1839-1937) and Andrew William Mellon (1855-1937), with Rockefeller believed to be the first to have a billion dollars. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Greatest miser T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Greatest miser 20 22 24 27 110374|1623 52846|777 239370|3520 142566|6 52992|114 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Greatest miser If meanness is measurable as a ratio between expendable assets and expenditures, then Henrietta (Hetty) Howland Green (nee Robinson; 1835-1916), who kept a balance of over $31.4 million in one bank alone, was the all-time world champion. Her son ^ had to have his leg amputated because of her delays in finding a ^I medical clinic. She herself ate cold cereal because she was too thrifty to heat it. Her estate proved to be worth $95 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Highest incomes T \p8\D09\3808170 Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Highest incomes 20 23 25 28 110442|1624 74538|1096 17962|264 239506|3522 142566|7 71062|175 23748|1 -PCAP- The largest incomes derive from the collection of royalties per barrel by rulers of oil-rich sheikhdoms who have not formally revoked personal entitlement. Shaikh Zayid ibn Sultan an-Nuhayan (left, b. 1918), Head of State of the United Arab ^ Emirates, arguably has title to some $9 billion of the country's annual gross national product. (Photo: Gamma/Maous) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Highest incomes The largest incomes derive from the collection of royalties per barrel by rulers of oil-rich sheikhdoms who have not formally revoked personal entitlement. Shaikh Zayid ibn Sultan an-Nuhayan (b. 1918), head of state of the United Arab Emirates, ^ arguably has title to some $9 billion of the country's annual gross national product. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Largest dowry T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Largest dowry 20 22 24 27 110510|1625 124994|1838 239642|3524 142566|8 91334|629 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Largest dowry The largest recorded dowry was that of Elena Patino, daughter of Don Simon Iturbi Patino (1861-1947), the Bolivian tin millionaire, who in 1929 bestowed $39 million from a fortune at one time estimated to be worth $607.5 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Largest return of cash T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Largest return of cash 20 22 24 27 110578|1626 125130|1840 239778|3526 15854|233 142566|9 91334|631 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Largest return of cash The largest amount of cash ever found and returned to its owners was $500,000, discovered by Lowell Elliott, 61, on his farm in Peru, IN. It had been dropped in June 1972 by a parachuting hijacker. ^<n Jim Priceman, 44, assistant cashier at Doft & ^ Co. Inc., returned an envelope containing $37.1 million in ^I bearer certificates found outside 110 Wall Street to A.G. Becker Inc. of New York on 6 Apr 1982. In announcing a reward of $250, Becker was acclaimed as being "all ^ heart." ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Greatest bequests T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Greatest bequests 20 22 24 27 110646|1627 52778|776 239302|3519 142566|10 52992|113 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Greatest bequests The largest single bequest in the history of philanthropy was of the art collection belonging to the American publisher Walter Annenberg, which was worth $1 billion. He announced on 12 Mar 1991 that he would be leaving the collection to the ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. ^<n The largest single cash bequest was the $500 million gift, announced on 12 Dec 1955, to 4,157 educational and other institutions by the Ford Foundation (established 1936) of New York. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Charity fund-raising T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Charity fund-raising 20 22 24 27 110714|1628 193606|2847 239098|3516 142566|11 175106|443 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Charity fund-raising ^<4 Most raised ^>4 The "Sport Aid" event, conceived by Chris Long and organized by Bob Geldof, took place in 277 cities in 78 countries on 25 May 1986 and raised a worldwide figure of over $100 million. ^<n The greatest recorded amount raised ^ by a charity walk or run is $Can24.7 million by Terry Fox (1958-81) of Canada who, with an artificial leg, ran from St John's, Newfoundland to Thunder Bay, Ontario in 143 days from 12 Apr-2 Sep 1980. He covered 3,339 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Highest salary T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Highest salary 20 22 24 27 110782|1629 74606|1097 239574|3523 142566|12 71062|176 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Highest salary It was reported by the US government that Michael Milken, the "junk bond king" at Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., was paid $550 million in salary and bonuses in 1987. (See Judicial, Fines.) ^<n The world's highest-paid executive in 1991 was Anthony ^ "Tony" O'Reilly, chairman of Heinz, who received $75,085,000. This total included a salary of $1.1 million, stock options of $71.5 million (granted ten years ago and now considered income to the IRS), and bonuses. If stock-incentives are ^ included, Leon Hirsch, chief executive of U.S. Surgical, would have a total pay of $118 million, but this includes $109 million for stock options that cannot be exercised until later years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Highest fees T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Highest fees 20 22 24 27 110850|1630 74470|1095 239438|3521 142566|13 71062|174 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Highest fees The highest-paid investment consultant in the world is Harry D. Schultz, who lives in Monte Carlo and Zurich, Switzerland. His standard consultation fee for 60 minutes is $2,400 on weekdays and $3,400 on weekends. Most popular are the five-minute ^ phone consultations at $200 (i.e., $40 a minute). His "International Harry Schultz Letter," instituted in 1964, sells for $50 per copy. A life subscription costs $2,400. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Largest golden handshake T \p8\D09\3707131 Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Largest golden handshake 20 22 24 27 110918|1631 125062|1839 18030|265 239710|3525 142566|14 91334|630 23748|2 -PCAP- F. Ross Johnson received a record golden handshake of $53.8 million in February 1989. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Largest golden handshake ^I Magazine reported in May 1989 that the largest "golden handshake" ever given was one of $53.8 million, to F. Ross Johnson, who left RJR Nabisco as chairman in February 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wealth and Poverty: Longest pension T Business World|Economics|Wealth and Poverty|Longest pension 20 22 24 27 110986|1632 155934|2293 239846|3527 142566|15 139100|403 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Comparisons and estimates of extreme personal wealth are beset with intractable difficulties. Quite apart from reticence and the element of approximation in the valuation of assets, as Jean Paul Getty (1892-1976) once said: "If you can count your ^ millions you are not a billionaire." The term millionaire was invented ^I . 1740 and billionaire in 1861. ^ -TEXT- Wealth and Poverty: Longest pension Miss Millicent Barclay was born on 10 Jul 1872, three months after the death of her father, Col. William Barclay, and became eligible for a Madras Military Fund pension to continue until her marriage. She died unmarried on 26 Oct 1969, having ^ drawn the pension every day of her life of 97 years 3 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Paper Money: Earliest T Business World|Economics|Paper Money|Earliest 20 22 24 26 111054|1633 12930|190 160490|2360 143702|0 13960|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Paper Money: Earliest Paper money was an invention of the Chinese, first tried in A.D. 812 and prevalent by A.D. 970. The world's earliest banknotes ( ^I ) were issued in Stockholm, Sweden in July 1661, the oldest survivor being one of five dalers ^ dated 6 Dec 1662. ^ -END- -CTRL- Paper Money: Largest and smallest T Business World|Economics|Paper Money|Largest and smallest 20 22 24 26 111122|1634 111258|1636 160626|2362 143702|1 258628|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Paper Money: Largest and smallest The largest paper money ever issued was the one-guan note of the Chinese Ming Dynasty issue of 1368-99, which measured 9 x 13 in. ^<n The smallest national note ever issued was the 10-bani note of the Ministry of Finance of Romania, in 1917. It ^ measured (printed area) 1 1/16 x 1 1/2 in. Of German ^I , the smallest were the 1-3 pfg notes of Passau (1920-21), measuring 11/16 x 3/4 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Paper Money: Highest values T Business World|Economics|Paper Money|Highest values 20 22 24 26 111190|1635 70322|1034 160558|2361 15378|226 143702|2 71062|113 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Paper Money: Highest values The highest-value notes in circulation are US Federal Reserve $10,000 banknotes, bearing the head of Salmon P. Chase (1808-73). It was announced in 1969 that no further notes higher than $100 would be issued, and only 345 $10,000 bills remain in ^ circulation or unretired. The highest value ever issued by the US Federal Reserve System is a note for $100,000, bearing the head of Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), which is only used for transactions between the Federal Reserve and the Treasury ^ Department. ^ -END- -CTRL- Paper Money: Lowest values T Business World|Economics|Paper Money|Lowest values 20 22 24 26 111258|1636 160762|2364 160694|2363 143702|3 170594|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Paper Money: Lowest values The lowest value (and the lowest denomination) legal tender bank note is the 1-sen (or 1/100th of a rupiah) Indonesian note. Its exchange value in early 1992 was more than 201,000 to the dollar. ^ -END- -CTRL- Paper Money: Most expensive T Business World|Economics|Paper Money|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 111326|1637 197686|2907 160830|2365 143702|4 208038|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Paper Money: Most expensive The record price paid for a single lot of banknotes was 240,350 pounds ($478,900 including buyer's premium) by Richard Lobel, on behalf of a consortium, at Phillips, London, Great Britain on 14 Feb 1991. The lot consisted of a cache of British ^ military notes which were found in a vault in Berlin, Germany, and contained more than 17 million notes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Paper Money: Most bills printed T Business World|Economics|Paper Money|Most bills printed 20 22 24 26 111394|1638 185310|2725 160762|2364 143702|5 175106|321 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Paper Money: Most bills printed The Department of the Treasury reported that in fiscal year 1991, 3.21 billion $1 bills were printed, the most of any denomination. Other bills were printed as follows: $5 (1.04 billion), $10 (0.81 billion), $20 (2.08 billion), $50 (0.13 billion) ^ and $100 (0.74 billion). ^ -END- -CTRL- Paper Money: Bank note collection T \p8\D09\3907129 Business World|Economics|Paper Money|Bank note collection 20 22 24 26 111462|1639 18098|266 160422|2359 143702|6 23748|3 -PCAP- A selection of banknotes from around the world. (Photo: Images Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Paper Money: Bank note collection Colin Dealey of Berkhamsted, Great Britain has accumulated banknotes from 184 different countries in the four years since he started collecting in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Oldest T Business World|Economics|Coins|Oldest 20 22 24 26 111530|1640 225498|3316 48970|720 144208|0 236192|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Oldest Electrum staters of King Gyges of Lydia, Turkey, have been dated to ^I 670 B.C. Chinese uninscribed "spade" money of the Zhou dynasty has been dated to ^I 770 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Earliest dated T Business World|Economics|Coins|Earliest dated 20 22 24 26 111598|1641 9054|133 48222|709 144208|1 13960|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Earliest dated The earliest dated coin is a Samian silver tetradrachm struck in Zankle (now Messina), Sicily, dated year 1, viz. 494 B.C. The earliest from the Christian era are the MCCXXXIIII (1234) Bishop of Roskilde coins from Denmark (6 known). ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Heaviest T Business World|Economics|Coins|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 111666|1642 58558|861 48290|710 144208|2 65726|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Heaviest The heaviest coin on record is the 43 lb 7 1/4 oz Swedish 10-daler copper plate, 1644. The largest coinlike medallion was completed on 21 Mar 1986 for the World Exposition in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Expo 86--a $1,000,000 gold piece. ^ Its dimensions were 37.5 in diameter and 3/4 in thick and it weighed 365 lb 15 oz, or 5,337 oz (troy) of gold. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Lightest T Business World|Economics|Coins|Lightest 20 22 24 26 111734|1643 128122|1884 48494|713 144208|3 138174|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Lightest The lightest coin is the 14,000 to the oz Nepalese silver 1/4 jawa c. 1740. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Most expensive set T \p8\D09\3907134 Business World|Economics|Coins|Most expensive set 20 23 25 27 111802|1644 196054|2883 18166|267 48698|716 78|1 144208|4 208038|9 23748|4 -PCAP- The most valuable set of coins is valued at $3,190,000. These nine US coins from 1804 and 1834 were once given to the King of Siam, and include an 1804 silver dollar with an estimated value of $2 million. On 28 May 1990 the coins were purchased by ^ Iraj Sayah and Terry Brand. (Photo: Numismatic News, Iola, WI) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Most expensive set $3,190,000 was paid for the King of Siam Proof Set, a set of 1804 and 1834 US coins which had once been given to the King of Siam. They were purchased by Iraj Sayah and Terry Brand at Superior Galleries, Beverly Hills, CA on 28 May 1990. Included ^ in the set of nine coins was the 1804 silver dollar, which had an estimated value of about $2,000,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Most expensive individual T \c8\D01\3808172z Business World|Economics|Coins|Most expensive individual 20 22 24 26 111870|1645 195986|2882 18234|268 48630|715 10|0 144208|5 208038|8 23748|5 -PCAP- The record price paid for an individual coin is $1,500,000, for this US 1907 Double Eagle Ultra High Relief $20 gold coin. It was sold by MTB Banking Corporation of New York to a private investor on 9 Jul 1990. (Photos: MTB Banking) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Most expensive individual $1,500,000 was paid for the US 1907 Double Eagle Ultra High Relief $20 gold coin, which was sold by MTB Banking Corporation of New York to a private investor on 9 Jul 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Highest priced collection T Business World|Economics|Coins|Highest priced collection 20 22 24 26 111938|1646 77734|1143 48358|711 144208|6 85040|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Highest priced collection The highest price ever paid for a coin collection was $25,235,360 for the Garrett family collection of US and colonial coins, which had been donated to Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. The sales were made at a series of four auctions held ^ on 28-29 Nov 1979 and 25-26 Mar 1981 at the Bowers & Ruddy Galleries in Wolfeboro, NH. The collection was put together by members of the Garrett family between 1860 and 1942. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Hoards T Business World|Economics|Coins|Hoards 20 22 24 26 112006|1647 213326|3137 48426|712 144208|7 226156|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Hoards ^<4 Most valuable ^>4 The most valuable hoard of coins was one of about 80,000 aurei found in Brescello near Modena, Italy in 1714, and believed to have been deposited ^I . 37 B.C. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest deliberately buried ^ hoard ever found was the Brussels hoard of 1908 containing ^I . 150,000 coins. ^<n The largest accidental hoard on record was the 1715 Spanish Plate Fleet, which sank off the coast of Florida. A reasonable estimate of its contents would ^ be some 60 million coins, of which about half were recovered by Spanish authorities shortly after the event. Of the remaining 30 million pieces, perhaps 500,000 have been recovered by modern salvagers. The other 29 1/2 million coins are, ^ presumably, still on the bottom of the sea, awaiting recovery. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The record in terms of weight is 47 tons of gold, from the White Star Liner HMS ^I , which was mined in 132 ft of water off Fanad Head, ^ Donegal, Ireland in 1917. The Royal Navy, Cossum Diving Syndicate and Consortium Recovery Ltd. have since recovered 3,191 of the 3,211 gold ingots. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Mints T \p8\D09\3907135a Business World|Economics|Coins|Mints 20 23 25 27 112074|1648 246170|3620 18302|269 48562|714 1370|20 144208|8 258628|28 23748|6 -PCAP- The Mint of the US Treasury at Independence Mall, PA was created by an act of Congress on 2 Apr 1792, although the current building was only completed in 1969. The Mint manufactures all US coins and distributes them through the Federal Reserve ^ banks and branches. It produces over 15 billion coins a year. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Mints ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest mint in the world is that of the US Treasury. It was built from 1965-69 on Independence Mall, Philadelphia and covers 11 1/2 acres, with an annual production capacity on a three-shift seven-day week of 15 billion ^ coins. A new high-speed stamping machine (called the "Graebner Press") can produce coins at a rate of 42,000 per hour. It can produce up to 310 million coins per week or over 15 billion coins in a year. In recent history, the record production ^ for coins was in 1982, when 19.5 billion were produced between the Philadelphia and Denver mints. ^<n ^<4 Smallest ^>4 The smallest issuing mint in the world belongs to the smallest state in the world--The Headquarters of the Sovereign ^ Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem--a recognized sovereign state with less than one acre of territory within the City of Rome. The state is recognized by no less than 35 countries throughout the world and has issued proof coins ^ since 1961. The single-press mint is housed in one small room within the main building. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Most popular T Business World|Economics|Coins|Most popular 20 22 24 26 112142|1649 169330|2490 48766|717 7558|111 144208|9 175106|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Most popular More than 250 billion pennies with Lincoln's head have been minted in the 80 years since the premiere issue of this coin in 1909 for the 100th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. If lined up, the 250 billion coins would stretch 2,808,586 miles, and if ^ piled up (17 to an inch) they would tower 220,851 miles into space. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Most valuable and longest lines T Business World|Economics|Coins|Most valuable and longest lines 20 22 24 26 112210|1650 134106|1972 48834|718 144208|10 139100|82 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Most valuable and longest lines The most valuable line of coins was made up of 662,353 quarters to a value of $165,588.25. It was 10 miles 5 ft 7 in long, and was laid at Central City Park, Atlanta, GA on 16 Mar 1985. ^<n The longest line of coins on record had a total length of ^ 27.33 miles and was made using 1,698,073 two-pence coins. It was laid by representatives from St John Ambulance, Cranleigh Division and helpers at Cranleigh, Great Britain on 10 Aug 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Most valuable column T Business World|Economics|Coins|Most valuable column 20 22 24 26 112278|1651 213462|3139 48902|719 144208|11 226156|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Most valuable column The most valuable column of coins was worth 18,701 pounds ($34,000) and was 6 ft 3 in high. It was built by Robert Young and a team of helpers at Notton, Great Britain on 18 Jun 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Coins: Copper mountain T Business World|Economics|Coins|Copper mountain 20 22 24 26 112346|1652 48154|708 144208|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Coins: Copper mountain The Copper Mountain, devised by Terry Pitts Fenby for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, at Selfridges, Oxford Street, in London, Great Britain, consisted of over 3 million coins accumulated in 350 days (24 May 1984-7 ^ May 1985), with a total value of 57,051.34 pounds ($69,032). ^ -END- -CTRL- Checks: Largest T \p8\D09\us07128 Business World|Economics|Checks|Largest 20 23 25 27 112414|1653 88614|1303 18370|270 44618|656 145134|0 91334|94 23748|7 -PCAP- The greatest amount paid by a single check in the history of banking was 1.425 trillion pounds sterling ($2.494 trillion). Issued on 11 Jul 1989, the check represented a payment from the expiring Abbey National Building Society in favor of the ^ newly created Abbey National plc. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Checks: Largest The greatest amount paid by a single check in the history of banking was 1.425 trillion pounds ($2.494 trillion). Issued on 11 Jul 1989 and signed by three treasurers, the check represented a payment from the expiring Abbey National Building ^ Society in favor of the newly created Abbey National plc. A larger one, for $4,176,969,623.57, was drawn on 30 Jun 1954, although this was an internal US Treasury check. ^ -END- -CTRL- Checks: Earliest drawn T \p8\D09\3707136 Business World|Economics|Checks|Earliest drawn 20 23 25 27 112482|1654 8850|130 18438|271 44550|655 145134|1 13960|23 23748|8 -PCAP- This "drawn note" or check for 54 pounds 10s 10d (approximately $90) dated 1676 is believed to be the oldest example to survive with the corresponding ledger account. Drawn on C. Hoare & Co., the oldest independent bank in Great Britain (founded ^ 1672), it is shown here with a tankard made by the bank's founder, goldsmith Richard Hoare (1648-1718), together with the leather bottle used as the bank's logo and assorted gold and silver coins of the period. (Photo: C. Hoare & Co.) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Checks: Earliest drawn A "drawn note" or check for 54 pounds 10s 10d (approximately $90) dated 1676 is believed to be the oldest example to survive with the corresponding ledger account. It was drawn on C. Hoare & Co., the oldest independent bank in Great Britain ^ (founded 1672). ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: First labor union T Business World|Economics|Labor|First labor union 20 22 24 26 112550|1655 38498|566 114590|1685 145290|0 40936|75 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: First labor union The first officially recognized labor organization in the United States was formed by the Shoemakers and Coopers of Boston, MA. They were granted a three-year charter by King Charles II in 1648. The charter was not renewed. ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: Largest labor union T Business World|Economics|Labor|Largest labor union 20 22 24 26 112618|1656 102554|1508 114658|1686 145290|1 91334|299 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: Largest labor union The world's largest union is Professionalniy Soyuz Rabotnikov Agro-Promyshlennogo Kompleksa (Agro-Industrial Complex Workers' Union) in the former Soviet Union, with 15,000,000 members on 1 Apr 1992. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 As of 31 Aug 1991 ^ the largest union in the United States was the National Education Association (NEA), which has 2.11 million members. ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: Smallest labor union T Business World|Economics|Labor|Smallest labor union 20 22 24 26 112686|1657 247666|3642 114998|1691 145290|2 258628|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: Smallest labor union The ultimate in small unions was the Jewelcase and Jewelry Display Makers Union (JJDMU), founded in 1894. It was dissolved on 31 Dec 1986 by its general secretary, Charles Evans. The motion was seconded by Fergus McCormack, its only other surviving ^ member. ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: Longest name T Business World|Economics|Labor|Longest name 20 22 24 26 112754|1658 140430|2065 114726|1687 145290|3 139100|175 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: Longest name The union with the longest name is the International Association of Marble, Slate and Stone Polishers, Rubbers and Sawyers, Tile and Marble Setters' Helpers and Marble, Mosaic and Terrazzo Workers' Helpers, or the IAMSSPRSTMSHMMTWH, of Washington, ^ D.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: Earliest labor dispute T Business World|Economics|Labor|Earliest labor dispute 20 22 24 26 112822|1659 11026|162 114522|1684 145290|4 13960|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: Earliest labor dispute A labor dispute concerning monotony of diet and working conditions was recorded in 1153 B.C. in Thebes, Egypt. The earliest recorded strike was one by an orchestra leader named Aristos from Greece, in Rome ^I . 309 B.C. The dispute ^ concerned meal breaks. ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: Longest strike T Business World|Economics|Labor|Longest strike 20 22 24 26 112890|1660 140498|2066 114794|1688 23334|343 145290|5 139100|176 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: Longest strike The world's longest recorded strike ended on 4 Jan 1961, after 33 years. It concerned the employment of barbers' assistants in Copenhagen, Denmark. ^<n The longest recorded major strike in the world was that at the plumbing fixtures factory of the ^ Kohler Co. in Sheboygan, WI, between April 1954 and October 1962. The strike is alleged to have cost the United Automobile Workers' Union about $12 million to sustain. ^<n According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the most work stoppages ^ occurred in 1952, with 470 strikes. In this same year 2.75 million workers, the highest ever, were involved in work stoppages employing 1,000 or more. The peak year for most days idle was 1959, with 60.85 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: Unemployment T Business World|Economics|Labor|Unemployment 20 22 24 26 112958|1661 160150|2355 115066|1692 145290|6 170594|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: Unemployment ^<4 Lowest ^>4 In December 1973 in Switzerland (population 6.6 million), the total number of unemployed was reported to be 81. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest annual unemployment average in United States history was 24.9 percent, or ^ 12,830,000 people, in 1933 during the Great Depression, and the lowest average was 1.2 percent, or 670,000 people, in 1944 during World War II. These figures are based on a labor force aged fourteen and older. Since 1948 the United States ^ Department of Labor has kept statistics based on household members aged sixteen and older. According to these figures, the highest annual unemployment average since 1948 was 9.7 percent, or 10,717,000 people, in 1982, and the lowest was 2.9 ^ percent, or 1,834,000 people, in 1953. ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: Longest working career T Business World|Economics|Labor|Longest working career 20 22 24 26 113026|1662 140566|2067 114862|1689 145290|7 139100|177 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: Longest working career The longest working life was one of 98 years by Mr Izumi (see Human Being, Oldest authentic centenarian), who began work goading draft animals at a sugar mill at Isen, Tokunoshima, Japan in 1872. He retired as a sugar cane farmer in 1970 at the age ^ of 105. ^ -END- -CTRL- Labor: Longest working week T Business World|Economics|Labor|Longest working week 20 22 24 26 113094|1663 140634|2068 114930|1690 145290|8 139100|178 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Labor: Longest working week A case of a working week of 142 hours (with an average each day of 3 hr 42 min 51 sec for sleep) was recorded in June 1980 by Dr Paul Ashton, 32, the anesthetics registrar at Birkenhead General Hospital, Merseyside, Great Britain. He described the ^ week in question as "particularly bad but not untypical." ^ -END- -CTRL- Energy Consumption: Highest and lowest T \p8\D09\3907135b Business World|Economics|Energy Consumption|Highest and lowest 20 23 25 27 113162|1664 159742|2349 18506|272 75150|1105 145936|0 170594|10 23748|9 -PCAP- A view of Paro Valley and Rimpung Dzon, Bhutan. Despite its valleys being wide and fertile, Bhutan is one of the poorest and least-developed countries in the world. About 90 percent of its labor force is involved in producing food crops. (Photo: ^ Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- To express the various forms of available energy (coal, liquid fuels, water power, etc., but omitting vegetable fuels and peat), it is the practice to convert them all into terms of coal. ^ -TEXT- Energy Consumption: Highest and lowest The highest consumption in the world is in the US Virgin Islands, with an average of 597.4 cwt per person per year. The highest in a sovereign country is 430.7 cwt in Qatar. ^<n The lowest average is 28.6 lb per person, most recently recorded in ^ Bhutan in 1987. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The Energy Information Administration reports that in 1990, total consumption of energy in the United States was 81.508 quadrillion Btu (British thermal units---the amount of energy needed to raise the ^ temperature of 1 lb of water one degree at 39.2 deg F). Total consumption of coal was 18.807 quadrillion Btu; natural gas, 20.156 quadrillion Btu; petroleum, 32.720 quadrillion Btu; hydroelectric power, 3.082 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric ^ power, 6.543 quadrillion Btu. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Oldest and largest T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Oldest and largest 20 22 24 26 113230|1665 121730|1790 213326|3137 146022|0 236192|178 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Oldest and largest The oldest stock exchange of the 138 listed throughout the world is that of Amsterdam, Netherlands, founded in 1602 with dealings in printed shares of the United East India Company of the Netherlands in the Oude Zijds Kapel. The largest in trading ^ volume in 1990 was Tokyo, with $1.45 trillion, ahead of New York City with $957 billion and London, Great Britain with $608.5 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: New York Stock Exchange T \p8\D09\3808173 Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|New York Stock Exchange 20 22 24 26 113298|1666 18574|273 213258|3136 146022|1 23748|10 -PCAP- The New York Stock Exchange in 1987, a year in which records were set for a day's trading (over 608 million shares), the greatest decline in a day (508 points), and the highest price paid for a seat ($1.15 million). (Photo: Gamma/Liaison) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: New York Stock Exchange The market value of stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange reached an all-time high of $3.2 trillion at the end of March 1991. The record day's trading was 608,148,710 shares on 20 Oct 1987, compared with 16,410,030 shares on 29 Oct 1929, the ^ "Black Tuesday" of the famous "crash," a record unsurpassed until April 1968. ^<n The largest stock trade in the history of the New York Stock Exchange was a 48,788,800-share block of Navistar International Corporation stock at $10 in a ^ $487,888,000 transaction on 10 Apr 1986. ^<n The highest price paid for a seat on the New York Stock Exchange was $1.15 million in 1987. The lowest 20th-century price was $17,000 in 1942. ^<n ^<4 Closing prices ^>4 The highest index figure on ^ the Dow Jones Industrial average (instituted 8 Oct 1896) of selected stocks at the close of a day's trading was 3,413.21 on 1 Jun 1992. The index closed above 3,000 points for the first time on 17 Apr 1991, at 3,004.46, although it had edged past ^ the 3,000 barrier on Friday 13 Jul 1990 after a strong run. ^<n The Dow Jones Industrial average, which reached 381.71 on 3 Sep 1929, plunged 30.57 points on 29 Oct 1929, on its way to the Depression's lowest point of 41.22 on 2 Jul 1932. The ^ largest decline in a day, 508 points (22.6 percent), occurred on 19 Oct 1987. ^<n The total lost in security values from 1 Sep 1929 to 30 Jun 1932 was $74 billion. The greatest paper loss in a year was $210 billion in 1974. ^<n The record daily ^ increase on 21 Oct 1987 was 186.84 points to 2,027.85. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Largest flotation T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Largest flotation 20 22 24 26 113366|1667 121458|1786 212918|3131 146022|2 91334|577 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Largest flotation The largest-ever flotation in stock market history was the 5.2 billion pounds ($9.9 billion) sale of the 12 British regional electricity companies to 5.7 million stockholders at the end of 1990. ^<n The earlier flotation of British Gas plc in 1986 ^ had an equity offer that produced the higher sum of 7.75 billion pounds ($10.85 billion), but to only 4.5 million stockholders. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Most valued company T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Most valued company 20 22 24 26 113434|1668 191294|2813 213190|3135 146022|3 175106|409 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Most valued company The greatest aggregate market value of any corporation at 6 Mar 1992 was $125 billion for Exxon of Irving, TX. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Stockholders attendance, greatest T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Stockholders attendance, greatest 20 22 24 26 113502|1669 51622|759 213394|3138 146022|4 52992|96 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Stockholders attendance, greatest A total of 20,109 stockholders attended the annual general meeting in April 1961 of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co. (AT & T), thereby setting a world record. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Largest rights issue T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Largest rights issue 20 22 24 26 113570|1670 121594|1788 213054|3133 146022|5 91334|579 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Largest rights issue The largest recorded rights issue was one of 921 million pounds ($1.57 billion) by Barclays Bank, Great Britain, announced on 7 Apr 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Largest stock offering T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Largest stock offering 20 22 24 26 113638|1671 121662|1789 213122|3134 146022|6 91334|580 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Largest stock offering On 19 May 1992 General Motors Corp. offered the biggest common-stock issue in the United States, with 55 million shares at $39 per share for a total offering of $2.15 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Highest gold prices T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Highest gold prices 20 22 24 26 113706|1672 79502|1169 212714|3128 146022|7 85040|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Highest gold prices The highest closing spot price for gold on the Commodities Exchange (COMEX) in New York City was $875.00 per fine oz on 21 Jan 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Highest silver prices T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Highest silver prices 20 22 24 26 113774|1673 79570|1170 212850|3130 146022|8 85040|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Highest silver prices The highest closing spot price for silver on the Commodities Exchange (COMEX) in New York City was $50.35 per fine oz on 18 Jan 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Highest par value T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Highest par value 20 22 24 26 113842|1674 73110|1075 212782|3129 146022|9 71062|154 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Highest par value The highest denomination of any share quoted in the world is a single share in Moeara Enim Petroleum Corporation, worth 165,000 Dutch florins ($75,500) on 17 Aug 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Stock Exchanges: Largest investment house T Business World|Economics|Stock Exchanges|Largest investment house 20 22 24 26 113910|1675 121526|1787 212986|3132 146022|10 91334|578 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Stock Exchanges: Largest investment house The largest securities company in the United States, and formerly the world's largest partnership, with 124 partners before becoming a corporation in 1959, is Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. (founded 6 Jan 1914) of New York. At the end ^ of 1991, the company had a net revenue of $7.3 billion, together with a net income of $696.1 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postal Services: Largest mail service T Business World|Economics|Postal Services|Largest mail service 20 22 24 26 113978|1676 113502|1669 174770|2570 146808|0 91334|460 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postal Services: Largest mail service The country with the largest mail service in the world is the United States, whose population mailed 165.851 billion letters and packages at the end of the fiscal year 1991, when the US Postal Service employed 748,961 people, with the world's ^ largest civilian vehicle fleet of 185,513 cars and trucks. The average number of letters and packages per capita was 661. There are 39,985 post offices in the US. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postal Services: Oldest mailboxes T Business World|Economics|Postal Services|Oldest mailboxes 20 22 24 26 114046|1677 232366|3417 174906|2572 146808|1 236192|144 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postal Services: Oldest mailboxes The first organized system of roadside mailboxes was established in 1653 in Paris, France, to facilitate the interchange of correspondence in the city. The mailboxes were erected at the intersections of main thoroughfares and were emptied three ^ times a day. ^<n The practice of numbering houses began on the Pont Notre Dame, in Paris, France in 1463. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postal Services: Most post offices T Business World|Economics|Postal Services|Most post offices 20 22 24 26 114114|1678 187554|2758 174838|2571 146808|2 175106|354 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postal Services: Most post offices The country with the greatest number of post offices is India, with 144,829 in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Earliest T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Earliest 20 22 24 26 114182|1679 13610|200 174022|2559 147034|0 13960|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Earliest The earliest stamp is the 1 d Penny Black of Great Britain, Queen Victoria, which was put on sale at the General Post Office (GPO), on 1 May 1840. 68,158,080 were printed. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The earliest US stamps, put on sale in New York ^ City on 1 Jul 1847, are the 5-cent red-brown Benjamin Franklin, 3,712,200 issued, and the 10-cent black George Washington, 891,000 issued. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Earliest adhesive T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Earliest adhesive 20 22 24 26 114250|1680 13678|201 174090|2560 147034|1 13960|94 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Earliest adhesive The earliest adhesive stamps were those used for local delivery by the City Dispatch Post established in New York City 15 Feb 1842. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Highest price (auction) T \p8\D09\3707139 Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Highest price (auction) 20 23 25 27 114318|1681 79026|1162 18642|274 174226|2562 14834|218 147034|2 85040|42 23748|11 -PCAP- The record price for stamps sold at an auction in the US is $1.1 million (including buyer's premium), for the "Curtiss Jenny" plate block of four 24 cent stamps from 1918 with an inverted image of an aeroplane, bought by an unnamed American ^ executive at Christie's, New York, on 12 Oct 1989. (Photo: Christie's) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Highest price (auction) The highest price paid at auction is Sw.Fr. 3,400,000 ($2,400,000), including the buyer's premium. This was paid for a Penny Black, 2 May 1840 cover, bought at Harmers, Lugano, Switzerland, on behalf of a Japanese buyer on 23 May 1991. ^<n The ^ highest price for a for a philatelic item is 203,500 pounds ($350,000), including buyer's premium. This was paid for a Bermuda 1854 Perot Postmasters' Stamp affixed to a letter, 1d red on bluish wove paper, sold by Christie's Robson Lowe, London, ^ Great Britain on 13 Jun 1991. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 $1.1 million (including buyer's premium) was paid for a "Curtiss Jenny" plate block of four 24-cent stamps from 1918 with an inverted image of an airplane. They were bought by an unnamed ^ American executive at Christie's, New York on 12 Oct 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Largest purchase T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Largest purchase 20 22 24 26 114386|1682 113434|1668 174294|2563 147034|3 91334|459 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Largest purchase $11 million was paid for the Marc Haas collection of 3,000 US postal and pre-postal covers to 1869 by Stanley Gibbons International Ltd of London, Great Britain in August 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Largest (special) T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Largest (special) 20 22 24 26 114454|1683 113366|1667 174362|2564 147034|4 91334|458 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Largest (special) ^<4 Largest (special) ^>4 9 3/4 x 2 3/4 in Express Delivery of China, 1913. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 3 3/4 x 2 in 1865 newspaper stamps. ^<n ^<4 Largest (standard) ^>4 6.3 x 4.33 in Marshall Islands 75-cent issued 30 Oct 1979. ^<n ^<4 ^ United States ^>4 1 1/11 x 1 5/11 in 5-cent blue and carmine Air Beacon issued 25 Jul 1928, and 2-cent black and carmine George Rogers Clark issued 25 Feb 1929. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Smallest T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Smallest 20 22 24 26 114522|1684 249230|3665 174634|2568 147034|5 258628|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Smallest The smallest stamps are the 0.31 x 0.37 in. 10-cent and 1-peso Colombian State of Bolivar, 1863-66. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Highest denomination T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Highest denomination 20 22 24 26 114590|1685 71954|1058 174158|2561 147034|6 71062|137 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Highest denomination The highest denomination stamps are the $10,000. Documentary and Stock Transfer stamps, 1952-58. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest denomination is the $100 Indian Maiden, 1895-97 ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Lowest denomination T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Lowest denomination 20 22 24 26 114658|1686 161578|2376 174430|2565 147034|7 170594|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Lowest denomination The lowest denomination stamp is the 3,000 pengo of Hungary. Issued 1946 when 604.5 trillion pengo =1 cent. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The lowest denomination US stamps are the 1/2 cent earliest sepia Nathan Hale, 1925; the George Washington, ^ 1932; and the Benjamin Franklin, 1938 and 1954. ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Rarest T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Rarest 20 22 24 26 114726|1687 238214|3503 174566|2567 147034|8 250310|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Rarest Unique examples include: the British Guiana (now Guyana) 1-cent black on magenta of 1856; the Swedish 3-skilling banco yellow color error of 1855; the Gold Coast provisional of 1885; and the US postmaster stamp from Boscowen, NH and Lockport, NY. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Most expensive T \p8\D09\3808174 Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Most expensive 20 23 25 27 114794|1688 197822|2909 18710|275 174498|2566 147034|9 208038|35 23748|12 -PCAP- Relative to their total face value, the most expensive stamps ever produced were the 1847 1-penny and 2-penny Mauritius "Post Office" stamps, shown here on a letter of the period. J. Barnard was paid ten guineas (10.50 pounds [approximately $16]) ^ for engraving the die and printing 500 of each. Thus the production costs far outweighed the revenue from sales, as the total face value of the 1,000 stamps was only 6.25 pounds (approximately $10). (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Most expensive Relative to their total face value, the most expensive stamps ever produced were the 1847 1-penny and 2-penny Mauritius "Post Office" stamps. J. Barnard was paid ten guineas (10.50 pounds [approximately $16]) for engraving the die and printing 500 ^ of each. Thus the production costs far outweighed the revenue from sales, as the total face value of the 1,000 stamps was only 6.25 pounds (approximately $10). ^ -END- -CTRL- Postage Stamps: Stamp licking T Business World|Economics|Postage Stamps|Stamp licking 20 22 24 26 114862|1689 174702|2569 147034|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Postage Stamps: Stamp licking John Kenmuir of Hamilton, Strathclyde, Scotland, Great Britain licked and affixed 393 stamps in 4 min at the BBC TV studios on 26 Sep 1990, later shown on the BBC ^I TV program. ^ -END- -CTRL- Agriculture: Origins T Business World|Agriculture|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 114930|1690 282|4 148536|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Agriculture: Origins It has been estimated that about 21 percent of the world's land surface is cultivable and that only 7.6 percent is actually under cultivation. ^<n Evidence adduced in 1971 from Nok Nok Tha and Spirit Cave, Thailand tends to confirm that plant ^ cultivation was part of the Hoabinhian culture ^I . 11,000 B.C., but it is still likely that hominids (humans and their human-like ancestors) probably survived for 99.93 percent of their known history without cultivating plants or ^ domesticating animals. ^<n A village site found near Nineveh, Iraq, dated provisionally to 9000 B.C., shows evidence of agricultural practices. The earliest evidence for maize cultivation comes from samples taken of sediments in Lake Ayauchi, ^ near the Rio Santiago tributary of the Amazon, which were dated to at least 5300 years ago. Rice was grown in China by ^I . 5000 B.C. at Hemudu, near Shanghai. ^<n ^<4 Animal husbandry ^>4 It has been suggested that reindeer ( ^I ) may have been domesticated as early as 18,000 B.C., but definite proof is still lacking. The earliest definite date for the horse ( ^I ) is ^I . 4350 B.C. from Dereivka, Ukraine, but evidence ^ from southern France indicates that horses may have been tethered earlier than 30,000 B.C. The oldest evidence for the possible domestic use of camels ( ^I ) came from a site at Sihi, Saudi Arabia, where a jawbone has been ^ carbon-dated to ^I . 7200-7100 B.C. ^<n The earliest-known animals domesticated for food were probably descendants of the wild goats of Bezoar ( ^I ), which were herded at Asiah, Iran ^I . 7700 B.C. ^ Sheep ( ^I ) have been dated to ^I . 7200 B.C. at Argissa Magula in Thessaly, Greece, and pigs ( ^I ) and cattle ( ^I ) to ^I . 7000 B.C. at the same site. Chickens ^ were domesticated before 6000 B.C. in Indochina, and by 5900-5400 B.C. had spread to North China, as shown by radiocarbon dating from a Neolithic site at Peiligang, near Zhengzhou, and also at Wu'an Cishan and Tengxian Beixin. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fisheries: Leading nation T \p8\D09\3907138 Business World|Agriculture|Fisheries|Leading nation 20 22 24 26 114998|1691 18778|276 83990|1235 148622|0 24674|0 -PCAP- Japan, although no longer the world's foremost fishing nation, still leads the world in imports, with $10 billion worth of marine and freshwater fish imported annually. (Photo: Rex Features/K. Nomachi) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fisheries: Leading nation United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization figures for 1989 (the last year for which comparable data is available) showed the world's leading fishing nation to be the former USSR, with a total catch of 12.46 million tons, followed by China ^ (12.35 million tons) and Japan (12.35 million tons). The United States was in sixth place with 6.3 million tons from a worldwide level of 109.7 million tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fisheries: Highest valued catch T Business World|Agriculture|Fisheries|Highest valued catch 20 22 24 26 115066|1692 66718|981 83922|1234 148622|1 71062|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fisheries: Highest valued catch The record value for a catch by a single trawler is $473,957 from a 41,776 ton catch by the Icelandic vessel ^I at Hull, Great Britain on 11 Aug 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fisheries: Greatest catch T Business World|Agriculture|Fisheries|Greatest catch 20 22 24 26 115134|1693 48290|710 83854|1233 148622|2 52992|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fisheries: Greatest catch The greatest catch ever recorded from a single throw is 2,724 tons by the purse seine-net boat M/S ^I from Hareide, Norway in the Barents Sea on 28 Aug 1986. It was estimated that more than 120 million fish were caught in this shoal. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Largest T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Largest 20 22 24 26 115202|1694 96094|1413 78414|1153 148848|0 91334|204 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Largest The largest farms in the world were ^I --collective farms in the former USSR. These were reduced in number from 235,500 in 1940 to 26,900 in 1988 and represented a total cultivated area of 417.6 million acres. Units of over 60,000 ^ acres were not uncommon. ^<n The pioneer farm owned by Laucidio Coelho near Campo Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil ^I . 1901 covered 3,358 sq mi and supported 250,000 head of cattle at the time of the owner's death in 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Largest cattle ranch T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Largest cattle ranch 20 22 24 26 115270|1695 96162|1414 78482|1154 148848|1 91334|205 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Largest cattle ranch Until 1915 the Victoria River Downs Station in Northern Territory, Australia had an area of 35,000 sq mi. The world's largest cattle ranch is currently the 11,600 sq mi Anna Creek ranch in South Australia owned by the Kidman family. The biggest ^ component is Strangway at 5,500 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Largest chicken farm T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Largest chicken farm 20 22 24 26 115338|1696 96230|1415 78550|1155 11094|163 148848|2 91334|206 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Largest chicken farm The Croton Egg Farm in Ohio has 4.8 million hens laying some 3.7 million eggs daily. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Largest community garden T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Largest community garden 20 22 24 26 115406|1697 96298|1416 78618|1156 148848|3 91334|207 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Largest community garden The largest such project is the one operated by the City Beautiful Council and the Benjamin Wegerzyn Garden Center in Dayton, OH. It comprises 1,173 plots, each measuring 812 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Hop growers T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Hop growers 20 22 24 26 115474|1698 96026|1412 78346|1152 148848|4 91334|203 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Hop growers The world's leading hop growers are John I. Haas Inc., with farms in Idaho, Oregon and Washington; Tasmania, Australia; and Kent, Great Britain, covering a total net area of 5,163 acres. ^<n ^<4 Largest field ^>4 The largest hop field covers ^ 1,715 acres near Toppenish, WA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Mushroom farm T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Mushroom farm 20 22 24 26 115542|1699 66446|977 78890|1160 148848|5 71062|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Mushroom farm ^<4 Largest farm ^>4 The world's largest mushroom farm is owned by Moonlight Mushrooms Inc. and was founded in 1937 in a disused limestone mine near Worthington, PA. The farm employs over 1,000 people who work in a maze of underground galleries ^ 110 miles long, producing over 22,500 tons of mushrooms per year. ^<n ^<4 Highest consumption ^>4 The French annual consumption of mushrooms is unrivaled at 7 lb per capita. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Largest pig farm T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Largest pig farm 20 22 24 26 115610|1700 96366|1417 78686|1157 148848|6 91334|208 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Largest pig farm The world's largest pig farm is the Sljeme pig unit in Yugoslavia, which is able to process 300,000 pigs in a year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Largest rice farm T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Largest rice farm 20 22 24 26 115678|1701 96434|1418 78754|1158 148848|7 91334|209 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Largest rice farm The largest wild rice ( ^I ) farm in the world is that of Clearwater Rice Inc. in Clearbrook, MN, covering 2,000 acres. In 1986 it yielded 577,000 lb, the largest amount to date. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Sheep ranch T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Sheep ranch 20 22 24 26 115746|1702 96638|1421 78958|1161 148848|8 91334|212 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Sheep ranch ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest sheep ranch in the world is Commonwealth Hill, in the northwest of South Australia. It grazes between 50,000 and 70,000 sheep, along with 24,000 uninvited kangaroos, in an area of 4,080 sq mi enclosed by 138 miles of ^ dog-proof fencing. The head count on Sir William Stevenson's 40,970 acre Lochinver station in New Zealand was 114,016 on 1 Jan 1992. ^<n ^<4 Largest sheep move ^>4 The largest sheep move on record occurred when 27 horsemen moved a flock of ^ 43,000 sheep 40 miles from Barcaldine to Beaconsfield station, Queensland, Australia in 1886. ^ -END- -CTRL- Farms: Largest turkey farm T Business World|Agriculture|Farms|Largest turkey farm 20 22 24 26 115814|1703 96502|1419 78822|1159 148848|9 91334|210 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Farms: Largest turkey farm The world's largest turkey farm is that of Bernard Matthews plc in Norfolk, Great Britain, where 2,600 employees tend 9 million turkeys. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Barley T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Barley 20 22 24 26 115882|1704 57062|839 149564|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Barley The total amount of land farmed for barley production in the 1991/92 season was estimated to be 78.4 million hectares, with total production of 169.0 million metric tons and an average yield of 2.2 metric tons per hectare. ^<n ^<4 United States ^ ^>4 In 1991 3.4 million hectares of barley were farmed in the United States, with an average yield of 2.97 metric tons per hectare and a total production of 10.1 million metric tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Corn T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Corn 20 22 24 26 115950|1705 57198|841 149564|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Corn The total amount of land used for growing corn in 1991/92 was estimated to be 130.6 million hectares, producing 520 metric tons, of which 97 million metric tons was produced by China from an estimated 21.5 million hectares. ^<n ^<4 United States ^ ^>4 In 1991 27.9 million hectares of corn were farmed in the United States, yielding 6.82 metric tons of corn per hectare, for a total of 189.9 million metric tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Cotton T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Cotton 20 22 24 26 116018|1706 57266|842 149564|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Cotton The total area of land used for cotton production in 1991/92 was estimated to be 33 million hectares, giving a total production of 87 million bales, each weighing 480 lb. The leading cotton producer is China, with figures estimated at 20.7 million ^ such bales from 5.6 million hectares. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In 1991 4.7 million hectares were planted for cotton production in the United States. The average yield per hectare was 0.71 metric tons, with a total production of 15.5 million ^ 480-lb bales. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Oats T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Oats 20 22 24 26 116086|1707 57402|844 149564|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Oats The worldwide production of oats in 1991/92 was an estimated 32.5 million metric tons harvested from about 20.4 million hectares. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In 1991 1.9 million hectares of oats were farmed in the United States, with an average ^ yield of 1.81 metric tons per hectare and a total production of 3.5 million metric tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Potatoes T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Potatoes 20 22 24 26 116154|1708 57538|846 149564|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Potatoes In 1991 1.4 million acres of potatoes were farmed in the United States with an average yield of 13.8 metric tons per acre and a total production of 18.97 million metric tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Rice T \c8\D01\3907140z Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Rice 20 22 24 26 116222|1709 18846|277 57606|847 149564|5 24674|1 -PCAP- Contrasting view of fields in India, which uses 42.6 million hectares of its land to farm rice. About half of the world's population is totally dependent on rice as the staple food. (Photos: Zefa) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Rice About half of the world's population, including virtually the whole of East Asia, is totally dependent on rice as the staple food. The estimated total amount of land used for rice production in 1991/92 was 147 million hectares, with India leading ^ in the area farmed, at 42.6 million hectares. The world's leading producer, however, is China, with estimated yields of 189.3 million metric tons from 33.1 million hectares. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In 1991 1.1 million hectares of rice were ^ planted in the United States, with an average yield of 6.2 metric tons per hectare and a total production of 7.1 million metric tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Sugar beets T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Sugar beets 20 22 24 26 116290|1710 65290|960 57674|848 149564|6 71062|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Sugar beets ^<4 Highest yield ^>4 The highest recorded yield for sugar beets is 62.4 tons per acre by Andy Christensen and Jon Giannini in the Salinas Valley, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Sugar cane T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Sugar cane 20 22 24 26 116358|1711 57742|849 149564|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Sugar cane In 1991 898,000 acres of sugar cane were planted in the United States, with an average yield per acre of 30.6 metric tons and a total production of 27.5 million metric tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Wheat T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Wheat 20 22 24 26 116426|1712 91810|1350 57810|850 149564|8 91334|141 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Wheat An estimated 222.1 million hectares of land was used for wheat production worldwide in 1991/92, giving a yield of 541.6 million metric tons. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In 1991/92 23.3 million hectares of wheat were farmed in the United States, ^ with an average yield of 2.31 metric tons per hectare and a total production of 53.9 million metric tons. ^<n ^<4 Largest field ^>4 The largest single fenced field sown with wheat measured 35,000 acres and was sown in 1951 southwest of ^ Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Plowing T \p8\D09\3707141 Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Plowing 20 23 25 27 116494|1713 20546|302 18914|278 57470|845 149564|9 23878|54 24674|2 -PCAP- The fastest recorded time for ploughing one acre under the rules of the UK's Society of Ploughmen Ltd is 9 min 49.88 sec by Joseph Langcake, using an IH 7140 Magnum tractor and a Kverneland four-furrow plough at Hornby Hall Farm, Brougham, Great ^ Britain on 21 Oct 1989. (Photo: Blackyskes Photographic) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Plowing The world championship (instituted 1953) has been staged in 18 countries and won by competitors from 12 nations. Great Britain has been most successful, winning ten championships. The only person to take the title three times is Hugh B. Barr of ^ Northern Ireland, in 1954-56. ^<n ^<4 Fastest time for plowing an acre ^>4 The fastest recorded time for plowing an acre by the Society of Ploughmen (Great Britain) rules is 9 min 49.88 sec by Joe Langcake at Hornby Hall Farm, Brougham, Great ^ Britain on 21 Oct 1989. He used a case IH 7140 Magnum tractor and a Kverneland four-furrow plow. ^<n ^<4 Greatest area plowed ^>4 The greatest area plowed with a six-furrow plow to a depth of 9 in in 24 hours is 173 acres. This was achieved by ^ Richard Gaisford and Peter Gooding of Wiltshire Young Farmers, using a Case IH tractor and a Lemken plow, at Manor Farm, Pewsey, Great Britain on 25-26 Sep 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Baling T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Baling 20 22 24 26 116562|1714 56994|838 149564|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Baling A rick of 40,400 bales of straw was built between 22 Jul and 3 Sep 1982 by Nick and Tom Parsons with a gang of eight at Cuckoo Pen Barn Farm, Birdlip, Great Britain. It measured 150 x 30 x 60 ft high and weighed some 784 tons. The team baled, ^ hauled and ricked 24,200 bales in seven consecutive days from 22-29 July. ^<n Svend Erik Klemmensen of Trustrup, Djursland, Denmark baled 220 tons of straw in 9 hr 54 min using a Hesston 4800 baling machine on 30 Aug 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Bale rolling T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Bale rolling 20 22 24 26 116630|1715 56926|837 149564|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Bale rolling Michael Priestley and Marcus Stanley of Heckington Young Farmers Club rolled a 3-ft-11-in-wide cylindrical bale over a 164-ft course in 18.06 sec at the Lincolnshire Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs annual sports day at Sleaford, Great Britain on ^ 25 Jun 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Combine harvesting T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Combine harvesting 20 22 24 26 116698|1716 57130|840 149564|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Combine harvesting Philip Baker of West End Farm, Merton, Great Britain harvested 182.5 tons of wheat in eight hours using a Massey Ferguson MF 38 combine on 8 Aug 1989. On 9 Aug 1990 an international team from CWS Agriculture, led by estate manager Ian Hanglin, ^ harvested 394.73 tons of wheat in eight hours from 108.72 acres at Cockayne Hatley Estate, Sandy, Great Britain. The equipment consisted of a Claas Commandor 228 combine fitted with a Shelbourne Reynolds SR 6000 stripper head. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crop Production: Field to loaf T Business World|Agriculture|Crop Production|Field to loaf 20 22 24 26 116766|1717 20478|301 57334|843 149564|13 23878|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crop Production: Field to loaf The fastest time for producing 13 loaves (a baker's dozen) from growing wheat is 21 min 22 sec, by Wheat Montana at Three Forks, MT on 29 Aug 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Livestock Prices: Cattle T Business World|Agriculture|Livestock Prices|Cattle 20 22 24 27 116834|1718 78278|1151 120234|1768 150560|0 85040|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Some exceptionally high livestock auction prices are believed to result from collusion between buyer and seller to raise the ostensible price levels of the breed concerned. Others are marketing and publicity exercises with little relation to true ^ market prices. ^ -TEXT- Livestock Prices: Cattle The highest price ever paid was $2.5 million for the beefalo (a 3/8 bison, 3/8 Charolais, 1/4 Hereford) Joe's Pride, sold by D. C. Basalo of Burlingame, CA to the Beefalo Cattle Co. of Calgary, Canada on 9 Sep 1974. ^ -END- -CTRL- Livestock Prices: Cow T Business World|Agriculture|Livestock Prices|Cow 20 22 24 27 116902|1719 78346|1152 120302|1769 14902|219 150560|1 85040|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Some exceptionally high livestock auction prices are believed to result from collusion between buyer and seller to raise the ostensible price levels of the breed concerned. Others are marketing and publicity exercises with little relation to true ^ market prices. ^ -TEXT- Livestock Prices: Cow The highest price paid for a cow is $1.3 million for a Holstein at auction in East Montpelier, VT in 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Livestock Prices: Goat T Business World|Agriculture|Livestock Prices|Goat 20 22 24 27 116970|1720 78482|1154 120438|1771 150560|2 85040|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Some exceptionally high livestock auction prices are believed to result from collusion between buyer and seller to raise the ostensible price levels of the breed concerned. Others are marketing and publicity exercises with little relation to true ^ market prices. ^ -TEXT- Livestock Prices: Goat On 25 Jan 1985 an Angora buck bred by Waitangi Angoras of Waitangi, New Zealand was sold to Elliott Brown Ltd of Waipu, New Zealand for NZ $140,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Livestock Prices: Draft horse T Business World|Agriculture|Livestock Prices|Draft horse 20 22 24 27 117038|1721 78414|1153 120370|1770 150560|3 85040|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Some exceptionally high livestock auction prices are believed to result from collusion between buyer and seller to raise the ostensible price levels of the breed concerned. Others are marketing and publicity exercises with little relation to true ^ market prices. ^ -TEXT- Livestock Prices: Draft horse The highest price paid for a draft horse is $47,000 by C.G. Good of Ogden, IA for the seven-year-old Belgian stallion Farceur at Cedar Falls, IA on 16 Oct 1917. ^ -END- -CTRL- Livestock Prices: Pig T Business World|Agriculture|Livestock Prices|Pig 20 22 24 27 117106|1722 78550|1155 120574|1773 150560|4 85040|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Some exceptionally high livestock auction prices are believed to result from collusion between buyer and seller to raise the ostensible price levels of the breed concerned. Others are marketing and publicity exercises with little relation to true ^ market prices. ^ -TEXT- Livestock Prices: Pig The highest price ever paid for a pig is $56,000 for a cross-bred barrow named Bud, owned by Jeffrey Roemisch of Hermleigh, TX and bought by E.A. Bud Olson and Phil Bonzio on 5 Mar 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Livestock Prices: Sheep T Business World|Agriculture|Livestock Prices|Sheep 20 22 24 27 117174|1723 78618|1156 120642|1774 150560|5 85040|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Some exceptionally high livestock auction prices are believed to result from collusion between buyer and seller to raise the ostensible price levels of the breed concerned. Others are marketing and publicity exercises with little relation to true ^ market prices. ^ -TEXT- Livestock Prices: Sheep The highest price ever paid for a sheep is $A450,000 ($358,750) by Willogoleche Pty Ltd for the Collinsville stud "JC&S 43'' at the 1989 Adelaide Ram Sales, South Australia. ^<n ^<4 Wool ^>4 The highest price ever paid for wool is $A3,008.5 per ^ kg greasy wool for a bale of Tasmania superfine at the wool auction in Tasmania, Australia on 23 Feb 1989 by Fujii Keori Ltd of Osaka, Japan--top bidders since 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Livestock Prices: Lowest price T Business World|Agriculture|Livestock Prices|Lowest price 20 22 24 27 117242|1724 160218|2356 120506|1772 150560|6 170594|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Some exceptionally high livestock auction prices are believed to result from collusion between buyer and seller to raise the ostensible price levels of the breed concerned. Others are marketing and publicity exercises with little relation to true ^ market prices. ^ -TEXT- Livestock Prices: Lowest price The lowest price ever realized for livestock was at a sale at Kuruman, Cape Province, South Africa in 1934, where donkeys were sold for less than 2 p (less than 5 cents) each. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Largest producer T Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Largest producer 20 22 24 26 117310|1725 88274|1298 42306|622 151066|0 91334|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Largest producer As of 1990 the world's leading producer of cattle was India, with 271.4 million head from a world total of 1 billion head, in 1991. The leading producer of milk in 1991 was the former USSR, with preliminary estimates of 99 million tons. ^<n ^<4 ^ United States ^>4 In 1991 there were 100.1 million head of cattle farmed in the United States. The leading cattle producer was Texas with 13.6 million head. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Largest T Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Largest 20 22 24 26 117378|1726 88206|1297 42238|621 151066|1 91334|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Largest The heaviest breed of cattle is the Chianini, which was brought to the Chiana Valley in Italy from the Middle East in pre-Roman times. Four types of the breed exist, the largest of which is the Val di Chianini, found on the plains and low hills of ^ Arezzo and Sienna. Bulls average 5 ft 8 in at the forequarters and weigh 2,865 lb (compare with 1,873 lb for cows), but Chianini oxen have been known to attain heights of 6 ft 2 3/4 in. The sheer expense of feeding such huge cattle has put the ^ breed under threat of extinction in Italy, but farmers in North America, Mexico and Brazil are still enthusiastic buyers of the breed. ^<n The heaviest cattle on record was a Holstein-Durham cross named Mount Katahdin, exhibited by A.S. Rand of ^ Maine from 1906-10, which frequently weighed in at an even 5,000 lb. He was 6 ft 2 in at the shoulder with a 13 ft girth, and died in a barn fire ^I . 1923. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Smallest T Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Smallest 20 22 24 26 117446|1727 245898|3616 42578|626 151066|2 258628|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Smallest The smallest breed of domestic cattle is the Ovambo of Namibia. Bulls and cows average 496 lb and 353 lb respectively. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Oldest T Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Oldest 20 22 24 26 117514|1728 224818|3306 42442|624 151066|3 236192|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Oldest Big Bertha, a Dremon owned by Jerome O'Leary of Blackwatersbridge, County Kerry, Republic of Ireland celebrated her 48th birthday in 1992. (See also Cattle: Reproductivity.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Reproductivity T \p8\D09\3707142 Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Reproductivity 20 22 24 26 117582|1729 168514|2478 18982|279 42510|625 1914|28 151066|4 175106|75 24674|3 -PCAP- Big Bertha (b. 17 Mar 1944), a Dremon owned by Jerome O'Leary of Blackwatersbridge, Co. Kerry, Republic of Ireland, is the oldest and most prolific cow on record, having given birth to a total of 39 calves. (Photo: Jerome O'Leary) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Reproductivity ^<4 Most births ^>4 On 25 Apr 1964 it was reported that a cow named Lyubik had given birth to seven calves in Mogilev. A case of five live calves at one birth was reported in 1928 by T.G. Yarwood of Manchester, Great Britain. The lifetime ^ breeding record is 39 in the case of Big Bertha. (See Cattle: Oldest.) ^<n ^<4 Most progeny ^>4 Soender Jylland's Jens, a Danish black-and-white bull, left 220,000 surviving progeny by artificial insemination when he was put away at the age of ^ 11 in Copenhagen in September 1978. Bendalls Adema, a Friesian bull, died at the age of 14 in Clondalkin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland on 8 Nov 1978, having sired an estimated 212,000 progeny by artificial insemination. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Birth weights T Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Birth weights 20 22 24 26 117650|1730 128054|1883 42034|618 151066|5 138174|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Birth weights ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The heaviest recorded live birth weight for a calf is 225 lb for a British Friesian cow at Rockhouse Farm, Bishopston, Great Britain in 1961. On 28 May 1986 a Holstein cow owned by Sherlene O'Brien of Simitar Farms, Henryetta, ^ OK gave birth to a perfectly formed stillborn calf weighing 270 lb. The sire was an Aberdeen-Angus bull that had "jumped the fence." ^<n ^<4 Lightest ^>4 The lowest live birth weight recorded for a calf is 16 lb 7 1/2 oz for an Angus bull born ^ on the Utz family farm in Madison, VA on 6 Oct 1991. It stood 17 1/2 in at the hindquarters and measured 23 in overall. Another crossbred Angus calf owned by Leroy and Jo Seiner of Humansville, MO weighed 16 lb 12 oz at two weeks old and an ^ estimated 9 lb at birth on 12 Sep 1991. A healthy female calf weighing 14 lb 5 oz was born on 27 Oct 1991 on the farm of Ole Willumsgaard Lauridsen and Roos Verhoven in Hemmet, Denmark. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Milk yields T Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Milk yields 20 22 24 26 117718|1731 64678|951 42374|623 151066|6 71062|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Milk yields As of 1991, the world's leading producer of cow's milk was the former USSR, with 99 million tons. The United States produced 74.27 million tons in 1991. Wisconsin led the country, producing 12.2 million tons. ^<n ^<4 Highest yields ^>4 The ^ highest recorded world lifetime yield of milk is 465,224 lb by the unglamorously named cow No. 289 owned by M.G. Maciel & Son of Hanford, CA, to 1 May 1984. ^<n The greatest recorded yield for one lactation (maximum 365 days) is 55,661 lb in 1975 ^ by the Holstein Beecher Arlinda Ellen, owned by Mr and Mrs Harold L. Beecher of Rochester, IN. The highest reported milk yield in a day is 241 lb by a cow named Urbe Blanca in Cuba on or about 23 Jun 1982. ^<n ^<4 Hand-milking ^>4 Andy Faust ^ at Collinsville, OK in 1937 achieved a hand-milking yield of 88.2 gal in 12 hours. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Butterfat yields T \p8\D09\3707143 Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Butterfat yields 20 22 24 26 117786|1732 64542|949 19050|280 42102|619 151066|7 71062|29 24674|4 -PCAP- The world record for 365 days is 3,126 lb, by Roybrook High Ellen, a Holstein owned by Yashuhiro Tanaka of Tottori, Japan. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Butterfat yields ^<4 Highest yields ^>4 The world record lifetime yield is 16,370 lb by the US Holstein Breezewood Patsy Bar Pontiac in 3,979 days. ^<n The world record for 365 days is 3,126 lb by Roybrook High Ellen, a Holstein owned by Yashuhiro Tanaka of ^ Tottori, Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cattle: Cheese T \p8\D09\3707140 Business World|Agriculture|Cattle|Cheese 20 22 24 26 117854|1733 1166|17 19118|281 42170|620 151066|8 236192|32 24674|5 -PCAP- The most enthusiastic cheese-eaters are the people of France, who, in addition to consuming an annual average of 43.6 lb per person, also produce 240 of the world's 450 named cheeses. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cattle: Cheese ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest and most primitive cheeses are the Arabian ^I , made of the dried curd of goats' milk. Today there are 450 named cheeses in 18 major varieties, but many are merely named after different towns and differ only ^ in shape or the method of packing. France has 240 varieties. ^<n ^<4 Biggest producer ^>4 The world's biggest producer of cheese is the United States, with an estimated factory production of 223 million tons in 1991. ^<n ^<4 Highest ^ consumption ^>4 The most active cheese-eaters are the people of France, with an annual average of 43.6 lb per person. ^ -END- -CTRL- Goats: Largest T Business World|Agriculture|Goats|Largest 20 22 24 26 117922|1734 99834|1468 92898|1366 151712|0 91334|259 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Goats: Largest The largest goat ever recorded was a British Saanen named Mostyn Moorcock, owned by Pat Robinson of Ewyas Harold, Great Britain, which reached a weight of 400 lb (shoulder height 44 in and overall length 66 in). He died in 1977 at the age of four. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Goats: Smallest T Business World|Agriculture|Goats|Smallest 20 22 24 26 117990|1735 247326|3637 93102|1369 151712|1 258628|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Goats: Smallest Some pygmy goats weigh only 33-44 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Goats: Oldest T Business World|Agriculture|Goats|Oldest 20 22 24 26 118058|1736 227266|3342 92966|1367 151712|2 236192|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Goats: Oldest The oldest goat on record is a Toggenburg feral cross named Hongi (b. August 1971), belonging to April Koch of Glenorchy, near Otago, New Zealand, which was still alive in mid-March 1989 at the age of 17 years 8 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Goats: Reproductivity T Business World|Agriculture|Goats|Reproductivity 20 22 24 26 118126|1737 175926|2587 93034|1368 151712|3 175106|184 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Goats: Reproductivity According to the British Goat Society, at least one or two cases of quintuplets are recorded annually out of the 10,000 goats registered, but some breeders only record the females born. ^<n On 14 Jan 1980 a nanny goat named Julie, owned by Galen ^ Cowper of Nampah, ID, gave birth to septuplets, but they all died, including the mother. ^ -END- -CTRL- Goats: Highest milk yields T Business World|Agriculture|Goats|Highest milk yields 20 22 24 26 118194|1738 66990|985 92830|1365 151712|4 71062|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Goats: Highest milk yields The highest recorded milk yield for any goat is 7,714 lb in 365 days by Osory Snow-Goose, owned by Mr and Mrs G. Jameson of Leppington, New South Wales, Australia, in 1977. ^<n Snowball, a goat owned by Don Papin of Tipton, CA, lactated ^ continuously for 12 years 10 months between 1977 and 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pigs: Largest producer T Business World|Agriculture|Pigs|Largest producer 20 22 24 26 118262|1739 112550|1655 168378|2476 152078|0 91334|446 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pigs: Largest producer The world's leading producer of hogs in 1991 was China, with 365 million head from a world total of 768.1 million. As of 1 Dec 1991 there were 57 million head of hogs farmed in the United States. The leading state was Iowa with 14.8 million head. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Pigs: Largest T Business World|Agriculture|Pigs|Largest 20 22 24 26 118330|1740 112482|1654 168310|2475 152078|1 91334|445 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pigs: Largest The heaviest pig ever recorded was a Poland-China hog named Big Bill, who was so obese that his belly dragged along the ground. Bill weighed an astonishing 2,552 lb just before he was put away after suffering a broken leg in an accident en route to ^ the Chicago World's Fair for exhibition in 1933. Other statistics included a shoulder height of 5 ft and a length of 9 ft. At the request of his owner, W.J. Chappall, this prized possession was mounted and put on display in Weekly County, TN ^ until 1946, when the exhibit was acquired by a traveling carnival. On the death of the carnival's proprietor his family reportedly donated Big Bill to a museum, but no trace has been found of him since. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pigs: Smallest T Business World|Agriculture|Pigs|Smallest 20 22 24 26 118398|1741 248890|3660 168514|2478 152078|2 258628|68 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pigs: Smallest The smallest breed of pig is the Mini Maialino, developed by Stefano Morini of St Golo d'Enza, Italy, after 10 years of experimentation with Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs. The piglets weigh 14 oz at birth and 20 lb at maturity. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pigs: Reproductivity T Business World|Agriculture|Pigs|Reproductivity 20 22 24 26 118466|1742 186534|2743 168446|2477 152078|3 175106|339 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pigs: Reproductivity A breeding sow will live 12 years or more before it is slaughtered, but the maximum potential lifespan is 20 years. The highest recorded number of piglets in one litter is 34, farrowed on 25-26 Jun 1961 by a sow owned by Aksel Egedee of Denmark. In ^ February 1955 a Wessex sow belonging to E.C. Goodwin of Paul's Farm, Leigh, Great Britain also had a litter of 34, of which 30 were stillborn. ^<n A Large White owned by H.S. Pedlingham farrowed 385 pigs in 22 litters from December 1923 to ^ September 1934. A Newsham Large White x Landrace sow of Meeting House Farm, Staintondale, Great Britain had farrowed 189 piglets (seven stillborn) in nine litters up to 22 Mar 1988. Between 6 May 1987 and 9 Feb 1988 she gave birth to 70 piglets. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Pigs: Highest birth weights T Business World|Agriculture|Pigs|Highest birth weights 20 22 24 26 118534|1743 71342|1049 168242|2474 152078|4 71062|128 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pigs: Highest birth weights The average birth weight for a piglet is 3 lb. A Hampshire x Yorkshire sow belonging to Rev. John Schroeder of Mountain Grove, MO farrowed a litter of 18 on 26 Aug 1979. Five were stillborn, including one male that weighed 5 lb 4 oz. ^<n The ^ highest recorded weight for a piglet at weaning (eight weeks) is 81 lb for a boar, one of a litter of nine farrowed on 6 Jul 1962 by the Landrace gilt Manorport Ballerina 53rd, alias "Mary," and sired by a Large White named Johnny at Kettle Lane ^ Farm, West Ashton, Great Britain. ^<n In November 1957 a total weight of 1,134 lb was reported at weaning for a litter of 18 piglets farrowed by an Essex sow owned by Mrs B. Ravel of Seaton House, Thorugumbald, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Poultry: Largest producer T Business World|Agriculture|Poultry|Largest producer 20 22 24 26 118602|1744 113706|1672 175382|2579 152444|0 91334|463 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Poultry: Largest producer Figures for 1991 showed the United States to be the largest producer of chicken meat, or broiler, with a total of 12.8 million tons. The most produced by a state was 2 million tons, by Arkansas. The leading egg producer, however, is China, where ^ 159 billion were laid in 1991. United States egg production in 1991 was 69 billion. The greatest state production was in California, with 7.4 billion eggs. ^ -END- -CTRL- Poultry: Most abundant T Business World|Agriculture|Poultry|Most abundant 20 22 24 26 118670|1745 187690|2760 175450|2580 152444|1 175106|356 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Poultry: Most abundant The most abundant domesticated bird is the chicken, the tame version of the wild red jungle fowl ( ^I ) of southeast Asia. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), the world's chicken ^ population stood at 8,295,760,000 in 1985; that means there are 1.6 chickens for every member of the human race. ^ -END- -CTRL- Poultry: Chicken T Business World|Agriculture|Poultry|Chicken 20 22 24 26 118738|1746 113638|1671 175110|2575 152444|2 175106|355 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Poultry: Chicken ^<4 Largest ^>4 The heaviest breed of chicken is the White Sully, developed by Grant Sullens of West Point, CA by crossing and recrossing large Rhode Island Reds with other varieties. One monstrous rooster named Weirdo reportedly weighed 22 lb ^ in January 1973 and was so aggressive that he killed two cats and crippled a dog that ventured too close. ^<n The heaviest chicken is currently "Big Snow," a rooster owned and bred by Ronald Alldridge of Deuchar, Queensland, Australia, weighed ^ 23 lb on 27 May 1992. ^<n ^<4 Reproductivity ^>4 The highest authenticated rate of egg-laying is by a White Leghorn, No. 2988, which laid 371 eggs in 364 days in an official test conducted by Prof. Harold V. Biellier ending on 29 Aug 1979 at ^ the College of Agriculture, University of Missouri. ^<n The highest recorded annual average per bird for a flock is 313 eggs in 52 weeks from 1,000 Warren-Stadler SSL layers (from 21 weeks of age), owned by Eric Savage of White Lane Farm, Albury, ^ Great Britain in 1974-75. ^<n ^<4 Largest egg ^>4 The heaviest egg reported was one of 16 oz, with double yolk and double shell, laid by a White Leghorn at Vineland, NJ on 25 Feb 1956. The largest egg recorded was one of nearly 12 oz for a ^ five-yolked egg measuring 12 1/4 in around the long axis and 9 in around the short, laid by a Black Minorca at Mr Stafford's Damsteads Farm, Mellor, Great Britain in 1896. ^<n ^<4 Most yolks ^>4 The highest claim for the number of yolks in a ^ hen's egg is nine, reported by Diane Hainsworth of Hainsworth Poultry Farms, Mount Morris, NY in July 1971, and also from a hen in Kyrgyzstan in August 1977. ^<n ^<4 Flying ^>4 Sheena, a barnyard bantam owned by Bill and Bob Knox, flew 630 ft ^ 2 in at Parkesburg, PA on 31 May 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Poultry: Most reproductive duck T Business World|Agriculture|Poultry|Most reproductive duck 20 22 24 26 118806|1747 187758|2761 175518|2581 152444|3 175106|357 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Poultry: Most reproductive duck An Aylesbury duck belonging to Annette and Angela Butler of Princes Risborough, Great Britain laid 457 eggs in 463 days, including an unbroken run of 375 in as many days. The duck died on 7 Feb 1986. Another duck of the same breed owned by Edmond ^ Walsh of Gormanstown, Republic of Ireland laid eggs every year right up to her 25th birthday. She died on 3 Dec 1978 at the age of 28 yr 6 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Poultry: Heaviest goose egg T Business World|Agriculture|Poultry|Heaviest goose egg 20 22 24 26 118874|1748 60122|884 175246|2577 152444|4 65726|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Poultry: Heaviest goose egg The heaviest goose egg on record was one of 24 oz that measured 13 1/2 in around the long axis and had a maximum circumference of 9 1/2 in around the short axis. It was laid on 3 May 1977 by a white goose named Speckle, owned by Donny Brandenberg ^ of Goshen, OH. The average weight is 10-12 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Poultry: Heaviest turkey T Business World|Agriculture|Poultry|Heaviest turkey 20 22 24 26 118942|1749 60190|885 175314|2578 152444|5 65726|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Poultry: Heaviest turkey ^<4 Greatest weight ^>4 The greatest dressed weight recorded for a turkey is 86 lb for a stag named Tyson reared by Philip Cook of Leacroft Turkeys Ltd, Peterborough, Great Britain. It won the annual "heaviest turkey" competition held in London, ^ Great Britain on 12 Dec 1989 and was auctioned for charity for a record 4,400 pounds ($7,480). Stags of this size have been so overdeveloped for meat production that they are unable to mate because of their shape and the hens have to be ^ artificially inseminated. ^ -END- -CTRL- Poultry: Chicken and turkey plucking T Business World|Agriculture|Poultry|Chicken and turkey plucking 20 22 24 26 119010|1750 27754|408 175178|2576 554|8 152444|6 23878|160 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Poultry: Chicken and turkey plucking ^<4 Fastest plucker ^>4 Ernest Hausen (1877-1955) of Fort Atkinson, WI died undefeated after 33 years as champion chicken plucker. On 19 Jan 1939 he was timed at 4.4 sec. ^<n Vincent Pilkington of Cootehill, Co. Cavan, Republic of Ireland killed ^ and plucked 100 turkeys in 7 hr 32 min on 15 Dec 1978. His record for a single turkey is 1 min 30 sec in Dublin on 17 Nov 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Largest producer T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Largest producer 20 22 24 26 119078|1751 118534|1743 197618|2906 152950|0 91334|534 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Largest producer The world's leading producer of sheep is Australia, with a total of 177.8 million head in 1990. As of 1 Jan 1992 there were 10.9 million head of sheep farmed in the United States. The leading state was Texas, with 2.14 million head. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Largest T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Largest 20 22 24 26 119146|1752 118466|1742 197550|2905 152950|1 91334|533 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Largest The largest sheep ever recorded was a Suffolk ram named Stratford Whisper 23H, which weighed 545 lb and stood 43 in tall in March 1991. It is owned by Joseph and Susan Schallberger of Boring, OR. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Smallest T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Smallest 20 22 24 26 119214|1753 250182|3679 197958|2911 152950|2 258628|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Smallest The smallest breed of sheep is the Soay, which is now confined to the island of Hirta in the St Kilda group, Outer Hebrides, Great Britain. Adults weigh 55-60 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Oldest T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Oldest 20 22 24 26 119282|1754 233794|3438 197822|2909 152950|3 236192|165 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Oldest A crossbred sheep owned by Griffiths & Davies of Dolclettwr Hall, Taliesin, Great Britain gave birth to a healthy lamb in the spring of 1988 at the grand old age of 28, after lambing successfully more than 40 times. She died on 24 Jan 1989 just one ^ week before her 29th birthday. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Reproductivity T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Reproductivity 20 22 24 26 119350|1755 190206|2797 197890|2910 152950|4 175106|393 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Reproductivity The record for lambs at a single birth is eight (five rams and three ewes) on 4 Sep 1991 from a Finnish Landrace ewe owned by the D.M.C. Partnership of Feilding, Manawatu, New Zealand. The partnership is made up of Trevor and Diane Cooke, Stephen ^ and Mary Moss and Ken and Carole Mihaere. Eight lambs were also reported from Gwent, Great Britain in June 1956 and Humberside, Great Britain in March 1981, but none survived. ^<n Seven live lambs (four rams and three ewes) were reported for a ^ Finn x Targhoe ewe owned by Elsward Meine of Crookston, MN on 24 Mar 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Birth weights T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Birth weights 20 22 24 26 119418|1756 161714|2378 197414|2903 152950|5 170594|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Birth weights ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The highest recorded birth weight for a lamb is 38 lb at Clearwater, Sedgwick County, KS in 1975, but neither lamb nor ewe survived. Another lamb of the same weight was born on 7 Apr 1975 on the Gerald Neises Farm, Howard, SD ^ but died soon afterwards. ^<n ^<4 Combined weight ^>4 A four-year-old Suffolk ewe owned by Gerry H. Watson of Augusta, KS gave birth to two live sets of triplets on 30-31 Jan 1982. The total weight of the lambs was 49 1/2 lb. ^<n ^<4 Lowest ^ ^>4 The lowest live birthweight recorded for a lamb is 1 lb 15 3/4 oz for a female badger-faced Welsh mountain lamb named Lyle, born on 8 Jun 1991 at Thorpe Park, Great Britain. Her larger male twin, "Tate," weighed 2 lb 14 1/5 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Longest survival T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Longest survival 20 22 24 26 119486|1757 150426|2212 197686|2907 152950|6 139100|322 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Longest survival On 24 Mar 1978 Alex Maclennan found one ewe still alive after he had dug out 16 sheep buried in a snowdrift for 50 days near the river Skinsdale on Mrs Tyser's Gordonbush Estate in Sutherland, Great Britain after the great January blizzard. The ^ sheep's hot breath creates airholes in the snow, and the animals gnaw their own wool for protein, enabling them to survive in a snowdrift for a considerable length of time. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Fastest shearing T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Fastest shearing 20 22 24 26 119554|1758 28910|425 197482|2904 152950|7 23878|177 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Fastest shearing The fastest speed for sheep shearing in a working day was that recorded by Alan McDonald, who machine-sheared 805 lambs in nine hours (an average of 40.2 seconds per lamb) at Waitnaguru, New Zealand on 20 Dec 1990. Peter Casserly of Christchurch, ^ New Zealand achieved a solo blade (i.e., hand-shearing) record of 353 lambs in nine hours on 13 Feb 1976. The women's record is 390 Merino lambs in eight hours, set by Deanne Sarre of Pingrup, Western Australia at Yealering, also in Western ^ Australia, on 1 Oct 1989. ^<n In a 24-hour shearing marathon, Alan MacDonald and Keith Wilson machine-sheared 2,220 sheep at Warkworth, Auckland Province, New Zealand on 26 Jun 1988. Lavor Taylor (1896-1989) of Ephraim, UT claimed to have sheared ^ 515,000 sheep to May 1984. ^<n ^<4 From sheep to sweater ^>4 At the International Wool Secretariat Development Center, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, Great Britain, a team of eight using commercial machinery produced a sweater--from shearing sheep to ^ the finished article--in 2 hr 28 min 32 sec on 3 Sep 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sheep: Longest wool thread T Business World|Agriculture|Sheep|Longest wool thread 20 22 24 26 119622|1759 150494|2213 197754|2908 152950|8 139100|323 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sheep: Longest wool thread The longest thread of wool, hand-spun and plied to weigh 0.35 oz, was one with a length of 1,815 ft 3 in, achieved by Julitha Barber of Bull Creek, Western Australia, at the International Highland Spin-In, Bothwell, Tasmania, Australia on 1 Mar ^ 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Origins T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 119690|1760 231346|3402 160218|2356 155098|0 236192|129 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Origins The world's oldest examples of art are possibly pieces of bone bearing geometric engraved marks, dated to ^I 350,000 years ago from an Old Stone Age site at Bilzingsleben, near Erfurt, Germany. The oldest known extant and dated examples ^ of representational art are from layers dated to ^I 25,000 B.C. from La Ferrassie, near Les Eyzies in the Perigord, France, where blocks of stone engraved with animals and female symbols were found. Some blocks were also decorated with ^ symbols painted in red ocher. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 119758|1761 110986|1632 159878|2351 155098|1 91334|423 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Largest The largest-ever painting measures 72,437 sq ft after allowing for shrinkage of the canvas. It is made up of brightly colored squares with a Smiley face superimposed, and was painted by students of Robb College at Armidale, New South Wales, ^ Australia, aided by local schoolchildren and students from neighboring colleges. The canvas was completed by its designer, Australian artist Ken Done, and unveiled at the University of New England at Armidale on 10 May 1990. ^<n ^<4 "Old Master" ^ ^>4 The largest "Old Master" is ^I , by Jacopo Robusti, alias Tintoretto (1518-94), and his son Domenico (1565-1637), on the east wall of the Sala del Maggior Consiglio in the Palazzo Ducale (Doge's Palace) in Venice, Italy ^ between 1587 and 1590. The work is 72 ft 2 in long, 22 ft 11 1/2 in high and contains some 350 human figures. ^<n ^<4 Auction ^>4 The largest painting ever auctioned was Carl Larsson's ^I , painted in Stockholm, Sweden from ^ 1911 to 1915 and sold at Sotheby's, London, on 25 Mar 1988 for 880,000 pounds ($1,496,000) to the Umeda Gallery of Japan. The painting measured 44 x 9 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Most valuable T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Most valuable 20 22 24 26 119826|1762 214210|3150 160082|2354 155098|2 226156|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Most valuable The "Mona Lisa" ( ^I ) by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) in the Louvre, Paris, France, was assessed for insurance purposes at $100 million for its move to Washington, D.C. and New York City for exhibition from 14 Dec 1962 to 12 Mar ^ 1963. However, insurance was not purchased because the cost of the closest security precautions was less than that of the premiums. It was painted ^I . 1503-07 and measures 30.5 x 20.9 in. It is believed to portray either Mona (short for ^ Madonna) Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo of Florence, or Constanza d'Avalos, coincidentally nicknamed La Gioconda, mistress of Giuliano de Medici. King Francis I of France bought the painting for his bathroom in 1517 for 4,000 ^ gold florins, or 92 oz of gold. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Most prolific painter T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Most prolific painter 20 22 24 26 119894|1763 203194|2988 160014|2353 155098|3 215538|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Most prolific painter Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispin Crispiano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (1881-1973) of Spain was the most prolific of all painters in a career that lasted 78 years. It has been estimated that Picasso produced ^ about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics. His lifetime ^I has been valued at over $800 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Largest galleries T \c8\D01\3908144z Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Largest galleries 20 23 25 27 119962|1764 111054|1633 19186|282 159946|2352 22858|336 155098|4 175106|320 26106|0 -PCAP- The Winter Palace and neighboring Hermitage in St Petersburg, Russia house nearly three million works of art in 322 galleries. These pictures show the magnificent facade, the lighted hall and some of the classical exhibits in the Dionysus Room. ^ (Photos: Zefa Picture Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Largest galleries The world's largest art gallery is the Winter Palace and the neighboring Hermitage in St Petersburg, Russia. One has to walk 15 miles to visit each of the 322 galleries, which house nearly 3 million works of art and objects of archaeological ^ interest. ^<n ^<4 Most heavily endowed ^>4 The J. Paul Getty Museum at Malibu, CA, was established with an initial $1.4 billion budget in January 1974 and now has an annual budget of $180 million for acquisitions to stock its 38 galleries. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Highest price T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Highest price 20 22 24 26 120030|1765 78686|1157 159606|2347 155098|5 85040|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Highest price On 15 May 1990, ^I by Vincent "Willem" Van Gogh (1853-90) was sold within three minutes for $82.5 million at Christie's, New York. The painting depicts Van Gogh's physician and was completed only weeks before the ^ artist's suicide in 1890. The new owner was subsequently identified as Ryoei Saito, Japan's second-largest paper manufacturer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Most valuable collection T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Most valuable collection 20 22 24 26 120098|1766 214278|3151 160150|2355 155098|6 226156|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Most valuable collection The most valuable art collection of a single owner sold at auction realized $131,297,870 at Sotheby's, New York in October 1990. The collection was formed by John T. Dorrance, Jr., and included ^I ^ (1921), by Henri Matisse, which raised $12.375 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Highest-priced miniature T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Highest-priced miniature 20 22 24 26 120166|1767 78890|1160 159810|2350 155098|7 85040|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Highest-priced miniature The record price is the 352,000 pounds ($621,632) paid by the Alexander Gallery of New York at Christie's, London on 7 Nov 1988 for a 2 1/8-in-high miniature of George Washington. It was painted by the Irish-American miniaturist John Ramage ( ^I . 1748-1802) in 1789. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Highest-priced 20th-century work T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Highest-priced 20th-century work 20 22 24 26 120234|1768 78754|1158 159674|2348 155098|8 85040|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Highest-priced 20th-century work The record bid at auction for a 20th-century painting is $47.8 million for a self-portrait by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), ^I (1901), at Sotheby's, New York on 9 May 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Highest-priced by a living artist T \p8\D09\3708147b Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Highest-priced by a living artist 20 22 24 26 120302|1769 78822|1159 19254|283 159742|2349 155098|9 85040|39 26106|1 -PCAP- The highest price paid for a contemporary painting is $20.68 million for Willem de Kooning's abstract ^I , sold at Sotheby's, New York on 8 Nov 1989. (Photo: Sotheby's) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Highest-priced by a living artist The highest price paid at auction for a work by a living artist is $20.68 million for ^I , an abstract by the American painter Willem de Kooning (b. Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1904) at Sotheby's, New York on 8 Nov 1989. Painted in ^ 1955, it was bought by Japanese dealer-cum-collector "Mountain Tortoise." ^ -END- -CTRL- Painting: Finest standard paintbrush T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|General Records|Finest standard paintbrush 20 22 24 26 120370|1770 33126|487 159538|2346 155098|10 40570|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Painting: Finest standard paintbrush The finest standard brush sold is the 000 in Series 7 by Winsor and Newton, known as a "triple goose." It is made of 150-200 Kolinsky sable hairs weighing 0.000529 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mosaics: Largest T \p8\D09\3708146 Arts and Entertainment|Painting|Mosaics|Largest 20 23 25 27 120438|1771 108198|1591 19322|284 145802|2144 155884|0 91334|382 26106|2 -PCAP- The world's largest mosaic covers the walls of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in Mexico City. The two largest of its four walls each measure 12,949 sq ft, and the images represent the pre-Hispanic past. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mosaics: Largest The world's largest mosaic is on the walls of the central library of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in Mexico City. Of the four walls, the two largest measure 12,949 sq ft, and the scenes on each represent the pre-Hispanic past. ^ -END- -CTRL- Murals: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|Murals|Earliest 20 22 24 26 120506|1772 12454|183 150086|2207 155970|0 13960|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Murals: Earliest The earliest-known murals on man-made walls are the clay relief leopards at Catal Huyuk in southern Anatolia, Turkey, discovered by James Malaart at level VII in 1961 and dating from ^I . 6200 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Murals: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|Murals|Largest 20 22 24 26 120574|1773 108334|1593 150154|2208 155970|1 91334|384 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Murals: Largest A mural on the 23-story Vegas World Hotel, Las Vegas, NV covers an area of 95,442 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Posters: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|Posters|Largest 20 22 24 26 120642|1774 113570|1670 175042|2574 156126|0 91334|461 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Posters: Largest A poster measuring 215,280 sq ft was made by the Sendai Junior Chamber Inc. of Sendai City, Japan on 18 Aug 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Posters: Highest price T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|Posters|Highest-price 20 22 24 26 120710|1775 79094|1163 174974|2573 156126|1 85040|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Posters: Highest price The record price for a poster is 62,000 pounds ($74,400) for an advertisement for the 1902 Vienna Exhibition by Koloman Moser (1868-1918), sold at Christie's, London on 1 Apr 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prints and Drawings: Highest-priced print T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|Prints and Drawings|Highest-priced print 20 22 24 26 120778|1776 79230|1165 180754|2658 156282|0 85040|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prints and Drawings: Highest-priced print The record price for a print at auction was 561,600 pounds ($786,000) for a 1655 etching of ^I by Rembrandt (1606-69) at Christie's, London on 5 Dec 1985. It was sold by the Chatsworth Settlement Trustees. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prints and Drawings: Highest-priced drawing T Arts and Entertainment|Painting|Prints and Drawings|Highest-priced drawing 20 22 24 26 120846|1777 79162|1164 180686|2657 156282|1 85040|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prints and Drawings: Highest-priced drawing The highest price ever paid for a drawing is $8.36 million for the pen-and-ink scene ^I , drawn by Vincent Van Gogh in Arles, France in 1888 and sold at Christie's, New York on 14 Nov 1990 to an anonymous buyer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sculpture: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Sculpture|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 120914|1778 15242|224 195918|2881 156524|0 13960|117 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sculpture: Earliest A piece of ox rib found in 1973 at Pech de l'Aze, Dordogne, France in an early Middle Paleolithic layer of the Riss glaciation of ^I . 105,000 B.C. has several engraved lines on one side, thought to be possibly intentional. ^<n The ^ earliest-known examples of sculpture date from the Aurignacian culture of ^I . 28,000-22,000 B.C. and include the so-called "Venus" figurines from Austria and numerous figurines from northern Italy and central France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sculpture: Most expensive T Arts and Entertainment|Sculpture|General Records|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 120982|1779 197958|2911 196190|2885 156524|1 208038|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sculpture: Most expensive The record price for a sculpture at auction is 6.82 million pounds ($12 million) at Sotheby's, London on 7 Dec 1989 for a bronze garden ornament, ^I , made by the Dutch-born sculptor Adrien de Vries (1545/6-1626). London ^ dealer Cyril Humpris bought the figure from an unnamed couple who had paid 100 pounds ($240) in the 1950s and in whose garden it had stood undiscovered for 40 years. ^<n The highest price paid for the work of a sculptor during his lifetime is the ^ $1,265,000 at Sotheby's, New York on 21 May 1982 for the 75-in-long elmwood ^I by Henry Moore (Great Britain; 1898-1986). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest price paid at auction for a sculpture by an American ^ sculptor is $4.4 million for ^I , by Frederic Remington (1861-1909), at Christie's, New York on 25 May 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sculpture: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Sculpture|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 121050|1780 117990|1735 196122|2884 156524|2 91334|526 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sculpture: Largest The mounted figures of Jefferson Davis (1808-89), Gen. Robert Edward Lee (1807-70) and Gen. Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall) Jackson (1824-63) cover 1.33 acres on the face of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, GA. They are 90 ft high. Roy Faulkner was on the ^ mountain face for 8 years 174 days with a thermo-jet torch, working with the sculptor Walker Kirtland Hancock and other helpers, from 12 Sep 1963 to 3 Mar 1972. ^<n The largest scrap-metal sculpture was built by Sudhir Deshpande of Nashik, India ^ and unveiled in February 1990. Named ^I , the colossus weighs 29.8 tons and stands 55 3/4 ft tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sculpture: Ground figures T \p8\D09\3809181 Arts and Entertainment|Sculpture|General Records|Ground figures 20 22 24 26 121118|1781 117922|1734 19390|285 195986|2882 156524|3 139100|316 26332|0 -PCAP- This computer-enhanced picture of an unidentified animal shows just one of the unexplained geometric shapes drawn in the Nazca Desert of Peru between 100 B.C. and A.D. 600. (Photo: Images) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sculpture: Ground figures In the Nazca Desert, 185 miles south of Lima, Peru, there are straight lines (one more than 7 miles long), geometric shapes, and outlines of plants and animals drawn on the ground some time between 100 B.C. and A.D. 600 for an uncertain but ^ probably religious, astronomical or even economic purpose by an imprecisely identified civilization. They were first detected from the air ^I . 1928 and have been described as the world's longest works of art. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sculpture: Hill figures T Arts and Entertainment|Sculpture|General Records|Hill figures 20 22 24 26 121186|1782 256438|3771 196054|2883 156524|4 267614|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sculpture: Hill figures A 330-ft-tall figure was found on a hill above Tarapaca, Chile in August 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sculpture: Sand sculpture T \p8\D09\3709182 Arts and Entertainment|Sculpture|General Records|Sand sculpture 20 23 25 27 121254|1783 150086|2207 19458|286 196258|2886 1710|25 156524|5 139100|317 26332|1 -PCAP- The tallest sand sculpture was the "Invitation to Fairyland" which was 56 ft 2 in, high, and was built by 2,000 local volunteers at Kaseda, Japan on 26 July 1989 under the supervision of Gerry Kirk of Sand Sculptors International of San Diego and ^ Shogo Tashiro of Sand Sculptors International of Japan. (Photo: Gerry Kirk) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sculpture: Sand sculpture ^<4 Longest ^>4 The longest sand sculpture ever made--with the sculpture meticulously carved--was the 86,535-ft-6-in-long sculpture named "The GTE Directories Ultimate Sand Castle" built by more than 10,000 volunteers at Myrtle Beach, SC on 31 ^ May 1991. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The tallest was the "Invitation to Fairyland," which was 56 ft 2 in high, and was built by 2,000 local volunteers at Kaseda, Japan on 26 Jul 1989 under the supervision of Gerry Kirk of Sand Sculptors International ^ of San Diego and Shogo Tashiro of Sand Sculptors International of Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Auctioneers T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Auctioneers 20 22 24 26 121322|1784 129074|1898 7014|103 157046|0 139100|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Auctioneers ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest continuous firm of art auctioneers in the world is the Stockholms Auktionsverk of Sweden, which was established on 27 Feb 1647. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest firm of art auctioneers in the world is the Sotheby ^ Group of London, Great Britain and New York City, founded in 1744, which until 1778 traded primarily in books. Sotheby's turnover in 1989 was a record $2.9 billion. A single-session record of $360.4 million was set at Sotheby's, New York in 17 ^ May 1990. ^<n ^<4 Longest one-man auction ^>4 The longest one-man auction on record was of 60 hr, conducted by Reg Coates at Gosport, Great Britain from 9-11 Sep 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Armor T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Armor 20 22 24 26 121390|1785 76170|1120 6878|101 157046|1 85040|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Armor The highest auction price paid for a suit of armor was 1,925,000 pounds ($3,657,000), by B.H. Trupin (USA) on 5 May 1983 at Sotheby's, London, Great Britain for a suit made in Milan by Giovanni Negroli in 1545 for Henri II of France. It came from ^ the Hever Castle Collection in Kent, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Art nouveau T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Art nouveau 20 22 24 26 121458|1786 76238|1121 6946|102 157046|2 85040|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Art nouveau The highest auction price for any piece of art nouveau is $1.78 million for a standard lamp in the form of three lotus blossoms by the Daum Brothers and Louis Majorelle of France, sold at Sotheby's, New York on 2 Dec 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Baseball card T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Baseball card 20 22 24 26 121526|1787 212986|3132 7082|104 157046|3 226156|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Baseball card The most valuable card is one of the six known baseball series cards of Honus Wagner, which was sold at Sotheby's, New York for $451,000 on 22 Mar 1991. The buyers were Bruce McNall, owner of the Los Angeles Kings hockey club, and team member Wayne ^ Gretzky, the game's most successful player. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Blanket T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Blanket 20 22 24 26 121594|1788 195442|2874 7150|105 157046|4 208038|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Blanket The most expensive blanket was a Navajo Churro hand-spun serape of ^I . 1852 sold for $115,500 at Sotheby's, New York on 22 Oct 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Bottle T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Bottle 20 22 24 26 121662|1789 76306|1122 7218|106 157046|5 85040|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Bottle A cobalt-blue bottle made by the Isabella Glassworks of New Jersey ^I . 1855-65 was sold for $26,400 at the Robert W. Skinner Galleries in Bolton, MA on 7 Oct 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Carpet T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Carpet 20 22 24 26 121730|1790 76374|1123 7286|107 157046|6 85040|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Carpet In 1946 the Metropolitan Museum in New York City privately paid $1 million for the 26.5 x 13.6 ft Anhalt Medallion carpet, made in Tabriz or Kashan, Persia (now Iran) ^I . 1590. ^<n The highest price paid at auction for a carpet is $672,400 ^ for a Louis XV Savonnerie at Christie's, Monaco in June 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Ceramics T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Ceramics 20 22 24 26 121798|1791 76442|1124 7354|108 157046|7 85040|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Ceramics The highest auction price for any ceramic is 3.74 million pounds ($6.4 million) for a Chinese Tang dynasty (A.D. 681-907) horse sold by the British Rail Pension Fund and bought by a Japanese dealer at Sotheby's, London, on 12 Dec 1989. The horse ^ was stolen from a warehouse in Hong Kong on 14 November, but was recovered on 2 December in time for the sale. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Chamber pot T \p8\D09\3708148 Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Chamber pot 20 22 24 26 121866|1792 76510|1125 19526|287 7422|109 157046|8 85040|5 26488|0 -PCAP- This traditional style silver pot, made by David Willaume of London in 1744 and engraved for the 2nd Earl of Warrington, fetched 9,500 pounds ($13,300) at Sotheby's, London on 14 June 1984. (Photo: Sotheby's) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Chamber pot A 33 oz silver pot, made by David Willaume and engraved for the 2nd Earl of Warrington, Great Britain, sold for 9,500 pounds ($13,300) at Sotheby's, London on 14 Jun 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Doll T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Doll 20 22 24 26 121934|1793 76578|1126 7490|110 157046|9 85040|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Doll The highest price paid at auction for a doll is 90,200 pounds ($153,340) for a 1909 bisque Kammer and Reinhardt doll at Sotheby's, London, on 16 Feb 1989. It was bought by Mme Dina Vierny, who planned to open a Museum of Childhood in France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Furniture T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Furniture 20 22 24 26 122002|1794 76646|1127 7558|111 157046|10 85040|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Furniture The highest price ever paid for a single piece of furniture is 8.58 million pounds ($15 million) at Christie's, London on 5 Jul 1990 for the 18th-century Italian "Badminton Cabinet" owned by the Duke of Beaufort. It was bought by Barbara Piasecka ^ Johnson of Princeton, NJ. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest price ever paid for a single piece of American furniture is $12.1 million at Christie's, New York on 3 Jun 1989 for a mahogany desk-cum-bookcase, made in the 1760s by master ^ craftsman John Goddard of Newport, RI for the eminent statesman Nicholas Brown. It was bought by Israel Sack, one of New York's leading dealers in American furniture. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Glass T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Glass 20 22 24 26 122070|1795 76714|1128 7626|112 157046|11 85040|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Glass The auction record is 520,000 pounds ($1,175,200) for a Roman glass cage-cup of ^I . A.D. 300, measuring 7 in in diameter and 4 in in height, sold at Sotheby's, London, on 4 Jun 1979 to Robin Symes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Gold plate T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Gold plate 20 22 24 26 122138|1796 76782|1129 7694|113 157046|12 85040|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Gold plate The record for any gold artifact is 950,400 pounds ($1,140,000) for the 22-carat font made by Paul Storr to the design of Humphrey Repton in 1797. It was sold at Christie's, London by Lady Anne Cavendish-Bentinck and bought by Armitage of London, ^ Great Britain on 11 Jul 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Guns T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Guns 20 22 24 26 122206|1797 76850|1130 7762|114 157046|13 85040|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Guns A .45 caliber Colt single-action army revolver, Serial No. 1 from 1873 was sold for $242,000 at Christie's New York on 14 May 1987. ^<n A set of rare, 24-carat gold-inlaid Colt 1851 model Navy presentation revolvers was sold for $352,000 at ^ Christie's, New York on 26 Jan 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Helmet T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Helmet 20 22 24 26 122274|1798 76918|1131 7830|115 157046|14 85040|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Helmet The highest price ever paid for an item of headwear is $66,000 by the Alaska State Museum at an auction in New York City in November 1981 for a native North American Tlingit Kiksadi ceremonial frog helmet dating from ^I . 1600. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Icon T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Icon 20 22 24 26 122342|1799 76986|1132 7898|116 157046|15 85040|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Icon The record price for an icon is $150,000, paid at Christie's, New York on 17 Apr 1980 for the ^I (from the George R. Hann collection, Pittsburgh, PA), made in Novgorod, Russia in the 16th century. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Jewelry T \c8\D01\3809182z Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Jewelry 20 23 25 27 122410|1800 77054|1133 19594|288 7966|117 1574|23 157046|16 85040|13 26488|1 -PCAP- The flamingo and great cat brooches by Cartier were just a few of the items for sale at the world's largest jewelry auction, which raised over $50 million from the sale of the Duchess of Windsor's collection at Sotheby's, Geneva, Switzerland on 3 ^ Apr 1987. (Photos: Hulton Picture Co.) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Jewelry ^<4 Largest auction ^>4 The world's largest jewelry auction, which included a Van Cleef and Arpels 1939 ruby and diamond necklace, realized over $50 million when the collection belonging to the Duchess of Windsor (1896-1986) was sold at ^ Sotheby's, Geneva, Switzerland on 3 Apr 1987. ^<n ^<4 Highest price ^>4 The highest auction price for individual items of jewelry is $6.2 million for two pear-shaped diamond drop earrings of 58.6 and 61 carats bought and sold anonymously at ^ Sotheby's, Geneva on 14 Nov 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Music box T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Music box 20 22 24 26 122478|1801 77122|1134 8034|118 157046|17 85040|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Music box The highest price paid for a music box is 20,900 pounds ($22,990) for a Swiss example made for a Persian prince in 1901 and sold at Sotheby's, London on 23 Jan 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Playing cards T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Playing cards 20 22 24 26 122546|1802 77190|1135 8102|119 157046|18 85040|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Playing cards The highest price for a deck of playing cards is $143,352 paid by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City at Sotheby's, London on 6 Dec 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Sculpture T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Sculpture 20 22 24 26 122614|1803 77258|1136 8170|120 157046|19 85040|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Sculpture The ^I , from the early Bronze Age II, ^I 2,600-2,500 B.C., was sold at Sotheby's, New York in December 1988 for $2,090,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Silver T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Silver 20 22 24 26 122682|1804 77326|1137 8238|121 157046|20 85040|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Silver The record for English silver is 1,485,000 pounds ($2,578,700) for the "Maynard" sideboard dish made by the Huguenot silversmith Paul de Lamerie in 1736, which was sold at Christie's, London on 22 May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Sword T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Sword 20 22 24 26 122750|1805 77394|1138 8306|122 157046|21 85040|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Sword The highest price paid for a sword is $1,316,800 for the Duke of Windsor's Royal Navy officer's sword (presented to him by King George V in 1913) at Sotheby's, Geneva, Switzerland on 3 Apr 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Tapestry T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Tapestry 20 22 24 26 122818|1806 77462|1139 8374|123 157046|22 85040|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Tapestry The highest auction price for a tapestry is 638,000 pounds ($1,124,794), paid by Swiss dealer Peter Kleiner at Christie's, London on 3 Jul 1990 for a fragment of a rare Swiss example woven near Basle in the 1430s. The tapestry was in the ^ Benedictine Abbey at Muri until 1840 before descending through the Vischer family. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Teddy bear T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Teddy bear 20 22 24 26 122886|1807 77530|1140 8442|124 157046|23 85040|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Teddy bear The highest price paid for a teddy bear at auction is 55,100 pounds ($86,350). The dual-plush brown bear, made by Steiff of Germany ^I . 1920, was bought at Sotheby's, London on 19 Sep 1989 by dealer James Fox. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Thimble T Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Thimble 20 22 24 26 122954|1808 77598|1141 8510|125 157046|24 85040|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Thimble The record auction price for a thimble is 8,000 pounds ($17,600) paid by London dealer Winifred Williams at Christie's, London on 3 Dec 1979 for a Meissen dentil-shaped porcelain piece dated ^I . 1740. ^ -END- -CTRL- Antiques: Toys T \p8\D10\3809183 Arts and Entertainment|Antiques|General Records|Toys 20 23 25 27 123022|1809 195510|2875 19662|289 8578|126 157046|25 208038|1 26488|2 -PCAP- This hand-decorated tin-plate "Charles" fire-hose reel, made by George Brown & Co. of Forestville, CT ^I . 1870, was sold for $231,000, by the trustees in bankruptcy of London dealers Mint & Boxed to an anonymous telephone bidder at ^ Christie's, New York on 14 Dec 1991. (Photo: Caroline Neville Associates) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- All prices quoted are inclusive of the buyer's premium. ^ -TEXT- Antiques: Toys The most expensive antique toy was sold for $231,000, by the trustees in bankruptcy of London dealers Mint & Boxed to an anonymous telephone bidder at Christie's, New York on 14 Dec 1991. The work is a hand-painted tinplate replica of the "Charles" ^ hose reel, a piece of fire-fighting equipment pulled by two firemen, measuring 15 x 23 in and built ^I . 1870 by George Brown & Co. of Forestville, CT. Claims that this toy had been sold privately for $1 million in 1991 were subsequently ^ refuted. ^<n The highest price paid for a single toy soldier is 3,375 pounds ($5,714) for a uniformed scale figure of Hitler's deputy, Rudolf Hess, made by the Lineol company of Brandenburg, Germany. The figure was among several sold by the ^ Danish auction house Boyes in London, Great Britain on 23 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Number spoken T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Number spoken 20 22 24 26 123090|1810 117174|1723 159318|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Number spoken There is no actual agreement on the number of languages spoken today. Most reference books give a figure of 4,000-5,000, but estimates have varied from 3,000 to as many as 10,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 123158|1811 11094|163 116766|1717 159318|1 13960|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Earliest The ability to speak is believed to be dependent upon physiological changes in the height of the larynx between ^I and ^I as developed ^I 45,000 B.C. The discovery of a hyoid bone (from the ^ base of the tongue) from a cave site on Mt Carmel, Israel shows that Neanderthal man may have been capable of speech 60,000 years ago, but the usual dating is 50,000-30,000 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Oldest English words T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Oldest English words 20 22 24 26 123226|1812 228762|3364 117242|1724 159318|2 236192|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Oldest English words It was first suggested in 1979 that languages ancestral to English and to Latvian (both Indo-European) split ^I . 3,500 B.C. According to researches completed in 1989, about 40 words of a pre-Indo-European substratum survive in English, ^ among them apple (apal), bad (bad), gold (gol) and tin (tin). The parent language is thought to have been spoken before 3,000 B.C. and to have split into different languages over the period 3,000-2,000 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Commonest language T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Commonest language 20 22 24 26 123294|1813 4838|71 116630|1715 159318|3 11220|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Commonest language The language used by more people than any other is Chinese, spoken by an estimated 1 billion people. The so-called "common language" ( ^I ) is the standard form of Chinese, with a pronunciation based on that of Beijing. It is known ^ in Taiwan as ^I ("national speech") and in the West as Mandarin. After various attempts to write Chinese in the Roman alphabet, ^I , the term used on mainland China and meaning "spell sound," was finally adopted on ^ 11 Feb 1958 as a writing system of 58 symbols. ^<n The next most commonly spoken language, and the most widespread, is English, with an estimated 330-350 million native speakers and 700-1,400 million as many using it as a second or third ^ language. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Most languages T \p8\D10\3708150 Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Most languages 20 22 24 26 123362|1814 179122|2634 19730|290 117106|1722 159318|4 175106|231 26714|0 -PCAP- The General Assembly, where the 159 members of the United Nations gather to discuss global issues in a wide selection of the 4-5000 languages still spoken. (Photo: Gamma/Ferry) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Most languages About 845 of the world's languages and dialects are spoken in India. The former Australian territory of Papua New Guinea has, because of its many isolated valleys, the greatest concentration of separate languages in the world, with an estimated ^ 869; each language has about 4,000 speakers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Most complex T \p8\D10\3908147 Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Most complex 20 22 24 26 123430|1815 178986|2632 19798|291 116970|1720 12454|183 159318|5 175106|229 26714|1 -PCAP- The Eskimo language used by the Inuit people of North America and Greenland has 63 forms of the present tense, and simple nouns may have up to 252 inflections. (Photo: Rex Features) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Most complex The following extremes of complexity have been noted: the Ample language of Papua New Guinea has the most verb forms, with over 69,000 finite forms and 860 infinitive forms of the verb; Haida, the North American Indian language, has the most ^ prefixes, with 70; Tabassaran, a language of Daghestan, Azerbijan, uses the most noun cases, 48; and Inuit uses 63 forms of the present tense, and simple nouns have as many as 252 inflections. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Fewest irregular verbs T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Fewest irregular verbs 20 22 24 26 123498|1816 32990|485 116834|1718 159318|6 39994|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Fewest irregular verbs Esperanto, with no irregular verbs, was first published by its inventor, Dr Ludwig Zamenhof (1859-1917) of Warsaw, in 1887. It is now estimated (by textbook sales) to have a million speakers. The even earlier interlanguage Volapuk, invented by ^ Johann Martin Schleyer (1831-1912), also has absolutely regular configuration. ^<n The Turkish language has a single irregular verb-- ^I , meaning "to be." ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Most irregular verbs T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Most irregular verbs 20 22 24 26 123566|1817 179054|2633 117038|1721 159318|7 175106|230 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Most irregular verbs According to ^I by Prof. Olu Tomori, English has 283 irregular verbs, 30 of which are formed merely by adding prefixes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Commonest sound T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Commonest sound 20 22 24 26 123634|1818 4906|72 116698|1716 159318|8 11220|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Commonest sound No language is known to be without the vowel "a" (as in the English "father"). ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Rarest sounds T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Rarest sounds 20 22 24 26 123702|1819 237194|3488 117310|1725 159318|9 250310|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Rarest sounds The rarest speech sound is probably that written "r" in Czech and termed a "rolled post-alveolar fricative." It occurs in very few languages and is the last sound mastered by Czech children. In the southern Bushman language !xo there is a click ^ articulated with both lips. This character is usually referred to as a "bull's eye" and the sound, essentially a kiss, is termed a "velaric ingressive bilabial stop." In some contexts the "l" sound in the Arabic word ^I is pronounced ^ uniquely in that language. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Vocabulary T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Vocabulary 20 22 24 26 123770|1820 117378|1726 159318|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Vocabulary The English language contains about 616,500 words plus another 400,000 technical terms, the most in any language, but it is doubtful if any individual speaker uses more than 60,000. The members of the International Society for Philosophical Enquiry ^ (no admission for IQs below 148) have an average vocabulary of 36,250 words. Shakespeare employed a vocabulary of ^I . 33,000 words. ^ -END- -CTRL- Language: Greatest linguist T Arts and Entertainment|Language|General Records|Greatest linguist 20 22 24 26 123838|1821 49310|725 116902|1719 6062|89 159318|11 52992|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Language: Greatest linguist If the yardstick of ability to speak with fluency and reasonable accuracy is maintained, it is doubtful whether any human being could maintain fluency in more than 20 to 25 languages concurrently or achieve fluency in more than 40 in a lifetime. ^ ^<n The world's greatest linguist is believed to be have been Dr Harold Williams of New Zealand (1876-1928), a journalist. Self-taught in Latin, Greek, Hebrew and many of the European and Pacific island languages as a boy, Dr Williams spoke 58 ^ languages and many dialects fluently. He was the only person to attend the League of Nations (1920-46) in Geneva, Switzerland and converse with every delegate in their own language. ^<n In terms of oral fluency, the most multilingual living ^ person is Derick Herning of Lerwick, Great Britain, whose command of 22 languages earned him victory in the inaugural "Polyglot of Europe" contest held in Brussels, Belgium in May 1990. ^<n The 1975 edition of ^I listed "only" 19 languages for Georges Schmidt (1914-90), Chief of the UN Terminology Section in 1965-71, because he was then unable to find time to "revive" his former fluency in 12 others. Louis Jay Herman of New York City ^I ^ with 25 languages as a translator for the United Nations between 1958 and 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Alphabet: Number in use T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Alphabet|Number in use 20 22 24 26 123906|1822 4770|70 160174|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Alphabet: Number in use There are 65 alphabets in use worldwide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Alphabet: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Alphabet|Earliest 20 22 24 26 123974|1823 221894|3263 4498|66 160174|1 13960|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Alphabet: Earliest The earliest-known example of alphabetic writing was found at Ugarit (now Ras Sharma), Syria, dated to ^I . 1450 B.C. It comprised a clay tablet of 32 cuneiform letters. ^<n ^<4 Oldest letter ^>4 The letter "O" is unchanged in shape ^ since its adoption in the Phoenician alphabet ^I . 1,300 B.C. ^<n ^<4 Newest letters ^>4 The newest letters to be added to the English alphabet are "j" and "v," which are of post-Shakespearean use ( ^I . 1630). Formerly they ^ were used only as variants of "i" and "u." ^ -END- -CTRL- Alphabet: Longest T \p8\D10\3908148 Arts and Entertainment|Language|Alphabet|Longest 20 22 24 26 124042|1824 128938|1896 19866|292 4566|67 160174|2 139100|6 26714|2 -PCAP- These Cambodian schoolchildren would do well to pay attention, as their alphabet, now usually referred to as Khmer, consists of 74 letters. (Photo: Rex Features) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Alphabet: Longest The language with the most letters in its alphabet is Cambodian (now usually referred to as Khmer), with 74 (including some without any current use). ^ -END- -CTRL- Alphabet: Shortest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Alphabet|Shortest 20 22 24 26 124110|1825 239846|3527 4838|71 160174|3 253960|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Alphabet: Shortest Rotokas of central Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea has the fewest letters, with 11 (a, b, e, g, i, k, o, p, r, t and u). ^ -END- -CTRL- Alphabet: Most and least consonants T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Alphabet|Most and least consonants 20 22 24 26 124178|1826 126354|1858 4634|68 160174|4 136828|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Alphabet: Most and least consonants The language with the greatest number of distinct consonantal sounds is Ubykhs in the Caucasus, with 80-85. Rotokas has the least, with six consonants. ^ -END- -CTRL- Alphabet: Most and least vowels T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Alphabet|Most and least vowels 20 22 24 26 124246|1827 126422|1859 4702|69 160174|5 136828|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Alphabet: Most and least vowels The language with the most vowels is Sedang, a central Vietnamese language with 55 distinguishable vowel sounds, and the one with the fewest is the Caucasian language Abkhazian, with two. ^ -END- -CTRL- Alphabet: Smallest letters T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Alphabet|Smallest letters 20 22 24 26 124314|1828 244334|3593 4906|72 160174|6 258628|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Alphabet: Smallest letters Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) techniques pioneered in April 1990 by physicists Donald Eigler and Erhard Schweizer at IBM's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA have enabled single atoms of various elements to be manipulated to form ^ characters and pictures. ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest 20 22 24 26 124382|1829 156342|2299 243790|3585 160680|0 139100|409 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Lengthy concatenations and some compound or agglutinative words or nonce words are or have been written in the closed-up style of a single word. The longest known example is a compound "word" of 195 Sanskrit characters (which transliterates into ^ 428 letters in the Roman alphabet) describing the region near Kanci, Tamil Nadu, India that appears in a 16th-century work by Tirumalaimbai, Queen of Vijayanagara. ^<n ^<4 English ^>4 The longest word in the ^I ^ is ^I ), which has 45 letters and allegedly means "a lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust." It is, however, described as "factitious" by the editors of the ^ dictionary. ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Japanese T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Japanese 20 22 24 26 124450|1830 157022|2309 244470|3595 160680|1 139100|419 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Japanese Chi-n-chi-ku-ri-n (12 letters) ^<n ^I ^<n Patent applications sometimes harbor long compound "words." An extreme example is one of 13 kana (Japanese syllabary) which transliterates to the 40-letter ^ Kyukitsurohekimenfuchakunenryosekisanryo meaning "the accumulated amount of fuel condensed on the wall face of the air intake passage." ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Spanish T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Spanish 20 22 24 26 124518|1831 157430|2315 244878|3601 160680|2 139100|425 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Spanish Superextraordinarisimo (22 letters) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest French T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest French 20 22 24 26 124586|1832 156682|2304 244130|3590 160680|3 139100|414 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest French Anticonstitutionnellement (25 letters) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Croatian T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Croatian 20 22 24 26 124654|1833 156546|2302 243994|3588 160680|4 139100|412 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Croatian Prijestolonasljednikovica (25 letters) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Italian T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Italian 20 22 24 26 124722|1834 156954|2308 244402|3594 160680|5 139100|418 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Italian Precipitevolissimevolmente (26 letters) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Portuguese T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Portuguese 20 22 24 26 124790|1835 157226|2312 244674|3598 160680|6 139100|422 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Portuguese Inconstitucionalissimamente (27 letters) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Icelandic T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Icelandic 20 22 24 26 124858|1836 156886|2307 244334|3593 160680|7 139100|417 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Icelandic Haecstarettarmalautningsmaour (29 Icelandic letters, transliterating as 31) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Russian T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Russian 20 22 24 26 124926|1837 157294|2313 244742|3599 160680|8 139100|423 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Russian Ryentgyenoelyektrokardiografichyeskogo (33 Cyrillic letters, transliterating as 38) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Hungarian T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Hungarian 20 22 24 26 124994|1838 156818|2306 244266|3592 160680|9 139100|416 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Hungarian Megszentsegtelenithetetlensegeskedeseitekert (44 letters) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Dutch T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Dutch 20 22 24 26 125062|1839 156614|2303 244062|3589 160680|10 139100|413 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Dutch Kindercarnavalsoptochtvoorbereidingswerkzaamheden (49 letters) ^<n ^I ^<n Agglutinative words are limited only by imagination and are not found in standard dictionaries. The first ^ 100-letter such word was published in 1975 by the late Eric Rosenthal in Afrikaans. ^<I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Mohawk T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Mohawk 20 22 24 26 125130|1840 157090|2310 244538|3596 160680|11 139100|420 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Mohawk Tkanuhstasrihsranuhwe'tsraaksahsrakaratattsrayeri' (50 letters) ^<n ^I ^<n Lengthy concatenations are a feature of Mohawk. ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Turkish T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Turkish 20 22 24 26 125198|1841 157566|2317 245014|3603 160680|12 139100|427 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Turkish Cekoslovakyalilastirabilemediklerimizlerdenmisiniz (50 letters) ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest German T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest German 20 22 24 26 125266|1842 156750|2305 244198|3591 160680|13 139100|415 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest German Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitaetenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft (80 letters) ^<n ^I ^<n The longest dictionary word in everyday usage is Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften (39) meaning "insurance companies which provide legal protection." ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest Swedish T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest Swedish 20 22 24 26 125334|1843 157498|2316 244946|3602 160680|14 139100|426 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest Swedish Nordostersjokustartilleriflygspaningssimulatoranlaggningsmaterielunderhallsuppfoljningssystemdiskussionsinlaggsforberedelsearbeten (130 letters) ^<n ^<I Preparatory work on the contribution to the discussion on the maintaining system of support of ^ the material of the aviation survey simulator device within the north-east part of the coast artillery of the Baltic ^>I ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest scientific name T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest scientific name 20 22 24 26 125402|1844 157362|2314 244810|3600 160680|15 139100|424 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest scientific name The systematic name for ^I (DNA) of the human mitochondria contains 16,569 nucleotide residues and is thus ^I . 207,000 letters long. It was published in key form in ^I on 9 Apr 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest palindromes T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest palindromes 20 22 24 26 125470|1845 157158|2311 244606|3597 160680|16 139100|421 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest palindromes The longest-known palindromic word (a word that reads the same backward or forward) is ^I (19 letters), which is Finnish for "a dealer in lye" (caustic soda). The longest in English is ^I , with 12 ^ letters, which appears in the ^I . ^<n Some baptismal fonts in Greece and Turkey bear the circular 25-letter inscription NI(Greek letter Psi)ON ANOMHMATA MH.M.ONAN O(Greek letter Psi)IN, meaning "wash (my) sins not ^ only (my) face." ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest anagrams T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest anagrams 20 22 24 26 125538|1846 156478|2301 243926|3587 160680|17 139100|411 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest anagrams The longest non-scientific English words that can form anagrams are the 19-letter transpositions ^I and ^I . The longest scientific transposals are ^I and ^I , with 27 letters. ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Abbreviations T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Abbreviations 20 22 24 26 125606|1847 156274|2298 243654|3583 160680|18 139100|408 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Abbreviations ^<4 Longest ^>4 The initials S.K.O.M.K.H.P.K.J.C.D.P.W.B., which stand for the Syarikat Kerjasama Orang-orang Melayu Kerajaan Hilir Perak Kerana Jimat Cermat Dan Pinjam-meminjam Wang Berhad, are the Malay name for The Cooperative Company of the ^ Lower State of Perak Government's Malay People for Money Savings and Loans Ltd, in Teluk Anson, Perak, West Malaysia (formerly Malaya). The abbreviation for this abbreviation is Skomk. ^<n ^<4 Shortest ^>4 The 55-letter full name of Los ^ Angeles (El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles de Porciuncula) is abbreviated to L.A., or 3.63 percent of its length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Longest acronym T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Longest acronym 20 22 24 26 125674|1848 156410|2300 243858|3586 160680|19 139100|410 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Longest acronym The longest acronym is NIIOMTPLABOPARMBETZHELBETRABSBOMONIMONKONOTDTEKHSTROMONT with 56 letters (54 in Cyrillic) in the ^I , meaning: the Laboratory for Shuttering, Reinforcement, Concrete and ^ Ferroconcrete Operations for Composite-monolithic and Monolithic Constructions of the Department of the Technology of Building-Assembly Operations of the Scientific Research Institute of the Organization for Building Mechanization and Technical ^ Aid of the Academy of Building and Architecture of the USSR. ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Commonest words and letters T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Commonest words and letters 20 22 24 26 125742|1849 5042|74 243722|3584 160680|20 11220|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Commonest words and letters The most frequently used words in written English are, in descending order of frequency: ^I and ^I . The most commonly used in conversation is " ^I ." The commonest letter is "e." ^ More words begin with the letter "s" than with any other, but the most commonly ^I initial letter is "t" as in "the," "to," "that" or "there." ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Most meanings T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Most meanings 20 22 24 26 125810|1850 194014|2853 245082|3604 160680|21 175106|449 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Most meanings The most overworked word in English is "set," to which Dr Charles Onions (1873-1965) of Oxford University Press gave 58 uses as a noun, 126 uses as a verb and ten as a participial adjective. ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Most succinct word T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Most succinct word 20 22 24 26 125878|1851 194082|2854 245150|3605 160680|22 175106|450 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Most succinct word The most challenging word for any lexicographer to define briefly is the Fuegian (southernmost Argentina and Chile) word ^I , meaning "looking at each other hoping that either will offer to do something which both parties ^ desire but are unwilling to do." ^ -END- -CTRL- Words: Most synonyms T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Words|Most synonyms 20 22 24 26 125946|1852 194150|2855 245218|3606 160680|23 175106|451 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Words: Most synonyms The condition of being inebriated has more synonyms than any other condition or object. Delacorte Press of New York City has published a selection of 1,224 from a list of 2,241 compiled by Paul Dickson of Garrett Park, MD. ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Names: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Personal Names|Earliest 20 22 24 26 126014|1853 13202|194 164910|2425 162376|0 13960|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Names: Earliest The earliest personal name that has survived seems to be that of a predynastic king of Upper Egypt ^I 3,050 B.C., who is represented by the hieroglyphic sign for a scorpion. It has been suggested that the name should be read as Sekhen. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Names: Longest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Personal Names|Longest 20 22 24 26 126082|1854 147298|2166 164978|2426 162376|1 139100|276 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Names: Longest The longest name appearing on a birth certificate is that of Rhoshandiatellyneshiaunneveshenk Koyaanfsquatsiuty Williams, born to Mr and Mrs James Williams in Beaumont, TX on 12 Sep 1984. On 5 Oct 1984 the father filed an amendment that expanded ^ his daughter's first name to 1,019 letters and her middle name to 36 letters. ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Names: Most contrived T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Personal Names|Most contrived 20 22 24 26 126150|1855 186194|2738 165046|2427 162376|2 175106|334 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Names: Most contrived In the United States the determination to derive commercial or other benefit from being the last listing in the local telephone book has resulted in self-given names starting with up to nine "Z's"--an extreme example being Zachary Zzzzzzzzzra in ^ the San Francisco book. ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Names: Most first names T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Personal Names|Most first names 20 22 24 26 126218|1856 186262|2739 165114|2428 162376|3 175106|335 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Names: Most first names Laurence Watkins (b. 9 Jun 1965) of Auckland, New Zealand claims a total of 2,310 first names, added by deed poll in 1991 after official opposition by the registrar and a prolonged court battle. The great-great-grandson of Carlos III of Spain, Don ^ Alfonso de Borbon y Borbon (1866-1934), had 94 first names, several of which were lengthened by hyphenation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Names: Shortest family names T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Personal Names|Shortest family names 20 22 24 26 126286|1857 241954|3558 165182|2429 162376|4 253960|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Names: Shortest family names The commonest single-letter surname is "O," prevalent in Korea but with 52 examples in US telephone books (1973-81) and 12 in Belgium. This name causes great distress to those concerned with the prevention of cruelty to computers. Every other ^ letter, except "Q," has been traced as a surname in US telephone books by A. Ross Eckler. ^ -END- -CTRL- Personal Names: Commonest family name T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Personal Names|Commonest family name 20 22 24 26 126354|1858 4974|73 164842|2424 162376|5 11220|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Personal Names: Commonest family name The Chinese name Zhang is borne, according to estimates, by between 9.7 and 12.1 percent of the Chinese population. Even at the lower estimate this means that there are at least some 104 million Changs--more than the entire population of all but ^ seven of the other 170 sovereign countries of the world. ^<n The commonest surname in the English-speaking world is Smith. There are an estimated 2,382,509 Smiths in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Place-names: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Place-names|Earliest 20 22 24 26 126422|1859 13406|197 168990|2485 162812|0 13960|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Place-names: Earliest The world's earliest-known place-names are pre-Sumerian, e.g., Kish, Ur and the now-lost Attara, and therefore earlier than ^I . 3,600 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Place-names: Longest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Place-names|Longest 20 22 24 26 126490|1860 147638|2171 169058|2486 162812|1 139100|281 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Place-names: Longest The official name for Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, is Krungthep Mahanakhon. However, the full name is Krungthep Mahanakhon Bovorn Ratanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokpop Noparatratchathani Burirom Udomratchanivet mahasathan Amornpiman ^ Avatarnsathit Sakkathattiyavisnukarmprasit (167 letters), which in its most scholarly transliteration emerges with 175 letters. ^<n The longest place-name now in use in the world is ^ Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoro-nukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu, the unofficial 85-letter version of the name of a hill (1,002 ft above sea level) in the Southern Hawke's Bay district of North Island, New Zealand. The Maori ^ translation means "The place where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, who slid, climbed and swallowed mountains, known as landeater, played his flute to his loved one." ^ -END- -CTRL- Place-names: Shortest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Place-names|Shortest 20 22 24 26 126558|1861 242090|3560 169194|2488 162812|2 253960|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Place-names: Shortest The shortest place-names consist of just single letters, and examples can be found in various countries around the world. ^<n There was once a town called "6" in West Virginia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Place-names: Most spellings T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Place-names|Most spellings 20 22 24 26 126626|1862 186670|2745 169126|2487 162812|3 175106|341 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Place-names: Most spellings The spelling of the Dutch town of Leeuwarden has been recorded in 225 versions since A.D. 1046. Bromesberrow, Great Britain is recorded in 161 spellings since the 10th century as reported by local historian Lester Steynor. ^ -END- -CTRL- Debating: Longest T Arts and Entertainment|Language|Debating|Longest 20 22 24 26 126694|1863 135330|1990 62842|924 9258|136 163108|0 139100|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Debating: Longest Students of St Andrews Presbyterian College in Laurinburg, NC, together with staff and friends, debated the motion "There's No Place Like Home" for 517 hr 45 min from 4--26 Apr 1992. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest debate in the United ^ States was 109 hr 35 min, from 16-21 Nov 1989, by students at St Andrews Presbyterian College, Laurinburg, NC. They debated the motion: "World Hunger: Solvable or Unsolvable?" ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Earliest 20 22 24 26 126762|1864 11298|166 118534|1743 164190|0 13960|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Earliest Tokens or tallies from Tepe Asiab and Ganji-I-Dareh Tepe in Iran have been dated to 8,500 B.C. The earliest written language discovered is on Yangshao culture pottery from Paa-t'o in the Shaanxi province of China, found in 1962. This bears ^ proto-characters for the numbers 5, 7 and 8 and has been dated to 5,000-4,000 B.C. ^<n ^<4 Encyclopedias ^>4 The earliest known encyclopedia was compiled by Speusippus ( ^I 408- ^I 388 B.C.), a nephew of Plato, in Athens ^ ^I 370 B.C. ^<n ^<4 Printing ^>4 The oldest surviving printed work is the Dharani scroll or ^I from wooden printing blocks found in the foundations of the Pulguk Sa pagoda, Kyongju, South Korea on 14 Oct 1966. It has been ^ dated to no later than A.D. 704. ^<n Paper dated to between 71 B.C. and A.D. 21, i.e., 100 years earlier than the previous presumed date for paper's invention, has been found in northwest China. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Oldest mechanically printed T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Oldest mechanically printed 20 22 24 26 126830|1865 228830|3365 119214|1753 164190|1 236192|92 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Oldest mechanically printed It was claimed in November 1973 that a 28-page book of Tang dynasty poems at Yonsei University, Korea was printed from metal type ^I . 1160. Work on watermarks published in 1967 indicates that a copy of a surviving printed "Donatus" Latin ^ grammar was made from paper ^I . 1450. ^<n It is widely accepted that the earliest mechanically printed full-length book was the 42-line-per-page Gutenberg Bible, printed in Mainz, Germany ^I . 1454 by Johann Henne zum Gensfleisch ^ zur Laden, called "zu Gutenberg" ( ^I . 1398-1468). The earliest exactly dated printed work is the Psalter completed on 14 Aug 1457 by Johann Fust ( ^I . 1400-66) and Peter Schoffer (1425-1502), who had been Gutenberg's chief ^ assistant. ^<n The earliest printing by William Caxton ( ^I . 1422-91), though undated, would appear to be ^I in Cologne in late 1473 to spring 1474. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Smallest book T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Smallest book 20 22 24 26 126898|1866 247802|3644 119350|1755 164190|2 258628|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Smallest book The smallest marketed bound printed book is one printed on 22 gsm paper measuring 1/25 x 1/25 in, comprising the children's story ^I and published in 85 copies in March 1985 by The Gleniffer Press of Paisley, Great Britain. ^ The pages can be turned (with care) only by the use of a needle. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Highest-priced book T \p8\D10\3708152b Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Highest-priced book 20 24 26 28 126966|1867 78074|1148 19934|293 118670|1745 14970|220 164190|3 85040|28 26940|0 -PCAP- The highest price paid for any book is 8.14 million pounds ($12 million) for the long-lost manuscript ^I at Sotheby's, London on 6 Dec 1983. The 226-leaf book, which measures 13 1/2 x 10 in, was ^ illuminated by the Benedictine monk Herimann at Helmarshausen Abbey ^I . 1170 and bought by Hans Kraus for the West German Hermann Abs consortium. This is one of the 41 full-page miniature illustrations and shows the Coronation of Henry ^ and Matilda by God. (Photo: Sotheby's) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Highest-priced book The highest price paid for any book is 8.14 million pounds ($12 million) for the 226-leaf manuscript ^I at Sotheby's, London on 6 Dec 1983. The book, which measures 13 1/2 x 10 in, was ^ illuminated ^I . 1170 by the monk Herimann at Helmershansen Abbey, Germany with 41 full-page illustrations. The book was bought by Hans Kraus for the Hermann Abs consortium. ^<n The highest price ever paid for a ^I book is ^ $5.39 million for an Old Testament (Genesis to the Psalms) Gutenberg Bible printed in 1455 in Mainz, Germany. It was bought by Tokyo booksellers Maruzen Co. Ltd at Christie's New York on 22 Oct 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Best-selling books T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Best-selling books 20 22 24 26 127034|1868 894|13 118330|1740 164190|4 7032|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Best-selling books The world's most widely distributed book is the Bible, which has been translated into 318 languages, and portions of it into a further 1,628 languages. This compares with 222 languages for Lenin's works. It has been estimated that between 1815 and ^ 1975 some 2.5 billion copies of the Bible were printed, of which 1.5 billion were handled by bible societies. Since 1976, combined global sales of Today's English Version ( ^I ) New Testament and Bible (which is copyrighted by the ^ bible societies) have exceeded 111.3 million copies. Apart from the King James version (averaging some 13 million copies printed annually), there are at least 14 other copyrights on other versions of the Bible. The oldest publisher of bibles is ^ the Cambridge University Press, which began with the Geneva version in 1591. ^<n Excluding versions of the Bible, the world's all-time best-selling book is ^I , first published in October 1955 by the Guinness ^ Brewery and edited by Norris Dewar McWhirter (b. 12 Aug 1925) and his twin brother Alan Ross McWhirter (killed 27 Nov 1975). Global sales in 40 languages have surpassed 71 million to date. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Best-selling fiction T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Best-selling fiction 20 22 24 26 127102|1869 962|14 118398|1741 164190|5 7032|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Best-selling fiction It is difficult to state with certainty which single work has the highest sales, but two novels are considered contenders. ^I (first published March 1966) by Jacqueline Susann (Mrs Irving Mansfield; 1921-74) sold a ^ worldwide total of 28,712,000 to 30 Mar 1987. In the first six months Bantam sold 6.8 million copies. ^I by Margaret Mitchell, published in 1936, is also credited with sales of over 28 million copies. ^<n Alistair Stuart ^ MacLean (1922-87) wrote 30 books that have been translated into 28 languages, and 13 have been filmed. It has been estimated that a MacLean novel is purchased every 18 seconds. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Best-seller lists T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Best-seller lists 20 22 24 26 127170|1870 157974|2323 118262|1739 164190|6 169216|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Best-seller lists The longest duration on the ^I best-seller list (founded 1935) has been for ^I by M. Scott Peck, which on 2 Oct 1988 had its 258th week on the lists. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Slowest-selling book T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Slowest-selling book 20 22 24 26 127238|1871 243994|3588 119282|1754 164190|7 257632|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Slowest-selling book The prize for the world's slowest-selling book (a category known in publishing as slooow sellers) probably belongs to David Wilkins' translation of the New Testament from Coptic into Latin, published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in 1716 in a ^ printing of 500 copies. Selling an average of one each 20 weeks, it remained in print for 191 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Highest-priced broadsheet T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Highest-priced broadsheet 20 22 24 26 127306|1872 78142|1149 118738|1746 164190|8 85040|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Highest-priced broadsheet The highest price ever paid for a broadsheet was $2,420,000 for one of the 24 known copies of ^I , printed by John Dunlap in Philadelphia, PA in 1776, and sold to Donald J. Scheer of Atlanta, GA on 13 Jun 1991. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Highest-priced manuscript T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Highest-priced manuscript 20 22 24 26 127374|1873 78210|1150 118806|1747 164190|9 85040|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Highest-priced manuscript The highest price ever paid for a complete manuscript is 2.97 million pounds ($11.4 million) by London dealers Quaritch at Sotheby's, London on 29 Nov 1990 for the 13th-century Northumberland Bestiary, a colorful and heavily illustrated ^ encyclopedia of real and imaginary animals. ^<n ^<4 Musical ^>4 The auction record for a musical manuscript is $4,394,500 at Sotheby's, London on 22 May 1987 for a 510-page, 8 1/2 x 6 1/2 in bound volume of nine complete symphonies in ^ Mozart's hand. The manuscript is owned by Robert Owen Lehman and is on deposit at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City. ^<n The record price paid for a single musical manuscript is 1.1 million pounds paid at Sotheby's, London on 6 Dec ^ 1991 for the autograph copy of the Piano Sonata in E minor, opus 90, by Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827). ^<n ^<4 Scientific ^>4 The highest price paid for a scientific manuscript was $1.16 million for a 72-page document by Albert Einstein, ^ which explained his theory of relativity, on 2 Dec 1987 at Sotheby's, New York. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Longest poem T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Longest poem 20 22 24 26 127442|1874 141110|2075 119078|1751 164190|10 139100|185 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Longest poem The longest poem ever published was the Kirghiz folk epic ^I , which appeared in printed form in 1958 but has never been translated into English. According to the ^I , this three-part epic runs ^ to about 500,000 lines. Short translated passages appear in ^I . ^<n The longest poem ever written in the English language is one on the life of King Alfred by John Fitchett (1766-1838) of Liverpool, Great ^ Britain, which ran to 129,807 lines and took 40 years to write. His editor, Robert Riscoe, added the concluding 2,585 lines. ^<n In contrast, the 24-line Kamassian poem ^I is the only known literary work in this Samoyed language ^ (distantly related to Hungarian), spoken in the Sayan Mountains near Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia but now on the verge of extinction. This little poem is chronicled in the Hungarian publication ^I ^ and is printed in International Phonetics because Kamassian has no written form of its own. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Most successful poem T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Most successful poem 20 22 24 26 127510|1875 205234|3018 119146|1752 164190|11 216674|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Most successful poem ^I by Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936), first published in 1910, has been translated into 27 languages and, according to Kipling, "anthologized to weariness." ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Largest publications T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Largest publications 20 22 24 26 127578|1876 103234|1518 118874|1748 164190|12 91334|309 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Largest publications The largest publication ever compiled was the ^I (the great thesaurus of the Yongle reign) of 22,937 manuscript chapters (370 still survive) in 11,095 volumes. It was written by 2,000 Chinese scholars in 1403-08. ^<n The entire ^ Buddhist scriptures are inscribed on 729 marble slabs measuring 5 x 3 1/2 ft housed in 729 stupas in the Kuthodaw Pagoda, south of Mandalay, Myanmar (formerly Burma). They were incised in 1860-68. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Dictionaries T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Dictionaries 20 22 24 26 127646|1877 103098|1516 118466|1742 164190|13 91334|307 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Dictionaries ^<4 Largest ^>4 ^I , started by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in 1854, was completed in 1971 and consists of 34,519 pages and 33 volumes. ^<n The largest English-language dictionary is the 20-volume ^I , with 21,728 pages. The first edition was published between 1884 and 1928. A first Supplement of 964 pages appeared in 1932, and a second one in four volumes, between 1972 and 1986. Work on the second edition began in 1984, and ^ the work involved represented 500 person-years. Published in March 1989, it defines a total of 616,500 word-forms, with 2,412,400 illustrative quotations and approximately 350 million letters and figures. Now computerized, the dictionary required ^ 625 million bytes to store in machine-readable form. The longest entry in the second edition is that for the verb ^I , with over 75,000 words of text. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest English-language dictionary published in the ^ United States is ^I , published in 1986 by Merriam-Webster Inc. It defines 470,000 word-forms, with 99,943 illustrative quotations and approximately 60 million letters and numerics. ^ The longest entry is for the verb ^I , with over 5,500 words of text. ^<n The best-selling dictionary in the United States is ^I , published in 1983 and 1990 by Merriam-Webster Inc. The ^ 1983 edition has reportedly sold over one million copies each year. ^<n ^<4 Largest specialized ^>4 The ^I , edited by Stanley Sadie (b. 30 Oct 1930) and published in 20 volumes by Macmillan in ^ February 1981, contains over 22 million words and 4,500 illustrations and is the largest specialized dictionary. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Encyclopedias T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Encyclopedias 20 22 24 26 127714|1878 103166|1517 118602|1744 164190|14 91334|308 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Encyclopedias ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest encyclopedia ever compiled was the Chinese ^I (See Largest publications.) ^<n Currently, the largest encyclopedia is ^I (J. Espasa & ^ Sons, Madrid and Barcelona) totaling 105,000 pages with an annual supplement since 1935. The encyclopedia comprises 165.2 million words. The number of volumes in the set in August 1983 was 104, and the price $2,325. ^<n The most comprehensive ^ English-language encyclopedia is ^I , first published in Edinburgh, Great Britain in December 1768. A group of booksellers in the United States acquired reprint rights in 1898 and completed ownership in ^ 1899. The current 32-volume 15th edition contains 32,330 pages and 44 million words from more than 4,000 contributors. It is now edited in Chicago, IL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Longest novel T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Longest novel 20 22 24 26 127782|1879 141042|2074 119010|1750 164190|15 139100|184 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Longest novel The novel ^I by Sohachi Yamaoka has been serialized in Japanese daily newspapers since 1951. Now completed, it will require nearly 40 volumes. ^<n The longest novel of note ever published is ^I by Louis-Henri-Jean Farigoule (1885-1972), alias Jules Romains, of France, published in 27 volumes in 1932-46. The English version, ^I , was published in 14 volumes in 1933-46 as a "novel-cycle." The 4,959-page edition ^ published by Peter Davies Ltd has an estimated 2,070,000 words, excluding the 100-page index. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Who's Who T \c8\D01\3809186z Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Who's Who 20 24 26 28 127850|1880 141178|2076 20002|294 119418|1756 164190|16 139100|186 26940|1 -PCAP- (Left) The longest entry in the British edition of ^I was that of the Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill KG, OM, CH, TD (1874-1965), who appeared in 67 editions from 1899 (18 lines) and had 211 lines by the 1965 ^ edition. Sir Winston, seen here in the uniform of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, also holds records as the longest-serving 20th century British MP (63 years 360 days) and the UK citizen with the most freedoms conferred upon him (42). (Right) ^ Violinist Yehudi Menuhin (b. 22 Apr 1916) became the youngest non-hereditary entrant in the British edition of ^I at the age of 15. (Photos: Syndication International and Hulton/Keystone) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Who's Who ^<4 Longest entry ^>4 The longest of the 79,400 entries in ^I (46th edition) is that of Mr Thomas Capper Eakin (b. 16 Dec 1933), with an all-time record of 128 lines. ^<n The longest ever entry in the British edition ^ of ^I is that of the Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill KG, OM, CH, TD (1874-1965), who appeared in 67 editions from 1899 (18 lines) and had 211 lines by the 1965 edition. ^<n ^<4 Youngest ^>4 Violinist Yehudi ^ Menuhin (b. 22 Apr 1916) became the youngest non-hereditary entrant in the British edition of ^I at the age of 15. ^ -END- -CTRL- Literature: Longest literary gestation T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|General Records|Longest literary gestation 20 22 24 26 127918|1881 140974|2073 118942|1749 164190|17 139100|183 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Literature: Longest literary gestation The standard German dictionary ^I was begun by the brothers Grimm (Jacob and Wilhelm, 1785-1863 and 1786- 1859 respectively) in 1854 and finished in 1971. ^I , begun by Jean Bolland in 1643, arranged ^ according to saints' days, reached the month of November in 1925, and an introduction for December was published in 1940. ^<n Oxford University Press received back its proofs of ^I from the Dugdale Society in ^ December 1984. They had been sent out for correction 35 years earlier, in December 1949. ^ -END- -CTRL- Maps: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Maps|Oldest 20 22 24 26 127986|1882 229714|3378 128462|1889 165466|0 236192|105 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Maps: Oldest A clay tablet depicting the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia (Iraq) dates to ^I . 2250 B.C. The earliest printed map in the world is one of western China dated to 1115. ^ -END- -CTRL- Maps: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Maps|Largest 20 22 24 26 128054|1883 105954|1558 128326|1887 165466|1 91334|349 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Maps: Largest A giant relief map of California, ^I by Reuben Hall, measuring 45 x 18 ft and weighing 43 tons, was displayed in the Ferry Building, San Francisco from 1924-60. It required 29 person-years and $147,000 to build and is ^ now stored at the Hamilton Air Force Base in Novato, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Maps: Most expensive T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Maps|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 128122|1884 197414|2903 128394|1888 165466|2 208038|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Maps: Most expensive The highest price paid for an atlas is $1,925,000 for a copy of Ptolemy Cosmographia, which was sold at Sotheby's, New York City on 31 Jan 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bible: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Bible|Oldest 20 22 24 26 128190|1885 223730|3290 24830|365 165692|0 236192|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bible: Oldest The earliest biblical texts are from two silver amulets found under the Scottish Church, Jerusalem in 1979 bearing Numbers Chapter 6 verse 22-27 and dated to ^I . 587 B.C. In 1945 various papyrus texts were discovered at Nag Hammodi, Egypt, ^ including gnostic gospels or secret books (apocrypha) ascribed to Thomas, James, John, Peter and Paul. They were buried ^I . A.D. 350 but the originals are thought to have been written ^I . A.D. 120-150. ^<n The oldest-known Bible ^ is the ^I , written in Greek ^I A.D. 350 and preserved in the Vatican Museum, Rome. The earliest complete Bible ^I in English was edited by Miles Coverdale, Bishop of Exeter ( ^I . ^ 1488-1569), while living in Antwerp, Belgium, and printed in 1535. William Tyndale's New Testament in English was, however, printed in Cologne and Worms, Germany in 1525, and John Wycliffe's first manuscript translation dates from 1382. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bible: Longest and shortest book T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Bible|Longest and shortest book 20 22 24 26 128258|1886 130298|1916 24558|361 165692|1 139100|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bible: Longest and shortest book The longest book in the Authorized Version (King James) of the Bible is the Book of Psalms, and the longest book including prose is the Book of the Prophet Isaiah, with 66 chapters. The shortest is the Third Epistle of John, which has only 294 ^ words in 14 verses. The Second Epistle of John has only 13 verses but 298 words. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bible: Longest and shortest psalm T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Bible|Longest and shortest psalm 20 22 24 26 128326|1887 130366|1917 24626|362 165692|2 139100|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bible: Longest and shortest psalm Of the 150 psalms, the longest is the 119th, with 176 verses, and the shortest is the 117th, with two verses. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bible: Longest and shortest verse T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Bible|Longest and shortest verse 20 22 24 26 128394|1888 130434|1918 24694|363 165692|3 139100|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bible: Longest and shortest verse The shortest verse in the Authorized Version (King James) of the Bible is verse 35 of Chapter XI of the Gospel according to St John, consisting of the two words "Jesus wept." The longest is verse 9 of Chapter VIII of the Book of Esther, which ^ extends to a 90-word description of the Persian empire. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bible: Total letters and words T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Bible|Total letters and words 20 22 24 26 128462|1889 24898|366 165692|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bible: Total letters and words The total number of letters in the Bible is 3,566,480. The total number of words depends on the method of counting hyphenated words, but is usually given as between 773,692 and 773,746. According to Colin McKay Wilson of the Salvation Army, the ^ word ^I appears 46,227 times. According to the Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible, there are 212,916 references to "God" (in all forms) in the Bible. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bible: Longest name T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Bible|Longest name 20 22 24 26 128530|1890 130502|1919 24762|364 165692|5 139100|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bible: Longest name The longest actual name in English language bibles is the 18-letter Maher-shalal-hash-baz, the symbolic name of the second son of Isaiah (Isaiah, Chapter VIII, verses 1 and 3). ^<n The caption of Psalm 22, however, contains a Hebrew title sometimes ^ rendered as Al-Ayyeleth Hash-Shahar (20 letters). ^ -END- -CTRL- Diaries: Longest-kept T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Diaries|Longest-kept 20 22 24 26 128598|1891 135466|1992 64542|949 166128|0 139100|102 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diaries: Longest-kept Col. Ernest Loftus of Harare, Zimbabwe began his daily diary on 4 May 1896 at the age of 12 and continued it until his death on 7 Jul 1987 at the age of 103 years 178 days. George C. Edler (1889-1987) of Bethesda, MD kept a handwritten diary ^ continuously from 20 Sep 1909, a total of 78 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Letters: Longest and most T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Letters|Longest and most 20 22 24 26 128666|1892 140702|2069 117650|1730 24490|360 166214|0 139100|179 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Letters: Longest and most Uichi Noda, former vice minister of treasury and minister of construction in Japan, from July 1961 until his bedridden wife Mitsu's death in March 1985, wrote her 1,307 letters amounting to 5 million characters during his overseas trips. These ^ letters have been published in 25 volumes totaling 12,404 pages. Rev. Canon Bill Cook and his fiancee/wife Helen of Diss, Norfolk, Great Britain exchanged 6,000 love letters during their 4 1/4 year separation from March 1942-May 1946. ^ -END- -CTRL- Letters: Longest to an editor T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Letters|Longest to an editor 20 22 24 26 128734|1893 140906|2072 117854|1733 166214|1 139100|182 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Letters: Longest to an editor The ^I of Pennsylvania published a letter of 25,513 words spread over eight issues from August to November 1979, written by John Sultzbaugh of Lykens, PA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Letters: Shortest correspondence T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Letters|Shortest correspondence 20 22 24 26 128802|1894 241546|3552 117990|1735 166214|2 253960|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Letters: Shortest correspondence The shortest correspondence on record was that between Victor Marie Hugo (1802-85) and his publisher, Hurst and Blackett, in 1862. The author was on vacation and was anxious to know how his new novel ^I was selling. He wrote ^ "?" and received the reply "!" ^ -END- -CTRL- Letters: Most personal mail T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Letters|Most personal mail 20 22 24 26 128870|1895 179394|2638 117922|1734 166214|3 175106|235 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Letters: Most personal mail The highest confirmed amount of mail received by any private citizen in a year is 900,000 letters by the baseball star Henry Louis "Hank" Aaron (b. 5 Feb 1934), reported by the US Postal Department in June 1974. About a third were letters of hate ^ engendered by his bettering of George Herman "Babe" Ruth's career record for home runs. (See also Baseball.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Letters: Longest pen pal correspondence T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Letters|Longest pen pal correspondence 20 22 24 26 128938|1896 140838|2071 117786|1732 166214|4 139100|181 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Letters: Longest pen pal correspondence The longest sustained correspondence on record is one of 75 years between Mrs Ida McDougall of Tasmania, Australia and Miss R. Norton of Sevenoaks, Kent, Great Britain from 11 Nov 1904 until Mrs McDougall's death on 24 Dec 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Letters: Christmas cards T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Letters|Christmas cards 20 22 24 26 129006|1897 11162|164 117582|1729 166214|5 13960|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Letters: Christmas cards ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The earliest-known Christmas card was sent out by Sir Henry Cole (1808-82) in 1843, but this practice did not become an annual ritual until 1862. ^<n ^<4 Most ^>4 The greatest number of personal Christmas cards sent by an ^ individual is believed to be 62,824 by Werner Erhard of San Francisco, CA in December 1975. Many must have been to unilateral acquaintances. ^ -END- -CTRL- Letters: Longest exchange of Christmas cards T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Letters|Longest exchange of Christmas cards 20 22 24 26 129074|1898 140770|2070 117718|1731 166214|6 139100|180 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Letters: Longest exchange of Christmas cards Frank Rose of Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada and Gordon Loutet of Lake Cowichan, British Columbia have exchanged the same Christmas card every year since 1929. ^<n Warren Nord of Mesa, AZ and Thor (Tut) Andersen (d. 11 Sep 1988) of Ashtabula, OH ^ exchanged the same Christmas card every year from 1930-87. ^ -END- -CTRL- Autographs and Signatures: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Autographs and Signatures|Earliest 20 22 24 26 129142|1899 7694|113 13066|192 166720|0 13960|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Autographs and Signatures: Earliest The earliest surviving examples of autographs are those made by scribes on cuneiform clay tablets from Tell Abu Salaib ikh, Iraq dated to the early Dynastic III A ^I . 2,600 B.C. A scribe named "a-du" has added "dub-sar" after his name, ^ thus translating to "Adu, scribe." The earliest surviving signature on a papyrus is that of the scribe Amen-'aa, held in the St Petersburg Museum, Russia and dated to the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, which began ^I . 2,130 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Autographs and Signatures: Most expensive T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Autographs and Signatures|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 129210|1900 195578|2876 13134|193 166720|1 208038|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Autographs and Signatures: Most expensive The highest price ever paid on the open market for a single signed autograph letter was $360,000 on 29 Oct 1986 at Sotheby's, New York for a letter written by Thomas Jefferson in 1818 condemning prejudice against Jews. It was sold by Charles ^ Rosenbloom of Pittsburgh, PA. ^<n The highest price paid for an autograph letter signed by a living person is $12,500 at the Hamilton Galleries on 22 Jan 1981 for a letter from President Ronald Reagan praising Frank Sinatra. ^ -END- -CTRL- Autographs and Signatures: Rarest T \p8\D10\3708154 Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Autographs and Signatures|Rarest 20 23 25 27 129278|1901 236378|3476 20070|295 13202|194 8510|125 166720|2 250310|2 26940|2 -PCAP- The only known document bearing 10 US presidential signatures is a letter sent by Franklin D. Roosevelt to Mr. Richard C. Corbyn of Amarillo, Texas, USA dated 26 Oct 1932. It was subsequently signed by Herbert Hoover, Harry Truman, Dwight ^ Eisenhower, Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Nixon's first signature was signed with a ball-point pen but he later re-signed it. (Photo: R.C.&H Corbyn) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Autographs and Signatures: Rarest Only one example of the signature of Christopher Marlowe (1564-93) is known. It is in the County Archives in Kent, Great Britain on a will of 1583. ^<n The only known document that bears ten US presidential signatures is a letter sent by President ^ Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Richard C. Corbyn, then of Dallas (now of Amarillo), TX, dated 26 Oct 1932. It was subsequently signed by Herbert Hoover, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Gerald Ford, Lyndon Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan ^ and George Bush. Richard Nixon's first signature was signed with an auto-pen but he later re-signed it. ^ -END- -CTRL- Authors: Most prolific T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Authors|Most prolific 20 22 24 26 129346|1902 202650|2980 11162|164 166946|0 215538|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Authors: Most prolific A lifetime output of 72-75 million words has been calculated for Charles Harold St John Hamilton, alias Frank Richards (1876-1961), the creator of Billy Bunter. In his peak years (1915-26) he wrote up to 80,000 words a week for the boys' school ^ weeklies ^I (1907-39), ^I (1908-40) and ^I . ^<n ^<4 Novels ^>4 The greatest number of novels published is 904, by Kathleen Lindsay (Mrs Mary Faulkner; 1903-73) of Somerset West, Cape Province, South ^ Africa. She wrote under two other married names and eight pen names. ^<n Baboorao Arnalkar (b. 9 Jun 1907) of Maharashtra State, India published 1,092 short mystery stories in book form and several nonfiction books between 1936 and 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Authors: Greatest advance T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Authors|Greatest advance 20 22 24 26 129414|1903 45638|671 11026|162 166946|1 52992|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Authors: Greatest advance The greatest advance paid for any book is $5 million for ^I , to James Clavell at auction in New York City on 11 Jan 1986 by William Morrow & Co. and Avon Books. On 9 Feb 1989 Stephen King was reported to have garnered over $30 ^ million advance for his next four books. ^ -END- -CTRL- Authors: Top-selling T \c8\D01\3708155z Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Authors|Top-selling 20 24 26 28 129482|1904 258750|3805 20138|296 11434|168 23538|346 166946|2 273542|2 26940|3 -PCAP- The world's favorite female crime-writer is Dame Agatha Chistie (1890-1976), whose 78 novels have sold over 300 million copies worldwide. Her most famous sleuths, Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot, are portrayed here by Dame Margaret Rutherford ^ (1892-1972) in the 1964 MGM film of ^I and by Peter Ustinov in the 1978 version of ^I , which also featured David Niven (1909-83) and Bette Davis (1908-89). (Photo: Kobal Collection/Syndication ^ International) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Authors: Top-selling The world's top-selling writer of fiction is Dame Agatha Christie (nee Miller, later Lady Mallowan, 1890-1976), whose 78 crime novels have sold an estimated 2 billion copies in 44 languages. Her famous Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot, is featured ^ in 33 books and 56 stories, while his English counterpart, Miss Marple, has appeared in 12 books and 20 stories. Agatha Christie also wrote 19 plays and six romantic novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. Royalty earnings are estimated to be ^ worth $4.25 million per year. ^<n The top-selling female author is currently Dame Barbara Cartland, with global sales of over 600 million for some 564 titles published in 25 languages to date. She has averaged 23 titles per year for the last 18 ^ years and was made a Dame of the Order of the British Empire by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the 1991 New Year's Honours List for services to literature and the community. ^<n An estimated 600 million copies of Belgian novelist Georges ^ Simenon's (1903-89) works have also been sold, but in 47 languages. ^ -END- -CTRL- Authors: Highest-paid T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Authors|Highest-paid 20 22 24 26 129550|1905 81678|1201 11094|163 166946|3 90742|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Authors: Highest-paid In 1958 Mrs Deborah Schneider of Minneapolis, MN wrote 25 words to complete a sentence in a competition for the best slogan for Plymouth cars. She beat about 1.4 million other entrants to win a prize of $500 every month for life. Based on normal ^ life expectancy she should collect $12,000 per word. No known anthology includes Mrs Schneider's deathless prose, but it is in her safe deposit box at her bank, "Only to be opened after death." ^ -END- -CTRL- Authors: Most pseudonyms T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Authors|Most pseudonyms 20 22 24 26 129618|1906 164570|2420 11230|165 166946|4 175106|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Authors: Most pseudonyms The writer with greatest number of pseudonyms is the minor Russian humorist Konstantin Arsenievich Mikhailov (b. 1868), whose 325 pen names are listed in the ^I by I.F. Masanov, published in Moscow in 1960. The ^ names, ranging from Ab. to Z, were mostly abbreviations of his real name. ^ -END- -CTRL- Authors: Most rejections T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Authors|Most rejections 20 22 24 26 129686|1907 164638|2421 11298|166 166946|5 175106|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Authors: Most rejections The record for rejections before publication is 176 (plus non-acknowledgement from many other publishers) in the case of Bill Gordon's ^I from October 1983 to November 1985. The record was then spoiled by ^ Mr Gordon's rejection of a written offer from Aames-Allen. ^ -END- -CTRL- Authors: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Authors|Oldest 20 22 24 26 129754|1908 223186|3282 11366|167 166946|6 236192|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Authors: Oldest The oldest author in the world was Alice Pollock (nee Wykeham-Martin, 1868-1971) of Haslemere, Great Britain, whose first book, ^I (Johnson Publications), was published in March 1971 when she was aged 102 years ^ 8 months. The oldest living author is Griffith R. Williams of Llithfaen, Great Britain, whose autobiography, ^I , was published on his 102nd birthday on 5 Jun 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Publishers: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Publishers|Oldest 20 22 24 26 129822|1909 233114|3428 182794|2688 167452|0 236192|155 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Publishers: Oldest Cambridge University Press has a continuous history of printing and publishing since 1584. The University received a Royal Letters Patent to print and sell all manner of books on 20 Jul 1534. ^<n In 1978 the Oxford University Press (OUP) celebrated ^ the 500th anniversary of the printing of the first book in the City of Oxford, Great Britain in 1478. This was before OUP itself was in existence. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The firm of Lea Febiger of Malvern, PA (founded as Matthew Carey) has ^ a continuous history of publishing since 1785. ^ -END- -CTRL- Publishers: Most prolific T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Publishers|Most prolific 20 22 24 26 129890|1910 203262|2989 182726|2687 167452|1 215538|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Publishers: Most prolific At its peak in 1989, Progress Publishers (founded in 1931 as the Publishing Association of Foreign Workers in the former USSR) of Moscow, Russia printed over 750 titles in 50 languages annually. ^ -END- -CTRL- Publisher: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Publishers|Largest 20 22 24 26 129958|1911 115542|1699 182590|2685 167452|2 91334|490 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Publisher: Largest The world's largest publishing company is Time Warner of New York. It has 9,600 employees, and sales in 1991 totaled $3.0 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Publishers: Fastest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Publishers|Fastest 20 22 24 26 130026|1912 28094|413 182658|2686 167452|3 23878|165 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Publishers: Fastest A thousand bound copies of Sir Frederick Mason's village history ^I were produced in 12 hr 26 min from raw disk by publishers Scriptmate Editions in conjunction with printers Scan Laser Ltd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Printing: Largest printer T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Printing|Largest printer 20 22 24 26 130094|1913 115406|1697 180550|2655 167748|0 91334|488 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Printing: Largest printer The largest printers in the world are believed to be R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co. of Chicago, IL. The company, founded in 1864, has nearly 100 manufacturing facilities, offices, service centers and subsidiaries worldwide, turning out $3.9 billion ^ worth of work in 1991. ^<n The largest printer under one roof is the United States Government Printing Office (founded 1861) in Washington, D.C. Encompassing 34.4 acres of floor space, the central office processes an average of 1,464 print orders ^ daily, and uses 93.2 million lb of paper annually. The Superintendent of Documents sells approximately $83.2 million worth of US government publications every year and maintains an inventory of over 16,000 titles in print. ^ -END- -CTRL- Printing: Most copies T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Printing|Most copies 20 22 24 26 130162|1914 188166|2767 180618|2656 6402|94 167748|1 175106|363 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Printing: Most copies It is believed that in the United States, Van Antwerp Bragg and Co. printed some 60 million copies of the 1879 edition of ^I , compiled by Henry Vail in the pre-copyright era for distribution to public schools. ^<n The ^ total dispersal through noncommercial channels by Jehovah's Witnesses of ^I , published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York City on 8 May 1968, reached 107,073,279 in 117 languages by ^ April 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Printing: Largest print order T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Printing|Largest print order 20 22 24 26 130230|1915 115338|1696 180482|2654 167748|2 91334|487 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Printing: Largest print order The initial print order for the 1990/91 Automobile Association (Great Britain) ^I was 6,153,000 copies. Stacked on top of each other, this would be seven times the height of Mt Everest. The total printed since 1908 is ^ 97,673,000, and it is currently printed by web offset by Petty & Sons Ltd of Leeds, Great Britain and Jarrolds Printing Ltd of Norwich, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bookstores: Most titles T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Bookstores|Most titles 20 22 24 26 130298|1916 167426|2462 30678|451 167974|0 175106|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bookstores: Most titles The bookstore with the most titles and the longest shelving (30 miles) in the world is W. & G. Foyle Ltd of London, Great Britain. First established in 1904 in a small store, the company now has a site of 75,825 sq ft. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^ The most capacious individual bookstore in the world measured by square footage is the Barnes & Noble Bookstore at 105 Fifth Ave at 18th Street, New York City. It covers 154,250 sq ft and has 12.87 miles of shelving. ^ -END- -CTRL- Libraries: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Libraries|Earliest 20 22 24 26 130366|1917 11230|165 118058|1736 168060|0 13960|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Libraries: Earliest One of the earliest-known collections of archival material was that of King Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 B.C.). He had clay tablets referring to events and personages as far back as the Dynasty of Agode ^I . 23rd century B.C. ^<n ^<4 ^ United States ^>4 The first library in America was established at Harvard University in 1638. The first subscription library in the country was the Philadelphia Library Company in 1731. The first library in America that meets the definition of ^ a modern public library was in Peterboro, NH, established on 9 Apr 1833. The Peterboro Town Library was the first free public library in the country and was tax-supported with $750 from the New Hampshire State Literary Fund. The original ^ collection contained 700 books, mainly religious, historical, biographical and educational works. The current collection of Peterboro Library numbers 49,000 books, and circulation is automated. ^ -END- -CTRL- Libraries: Largest T \p8\D10\us08151 Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Libraries|Largest 20 24 26 28 130434|1918 103030|1515 20206|297 118126|1737 168060|1 91334|306 26940|4 -PCAP- The British Library, housed in 18 buildings in London, United Kingdom and a 60 acre site at Boston Spa, West Yorkshire, is one of the largest in the world. The Document Supply Centre in Boston Spa operates the largest interlending service in the ^ world, handling almost 3 million requests annually from libraries all over the world. Its music section, the National Sound Archive, holds over 1 million discs and 50,000 hours of recorded tape and the Newspaper Library contains 70,000 different ^ titles. The famous Reading Room, situated in the main Great Russell St complex in central London, was designed by sir Anthony Panizzi in 1854. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Libraries: Largest The United States Library of Congress (founded on 24 Apr 1800) in Washington, D.C. contains 98,636,944 items, including 15,374,079 books in the classified collections and 83,262,865 items in the nonclassified collections. The library occupies ^ approximately 2.85 million sq ft of space in the three Capitol Hill buildings. Additionally, the library has some 350,000 sq ft of space in six different remote locations. As of May 1991 there were 575 miles of shelving. ^<n The largest ^ nonstatutory library in the world is the New York Public Library (founded 1895) on Fifth Avenue, New York City with a floor space of 525,276 sq ft and 88 miles of shelving, plus an underground extension with the capacity for an additional 92 ^ miles. Its collection, including 82 branch libraries, embraces 13,887,774 volumes, 18,349,585 manuscripts and 381,645 maps. ^<n The largest public library in the United States is the Harold Washington Library Center, Chicago, IL, which opened on ^ 7 Oct 1991. The ten-story, 750,000 sq ft building contains 70.8 miles of bookshelves and cost $144 million. The collection includes 2 million books, 8,585 periodical titles, nearly 900,000 government documents, 100,000 pamphlets, 3.4 million ^ microforms and 1.6 million recordings, audiovisual aids, picture files and sheet music. ^ -END- -CTRL- Libraries: Most overdue books T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Libraries|Most overdue books 20 22 24 26 130502|1919 179462|2639 118194|1738 168060|2 175106|236 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Libraries: Most overdue books The record for an unreturned and overdue library book was set when a book in German on the Archbishop of Bremen, published in 1609, was borrowed from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, Great Britain by Colonel Robert Walpole in 1667-68. It was found ^ by Prof. Sir John Plumb in the library of the then-Marquess of Cholmondeley at Houghton Hall, Norfolk, Great Britain and returned 288 years later. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The most overdue book in the United States was a book on febrile ^ diseases checked out in 1823 from the University of Cincinnati Medical Library and returned 7 Dec 1968 by the borrower's great-grandson Richard Dodd. The calculated fine of $2,264 was waived. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Oldest 20 22 24 26 130570|1920 231006|3397 154438|2271 168286|0 236192|124 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Oldest A copy has survived of a news pamphlet published in Cologne, Germany in 1470. The oldest existing newspaper in the world is the Swedish official journal ^I , founded in 1645 and published by the Royal Swedish ^ Academy of Letters. The oldest existing commercial newspaper is the ^I , published in Haarlem, Netherlands, first issued as the ^I on 8 Jan 1656. A copy of ^ issue No. 1 survives. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest continuously published newspaper in the United States is the ^I , established by Thomas Greene on 29 Oct 1764. Originally a weekly four-page newspaper, it had an ^ estimated circulation of 8,000 during the American Revolution, when it printed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. In 1836 the ^I became a daily newspaper and in 1913 started a Sunday edition. It was acquired by ^ the Times Mirror organization in 1979 and has outlasted 40 other newspapers published at one time or another out of Hartford. Its current circulation figures are 234,285 daily and 326,884 Sunday papers, as of March 1992. ^<n The oldest ^ continuously published daily newspaper in the United States is the ^I , established as the ^I by Alexander Hamilton on 16 Nov 1801. Originally four pages, the newspaper had an estimated circulation ^ of 600 in 1801. Its current circulation is 491,326, as of 30 Apr 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Largest 20 22 24 26 130638|1921 109490|1610 153894|2263 168286|1 91334|401 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Largest The most massive single issue of a newspaper has been of the Sunday ^I , which weighed 12 lb and contained 1,612 pages, on 14 Sep 1987. The largest page size ever used was 51 x 35 in for ^I , printed in ^ 1859 by George Roberts as part of the July 4th celebrations in New York City. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Smallest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Smallest 20 22 24 26 130706|1922 248482|3654 154506|2272 168286|2 258628|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Smallest The smallest original page size was the 3 x 3 3/4 in of the ^I (25 cents per month) of Roseberg, OR, issues of which, dated 1 and 2 Feb 1876, survive. The British Library Newspaper Library contains the ^I of 1 Apr 1899, which measures 2.9 x 3.9 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Longest editorship T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Longest editorship 20 22 24 26 130774|1923 146142|2149 153962|2264 168286|3 139100|259 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Longest editorship Sir Etienne Dupuch (b. 16 Feb 1899) of Nassau, Bahamas was editor-in-chief of ^I from 1 Apr 1919 to 1972, and a contributing editor until his death on 23 Aug 1991, a total of 72 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Most Pulitzer prizes T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Most Pulitzer prizes 20 22 24 26 130842|1924 184494|2713 154166|2267 168286|4 175106|309 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Most Pulitzer prizes The ^I has won 65 Pulitzer prizes, more than any other news organization. The Pulitzer is the highest award given annually for American journalism and arts. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Most durable feature T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Most durable feature 20 22 24 26 130910|1925 184426|2712 154098|2266 168286|5 175106|308 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Most durable feature Eric Hardy of Liverpool, Great Britain is in his 65th year as a regular natural history contributor to the ^I of Liverpool, Great Britain, with a weekly "Countryside" feature. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Most durable advertiser T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Most durable advertiser 20 22 24 26 130978|1926 184358|2711 154030|2265 168286|6 175106|307 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Most durable advertiser The Jos Neel Co., a clothing store in Macon, GA (founded 1880) has run an ad in the ^I every day in the upper-left corner of page 2 since 22 Feb 1889. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Most syndicated columnist T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Most syndicated columnist 20 22 24 26 131046|1927 184698|2716 154370|2270 168286|7 175106|312 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Most syndicated columnist Ann Landers (nee Eppie Lederer, b. 4 Jul 1918) appears in over 1,200 newspapers with an estimated readership of 90 million. Her only serious rival is "Dear Abby" (Mrs Pauline Phillips), her identical twin sister based in Beverly Hills, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Cartoon strips T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Cartoon strips 20 22 24 26 131114|1928 12590|185 153690|2260 168286|8 13960|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Cartoon strips ^<4 Earliest ^>4 "The Yellow Kid" first appeared in the ^I on 18 Oct 1896. ^<n ^<4 Most durable ^>4 The longest-lived newspaper comic strip is "The Katzenjammer Kids" (Hans and Fritz), created by Rudolph Dirks and ^ first published in the ^I on 12 Dec 1897. ^<n ^<4 Most successful ^>4 "Peanuts" by Charles Schulz of Santa Rosa, CA, first published in October 1950, currently appears in 2,300 newspapers in 68 countries and 26 ^ languages. In 1990 Schulz's income was estimated at $5 million per month. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Total US T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Total US 20 22 24 26 131182|1929 154574|2273 168286|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Total US In 1991 the total number of morning and evening newspapers published in the United States was 1,586 with a total circulation of 60,689,183. There were 825 Sunday newspapers with a circulation of 62,067,820. The peak year for US newspapers was 1910, ^ when there were 2,202. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Most readers T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Most readers 20 22 24 26 131250|1930 184630|2715 154302|2269 168286|10 175106|311 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Most readers The country with the leading number of newspaper readers in the world is Sweden, where 580 newspapers are sold for every 1,000 people. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: First million circulation T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|First million circulation 20 22 24 26 131318|1931 39450|580 153758|2261 168286|11 40936|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: First million circulation The first newspaper to achieve a circulation of one million copies was ^I , published in Paris, France, which reached this figure in 1886, when selling at 5 centimes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Highest circulation T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Highest circulation 20 22 24 26 131386|1932 70050|1030 153826|2262 168286|12 71062|109 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Highest circulation The highest circulation for any newspaper in the world was that for ^I (founded 1925), the youth paper of the former Soviet Communist Party, which reached a peak daily circulation of 21,975,000 copies in May 1990. The ^ eight-page weekly newspaper ^I (founded 1978) of Moscow, Russia attained a figure of 33,431,100 copies in May 1990 when it had an estimated readership of over 100 million. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The ^ highest-circulation daily newspaper in the United States is the ^I (founded 1889), published by Dow Jones & Co. As of March 1992, circulation was 1,852,863 copies. ^ -END- -CTRL- Newspapers: Most read T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Newspapers|Most read 20 22 24 26 131454|1933 184562|2714 154234|2268 168286|13 175106|310 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Newspapers: Most read The national newspaper that achieves the closest to a saturation circulation is the ^I , established in Glasgow, Great Britain in 1914. In 1989 its estimated readership in Scotland of 2,213,000 represented 54 percent of the entire ^ population aged 15 and over. The ^I (founded March 1974) has a readership of 97+ percent on Britain's seventh largest offshore island. ^ -END- -CTRL- Periodicals: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Periodicals|Oldest 20 22 24 26 131522|1934 231686|3407 164570|2420 169282|0 236192|134 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Periodicals: Oldest The oldest continuing periodical in the world is ^I , published in London, Great Britain, which first appeared on 6 Mar 1665. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest continuously published ^ periodical in the United States is ^I , started in Massachusetts by Robert Thomas, a teacher and amateur astronomer, in 1792. ^I , as it was called originally, changed to its current title ^ in 1848. The 200th edition was brought out in September, 1991. This anniversary edition required 3 million pounds of paper to produce a press run of 7.5 million, which is 3 million higher than last year's issue. The ^I has an ^ estimated readership of 70 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Periodicals: Largest circulations T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Periodicals|Largest circulations 20 22 24 26 131590|1935 112142|1649 164502|2419 169282|1 91334|440 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Periodicals: Largest circulations The peak circulation of any weekly periodical was achieved by ^I , which in 1974 became the first magazine to sell a billion copies in a year. As of March 1992 it had a circulation of 15.67 million. The world's highest-circulation ^ magazine is currently ^I , with a figure as of March 1992 of 22.45 million. ^<n In its 41 basic international editions, ^I (established February 1922) circulates 28.5 million copies monthly in 17 ^ languages, including a US edition of more than 16.31 million copies and a Great Britain edition (established 1939) of over 1.5 million copies (ABC July-December 1990). ^I , the syndicated color magazine, is distributed with a record ^ 343 US newspapers every Sunday, giving a peak circulation in July 1991 of 36.4 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Periodicals: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Periodicals|Largest 20 22 24 26 131658|1936 112074|1648 164434|2418 169282|2 91334|439 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Periodicals: Largest The bulkiest consumer magazine ever published was the January 1992 issue of ^I , running to 1,356 pages. Published by the Hong Kong Trade Development Council, it retails for HK$100 (about $12.50). ^ -END- -CTRL- Crosswords: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Crosswords|Earliest 20 22 24 26 131726|1937 9394|138 58490|860 169508|0 13960|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crosswords: Earliest Opinions differ on what constitutes a true crossword as distinct from other forms of word puzzle, but the earliest contender is considered to be a 25-letter acrostic of Roman provenance discovered on a wall in Cirencester, Great Britain in 1868. ^ Another possible contender is an example of "blended squares," published in the women's magazine ^I in September 1904. The modern crossword is believed to have evolved from Arthur Wynne's "Word Cross," published ^ in the Sunday ^I on 21 Dec 1913. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crosswords: Largest published T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Crosswords|Largest published 20 22 24 26 131794|1938 91946|1352 58626|862 169508|1 91334|143 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crosswords: Largest published In July 1982 Robert Turcot of Quebec, Canada compiled a crossword puzzle comprising 82,951 squares. It contained 12,489 clues across, 13,125 down and covered 38.28 sq ft. ^<n ^<4 Compilers ^>4 The most prolific compiler is Roger F. Squires of ^ Ironbridge, Great Britain, who compiles 42 published puzzles single-handedly each week. His total output to September 1991 was over 37,500 puzzles, and his millionth clue was published in the ^I (London) on 6 Sep 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crosswords: Fastest solution T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Crosswords|Fastest solution 20 22 24 26 131862|1939 20614|303 58558|861 169508|2 23878|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crosswords: Fastest solution The fastest recorded time for completing ^I (London) crossword under test conditions is 3 min 45 sec by Roy Dean of Bromley, Great Britain, in the British Broadcasting Corporation ^I radio studio on 19 Dec 1970. ^<n Dr ^ John Sykes won ^I championship ten times between 1972 and 1990, when he solved each of the four puzzles in an average time of 8 min and beat the field by a record margin of 9 1/2 min on 8 Sep at the Hilton ^ Hotel, London, Great Britain. He set a championship best time of 4 min 28 sec in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crosswords: Slowest solution T Arts and Entertainment|Literature|Crosswords|Slowest solution 20 22 24 26 131930|1940 243654|3583 58694|863 169508|3 257632|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crosswords: Slowest solution In May 1966 ^I of London received an announcement from a Fijian woman that she had just succeeded in completing their crossword No. 673, published in the issue of 4 Apr 1932. As her husband, D.T. Lloyd disclosed in a letter to ^I on 8 Feb 1990, he and his wife were stationed in Fiji by the British government. The problem wasn't that the puzzle was so fiendishly difficult---it was just that it had been used to wrap a package, and had subsequently lain ^ uncompleted for 34 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Museums: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Museums|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 131998|1941 230870|3395 150902|2219 169890|0 236192|122 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Museums: Oldest The world's oldest extant museum is the Ashmolean in Oxford, Great Britain, built between 1679 and 1683 and named after the collector Elias Ashmole (1617-92). Since 1924 it has housed an exhibition of historic scientific instruments. ^ -END- -CTRL- Museums: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Museums|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 132066|1942 108606|1597 150766|2217 169890|1 91334|388 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Museums: Largest The Smithsonian Institution comprises 15 museums containing over 139 million items and has 6,000 employees. ^<n The American Museum of Natural History in New York City was founded in 1869 and comprises 22 interconnected buildings in an 18-acre ^ park. The buildings of the museum and the planetarium contain 1.2 million sq ft of floor space, accommodating more than 30 million artifacts and specimens. Its exhibits are viewed by more than 3 million visitors each year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Museums: Most popular T Arts and Entertainment|Museums|General Records|Most popular 20 22 24 26 132134|1943 184018|2706 150834|2218 169890|2 175106|302 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Museums: Most popular The highest attendance for any museum is that at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C., opened in July 1976. The record-setting day on 14 Apr 1984, with an attendance of over 118,437, required the doors to be temporarily ^ closed. ^ -END- -CTRL- Music: Origins T Arts and Entertainment|Music|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 132202|1944 150970|2220 170902|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Music: Origins Whistles and flutes made from perforated phalange bones (parts of fingers or toes) have been found at Upper Paleolithic sites of the Aurignacian period ( ^I . 25,000-22,000 B.C.) at Is-tallosko, Hungary and in Moldova. ^<n A heptatonic scale ^ deciphered from a clay tablet by Dr Duchesne-Guillemin in 1966-67 was found at a site in Nippur, Sumer, now Iraq. Musical history can, however, be traced back to the third millennium B.C., when the yellow bell ( ^I ) had a ^ recognized standard musical tone in Chinese temple music. ^ -END- -CTRL- Music: The human voice T Arts and Entertainment|Music|General Records|The human voice 20 22 24 26 132270|1945 160490|2360 151038|2221 170902|1 170594|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Music: The human voice ^<4 Highest and lowest notes ^>4 Before this century the extremes were a staccato E in ^I (e superscript iv) by Ellen Beach Yaw (1869-1947) in Carnegie Hall, New York City on 19 Jan 1896, and an A subscript 1 (55 Hz [cycles ^ per sec]) by Kasper Foster (1617-73). ^<n Madeleine Marie Robin (1918-60), the French operatic coloratura, could produce and sustain the B above high C in the Lucia mad scene in Donizetti's ^I . Since 1950 singers have ^ achieved high and low notes far beyond formerly accepted extremes. However, notes at the bass and treble extremities of the register tend to lack harmonics and are of little musical value. Ivan Rebroff, the German singer, has a voice which ^ extends easily over four octaves from a low F to a high F, one and a quarter octaves above C. ^<n The highest note put into song is G superscript iv, occurring in Mozart's ^I . The lowest vocal note in the classical ^ repertoire is in Mozart's ^I in Osmin's aria, which calls for a low D (73.4 Hz). ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Earliest piano T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Earliest piano 20 22 24 26 132338|1946 12522|184 151174|2223 171058|0 13960|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Earliest piano The earliest pianoforte in existence is one built in Florence, Italy in 1720 by Bartolommeo Cristofori (1655-1731) of Padua, and now preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Biggest piano T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Biggest piano 20 22 24 26 132406|1947 2322|34 151106|2222 12658|186 171058|1 7328|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Biggest piano The grandest grand piano was one of 1.4 tons and 11 ft 8 in in length made by Chas H. Challen & Son Ltd of London, Great Britain in 1935. The longest bass string measured 9 ft 11 in, with a tensile strength of 33 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Most expensive piano T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Most expensive piano 20 22 24 26 132474|1948 197618|2906 151990|2235 171058|2 208038|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Most expensive piano The highest price ever paid for a piano was $390,000 at Sotheby Parke Bernet, New York City on 26 Mar 1980 for a Steinway grand of ^I . 1888 sold by the Martin Beck Theater. It was bought by a non-pianist. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Largest organ T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Largest organ 20 22 24 26 132542|1949 109014|1603 151650|2230 171058|3 91334|394 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Largest organ The largest and loudest musical instrument ever constructed is the now only partially functional Auditorium Organ in Atlantic City, NJ. Completed in 1930, this instrument had two consoles (one with seven manuals and another movable one with five), ^ 1,477 stop controls and 33,112 pipes, ranging in tone from 1/5 in to the 64 ft tone. It had the volume of 25 brass bands, with a range of seven octaves. ^<n The world's largest fully functional organ is the six manual 30,067 pipe Grand Court ^ Organ installed in the Wanamaker Store, Philadelphia, PA in 1911 and enlarged between then and 1930. It has a 64 ft tone gravissima pipe. ^<n The world's largest church organ is that in Passau Cathedral, Germany. It was completed in 1928 by D. F. ^ Steinmeyer & Co. and has 16,000 pipes and five manuals. The chapel organ at the United States Military Academy at West Point, NY has, since 1911, been expanded from 2,406 to 18,200 pipes. ^<n The world's most powerful electronic organ is Robert ^ A. Nye's 7,000-watt "Golden Spirit" organ, designed by Henry N. Hunsicker. It has 700 speakers and made its public concert debut in Trump Castle, Atlantic City, NJ on 9 Dec 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Loudest organ stop T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Loudest organ stop 20 22 24 26 132610|1950 158790|2335 151922|2234 171058|4 170088|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Loudest organ stop The Ophicleide stop of the Grand Great in the Solo Organ in the Atlantic City Auditorium is operated by a pressure of water 3 1/2 lb/sq in and has a pure trumpet note of ear-splitting volume, more than six times the volume of the loudest locomotive ^ whistles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Largest pan pipes T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Largest pan pipes 20 22 24 26 132678|1951 109082|1604 151718|2231 171058|5 91334|395 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Largest pan pipes The world's largest pan pipes, created by Simon Desorgher and Lawrence Casserley, consist of five contrabass pipes, each 4 in in diameter, with lengths of 19 in, 16 in, 14 in, 12 in and 10 in respectively, and five bass pipes of 2 in diameter with ^ lengths of 9.5 in, 8 in, 7 in, 6 in and 5 in. Their first public appearance was at Jubilee Gardens, London, Great Britain on 9 Jul 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Largest brass instrument T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Largest brass instrument 20 22 24 26 132746|1952 108742|1599 151378|2226 171058|6 91334|390 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Largest brass instrument The largest recorded brass instrument is a tuba standing 7 1/2 ft tall, with 39 ft of tubing and a bell 3 ft 4 in across. This contrabass tuba was constructed for a world tour by the band of American composer John Philip Sousa (1854-1932), ^I . 1896-98. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Largest stringed T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Largest stringed 20 22 24 26 132814|1953 109150|1605 151786|2232 171058|7 91334|396 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Largest stringed The largest movable stringed instrument ever constructed was a pantaleon with 270 strings stretched over 50 sq ft used by George Noel in 1767. The greatest number of musicians required to operate a single instrument was the six required to play the ^ gigantic orchestrion, known as the Apollonican, built in 1816 and played until 1840. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Largest double bass T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Largest double bass 20 22 24 26 132882|1954 108810|1600 151446|2227 171058|8 91334|391 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Largest double bass A double bass measuring 14 ft tall was built in 1924 in Ironia, NJ by Arthur K. Ferris, allegedly on orders from the Archangel Gabriel. It weighed 1,301 lb with a sound box 8 ft across, and had leather strings totaling 104 ft. Its low notes could ^ be felt rather than heard. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Guitar T \p8\D10\3809191 Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Guitar 20 23 25 27 132950|1955 108674|1598 20274|298 151242|2224 7966|117 171058|9 208038|31 27306|0 -PCAP- The left-handed Jimi Hendrix (1942-70) demonstrating his unusual "upside-down" playing style on the Fender Stratocaster, which was sold for 198,000 pounds ($338,580) at Sotheby's, London on 25 Apr 1990 by his former drummer "Mitch" Mitchell. ^ (Photo: London Features International) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Guitar ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest playable guitar in the world is 38 ft 2 in tall, 16 ft wide and weighs 1,865 lb. Modeled on the Gibson "Flying V," it was made by students of Shakamak High School in Jasonville, IN. The instrument was unveiled on 17 ^ May 1991 when, powered by six amplifiers, it was played simultaneously by six members of the school. ^<n ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 A Fender Stratocaster belonging to legendary rock guitarist Jimi Hendrix (1942-70) was sold by his former drummer ^ Mitch Mitchell to an anonymous buyer for 198,000 pounds ($338,580) at Sotheby's, London on 25 Apr 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Most valuable violin T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Most valuable violin 20 22 24 26 133018|1956 214142|3149 152126|2237 171058|10 226156|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Most valuable violin The highest price paid at auction for a violin is 902,000 pounds ($1.7 million) for the 1720 "Mendelssohn" Stradivarius, named after the German banking family who were descendants of the composer. It was sold to a mystery buyer at Christie's, ^ London on 21 Nov 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Most valuable cello T \p8\D10\3708157 Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Most valuable cello 20 22 24 26 133086|1957 214074|3148 20342|299 152058|2236 171058|11 226156|17 27306|1 -PCAP- The highest price paid at auction for a violoncello is 682,000 pounds (approximately $1.2 million) for this Stradivarius known as "The Cholmondeley," made in Cremona, Italy c.1698 and sold at Sotheby's, London on 22 Jun 1988. (Photo: Sotheby's) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Most valuable cello The highest auction price for a violoncello is 682,000 pounds (approximately $1.2 million) at Sotheby's, London on 22 Jun 1988 for a Stradivarius known as "The Cholmondeley," which was made in Cremona, Italy ^I 1698. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Largest drum T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Largest drum 20 22 24 26 133154|1958 108878|1601 151514|2228 171058|12 91334|392 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Largest drum A drum with a 13 ft diameter was built by the Supreme Drum Co., London, Great Britain and played at the Royal Festival Hall, London on 31 May 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Largest drum kit T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Largest drum kit 20 22 24 26 133222|1959 108946|1602 151582|2229 171058|13 91334|393 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Largest drum kit A drum kit consisting of 81 pieces--45 drums, including six bass drums, 15 cymbals, five temple blocks, two triangles, two gongs, two sets of wind chimes, one solid bar chime, six assorted cowbells, a drum set tambourine, a vibra slap and an ^ icebell--is owned by Darreld MacKenzie of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Longest alphorn T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Longest alphorn 20 22 24 26 133290|1960 145938|2146 151854|2233 171058|14 139100|256 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Longest alphorn A 154 ft 8 in (excluding mouthpiece) long alphorn weighing 227 lb was completed by Swiss-born Peter Wutherich, of Boise, ID in December 1989. The diameter at the bell is 24 1/2 in and the sound takes 105.7 milliseconds to emerge from the bowl after ^ entry into the mouthpiece. ^ -END- -CTRL- Musical Instruments: Highest and lowest notes T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Musical Instruments|Highest and lowest notes 20 22 24 26 133358|1961 160558|2361 151310|2225 171058|15 170594|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Musical Instruments: Highest and lowest notes The extremes of orchestral instruments (excluding the organ) range from a handbell tuned to g superscript v (6,272 cycles/sec) to the sub-contrabass clarinet, which can reach C subscript 11or 16.4 cycles/sec. The highest note on a standard ^ pianoforte is c superscript v (4,186 cycles/sec), which is also the violinist's limit. In 1873 a sub-double bassoon able to reach B subscript 111 +/- or 14.6 cycles/sec was constructed, but no surviving specimen is known. ^<n The extremes for the ^ organ are g superscript vi (the sixth G above middle C) (12.544 cycles/sec) and C subscript 111 (8.12 cycles/sec) obtainable from 3/4 in and 64 ft pipes respectively. ^ -END- -CTRL- Songs: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Songs|Oldest 20 22 24 26 133426|1962 233998|3441 202990|2985 172194|0 236192|168 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Songs: Oldest The ^I chant has been sung since time immemorial by irrigation workers on the human-powered, pivoted-rod bucket raisers of the Nile water mills (or ^I ) in Egypt. The world's earliest surviving musical notation dates ^ from ^I . 1800 B.C. An Assyrian love song, also ^I . 1800 B.C., to an Ugaritic god from a tablet of notation and lyric was reconstructed for an 11-string lyre at the University of California, Berkeley on 6 Mar 1974. ^<n The ^ oldest-known harmonized music performed today is the English song ^I , which dates from ^I . 1240. ^ -END- -CTRL- Songs: Most frequently sung T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Songs|Most frequently sung 20 22 24 26 133494|1963 190682|2804 202854|2983 172194|1 175106|400 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Songs: Most frequently sung The most frequently sung songs in English are ^I (based on the original ^I ), by Kentucky Sunday school teachers Mildred Hill and Patty Smith Hill of New York (written in 1893 and under ^ copyright from 1935 to 2010); ^I (originally the French ^I ), known at least as early as 1781; and ^I (originally the Strathspey ^I ), ^ some words of which were written by Robert Burns (1759-1796). ^I was sung in space by the ^I astronauts on 8 Mar 1969. ^ -END- -CTRL- Songs: Most successful songwriters T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Songs|Most successful songwriters 20 22 24 26 133562|1964 205778|3026 202922|2984 172194|2 216674|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Songs: Most successful songwriters The most successful songwriters in terms of number one singles are John Lennon (1940-80) and Paul McCartney (b. 18 Jun 1942). McCartney is credited as writer on 32 number-one hits in the United States to Lennon's 26 (with 23 co-written), whereas ^ Lennon authored 29 Great Britain number-ones to McCartney's 28 (25 co-written). ^<n In the United States Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees has written or co-written 16 number-ones. The most successful female songwriter in the United States is Carole ^ King (nee Carole Klein, 9 Feb 1942) with eight number-ones. ^ -END- -CTRL- Songs: Highest paid singers T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Songs|Highest paid singers 20 22 24 26 133630|1965 72906|1072 202786|2982 172194|3 71062|151 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Songs: Highest paid singers Of great fortunes earned by singers, the highest on record are those of Enrico Caruso (1873-1921), the Italian tenor, whose estate was worth about $9 million at his death. ^<n David Bowie drew a fee of $1.5 million for a single show at the US ^ Festival in Glen Helen Regional Park, San Bernardino County, CA on 26 May 1983. The four-man Van Halen rock band attracted a matching fee. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Anthems: Oldest T \p8\D10\3908155 Arts and Entertainment|Music|National Anthems|Oldest 20 23 25 27 133698|1966 230938|3396 20410|300 152330|2240 172490|0 236192|123 27306|2 -PCAP- The words of the ^I , the Japanese national anthem, date from the 9th century. It is played here as the Japanese Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko with other dignitaries await former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev at the Akaska ^ Palace, Tokyo. (Photo: Rex Features) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Anthems: Oldest The oldest national anthem is the ^I of Japan, the words of which date from the 9th century, although the music was written in 1881. The oldest music belongs to the anthem of the Netherlands, ^I , which was written ^ ^I 1570. ^<n Of the 11 wordless national anthems, the oldest is that of Spain, dating from 1770. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Anthems: Shortest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|National Anthems|Shortest 20 22 24 26 133766|1967 241818|3556 152398|2241 172490|1 253960|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Anthems: Shortest The shortest anthems are those of Japan, Jordan and San Marino, each with only four lines. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Anthems: Longest rendering T Arts and Entertainment|Music|National Anthems|Longest rendering 20 22 24 26 133834|1968 146006|2147 152194|2238 172490|2 139100|257 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Anthems: Longest rendering "God Save the King" was played nonstop 16 or 17 times by a German military band on the platform of Rathenau railroad station, Brandenburg, Germany on the morning of 9 Feb 1909. The reason was that King Edward VII was struggling inside the train to ^ put on the uniform of a German field-marshal before he could emerge. ^ -END- -CTRL- National Anthems: Most versions in 24 hours T Arts and Entertainment|Music|National Anthems|Most versions in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 133902|1969 184086|2707 152262|2239 172490|3 175106|303 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- National Anthems: Most versions in 24 hours Susan R. Jeske sang the Star-Spangled Banner live at 17 official events, attended by approximately 60,000 people, in California within a 24 hr period on 3--4 Jul 1992. She traveled to the functions by automobile, helicopter and boat. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hymns: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Hymns|Earliest 20 22 24 26 133970|1970 10754|158 107654|1583 172786|0 13960|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hymns: Earliest There are more than 950,000 Christian hymns in existence. The music and parts of the text of a hymn in the ^I from the second century are the earliest known hymnody. The earliest exactly datable hymn is the ^I ( ^I ) from 1208 by the Icelandic bard and chieftain Kolbeinn Tumason (1173-1208). ^ -END- -CTRL- Hymns: Longest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Hymns|Longest 20 22 24 26 134038|1971 140022|2059 107722|1584 172786|1 139100|169 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hymns: Longest The ^I by Bernard of Cluny (mid-12th century) runs to 2,966 lines. The longest in English is ^I by Anne Ross Cousin (nee Cundell, 1824-1906), which runs to ^ 152 lines in full, though only 32 lines appear in the Methodist Hymn Book. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hymns: Most prolific hymnist T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Hymns|Most prolific hymnist 20 22 24 26 134106|1972 202990|2985 107790|1585 172786|2 215538|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hymns: Most prolific hymnist Frances (Fanny) Jane van Alstyne (nee Crosby, 1820-1915) of the United States wrote 8,500 hymns and is reputed to have knocked off one hymn in 15 minutes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hymns: Oldest choral society T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Hymns|Oldest choral society 20 22 24 26 134174|1973 228490|3360 107858|1586 172786|3 236192|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hymns: Oldest choral society The oldest active choral society in the United States is the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston, which gave its first concert performance on Christmas Day 1815 at Stone Chapel (now King's Chapel). The Handel and Haydn Society also gave the first ^ complete performance of The Messiah in the United States on 25 Dec 1818 at Boylston Hall, Boston. It celebrated its 175th anniversary in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bells: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Bells|Oldest 20 22 24 26 134242|1974 223662|3289 24286|357 173082|0 236192|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bells: Oldest The world's oldest bell is the tintinnabulum found in the Babylonian Palace of Nimrod in 1849 by Mr (later Sir) Austen Henry Layard (1817-94), dating from ^I . 1100 B.C. The oldest-known tower bell is one in Pisa, Italy dated MCVI (1106). ^ ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest bell in the United States is located at St Stephens Episcopal Church in East Haddam, CT. The bell was cast in Spain in 815 A.D. and shipped to the United States in 1834. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bells: Heaviest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Bells|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 134310|1975 58014|853 24150|355 22382|329 173082|1 65726|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bells: Heaviest The Tsar Kolokol, cast by Russian brothers I.F. and M.I. Motorin on 25 Nov 1735 in Moscow, weighs 222.6 tons, measures 22 ft in diameter and 20 ft high, and is 24 in at its thickest point. The bell was cracked in a fire in 1737 and a fragment, ^ weighing about 12.91 tons, was broken from it. The bell has stood, unrung, on a platform in the Kremlin in Moscow since 1836 with the broken section alongside. ^<n The heaviest bell still in use is the Mingun bell, weighing 101 tons with a ^ diameter of 16 ft 8 1/2 in at the lip, in Mandalay, Myanmar (formerly Burma). The bell is struck by a teak boom from the outside. It was cast at Mingun late in the reign of King Bodawpaya (1782-1819). The heaviest swinging bell in the world is ^ the Petersglocke in the southwest tower of Cologne Cathedral, Germany, cast in 1923, with a diameter of 11 ft 1 3/4 in, weighing 28 tons. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest bell in the United States weighs 17 tons and hangs at St Francis de ^ Scelle church in Cincinnati, OH. It was cast ^I 1895. The heaviest ring in the United States is that of 10 bells cast in 1963 for the Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C. The total bell weight is 13,682 lb---the heaviest bell ^ weighs 3,588 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bells: Peals T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Bells|Peals 20 22 24 26 134378|1976 58082|854 24354|358 173082|2 65726|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bells: Peals A ringing peal is defined as a diatonic "ring" of five or more bells hung for full-circle change ringing. Of 5,517 rings so hung, only 92 are outside the British Isles. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The heaviest ring in the world is that of 13 bells cast ^ in 1938-39 for the Anglican Cathedral in Liverpool, Great Britain. The total bell weight is 18.5 tons, of which Emmanuel, the tenor bell note ^I , weighs 9,195 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bells: Bell ringing T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Bells|Bell ringing 20 22 24 26 134446|1977 46114|678 24082|354 173082|3 52992|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bells: Bell ringing Eight bells have been rung to their full "extent" (40,320 unrepeated changes) only once without relays. This took place in a bell foundry at Loughborough, Great Britain, beginning at 6:52 A.M. on 27 Jul 1963 and ending at 12:50 A.M. on 28 July, ^ after 17 hr 58 min. The peal was composed by Kenneth Lewis of Altrincham, Great Britain, and the eight ringers were conducted by Robert B. Smith of Marple, Great Britain. Theoretically it would take 37 years 355 days to ring 12 bells (maximus) to ^ their full extent of 479,001,600 changes. ^<n The greatest number of peals (minimum of 5,000 changes, all in tower bells) rung in a year is 303, by Colin Turner of Abingdon, Great Britain in 1989. ^<n The late George E. Fearn rang 2,666 peals ^ from 1928 to May 1974. Matthew Lakin (1801-1899) was a regular bell-ringer at Tetney Church near Grimsby, Great Britain for 84 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bells: Largest carillon T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Bells|Largest carillon 20 22 24 26 134514|1978 84738|1246 24218|356 173082|4 91334|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bells: Largest carillon The largest carillon (minimum of 23 bells) in the world is at Kirk in the Hills Presbyterian Church, Bloomfield, MI. The carillon is made up of 77 bells. ^I , the largest, weighs 8 tons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orchestras: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Orchestras|Oldest 20 22 24 26 134582|1979 231278|3401 159130|2340 173448|0 236192|128 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orchestras: Oldest The first modern symphony orchestra--basically four sections consisting of woodwind, brass, percussion and bowed string instruments--was founded at the court of Duke Karl Theodor at Mannheim, Germany in 1743. The oldest existing symphony orchestra, ^ the Gewandhaus Orchestra of Leipzig, Germany, was also established in 1743. Originally known as the Grosses Concert and later as the Liebhaber-Concerte, its current name dates from 1781. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest orchestra in the ^ United States is the Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, which was founded by Ureli Corelli Hill in 1842. It was established in the same year as the Vienna Symphony Orchestra and both will celebrate their sesquicentennial in 1992/93. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orchestras: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Orchestras|Largest 20 22 24 26 134650|1980 110850|1630 158926|2337 173448|1 91334|421 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orchestras: Largest On 17 Jun 1872, Johann Strauss the younger (1825-99) conducted an orchestra of 987 pieces supported by a choir of 20,000, at the World Peace Jubilee in Boston, MA. The number of first violinists was 400. ^<n On 4 Nov 1990 a 1,500-piece orchestra ^ consisting of 13 youth orchestras from Mexico and Venezuela gave a full concert, including works by Handel, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven and Dvorak, under the baton of Mexican conductor Fernando Lozano at the Magdalena Mixhiuca Sports Center, Mexico ^ City. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orchestras: Largest band T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Orchestras|Largest band 20 22 24 26 134718|1981 110918|1631 158994|2338 19662|289 173448|2 91334|422 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orchestras: Largest band The most massive band ever assembled was one of 20,100 players at the Ullevaal Stadium, Oslo, Norway from Norges Musikkorps Forbund bands on 28 Jun 1964. ^<n ^<4 One-man band ^>4 Rory Blackwell, of Starcross, Great Britain, aided by his double ^ left-footed perpendicular percussion-pounder, plus his three-tier right-footed horizontal 22-pronged differential beater, and his 12-outlet bellow-powered horn-blower, played 108 different instruments (19 melody and 89 percussion) simultaneously ^ in Dawlish, Great Britain on 29 May 1989. He also played 314 instruments in a single rendition in 1 min 23.07 sec, again at Dawlish, on 27 May 1985. ^<n ^<4 Marching band ^>4 The largest marching band was one of 4,524, including 1,342 ^ majorettes, under the direction of entertainer Danny Kaye (1913-87) at Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles, CA on 15 Apr 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orchestras: Longest musical march T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Orchestras|Longest musical march 20 22 24 26 134786|1982 146822|2159 159062|2339 173448|3 139100|269 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orchestras: Longest musical march The longest recorded musical march was one of 46.7 miles, by members of showband Marum, a Dutch marching band, who walked from Assen to Marum, Netherlands on 9 May 1992. Of the 60 people who started, 52 managed to complete the march in 13 hr 50 ^ min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orchestras: Bottle orchestra T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Orchestras|Bottle orchestra 20 22 24 26 134854|1983 158790|2335 173448|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orchestras: Bottle orchestra In an extraordinary display of oral campanology (bell ringing), the Brighton Bottle Orchestra--Terry Garoghan and Peter Miller--performed a musical medley on 444 Gordon's gin bottles at the Brighton International Festival, Great Britain on 21 May ^ 1991. It took 18 hours to tune the bottles, and about 10 times the the normal rate of puff (90 breaths/min) to play them. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orchestras: Conductors T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Orchestras|Conductors 20 22 24 26 134922|1984 146754|2158 158858|2336 173448|5 139100|268 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orchestras: Conductors The Austrian conductor Herbert von Karajan (1908-89), principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra for 35 years before his retirement from the position shortly before his death, was the most prolific conductor ever, having made over 800 ^ recordings of all the major works. In addition to Berlin, Karajan had also led the Philharmonia of London, the Vienna State Opera and La Scala Opera of Milan. ^<n The 1991-92 season was the 58th for the Cork Symphony Orchestra (Cork, Republic of ^ Ireland) under the baton of Dr Aloys Fleischmann. ^<n Sir Georg Solti (b. 22 Oct 1912), the Hungarian-born principal conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, has won a record 29 Grammy awards for his recordings. (See also Grammy awards.) ^<n ^ ^<4 United States ^>4 The Chicago Symphony Orchestra was directed by Frederic Stock from 1905 until his death in 1942, a total of 37 seasons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Concert Attendances: Classical T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Concert Attendances|Classical 20 22 24 26 134990|1985 90790|1335 52438|771 173884|0 91334|126 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Estimating the size of audiences at open-air events where no admission is paid is often left to the police, media reporters, promoters and publicity agents. Estimates therefore vary widely and there is no way to check the accuracy of claims. ^ -TEXT- Concert Attendances: Classical An estimated record 800,000 attended a free open-air concert by the New York Philharmonic conducted by Zubin Mehta, on the Great Lawn of Central Park, New York City on 5 Jul 1986, as part of the Statue of Liberty Weekend. ^ -END- -CTRL- Concert Attendances: Rock/pop festival T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Concert Attendances|Rock/pop festival 20 22 24 26 135058|1986 90926|1337 52710|775 173884|1 91334|128 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Estimating the size of audiences at open-air events where no admission is paid is often left to the police, media reporters, promoters and publicity agents. Estimates therefore vary widely and there is no way to check the accuracy of claims. ^ -TEXT- Concert Attendances: Rock/pop festival The best claim is believed to be 725,000 for Steve Wozniak's 1983 US Festival in San Bernardino, CA. The Woodstock Music and Art Fair held on 15-17 Aug 1969 at Bethel, NY is thought to have attracted an audience of 300,000-500,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Concert Attendances: Solo performer T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Concert Attendances|Solo performer 20 22 24 26 135126|1987 90994|1338 52846|777 173884|2 91334|129 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Estimating the size of audiences at open-air events where no admission is paid is often left to the police, media reporters, promoters and publicity agents. Estimates therefore vary widely and there is no way to check the accuracy of claims. ^ -TEXT- Concert Attendances: Solo performer The largest ^I audience ever attracted by a solo performer was an estimated 180,000-184,000 in the Maracana Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to hear Paul McCartney (b. 1942) on 2 Apr 1990. Jean-Michel Jarre, the ^I ^ specialist, entertained an estimated audience of two million in Paris, France at a free Bastille Day concert in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Concert Attendances: Singer's pulling power T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Concert Attendances|Singer's pulling power 20 22 24 26 135194|1988 52778|776 173884|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Estimating the size of audiences at open-air events where no admission is paid is often left to the police, media reporters, promoters and publicity agents. Estimates therefore vary widely and there is no way to check the accuracy of claims. ^ -TEXT- Concert Attendances: Singer's pulling power In 1850, up to $653 was paid for a single seat at the US concerts of Johanna ("Jenny") Maria Lind (1820-87), the "Swedish nightingale." She had a range from g to e superscript 111, of which the middle register is still regarded as unrivaled. ^ -END- -CTRL- Concert Attendances: Most successful tour T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Concert Attendances|Most successful tour 20 22 24 26 135262|1989 204282|3004 52642|774 173884|4 216674|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Estimating the size of audiences at open-air events where no admission is paid is often left to the police, media reporters, promoters and publicity agents. Estimates therefore vary widely and there is no way to check the accuracy of claims. ^ -TEXT- Concert Attendances: Most successful tour The Rolling Stones' 1989 "Steel Wheels" North American tour earned an estimated $310 million and was attended by 3.2 million people in 30 cities. ^ -END- -CTRL- Concert Attendances: Most successful series T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Concert Attendances|Most successful series 20 22 24 26 135330|1990 204214|3003 52574|773 173884|5 216674|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Estimating the size of audiences at open-air events where no admission is paid is often left to the police, media reporters, promoters and publicity agents. Estimates therefore vary widely and there is no way to check the accuracy of claims. ^ -TEXT- Concert Attendances: Most successful series Michael Jackson sold out for seven nights at Wembley, London, Great Britain in the summer of 1988. The stadium has a capacity of 72,000, so a total of 504,000 people saw Jackson perform 14-16, 22-23 Jul and 26-27 Aug 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Concert Attendances: Largest T \p8\D10\3809193 Arts and Entertainment|Music|Concert Attendances|Largest 20 23 25 27 135398|1991 90858|1336 20478|301 52506|772 8238|121 173884|6 91334|127 27306|3 -PCAP- In the biggest single rock concert ever staged, 200,000 people gathered in Potsdamer Platz, straddling the former East and West Berlin, Germany, on 21 Jul 1990 for a production of Pink Floyd's The Wall. It involved 600 performers and included the ^ symbolic building and demolition of a styrofoam wall to celebrate German reunification. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Estimating the size of audiences at open-air events where no admission is paid is often left to the police, media reporters, promoters and publicity agents. Estimates therefore vary widely and there is no way to check the accuracy of claims. ^ -TEXT- Concert Attendances: Largest On 21 Jul 1990, Potsdamer Platz, straddling East and West Berlin, was the site of the largest single rock concert in terms of participants and organization ever staged. Roger Waters' production of Pink Floyd's "The Wall" involved 600 people ^ performing on a stage measuring 551 x 82 ft at its highest point. An estimated 200,000 people gathered for the symbolic building and demolition of a wall made of 2,500 styrofoam blocks. ^ -END- -CTRL- Composers: Most prolific T \c8\D01\3708159z Arts and Entertainment|Music|Composers|Most prolific 20 23 25 27 135466|1992 202786|2982 20546|302 51826|762 20002|294 174390|0 215538|2 27306|4 -PCAP- (Right) Despite his tragically short life, child prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-91) completed ^I . 1000 major works, making him also one of the fastest composers. One of his later and most popular works is the opera ^I , seen at left performed at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1987. (Photos: Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum/Dominic Photography/Catherine Ashmore) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Composers: Most prolific The most prolific composer of all time was probably Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) of Germany. He composed 12 complete sets of services (one cantata every Sunday) for a year, 78 services for special occasions, 40 operas, 600 to 700 orchestral ^ suites, 44 passions, plus concertos and chamber music. The most prolific symphonist was Johann Melchior Molter ( ^I . 1695-1765) of Germany, who wrote 169 symphonies. Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) of Austria wrote 108 numbered symphonies, ^ many of which are regularly played today. ^<n Despite his tragically short life, child prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-91) completed ^I . 1000 major works, making him one of the fastest composers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Composers: Longest symphony T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Composers|Longest symphony 20 22 24 26 135534|1993 134378|1976 51758|761 174390|1 139100|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Composers: Longest symphony The longest single classical symphony is the orchestral Symphony No. 3 in D minor by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) of Austria. This work, composed in 1896, requires a contralto, a women's and a boys' choir in addition to a full orchestra. A full ^ performance requires 1 hr 40 min, of which the first movement alone takes between 30 and 36 min. ^<n The Symphony No. 2 (the Gothic), composed from 1919-22 by British-born William Havergal Brian (1876-1972), was played by over 800 performers ^ (four brass bands) in the Victoria Hall, Hanley, Staffordshire, Great Britain on 21 May 1978 (conductor Trevor Stokes). A recent broadcast required 1 hr 45 1/2 min. Brian wrote an even vaster work based on Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound" lasting 4 ^ hr 11 min, but the full score has been missing since 1961. ^<n The symphony ^I , written by US composer Richard Rodgers (1902-1979) and arranged by Robert Russell Bennett for NBC TV in 1952, lasted 13 hours. ^ -END- -CTRL- Composers: Longest piano composition T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Composers|Longest piano composition 20 22 24 26 135602|1994 134242|1974 51622|759 174390|2 139100|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Composers: Longest piano composition The longest continuous nonrepetitious piano piece ever published is ^I by La Monte Young, first presented by the Dia Art Foundation at the Concert Hall, Harrison St, New York City on 28 Feb 1980. The piece lasted 4 hr 12 ^ min 10 sec. ^<n ^I , composed in the 1930s for piano and orchestra by the British-born Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (1892-1988) on 500 pages of close manuscript in three volumes, would last for six hours at the prescribed ^ tempo. ^ -END- -CTRL- Composers: Longest silence T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Composers|Longest silence 20 22 24 26 135670|1995 134310|1975 51690|760 174390|3 139100|85 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Composers: Longest silence The longest interval between the known composition of a piece by a major composer and its performance in the manner intended is from 3 Mar 1791 until 9 Oct 1982 (over 191 years), in the case of Mozart's ^I , a fugue ^ fantasy in F minor (K 608), arranged by the organ builders Wm Hill & Son and Norman & Beard Ltd at Glyndebourne, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Performers: Highest-paid pianists T \p8\D10\3809194 Arts and Entertainment|Music|Performers|Highest-paid pianists 20 22 24 26 135738|1996 81814|1203 20614|303 164026|2412 24762|364 174686|0 90742|2 27306|5 -PCAP- Ignace Jan Paderewski (1860-1941), concert pianist and former Prime Minister of Poland, earned $500,000 in a single season in 1922/23. (Photo: Hulton Picture Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Performers: Highest-paid pianists Wladziu Valentino Liberace (1917-87) earned more than $2 million each 26-week season, with a peak of $138,000 for a single night's performance at Madison Square Garden, New York City in 1954. The highest-paid classical concert pianist was Ignace ^ Jan Paderewski (1860-1941), Prime Minister of Poland (1919-20), who accumulated a fortune estimated at $5 million, of which $500,000 was earned in a single season in 1922/23. ^<n The pianist Artur Rubinstein (1887-1982) between 1937 and 1976 ^ commanded 70 percent of the gross from his concerts. ^ -END- -CTRL- Performers: Largest contracts T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Performers|Largest contracts 20 22 24 26 135806|1997 112006|1647 164162|2414 174686|1 91334|438 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Performers: Largest contracts It was reported on 21 Mar 1991 that Michael Jackson (b. 29 Aug 1958) had signed a 15-year contract worth $890 million with the Sony Corporation of Japan for a series of music, television and film projects. Not wanting to be left out, in the same ^ month Michael's sister Janet signed a deal with Virgin Records reportedly worth $32 million for as few as two albums. ^ -END- -CTRL- Performers: Most durable musicians T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Performers|Most durable musicians 20 22 24 26 135874|1998 185990|2735 164366|2417 174686|2 175106|331 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Performers: Most durable musicians The Romanian pianist Cual Delavrancea (1887-1991) gave her last public recital, receiving six encores, at the age of 103. The longest international career in the history of Western music is held by Polish pianist Mieczyslaw Horszowski (b. July ^ 1892), who played for Emperor Franz-Joseph in Vienna, Austria in 1899 and was still playing in 1989. ^<n The world's oldest active musician is Jennie Newhouse (b. 12 Jul 1889) of High Bentham, Great Britain, who has been the regular organist at ^ the church of St Boniface in Bentham since 1920. ^ -END- -CTRL- Performers: Most double bass players T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Performers|Most double bass players 20 22 24 26 135942|1999 185854|2733 164230|2415 174686|3 175106|329 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Performers: Most double bass players Sixteen musicians from Blandford, Dorset, Great Britain played a double bass simultaneously (five fingering and eleven bowing) in a rendition of Strauss' ^I at Blandford Town Hall on 6 Jun 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Performers: Fastest guitar playing T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Performers|Fastest guitar playin 20 22 24 26 136010|2000 27346|402 163890|2410 174686|4 23878|154 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Performers: Fastest guitar playing The fastest guitar playing ever was by Rick Raven (b. Gary Clarke), who played 5,400 notes in a minute at the Jacobean Nite Club, Stockport, Great Britain on 27 Apr 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Performers: Most drums played T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Performers|Most drums played 20 22 24 26 136078|2001 185922|2734 164298|2416 174686|5 175106|330 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Performers: Most drums played Four hundred separate drums were played in 31.78 sec by Rory Blackwell at Finlake Country Park, Chudleigh, Great Britain on 30 May 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Performers: Largest choir T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Performers|Largest choir 20 22 24 26 136146|2002 111938|1646 164094|2413 174686|6 91334|437 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Performers: Largest choir Excluding "singalongs" by stadium crowds, the greatest choir is one of 60,000, which sang in unison as a finale of a choral contest among 160,000 participants in Breslau, Germany on 2 Aug 1937. ^ -END- -CTRL- Performers: Fastest rapper T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Performers|Fastest rapper 20 22 24 26 136214|2003 27414|403 163958|2411 24354|358 174686|7 23878|155 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Performers: Fastest rapper Tung Twista rapped 597 syllables in under 60 sec at INS recording studio in New York City on 20 May 1992. ^<n J.C. 001 of London, Great Britain rapped 631 syllables in 60 sec on the British Broadcasting Corporation's radio 5 station on 28 Oct 1991. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: Longest T \p8\D10\us08159 Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|Longest 20 23 25 27 136282|2004 146414|2153 20682|304 157294|2313 175262|0 139100|263 27306|6 -PCAP- The English National Opera performs Wagner's ^I in 1986. Lasting over five hours on average for an uncut version, this is the longest regularly performed opera. (Photo: Dominic Photography/Catherine Ashmore) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: Longest The longest of commonly performed operas is ^I by Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-83) of Germany. A normal uncut performance of this opera as performed by the Sadler's Wells company between 24 Aug and 19 Sep 1968 ^ entailed 5 hr 15 min of music. ^I by Gabriel von Wayditch (1888-1969), a Hungarian-American, is orchestrated for 110 pieces and lasts 8 1/2 hr. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: Shortest T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|Shortest 20 22 24 26 136350|2005 241886|3557 157634|2318 175262|1 253960|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: Shortest The shortest opera published was ^I by Darius Milhaud (1892-1972), first performed in 1928, which lasted for 7 min 27 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: Longest aria T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|Longest aria 20 22 24 26 136418|2006 146482|2154 157362|2314 175262|2 139100|264 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: Longest aria The longest single aria, in the sense of an operatic solo, is Brunnhilde's immolation scene in Wagner's ^I . A well-known recording of this has been precisely timed at 14 min 46 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: Youngest opera singer T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|Youngest opera singer 20 22 24 26 136486|2007 264326|3887 157702|2319 175262|3 275964|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: Youngest opera singer Ginetta Gloria La Bianca, born in Buffalo, NY on 12 May 1934, sang Rosina in ^I at the Teatro dell' Opera, Rome, Italy on 8 May 1950 at the age of 15 years 361 days, having appeared as Gilda in ^I at ^ Velletri 45 days earlier. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: Oldest opera singers T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|Oldest opera singers 20 22 24 26 136554|2008 231142|3399 157566|2317 175262|4 236192|126 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: Oldest opera singers The tenor Giovanni Martinelli sang Emperor Altoum in ^I in Seattle, WA on 4 Feb 1967 when he was 81. Danshi Toyotake (b. Yoshie Yokota, 1891-1989) of Hyogo, Japan sang ^I (traditional Japanese narrative) for 91 ^ years from the age of seven. Her professional career spanned 81 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: Largest opera houses T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|Largest opera houses 20 22 24 26 136622|2009 110510|1625 157226|2312 175262|5 91334|416 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: Largest opera houses The Metropolitan Opera House, Lincoln Center, New York City, completed in September 1966 at a cost of $45.7 million, has a standing and seating capacity of 4,065 with 3,800 seats in an auditorium 451 ft deep. The stage is 230 ft wide and 148 ft ^ deep. ^<n The tallest opera house is in a 42-story building on Wacker Drive in Chicago, IL, which houses the Chicago Lyric Opera Company. The Teatro della Scala (La Scala) in Milan, Italy shares with the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia the ^ distinction of having the greatest number of tiers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: First opera company T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|First opera company 20 22 24 26 136690|2010 39518|581 157158|2311 175262|6 40936|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: First opera company The first opera company in the United States was The American Company, founded in 1752 by Lewis Hallam. The oldest continuously performing opera company in the United States is the Metropolitan Opera Company of New York City; its first season was ^ in 1883. ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: Longest operatic encore T Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|Longest operatic encore 20 22 24 26 136758|2011 146550|2155 157430|2315 175262|7 139100|265 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: Longest operatic encore The longest operatic encore listed in the ^I was of the entire opera ^I by Cimarosa at its premiere in 1792. This was at the command of the Austro-Hungarian emperor Leopold II ^ (r. 1790-92). ^ -END- -CTRL- Opera: Most curtain calls T \p8\D10\3708160 Arts and Entertainment|Music|Opera|Most curtain calls 20 23 25 27 136826|2012 184834|2718 20750|305 157498|2316 8306|122 175262|8 175106|314 27306|7 -PCAP- Luciano Pavarotti sings the part of Nemorino in the 1990 Royal Opera House version of Donizetti's ^I , for which he won an unprecedented 165 curtain calls at the Deutsche Oper in Berlin, West Germany on 24 Feb 1988. (Photo: ^ Dominic Photography/Richard Smith) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Opera: Most curtain calls On 24 Feb 1988 Luciano Pavarotti (b. 12 Oct 1935) received 165 curtain calls and was applauded for 1 hr 7 min after singing the part of Nemorino in Gaetano Donizetti's ^I at the Deutsche Oper in Berlin, Germany. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Largest and longest dances T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Largest and longest dances 20 22 24 26 136894|2013 135058|1986 61890|910 176064|0 139100|96 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Largest and longest dances An estimated 30,000 people took part in a Madison/Electric Slide line dance held during the 1991 Comin' Home African American Holiday Celebration in Columbus, OH on 12 Jul 1991. ^<n The most taxing marathon dance staged as a public spectacle was ^ one by Mike Ritof and Edith Boudreaux, who logged 5,148 hr 28 1/2 min to win $2,000 at Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom, Belmont and Sheffield, IL from 29 Aug 1930 to 1 Apr 1931. Rest periods were progressively cut from 20 to 10 to 5 to zero ^ minutes per hour, with 10-inch steps and a maximum of 15 seconds for closure of eyes. ^<n "Rosie Radiator" (Rose Marie Ostler) led an ensemble of 14 tap dancers through the streets of San Francisco, CA on 18 Jul 1987, covering a distance of 7 3/4 ^ miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Worst dancing mania T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Worst dancing mania 20 22 24 26 136962|2014 259974|3823 62366|917 176064|1 274968|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Worst dancing mania Marathon dancing must be distinguished from choreomania (dancing mania), or tarantism, which is a pathological condition. The worst outbreak of the latter was at Aachen, Germany in July 1374, when hordes of men and women broke into a frenzied and ^ compulsive choreomania in the streets. It lasted for many hours until injury or complete exhaustion ensued. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Ballroom T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Ballroom 20 22 24 26 137030|2015 204350|3005 61754|908 176064|2 216674|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Ballroom ^<4 Most successful champions ^>4 The world's most successful professional ballroom dancing champions have been Bill and Bobbie Irvine, who won 13 world titles between 1960 and 1968. ^<n ^<4 Oldest dancer ^>4 The oldest competitive ballroom ^ dancer was Albert J. Sylvester (1889-1989) of Corsham, Great Britain, who retired at the age of 94. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Longest conga T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Longest conga 20 22 24 26 137098|2016 135126|1987 62026|912 18302|269 176064|3 139100|97 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Longest conga The longest recorded conga was the Miami Super Conga, held in conjunction with Calle Ocho---a party to which Cuban-Americans invite the rest of Miami for a celebration of life together. Held on 13 Mar 1988, the conga line consisted of 119,986 ^ people. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Largest country dance T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Largest country dance 20 22 24 26 137166|2017 92830|1365 61958|911 176064|4 91334|156 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Largest country dance The largest Scottish country dance ever held was a 512-person reel, held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on 17 Aug 1991 and organized by the Toronto branch of the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Longest square dance calling T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Longest square dance calling 20 22 24 26 137234|2018 135262|1989 62162|914 176064|5 139100|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Longest square dance calling Alan Covacic called for 26 hr 2 min for the Wheelers and Dealers Square Dance Club at RAF Halton, Aylesbury, Great Britain from 18-19 Nov 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Fastest flamenco dancer T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Fastest flamenco dancer 20 22 24 26 137302|2019 21158|311 61822|909 176064|6 23878|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Fastest flamenco dancer The fastest flamenco dancer ever measured is Solero de Jerez, age 17, who in Brisbane, Australia in September 1967 attained 16 heel taps per second, in an electrifying routine. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Lowest limbo T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Lowest limbo 20 22 24 26 137370|2020 159402|2344 62230|915 19118|281 176064|7 170594|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Lowest limbo The lowest height for a bar (flaming) under which a limbo dancer has passed is 6 in off the floor, by Dennis Walston, alias King Limbo, at Kent, WA on 2 Mar 1991. Junior J. Renaud (b. 7 Jun 1954) became the first Official World Limbo Champion at ^ the inaugural International Limbo Competition on 19 Feb 1974 at Port of Spain, Trinidad. ^<n The record for a performer on roller skates is 5 1/8 in, achieved by Amitesh Durohit at the National sub-junior school championships held at Indore, ^ Madhya Pradesh, India on 19 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Tap T \p8\D10\us09188 Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Tap 20 22 24 26 137438|2021 170350|2505 20818|306 62298|916 176064|8 175106|102 27882|0 -PCAP- The greatest assemblage of tap dancers in a single routine is 45,622 outside Macy's department store at 34th Street and Sixth Avenue, New York City on 11 Aug 1991. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Tap ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The fastest ^I ever measured for tap dancing is 32 taps per second by Stephen Gare of Sutton Coldfield, Great Britain, at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham, Great Britain on 28 Mar 1990. ^<n ^<4 Most ^>4 Roy Castle (b. ^ 1933), host of the British Broadcasting Corporation ^I TV program, achieved one million taps in 23 hr 44 min at the Guinness World of Records exhibition, London, Great Britain on 31 Oct-1 Nov 1985. ^<n ^<4 Greatest ^ assembly ^>4 The greatest-ever assemblage of tap dancers in a single routine numbered 5,622 outside Macy's department store at 34th Street and Sixth Avenue, New York City on 11 Aug 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dancing: Longest dancing dragon T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|General Records|Longest dancing dragon 20 22 24 26 137506|2022 135194|1988 62094|913 176064|9 139100|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dancing: Longest dancing dragon The longest dancing dragon, created for the 3rd International Abilympics in 1991, measured 3,023 ft from the end of its tongue to the tip of its tail and took four months to construct. A total of 1,024 people brought the dragon to life, making it ^ dance for two minutes at the Happy Valley racecourse, Hong Kong on 11 Aug 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballet: Fastest "entrechat douze" T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|Ballet|Fastest "entrechat douze" 20 22 24 26 137574|2023 18982|279 17010|250 176780|0 23878|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballet: Fastest "entrechat douze" In the ^I (a vertical spring from the fifth position with the legs extended criss-crossing at the lower calf), the starting and finishing position each count as one, so that in an ^I there are five crossings ^ and uncrossings. This feat was performed by Wayne Sleep for the British Broadcasting Corporation ^I TV program on 7 Jan 1973. He was in the air for 0.71 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballet: Most grands jetes T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|Ballet|Most grands jetes 20 22 24 26 137642|2024 165114|2428 17146|252 176780|1 175106|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballet: Most grands jetes On 28 Nov 1988, Wayne Sleep completed 158 grands jetes along the length of Dunston Staiths, Great Britain in 2 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballet: Most turns T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|Ballet|Most turns 20 22 24 26 137710|2025 165182|2429 17214|253 176780|2 175106|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballet: Most turns The greatest number of spins called for in classical ballet choreography is 32 ^I in ^I by Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-93). Delia Gray (Great Britain; b. 30 Oct 1975) achieved 166 such ^ turns during the Harlow Ballet School's summer workshop at The Playhouse, Harlow, Great Britain on 2 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ballet: Most curtain calls T Arts and Entertainment|Dancing|Ballet|Most curtain calls 20 22 24 26 137778|2026 165046|2427 17078|251 176780|3 175106|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ballet: Most curtain calls The greatest recorded number of curtain calls ever received is 89, by Dame Margot Fonteyn de Arias (nee Margaret Evelyn Hookham; 1919-91) and Rudolf Hametovich Nureyev (born on a train near Irkutsk, USSR, 17 Mar 1938) after a performance of ^I at the Vienna Staatsoper, Austria in October 1964. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Origins T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 137846|2027 40742|599 185854|2733 177162|0 40936|108 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Origins The phonograph was first conceived by Charles Cros (1842-88), a French poet and scientist, who described his idea in sealed papers deposited with the French Academy of Sciences on 30 Apr 1877. However, the realization of a practical device was ^ first achieved by Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) of the United States. ^<n The first successful wax cylinder machine was constructed by his mechanic, John Kruesi, on 4-6 Dec 1877, demonstrated on 7 Dec and patented on 19 Feb 1878. The horizontal ^ disc was introduced by Emile Berliner (1851-1929) and first demonstrated in Philadelphia on 18 May 1888. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Earliest recordings T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Earliest recordings 20 22 24 26 137914|2028 14970|220 185106|2722 177162|1 13960|113 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Earliest recordings The earliest voice recording is believed to be a speech made by Lord Stanley of Preston, governor-general of Canada, during the opening of the Toronto Industrial Exhibition on 11 Sep 1888. Copies of this speech are held in the National Sound ^ Archive, London, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Tape recording T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Tape recording 20 22 24 26 137982|2029 40810|600 186126|2737 177162|2 40936|109 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Tape recording Magnetic recording was invented by Valdemar Poulsen (1869-1942) of Denmark with his steel wire Telegraphone in 1898 (US Pat. No. 661619). Fritz Pfleumer (German Patent 500900) introduced tape in 1928. Tapes were first used at the Blattner Studios, ^ Elstree, Great Britain in 1929. Plastic tapes were devised by BASF of Germany in 1932-35, but were first marketed in 1950 by Recording Associates of New York. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Smallest recorder T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Smallest recorder 20 22 24 26 138050|2030 249638|3671 186058|2736 177162|3 258628|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Smallest recorder In April 1983 Olympic Optical Industry Co. of Japan marketed a micro-cassette recorder measuring 4 1/5 x 2 x 1/2 in and weighing 4.4 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Oldest records T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Oldest records 20 22 24 26 138118|2031 233250|3430 185786|2732 177162|4 236192|157 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Oldest records The British Broadcasting Corporation record library contains over one million recordings, with the oldest being white wax cylinders dating from 1888. The earliest commercial disc recording was manufactured in 1895. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Smallest functional record T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Smallest functional record 20 22 24 26 138186|2032 249570|3670 185990|2735 177162|5 258628|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Smallest functional record Six titles of 1 5/16 in diameter were recorded by HMV's studio at Hayes, Great Britain on 26 Jan 1923 for Queen Mary's Doll House. Some 92,000 of these miniature records were pressed, including 35,000 of ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Number one in most countries T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Number one in most countries 20 22 24 26 138254|2033 189050|2780 185718|2731 177162|6 175106|376 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Number one in most countries The most successful singer on records is Madonna (Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone, b. 16 Aug 1959). Her album ^I , with sales of over 17 million, was number one in 28 countries. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Most successful solo artist T \p8\D10\3803070b Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Most successful solo artist 20 22 24 26 138322|2034 205710|3025 20886|307 185650|2730 177162|7 216674|29 27968|0 -PCAP- Elvis Presley's worldwide tally of over 170 major hit singles and over 80 top-selling albums make him the top-selling solo artist of all time. (Photo: RCA Records) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Most successful solo artist No independently audited figures have ever been published for Elvis Aron Presley (1935-77). In view of Presley's worldwide tally of over 170 major hit singles and over 80 top-selling albums from 1956 continuing after his death, it may be assumed he ^ must have succeeded Bing Crosby as the top-selling solo artist of all time. ^<n On 9 Jun 1960 the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce presented Harry Lillis (alias Bing) Crosby Jr. (1904-77) with a platinum disc to commemorate the alleged sale of 200 ^ million records from the 2,600 singles and 125 albums he had recorded. On 15 Sep 1970 he received a second platinum disc when Decca claimed a sale of 300.6 million discs. No independently audited figures of his global lifetime sales have ever ^ been published, and the figures are believed to be exaggerated. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Most successful group T \m\00000036 Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Most successful group 20 22 25 27 138390|2035 205642|3024 185582|2729 21634|318 177162|8 216674|28 942|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- The most successful rock group ever, the Beatles, was formed in 1962. The release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in 1964 marked the beginning of "Beatlemania" in the U.S. The group disbanded in 1970 after the release of its album ^I ^ , and each Beatle pursued a solo career. (Archive Films) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Most successful group The singers with the greatest sales of any group have been the Beatles. This group from Liverpool, Great Britain was comprised of George Harrison (b. 25 Feb 1943), John Ono (formerly John Winston) Lennon (1940-1980), James Paul McCartney (b. 18 Jun ^ 1942) and Richard Starkey, alias Ringo Starr (b. 7 Jul 1940). The all-time Beatles sales up to May 1985 have been estimated by EMI at over one billion discs and tapes. All four ex-Beatles sold many million more records as solo artists. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Most Grammy awards T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Most Grammy awards 20 22 24 26 138458|2036 188914|2778 185446|2727 177162|9 175106|374 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Most Grammy awards An all-time record 30 awards (including a special Trustees' award presented in 1967) have been won since 1958 by the British conductor Sir Georg Solti (b. Hungary; 21 Oct 1912), while the Chicago Symphony now has 45. The greatest number won in a ^ year is eight by Michael Jackson in 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Earliest gold discs T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Earliest gold discs 20 22 24 26 138526|2037 14902|219 185038|2721 177162|10 13960|112 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Earliest gold discs The first actual golden disc was one sprayed by RCA Victor for the US trombonist and bandleader Alton "Glenn" Miller (1904-44) for his ^I on 10 Feb 1942. ^<n The first record eventually to aggregate a total sale of a ^ million copies was of performances by Enrico Caruso (b. Naples, Italy, 1873, d. 2 Aug 1921) of the aria " ^I " ("On with the Motley") from the opera ^I by Ruggiero Leoncavallo (1858-1919), the earliest ^ version of which was recorded with piano on 12 Nov 1902. The first single recording to surpass the million mark was ^I , sung by Alma Gluck, on the Red Seal Victor label on the twelve-inch single-faced (later ^ backed) record No. 74420. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Most golden discs T \p8\D10\3908160 \m\00000035 Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Most golden discs 20 23 26 28 138594|2038 188846|2777 20954|308 185378|2726 177162|11 175106|373 27968|1 942|1 -PCAP- The Rolling Stones have received 55 awards from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). This total is the most for any group and includes 34 gold albums, 15 platinum and six multi-platinum (for sales of two million or more). The ^ current lineup is (from left to right) Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger, Keith Richard, Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman. (Photo: Rex Features/Eugene Adebari) ^ -MCAP- Most successful recording artist: Elvis Presley, a musical and cultural phenomenon during the mid-1950s, is widely considered to be responsible for the emergence of rock 'n roll during that era. Born 8 January 1935, his success began with the hit ^ "That's All Right, Mama." (Archive Films) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Most golden discs The only ^I measure of gold, platinum and multiplatinum singles and albums within the United States is certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), introduced on 14 Mar 1958. ^<n Out of the 5,943 RIAA awards ^ (1,206 gold singles, 3,433 gold albums, 98 platinum singles and 1,206 platinum albums) made to 31 Dec 1990, the Rolling Stones, with 55 (34 gold, 15 platinum, 6 multi-platinum) have the most for any group. The group with the most gold albums is ^ the Rolling Stones, with 34. The group with the most multiplatinum albums is the Beatles with 11. ^<n The individual artist to receive the most gold and platinum discs is Paul McCartney, with 75 (48 as a member of the Beatles, and 27 as a member ^ of Wings, as a solo artist, and from duets with Stevie Wonder and Michael Jackson). The solo artist to receive the most awards is Elvis Presley (1935-77), with 56 (16 gold singles, 33 gold albums and 8 platinum albums). It is estimated that ^ Presley's total of million-selling singles is 80 worldwide. The female solo artist to receive the most awards is Barbra Streisand, with 56 (7 gold singles, 30 gold albums and 19 platinum albums). ^<n The first platinum album was awarded to the ^ Eagles for ^I in 1976. The group Chicago holds the record for most platinum albums, with 17. Barbra Streisand holds the record for a solo artist, with 19, and the record for most multiplatinum, with seven. Paul ^ McCartney holds the record for a male solo artist, with 12, while Billy Joel holds the record for the most multiplatinum albums for an individual, with eight. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Most recordings T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Most recordings 20 22 24 26 138662|2039 188982|2779 185514|2728 177162|12 175106|375 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Most recordings In what is believed to be the largest-ever recording project devoted to a single composer, 180 compact discs containing the complete set of authenticated works by Mozart were produced by Philips Classics for release in 1990/91 to commemorate the ^ bicentennial of the composer's death. The complete set comprises over 200 hours of music and would occupy 6 1/2 ft of shelving. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Biggest sellers (singles) T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Biggest sellers (singles) 20 22 24 26 138730|2040 2662|39 184902|2719 14086|207 177162|13 7328|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Biggest sellers (singles) The greatest seller of any phonograph record to date is ^I by Irving Berlin (b. Israel Bailin, 1888-1989), recorded by Bing Crosby on 29 May 1942. It was announced on Christmas Eve 1987 that North American sales alone reached ^ 170,884,207 copies by 30 Jun 1987. ^<n The highest claim for any "rock" record is an unaudited 25 million for ^I , copyrighted in 1953 by James E. Myers under the name Jimmy De Knight and the late Max C. Freedmann and ^ recorded on 12 Apr 1954 by Bill Haley (1927-1981) and the Comets. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Biggest sellers (albums) T \p8\D10\3809196 Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Biggest sellers (albums) 20 23 25 27 138798|2041 2594|38 21022|309 184834|2718 177162|14 7328|23 27968|2 -PCAP- Opera stars Placido Domingo, Jose Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti, whose ^I , recorded at the 1990 Soccer World Cup in Rome, Italy, became the best-selling classical album, with sales of over 5 million copies world-wide. (Photo: ^ Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Biggest sellers (albums) The best-selling album of all time is ^I by Michael Jackson (b. Gary, IN 29 Aug 1958), with global sales of over 40 million copies by May 1990. The best-selling album by a group is Fleetwood Mac's ^I with over 21 ^ million sales by May 1990. ^<n ^I is the best-selling classical album, with sales of five million to date. It was recorded by Jose Carreras, Placido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti at the 1990 Soccer World Cup Finals in Rome, ^ Italy. ^<n ^I by Whitney Houston, released in 1985, is the best-selling debut album of all time. It has sold over 14 million copies, including over nine million in the United States, one million in Great Britain, and a ^ further million in Canada. ^<n ^<4 Soundtrack ^>4 The best-selling movie soundtrack is ^I , with sales of over 26.5 million by May 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: The charts (US singles) T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|The charts (US singles) 20 22 24 26 138866|2042 189186|2782 186262|2739 177162|15 175106|378 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: The charts (US singles) Singles record charts were first published by ^I on 20 Jul 1940, when the No. 1 single was ^I by Tommy Dorsey (1905-56). ^I by Francis Craig stayed at the No. 1 spot for 17 weeks in ^ 1947. ^<n The Beatles have had the most No. 1's (20), Conway Twitty the most Country No. 1's (35) and Aretha Franklin the most Rhythm and Blues No. 1's (20). Aretha Franklin is also the female solo artist with the most million-selling singles, ^ with 14 between 1967 and 1973. Elvis Presley has had the most hit singles on ^I 's Hot 100---149 from 1956 to May 1990. ^<n Bing Crosby's ^I spent a total of 72 weeks on the chart between 1942 and 1962, ^ while ^I by Soft Cell stayed on the chart for 43 ^I weeks from January 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: The charts (US albums) T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|The charts (US albums) 20 22 24 26 138934|2043 189118|2781 186194|2738 177162|16 175106|377 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: The charts (US albums) ^I first published an album chart on 15 Mar 1945, when the No. 1 was ^I featuring Nat "King" Cole (1919-65). ^I was No. 1 for 69 weeks (non-consecutive) from May 1949. ^I by Pink Floyd enjoyed 730 weeks on the ^I charts to April 1989. ^<n The Beatles had the most No. 1's (15), Elvis Presley was the most successful male soloist (nine), and Simon and Garfunkel the top duo with three. ^ Elvis Presley has had the most hit albums (94 from 1956 to April 1989). ^<n The woman with the most No. 1 albums (six), and most hit albums in total (40 between 1963 and April 1992), is Barbra Streisand, 30 of whose albums have been certified ^ gold (500,000 sales) and 19 platinum (one million sales) by the RIAA, making Streisand the best-selling female singer of all time. (See Most golden discs.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Fastest-selling T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Fastest-selling 20 22 24 26 139002|2044 28230|415 185174|2723 177162|17 23878|167 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Fastest-selling The fastest-selling non-pop record of all time is ^I (Premium Albums), recorded on 22 Nov 1963, the day of President Kennedy's assassination, which sold 2.1 million copies at 99 cents in six days ^ (7-12 Dec 1963). ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Greatest advance sales T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Greatest advance sales 20 22 24 26 139070|2045 51146|752 185242|2724 177162|18 52992|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Greatest advance sales The greatest advance sale for a single worldwide is 2.1 million for ^I by the Beatles, released on 21 Mar 1964. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Compact discs T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Compact discs 20 22 24 26 139138|2046 40674|598 184970|2720 177162|19 40936|107 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Compact discs Announced by Philips in 1978 and introduced by the same company in 1982, the compact disc (CD) increasingly challenges the LP and cassette as a recording medium. The first CD to sell a million copies worldwide was Dire Straits' ^I in 1986. It subsequently topped a million sales in Europe alone. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Largest record store T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Largest record store 20 22 24 26 139206|2047 115882|1704 185310|2725 177162|20 91334|495 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Largest record store HMV opened the world's largest record store at 150 Oxford Street, London, Great Britain on 24 Oct 1986. Its trading area measures 36,684 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Recorded Sound: Phonographic identification T Arts and Entertainment|Recorded Sound|General Records|Phonographic identification 20 22 24 26 139274|2048 185922|2734 177162|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Recorded Sound: Phonographic identification Dr Arthur B. Lintgen (b. 1932) of Rydal, PA, has an as-yet unique and proven ability to identify the music on phonograph records purely by visual inspection without hearing a note. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Oldest T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 139342|2049 235086|3457 223390|3285 178804|0 236192|184 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Oldest Theater in Europe has its origins in Greek drama performed in honor of a god, usually Dionysus. The earliest amphitheaters date from the 5th century B.C. The first stone-built theater in Rome, erected in 55 B.C., could accommodate 40,000 ^ spectators. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Oldest indoor theater T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Oldest indoor theater 20 22 24 26 139410|2050 235154|3458 223458|3286 178804|1 236192|185 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Oldest indoor theater The oldest indoor theater in the world is the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza, Italy. Designed in the Roman style by Andrea di Pietro, alias Palladio (1508-80), it was begun three months before his death and finished by his pupil Vicenzo Scamozzi ^ (1552-1616) in 1583. It is preserved today in its original form. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 139478|2051 123362|1814 222642|3274 178804|2 91334|605 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Largest The world's largest building used for theater is the National People's Congress Building ( ^I ) on the west side of Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China. It was completed in 1959 and covers an area of 12.9 acres. The theater ^ seats 10,000 and is occasionally used as such, as in 1964 for the play ^I . ^<n The theater with the largest capacity is the Perth Entertainment Center, Western Australia, completed in November 1976, with 8,003 seats. The ^ stage area is 12,000 sq ft. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest-capacity theater currently in use on Broadway is the Gershwin Theater (formerly the Uris Theater), with 1,933 seats. Designed by Ralph Alswang, the theater opened on 28 Nov ^ 1972. Its name was changed on 5 Jun 1983 to honor the famed composer George Gershwin. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Smallest T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Smallest 20 22 24 26 139546|2052 250930|3690 223730|3290 178804|3 258628|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Smallest The smallest regularly operated professional theater in the world is the Piccolo in Juliusstrasse, Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1970 and has a maximum capacity of 30 seats. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Largest amphitheater T \p8\D10\3708164a Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Largest amphitheater 20 23 25 27 139614|2053 123430|1815 21090|310 222710|3275 12386|182 178804|4 91334|606 28194|0 -PCAP- The Flavian amphitheatre or Colosseum of Rome, Italy covers 5 acres, and originally could seat over 50,000 spectators. Construction began between AD 70 and 72 during the reign of Vespasian and the final story was added in AD 82, two years after the ^ official opening by Titus. Although originally the scene of keen contests and fierce battles, Christians no longer fear this arena. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Largest amphitheater The Flavian amphitheater or Colosseum of Rome, Italy, completed in A.D. 80, covers five acres and has a capacity of 87,000. It has a maximum length of 612 ft and a maximum width of 515 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Gladiatorial combat T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Gladiatorial combat 20 22 24 26 139682|2054 123294|1813 222370|3270 178804|5 175106|421 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Gladiatorial combat Emperor Trajan of Rome (A.D. 98-117) staged a display involving 4,941 pairs of gladiators over 117 days. Publius Ostorius, a freedman, survived 51 combats in Pompeii. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Largest stage T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Largest stage 20 22 24 26 139750|2055 123566|1817 222846|3277 178804|6 91334|608 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Largest stage The largest stage in the world is in the Ziegfeld Room, Reno, NV, with 176 ft passerelle, three main elevators each capable of raising 1,200 show girls (72 tons), two 62 1/2-ft-circumference turntables and 800 spotlights. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Longest runs T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Longest runs 20 22 24 26 139818|2056 153146|2252 222982|3279 178804|7 139100|362 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Longest runs The longest continuous run of any show in the world is ^I by Dame Agatha Christie (nee Miller; 1890-1976). This thriller opened on 25 Nov 1952 at the Ambassadors Theatre, London, Great Britain (capacity 453) and moved after ^ 8,862 performances to the St Martin's Theatre next door on 25 Mar 1974. The 16,000th performance was on 6 May 1991, and the box office total was 20 million pounds ($36 million) from more than nine million attenders. ^<n The Vicksburg Theater ^ Guild, MS has been playing the melodrama ^I by J. Frank Davis discontinuously but every season since 1936. ^<n ^<4 Revue ^>4 The greatest number of performances of any theatrical presentation is 47,250 (to April 1986) ^ in the case of ^I , a show staged at Disneyland, Anaheim, CA. It started on 16 Jul 1955 and closed on 12 Oct 1986 after being seen by 16 million people. The main performers were Fulton Burley, Dick Hardwick (who ^ replaced Wally Boag, who had appeared from the opening day until his retirement in 1983) and Betty Taylor, who played to as many as five houses a day in a routine that lasted 45 minutes. ^<n ^<4 Broadway ^>4 ^I opened on ^ 25 Jul 1975 and closed on 28 Apr 1990 after a record run of almost 15 years and 6,137 performances. It was created by Michael Bennett (1943-87). ^<n ^<4 Musical shows ^>4 The off-Broadway musical show ^I by Tom Jones and ^ Harvey Schmidt opened on 3 May 1960, and the total number of performances to 26 Apr 1992 is 13,270 at the Sullivan Street Playhouse, Greenwich Village, New York City. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Shortest runs T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Shortest runs 20 22 24 26 139886|2057 242906|3572 223662|3289 178804|8 253960|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Shortest runs The shortest theatrical run on record was that of ^I at the Duchess Theatre, London, Great Britain, on 11 Mar 1930. Anything that could go wrong did. With scene changes taking up to 20 min apiece, the management scrapped ^ seven scenes to get the finale on before midnight. The run was described as "half a performance." ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Greatest loss T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Greatest loss 20 22 24 26 139954|2058 51758|761 222438|3271 178804|9 52992|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Greatest loss The greatest loss sustained by a theatrical show was by the Royal Shakespeare Company's musical ^I , which closed after five performances on Broadway on 17 May 1988 at a cost of $7 million. ^I , the musical about Martin ^ Luther King, incurred a loss of 3 million pounds ($5.04 million) in a six-week run ending on 2 Jun 1990, thus matching the record losses of ^I in 1988 in London, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Lowest attendance T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Lowest attendance 20 22 24 26 140022|2059 161850|2380 223050|3280 22450|330 178804|10 170594|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Lowest attendance The ultimate in low attendance was in December 1983, when the comedy ^I in Grantham, Great Britain opened to a zero attendance. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Most Tony awards T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Most Tony awards 20 22 24 26 140090|2060 192382|2829 223322|3284 178804|11 175106|425 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Most Tony awards Harold (Hal) S. Prince (b. 1928) has won 16 "Tonys"--the awards of the American Theater Wing, instituted on 6 Apr 1947--the most of any individual. Prince has won eight awards as a producer, seven as a director and one special award. Three plays ^ share the record for most Tonys, with five: ^I (1962), ^I (1963) and ^I (1981). ^<n The only person to win five Tonys in a starring role is Julie Harris, in ^I (1952), ^I (1956), ^I (1969), ^I (1973) and ^I (1977). ^<n The record number of awards for a starring role in a musical is four, by ^ Angela Lansbury: ^I (1966), ^I (1969), ^I (1975) and ^I (1979). Gwen Verdon has also won four Tonys; three in leading roles: ^I (1956), ^I ^ (1958), ^I (1959), and one in a supporting role, ^I (1954). The musical that has won the most awards is ^I (1964), with 10. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: One-man shows T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|One-man shows 20 22 24 26 140158|2061 153214|2253 223526|3287 178804|12 139100|363 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: One-man shows The longest run of one-man shows is 849, by Victor Borge (b. Copenhagen, 3 Jan 1909) in his ^I from 2 Oct 1953 to 21 Jan 1956 at the Golden Theater, Broadway, New York City. ^<n The world aggregate record for one-man shows is ^ 1,700 performances of ^I by Roy Dotrice (b. Guernsey, 26 May 1923), including 400 straight at the Mayfair Theatre, London, Great Britain ending on 20 Jul 1974. He was on stage for more than 2 1/2 hr per performance of this ^ 17th-century monologue and required 3 hr for makeup and 1 hr for removal of makeup, thus aggregating 40 weeks in the chair. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Most durable performer T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Most durable performer 20 22 24 26 140226|2062 192246|2827 223186|3282 178804|13 175106|423 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Most durable performer Kanmi Fujiyama (b. 1929) played the lead role in 10,288 performances by the comedy company Sochiku Shikigeki from November 1966 to June 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Most ardent theatergoer T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Most ardent theatergoer 20 22 24 26 140294|2063 192178|2826 223118|3281 178804|14 175106|422 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Most ardent theatergoer Dr H. Howard Hughes (b. 1902), Prof. Emeritus of Texas Wesleyan College, Fort Worth, TX attended 6,136 shows in the period 1956-87. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Highest advance sales T \p8\D10\3908162 Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Highest advance sales 20 22 24 26 140362|2064 73382|1079 21158|311 222506|3272 178804|15 71062|158 28194|1 -PCAP- The musical show ^I opened on Broadway in April 1991 after setting a box-office record of $36 million in advance ticket sales. (Photo: Rex Features/Le Poer Trench) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Highest advance sales The musical ^I , produced by Cameron Mackintosh and starring Jonathan Pryce and Lea Salonga, opened on Broadway in April 1991 after generating record advance sales of $36 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Most roles T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Most roles 20 22 24 26 140430|2065 192314|2828 223254|3283 178804|16 175106|424 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Most roles The greatest recorded number of theatrical, film and television roles portrayed is 3,385, from 1951 to March 1989, by Jan Leighton (USA). ^<n ^<4 Theatrical roles ^>4 Kanzaburo Nakamura (b. July 1909) has performed in 806 Kabuki titles from ^ November 1926 to January 1987. Since each title in this classical Japanese theatrical form lasts 25 days, he has therefore played 20,150 performances. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Shakespeare T \p8\D10\3708164b Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Shakespeare 20 23 25 27 140498|2066 153282|2254 21226|312 223594|3288 178804|17 139100|364 28194|2 -PCAP- The longest and most filmed of Shakespeare's 37 plays is ^I with 4,042 lines and 29,551 words, including 11,610 spoken by the Prince himself. John Barrymore (1882-1942) is seen here in the 1922 version staged in New York. (Photo: ^ Kobal Collection) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Shakespeare The first all-amateur company to have staged all 37 plays was The Southsea Shakespeare Actors, Hampshire, Great Britain (founded 1947) in October 1966 when, under K. Edmonds Gateley, they presented ^I . The longest Shakespeare play ^ is ^I , with 4,042 lines and 29,551 words. Of Shakespeare's 1,277 speaking parts, the longest is Hamlet with 11,610 words. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Longest chorus line T \p8\D10\3809198 Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Longest chorus line 20 22 24 26 140566|2067 153078|2251 21294|313 222914|3278 17622|259 178804|18 139100|361 28194|3 -PCAP- A record 369 dancers fill the studio for the finale of the BBC ^I TV program, broadcast on 14 Dec 1990. (Photo: BBC Record Breakers) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Longest chorus line The longest chorus line in performing history numbered up to 120 in some of the early ^I . In the finale of ^I on the night of 29 Sep 1983, when it broke the record as the longest-running Broadway show ^ ever, 332 top-hatted "strutters" performed on stage. An even tighter squeeze was achieved by 369 dancers--including the original Tiller Girls and a number of British TV personalities--in a specially choreographed routine performed on the British ^ Broadcasting Corporation ^I TV program broadcast on 14 Dec 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Highest cabaret fee T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Highest cabaret fee 20 22 24 26 140634|2068 73450|1080 222574|3273 178804|19 71062|159 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Highest cabaret fee Dolly Parton (b. 19 Jan 1946) received up to $400,000 per live concert. Johnny Carson's fee for the non-televised Sears Roebuck Centennial Gala in October 1984 was set at $1 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Theater: Largest festival T Arts and Entertainment|Theater|General Records|Largest festival 20 22 24 26 140702|2069 123498|1816 222778|3276 178804|20 91334|607 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Theater: Largest festival The world's largest arts festival is the annual Edinburgh Fringe Festival (instituted in 1947). In 1990, 537 groups gave 9,504 performances of 1,103 shows between 12 Aug and 1 Sep. Prof. Gerald Berkowitz of Northern Illinois University attended a ^ record 145 separate performances at the 1979 Festival from 15 Aug-8 Sep. ^ -END- -CTRL- Beauty and Fashion: First beauty contest T Arts and Entertainment|Beauty and Fashion|General Records| First beauty contest 20 22 24 26 140770|2070 35302|519 23878|351 180376|0 40936|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Beauty and Fashion: First beauty contest The first international beauty contest was staged by P.T. Barnum (with the public as the judges) in the United States in June 1855. ^ -END- -CTRL- Beauty and Fashion: Largest beauty pageants T Arts and Entertainment|Beauty and Fashion|General Records|Largest beauty pageants 20 22 24 26 140838|2071 84670|1245 24014|353 180376|1 91334|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Beauty and Fashion: Largest beauty pageants The world's largest annual beauty pageants are the Miss World and Miss Universe contests (inaugurated in 1951 and 1952 respectively). The most successful country in the latter contest has been the USA, with winners in 1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980 ^ and 1982. The greatest number of countries represented in the Miss Universe contest was 81 in 1983. ^<n The country that has produced the most winners in the Miss World contest is Great Britain, with five. The maximum number of contestants was 84 ^ in November 1988. The shortest reign as Miss World was 18 hr, by Miss Germany (Gabriella Brum) in 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Beauty and Fashion: Greatest catwalk distance T Arts and Entertainment|Beauty and Fashion|General Records|Greatest catwalk distance 20 22 24 26 140906|2072 53526|787 23946|352 180376|2 61634|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Beauty and Fashion: Greatest catwalk distance The greatest distance covered by female models on a catwalk is 71.1 miles, by Roberta Brown and Lorraine McCourt at Parke's Hotel, Dublin, Republic of Ireland from 19-21 Sep 1983. Male model Eddie Warke covered a further 11.9 miles on the catwalk. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Oldest building T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Oldest building 20 22 24 26 140974|2073 225362|3314 47610|700 180688|0 236192|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Oldest building The oldest permanent circus building is Cirque d'Hiver (originally Cirque Napoleon), which opened in Paris, France on 11 Dec 1852. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Largest tent T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Largest tent 20 22 24 26 141042|2074 89022|1309 47406|697 180688|1 91334|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Largest tent The largest traveling circus tent was that of Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey, which was used on tours in the United States from 1921 to 1924. It covered 91,415 sq ft, consisting of a round top 200 ft in diameter with five middle sections 60 ft ^ wide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Largest audience T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Largest audience 20 22 24 26 141110|2075 88954|1308 47338|696 180688|2 91334|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Largest audience The largest audience for a circus was 52,385 for Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey, at the Superdome, New Orleans, LA on 14 Sep 1975, and the largest in a tent was 16,702 (15,686 paid), also for Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey, at Concordia, KS ^ on 13 Sep 1924. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Aerial acts T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Aerial acts 20 22 24 26 141178|2076 64814|953 46658|686 15242|224 180688|3 71062|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Aerial acts The highest trapeze act was performed by Ian Ashpole (Great Britain) at a height of 16,420 ft, suspended from a hot-air balloon between St. Neots, Great Britain and Newmarket, Suffolk on 16 May 1986. Janet May Klemke (USA) performed a record 305 ^ one-arm planges at Medina Shrine Circus, Chicago, IL on 21 Jan 1938. A single-heel hang on a swinging bar was first performed by Angela Revelle in Australia in 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Flying return trapeze T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Flying return trapeze 20 22 24 26 141246|2077 169058|2486 46930|690 180688|4 175106|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Flying return trapeze ^<4 First ^>4 A flying return trapeze act was first performed by Jules Leotard (France) at Cirque Napoleon, Paris, France on 12 Nov 1859. A triple back somersault on the flying trapeze was first performed by Lena Jordan (Latvia) to Lewis Jordan ^ (USA) in Sydney, Australia in April 1897. ^<n ^<4 Greatest number ^>4 The back somersault record is a quadruple back, by Miguel Vasquez (Mexico) to Juan Vasquez at Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus, Tucson, AZ on 10 Jul 1982. The ^ greatest number of consecutive triple back somersaults successfully carried out is 135, by Jamie Ibarra (Mexico) to Alejandro Ibarra, between 23 July-12 Oct 1989, at various locations in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Flexible pole T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Flexible pole 20 22 24 26 141314|2078 46862|689 180688|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Flexible pole Corina Colonelu Mosoianu (Romania) is the only person to have performed a triple full twisting somersault, at Madison Square Garden, New York City, USA on 17 Apr 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: High diving T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|High diving 20 22 24 26 141382|2079 46590|685 46998|691 180688|6 52992|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: High diving ^<4 Greatest height ^>4 Col. Harry A. Froboess (Switzerland) jumped 394 ft into the Bodensee from the airship ^I on 22 Jun 1936. ^<n The greatest height reported for a dive into an air bag is 326 ft, by stuntman Dan Koko, ^ who jumped from the top of Vegas World Hotel and Casino onto a 20 x 40 x 14 ft target on 13 Aug 1984. His impact speed was 88 mph. ^<n Kitty O'Neil dove 180 ft from a helicopter over Devonshire Downs, CA on 9 Dec 1979 onto an air cushion ^ measuring 30 x 60 ft for a TV film stunt. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: High wire T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|High wire 20 22 24 26 141450|2080 169126|2487 47066|692 1982|29 180688|7 175106|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: High wire ^<4 Most performers ^>4 A seven-person pyramid (three layers) was achieved by the Great Wallendas (Germany) at Wallenda Circus in the United States in 1947. ^<n ^<4 Highest ^>4 The highest high-wire act (ground supported) was at a height of ^ 1,350 ft by Philippe Petit (France) between the towers of the World Trade Center, New York City on 7 Aug 1974. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Horseback riding T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Horseback riding 20 22 24 26 141518|2081 47134|693 180688|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Horseback riding The record for consecutive somersaults on horseback is 23, by James Robinson (USA) at Spalding & Rogers Circus, Pittsburgh, PA in 1856. Willy, Beby and Rene Fredianis (Italy) performed a three high column (no mechanic) at Nouveau Cirque, Paris, ^ France in 1908, a feat not since emulated. "Poodles" Hanneford (Ireland, b. England) holds the record for running leaps on and off, with 26 at Barnum & Bailey Circus, New York City in 1915. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Human cannonball T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Human cannonball 20 22 24 26 141586|2082 35982|529 47202|694 622|9 180688|9 40936|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Human cannonball ^<4 First ^>4 The first human cannonball was Eddie Rivers (USA), billed as "Lulu," from a Farini cannon at Royal Cremorne Music Hall, London, Great Britain in 1871. ^<n ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 The record distance a human has been fired from ^ a cannon is 175 ft in the case of Emanuel Zacchini (Italy) in the USA in 1940. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Human pyramid T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Human pyramid 20 22 24 26 141654|2083 64950|955 47270|695 180688|10 71062|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Human pyramid ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The weight record is 1,700 lbs, when Tahar Douis supported twelve members of the Hassani Troupe (three levels in height) at the BBC TV studios, Birmingham, Great Britain on 17 Dec 1979. ^<n ^<4 Highest ^>4 The height record ^ is 39 ft, when Josep-Joan Martinez Lozano of the Colla Vella dels Xiquets mounted a nine-high pyramid at Valls, Spain on 25 Oct 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Lion-taming T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Lion-taming 20 22 24 26 141722|2084 169194|2488 47474|698 180688|11 175106|85 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Lion-taming ^<4 Greatest number ^>4 The greatest number of lions mastered and fed in a cage by an unaided lion-tamer was 40, by "Captain" Alfred Schneider in 1925. Clyde Raymond Beatty handled more than 40 "cats" (lions and tigers) simultaneously. ^<n ^<4 ^ Most featured ^>4 Beatty (1903-1965) was the featured attraction at every show he appeared in for more than 40 years. He insisted upon being called a lion-trainer. More than 20 lion-tamers have died of injuries since 1900. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Fastest magician T \p8\D10\3709181 Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Fastest magician 20 22 24 26 141790|2085 20070|295 21362|314 46726|687 5246|77 180688|12 23878|47 28490|0 -PCAP- Eldon D. Wigton, alias Dr Eldoonie, performed 225 different tricks in 2 min at Kilbourne, OH on 21 Apr 1991. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Fastest magician Eldon D. Wigton, alias Dr Eldoonie, performed 225 different tricks in 2 min at Kilbourne, OH on 21 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Most spinning plates T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Most spinning plates 20 22 24 26 141858|2086 169262|2489 47542|699 180688|13 175106|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Most spinning plates The greatest number of plates spun simultaneously is 84, by Dave Spathaky on British Broadcasting Corporation ^I TV program on 21 Oct 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: First back somersault feet to feet T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|First back somersault feet to feet 20 22 24 26 141926|2087 35846|527 46794|688 180688|14 40936|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: First back somersault feet to feet A back somersault feet to feet was first performed by Richard Risley Carlisle and son (USA) at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, Scotland in February 1844. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Teeter board T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Teeter board 20 22 24 26 141994|2088 47746|702 180688|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Teeter board The Kehaiovi Troupe (Bulgaria) achieved a seven-person high perch pole column at Blackpool Tower Circus, Blackpool, Great Britain on 16 Jul 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Trampoline T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Trampoline 20 22 24 26 142062|2089 47814|703 180688|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Trampoline Marco Canestrelli (USA) performed a septuple twisting back somersault to bed at Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus, St Petersburg, FL on 5 Jan 1979. He also managed a quintuple twisting back somersault to a two high column, to Belmonte ^ Canestrelli at Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus, New York City, on 28 Mar 1979. Richard Tison (France) achieved a triple twisting triple back somersault at Berchtesgaden, Germany on 30 Jun 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Circus: Stilt-walking T Arts and Entertainment|Circus|General Records|Stilt-walking 20 22 24 26 142130|2090 20138|296 47678|701 180688|17 23878|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Circus: Stilt-walking ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The fastest stilt-walker on record is Roy Luiking, who covered 328 ft on 1 ft high stilts in 13.14 sec at Didam, Netherlands on 2 Jun 1991. Over a long distance, the fastest is M. Garisoain of Bayonne, France, who in 1892 walked ^ the 4.97 miles from Bayonne to Biarritz on stilts in 42 min, an average speed of 7.10 mph. ^<n ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 The greatest distance ever walked on stilts is 3,008 miles, from Los Angeles, CA to Bowen, KY by Joe Bowen from 20 Feb-26 ^ Jul 1980. ^<n In 1891 Sylvain Dornon stilt-walked from Paris, France to Moscow, Russia in 50 stages, covering 1,830 miles. Another source gives his time as 58 days. Either way, although Bowen's distance was greater, Dornon walked at a much higher ^ speed. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 Even with a safety or Kirby wire, very high stilts are ^I dangerous---25 steps are deemed to constitute "mastery." The tallest stilts ever mastered measured 40 ft 9 1/2 in from ground to ankle. Eddy ^ Wolf ("Steady Eddy") of Loyal, WI walked a distance of 25 steps without touching his safety handrail wires on 3 Aug 1988 using aluminum stilts of this length. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The heaviest stilts ever mastered weighed 57 lb each, and were ^ the ones used by Eddy Wolf in his successful attempt on the height record. ^ -END- -CTRL- Photography: Origins T Arts and Entertainment|Photography|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 142198|2091 13338|196 165590|2435 182120|0 13960|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Photography: Origins The earliest reference to a photograph on glass taken in a camera was in a letter dated 19 Jul 1822 to French scientist Joseph Niepce (1765-1833) from his brother Claude (1763-1828), referring to a photograph of a copper engraving of Pope Pius VII ^ taken at Gras, near Chalon-sur-Saone, France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Photography: Earliest photographs T Arts and Entertainment|Photography|General Records|Earliest photographs 20 22 24 26 142266|2092 13270|195 165454|2433 182120|1 13960|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Photography: Earliest photographs The earliest known surviving photograph, also by Niepce, was taken in 1827 using a camera obscura and shows the view from the window of his home. Rediscovered by Helmut Gernsheim in 1952, it is now in the Gernsheim Collection at the University of ^ Texas, Austin, TX. ^<n ^<4 Aerial photograph ^>4 The world's earliest aerial photograph was taken in 1858 by Gaspard Felix Tournachon (1820-1910), alias Nadar, from a balloon near Villacoublay, on the outskirts of Paris, France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Photography: Most expensive photograph T Arts and Entertainment|Photography|General Records|Most expensive photograph 20 22 24 26 142334|2093 197754|2908 165522|2434 182120|2 208038|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Photography: Most expensive photograph The platinum print ^I taken by Tina Modotti in 1925 was sold at Sotheby's, New York on 17 Apr 1991 for a record $165,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cameras: Largest T Arts and Entertainment|Photography|Cameras|Largest 20 22 24 26 142402|2094 87050|1280 38294|563 182346|0 91334|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cameras: Largest The largest and most expensive industrial camera ever built is the 30 ton Rolls-Royce camera now owned by BPCC Graphics Ltd of Derby, commissioned in 1956. It measures 8 ft 10 in high, 8 1/4 ft wide and 46 ft in length. The lens is a 63 in f 16 ^ Cooke Apochromatic and the bellows were made by Camera Bellows Ltd of Birmingham, Great Britain. ^<n A pinhole camera was created from a Portakabin unit measuring 34 x 9 1/2 x 9 ft by photographers John Kippen and Chris Wainwright at the National ^ Museum of Photography, Film and Television at Bradford, Great Britain on 25 Mar 1990. The unit produced a direct positive measuring 33 x 6 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cameras: Largest lens T Arts and Entertainment|Photography|Cameras|Largest lens 20 22 24 26 142470|2095 87118|1281 38362|564 182346|1 91334|72 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cameras: Largest lens The National Museum of Photography, Film and Television, Bradford, Great Britain has the largest lens on display, made by Pilkington Special Glass Ltd, St Asaph, Clwyd, Great Britain. Its dimensions are: focal length 333 in, diameter 54 in, weight ^ 474 lb. Its focal length allows writing on the museum's walls to be read from a distance of 40 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cameras: Smallest T \p8\D10\3708165 Arts and Entertainment|Photography|Cameras|Smallest 20 23 25 27 142538|2096 245626|3612 21430|315 38566|567 182346|2 258628|20 28576|0 -PCAP- This miniature Edwardian field camera was designed and built in 1989 by William Pocklington of Ascot, Great Britain from matchsticks with brass fittings and bellows made by Camera Bellows Ltd. When mounted on its collapsible tripod, the replica ^ stands 5.9 in high and has a body measuring 1.34 x 1.34 x 0.75 in with bellows extended. Fitted with a reversing back for landscape or portrait format, the camera produces pictures measuring 0.75 in x 0.67 in. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cameras: Smallest Apart from cameras built for intracardiac surgery and espionage, the smallest that has been marketed is the circular Japanese "Petal" camera, with a diameter of 1.14 in and a thickness of 0.65 in. It has a focal length of 0.47 in. A functional ^ replica Edwardian field camera (complete with tripod) measuring 1 x 1 x 2 in with bellows extended was designed and built by William Pocklington of Ascot, Great Britain in 1989, with the bellows made by Camera Bellows Ltd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cameras: Fastest T Arts and Entertainment|Photography|Cameras|Fastest 20 22 24 26 142606|2097 19662|289 38226|562 182346|3 23878|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cameras: Fastest A camera built for research into high-power lasers by The Blackett Laboratory of Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, Great Britain registers images at a rate of 33 billion per sec. The fastest production camera is currently the ^ Imacon 675, made by Hadland Photonics Ltd of Bovingdon, Great Britain, at up to 600 million frames per sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cameras: Most expensive T Arts and Entertainment|Photography|Cameras|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 142674|2098 195850|2880 38498|566 182346|4 208038|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cameras: Most expensive The most expensive complete range of camera equipment in the world is that of Nikon Corporation of Tokyo, Japan, which in May 1991 marketed its complete range of 26 cameras with 84 lenses and 617 accessories at a total cost of $225,174.49 excluding ^ tax. ^<n The highest auction price for a camera is 26,400 pounds ($44,880) for a Leica R6 sold at Christie's, London on 9 Nov 1989 to De Liugi Garibaldi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cameras: Longest negative T Arts and Entertainment|Photography|Cameras|Longest negative 20 22 24 26 142742|2099 132542|1949 38430|565 182346|5 139100|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cameras: Longest negative On 6 May 1992, Thomas Bleich of Austin, TX produced a negative image measuring 23 ft 4 1/2 in x 10 1/2 in using a 10 1/2 in focal length Turner-Reich lens and a Kodak No. 10 Cirkut Camera. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Earliest 20 22 24 26 142810|2100 10210|150 81202|1194 182938|0 13960|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Earliest The earliest motion pictures were made by Louis Aime Augustin Le Prince (1842-90), who was attested to have achieved dim moving outlines on a whitewashed wall at the Institute for the Deaf, Washington Heights, New York City as early as 1885-87. ^ The earliest surviving film (sensitized 2 1/8 in wide paper roll) is from his camera, taken in early October 1888, of the garden of his father-in-law, Joseph Whitley, in Roundhay, Great Britain at 10 to 12 frames per second. ^<n The first ^ commercial presentation of motion pictures was at Holland Bros' Kinetoscope Parlor at 1155 Broadway, New York City on 14 Apr 1894. Viewers could see five films for 25 cents or ten for 50 cents from a double row of Kinetoscopes developed by ^ William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (1860-1935), assistant to Thomas Edison (1847-1931), in 1889-1891. ^<n The earliest publicly presented film on a ^I was ^I , probably shot in August or ^ September 1894 in Lyons, France. It was exhibited at 44 rue de Rennes, Paris, France on 22 Mar 1895 by the Lumiere brothers, Auguste-Marie-Louis-Nicholas (1862-1954) and Louis-Jean (1864-1948). ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Earliest "talkie" T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Earliest "talkie" 20 22 24 26 142878|2101 10278|151 81270|1195 182938|1 13960|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Earliest "talkie" The earliest sound-on-film motion picture was achieved by Eugene-Augustin Lauste (1857-1935), who patented his process on 11 Aug 1906 and produced a workable system using a string galvanometer in 1910 at Benedict Road, London, Great Britain. The ^ earliest public presentation of sound on film was by the Tri-ergon process at the Alhambra Theater, Berlin, Germany on 17 Sep 1922. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The earliest screening of a sound-on-picture motion picture in the United States ^ before a paying audience was at the Rivoli Theater in New York City on 15 Apr 1923. The first all-talking motion picture was Warner Brothers' ^I , shown at the Strand Theater, New York City on 6 Jul 1928. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Country with largest output T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Country with largest output 20 22 24 26 142946|2102 96978|1426 81134|1193 182938|2 91334|217 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Country with largest output India's production of feature-length films was a record 948 in 1990, and its annual output has exceeded 700 every year since 1979. In the United States, 330 films were produced in 1991; 479 were produced in 1988, the most in a year since 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Most expensive T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 143014|2103 196530|2890 82154|1208 182938|3 208038|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Most expensive At the time of its release in July 1991, ^I , was reported to have cost Carolco Pictures $104 million, plus print and advertising costs of about $20 million. Its star, Arnold Schwarzenegger, was believed to have ^ received a fee of $15 million for the film. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Least expensive full-length feature T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Least expensive full-length feature 20 22 24 26 143082|2104 126762|1864 81882|1204 182938|4 136828|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Least expensive full-length feature The total cost of production for the 1927 film ^I , by Victorian Film Productions, was 300 pounds ($1,458). ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Highest box office gross T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Highest box office gross 20 22 24 26 143150|2105 66582|979 81406|1197 182938|5 71062|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Highest box office gross The box office gross champion is Steven Spielberg's ^I , released on 11 Jun 1982, which had grossed over $700 million (including videos) by December 1989. ^<n ^I (Warner Bros) set a new opening ^ day record of $16.1 million on 19 Jun 1992 and also a single-day record of $16.8 million on 20 June during its US opening weekend at a record 2,644 cinemas. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Largest loss T \p8\D10\3908165 Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Largest loss 20 23 25 27 143218|2106 97114|1428 21498|316 81610|1200 7286|107 182938|6 91334|219 28662|0 -PCAP- The greatest loss in cinema box-office history was incurred by ^I , directed by Michael Cimino and starring Kris Kristofferson and Isabelle Huppert, which earned only $1.5 million in North American rentals against an estimated ^ total cost of $57 million. (Photo: Image Select) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Largest loss Michael Cimino's 1980 production ^I earned $1.5 million in North American rentals against an estimated negative cost of $44 million and a total cost, including distribution and overheads, of $57 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Highest earnings T \p8\D10\3908166 Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Highest earnings 20 22 24 26 143286|2107 66650|980 21566|317 81474|1198 6674|98 182938|7 71062|59 28662|1 -PCAP- Laughing all the way to the bank is Jack Nicholson, whose role as "The Joker" in Tim Burton's ^I (1987) was worth up to $60 million based on a percentage of the film's box-office receipts. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Highest earnings Jack Nicholson stood to receive up to $60 million for playing "The Joker" in Warner Brothers' $50 million ^I , through a percentage of the film's receipts in lieu of salary. ^<n The highest-paid actress is Barbra Streisand, who ^ received $6 million for ^I . ^<n The highest-paid child performer is Macauley Culkin (b. 28 Aug 1980), who was paid $1 million for ^I (1991). This was followed by a contract for $5 million (plus 5 percent of ^ ticket sales) for ^I (1992), the sequel to his 1990 box office hit, ^I . ^<n Stuntman Dar Robinson was paid $100,000 for the 1,100 ft leap from the CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in ^ November 1979 for ^I . His parachute opened just 300 ft above the ground. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Longest series still continuing T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Longest series still continuing 20 22 24 26 143354|2108 137234|2018 82018|1206 182938|8 139100|128 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Longest series still continuing Japan's ^I films have now stretched from ^I in August 1969 to ^I in 1991, with Kiyoshi Atsumi (b. 1929) starring in each for Shochiku Co. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Largest studios T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Largest studios 20 22 24 26 143422|2109 97318|1431 81814|1203 182938|9 91334|222 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Largest studios The largest complex of film studios in the world is the one at Universal City, Los Angeles, CA. The back lot contains 573 buildings and there are 34 sound stages on the 420-acre site. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Largest studio stage T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Largest studio stage 20 22 24 26 143490|2110 97250|1430 81746|1202 23198|341 182938|10 91334|221 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Largest studio stage The world's largest studio stage is the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire, Great Britain. It was designed by Ken Adam and Michael Brown and built in 1976 for the James Bond film ^I . It measures 336 x 139 x ^ 41 ft, and accommodates 1.2 million gallons of water, a full-scale 672,000 ton oil tanker and three nuclear submarines. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Largest film set T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Largest film set 20 22 24 26 143558|2111 97046|1427 81542|1199 182938|11 91334|218 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Largest film set The largest film set ever built was the 1,312 x 754 ft Roman Forum designed by Veniero Colosanti and John Moore for Samuel Bronston's production of ^I (1964). It was built on a 55 acre site outside Madrid, Spain, ^ where 1,100 workmen spent seven months laying the surface of the Forum with 170,000 cement blocks, erecting 22,000 ft of concrete stairways, 601 columns and 350 statues, and constructing 27 full-size buildings. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Fastest film production T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Fastest film production 20 22 24 26 143626|2112 22042|324 81338|1196 182938|12 23878|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Fastest film production The shortest time ever taken to make a feature-length film from the announcement of the title to the screening was 13 days for ^I , produced by Russ Malkin and directed by John Gore. The all-star British cast, the crew, ^ technicians and film suppliers accepted the charity challenge, and the 75-minute thriller was given a gala premiere in London, Great Britain on 27 May 1990 to raise money for the British Telethon '90. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Largest number of extras T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Largest number of extras 20 22 24 26 143694|2113 97182|1429 81678|1201 182938|13 91334|220 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Largest number of extras It is believed that over 300,000 extras appeared in the funeral scene of Sir Richard Attenborough's ^I (1982). ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Longest directorial career T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Longest directorial career 20 22 24 26 143762|2114 137166|2017 81950|1205 182938|14 139100|127 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Longest directorial career The directorial career of King Vidor (1894-1982) lasted for 66 years, beginning with the two-reel comedy ^I (1914) and culminating in another short, a documentary called ^I (1980). ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Oldest director T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Oldest director 20 22 24 26 143830|2115 226790|3335 82494|1213 182938|15 236192|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Oldest director The Dutch director Joris Ivens (1898-1989) made the Franco-Italian co-production ^I in 1988 at the age of 89. He made his directorial debut with the Dutch film ^I in 1928. Hollywood's oldest director was George Cukor ^ (1899-1983), who made his 50th and final film, MGM's ^I , in 1981 at the age of 81. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Oldest performers T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Oldest performers 20 22 24 26 143898|2116 226858|3336 82562|1214 182938|16 236192|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Oldest performers The oldest screen performer of all time is the French actress Jeanne Louise Calment (b. 1875- ^I May 1992), who portrayed herself in the 1990 French-Canadian film ^I . (See Human Being, Oldest living person.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Most durable performers T \p8\D10\3809201 Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Most durable performers 20 23 25 27 143966|2117 172934|2543 21634|318 82086|1207 182938|17 175106|140 28662|2 -PCAP- Lillian Gish (b. 14 Oct 1893) in her screen debut in D.W. Griffith's silent classic ^I (1912), made 75 years before her most recent screen appearance in ^I (1987). Also featured is her sister ^ Dorothy (1898-1968), with whom Lillian made her stage debut at the age of five. (Photo: National Film Archive) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Most durable performers The record for the longest screen career is held by German actor Curt Bois (b. 1900), who made his debut in ^I at the age of nine and whose most recent films include ^I (1988). American actress Helen Hayes ^ (b. 10 Oct 1900) first appeared on screen at the age of 10 in ^I , but much of her later work has been on the stage. The most enduring stars of the big screen are French actor Charles Vanel (b. 1892), who marked his ^ 75th anniversary as a film actor in ^I (1988), and Lillian Gish (b. 14 Oct 1893)--although her birthdate is usually given as 1896. She made her debut in ^I (1912) and most recently appeared in ^ ^I (1987). ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Most generations of actors T \c8\D01\3708166z Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Most generations of actors 20 24 26 28 144034|2118 173070|2545 21702|319 82290|1210 182938|18 175106|142 28662|3 -PCAP- Four generations of the Redgrave family have found fame as screen actors. Roy Redgrave (1872-1922), Australian star of the silent-screen, began a dynasty continued by his son Michael (1908-85), whose marriage to actress Rachel Kempson produced ^ daughters Vanessa and Lynn and son Corin. Vanessa's daughters Joely and Natasha, and Corin's daughter Jemma are already established actresses. Spot the family likeness between Roy in ^I (1911, left), Michael and Vanessa in ^ ^I (right) and Natasha in ^I (center). (Photos: Weidenfeld Publishers/National Film Archive/Warner Bros.) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Most generations of actors There are four generations of screen actors in the Redgrave family. Roy Redgrave (1872-1922) made his screen debut in 1911 and continued to appear in Australian films until 1920. His son, Sir Michael Redgrave, married actress Rachel Kempson, and ^ their two daughters Vanessa and Lynn and son Corin are all actors. Vanessa's two daughters, Joely and Natasha, and Corin's daughter Jemma, are already successful actresses with films such as ^I , ^I ^ and ^I to their respective credit. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Costumes T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Costumes 20 22 24 26 144102|2119 172866|2542 81066|1192 182938|19 175106|139 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Costumes The largest number of costumes used for any one film was 32,000 for the 1951 film ^I . ^<n ^<4 Most changes ^>4 Elizabeth Taylor changed costume 65 times in ^I (1963). The costumes were designed by Irene Sharaff ^ and cost $130,000. ^<n ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 Constance Bennett's sable coat in ^I was valued at $50,000. The most expensive costume designed and made specially for a film was Edith Head's mink and sequins dance costume worn by ^ Ginger Rogers in ^I . It cost Paramount $35,000 (See Oscar winners). The ruby slippers, a personal prop worn by Judy Garland in the 1939 film ^I , were sold on 2 Jun 1988 to a mystery buyer at ^ Christie's, New York for $165,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Oscar winners T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Oscar winners 20 22 24 26 144170|2120 173274|2548 82630|1215 182938|20 175106|145 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Oscar winners Walter (Walt) Elias Disney (1901-66) won more "Oscars"--the awards of the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, instituted on 16 May 1929--than any other person. The physical count comprises 20 statuettes and 12 other plaques ^ and certificates, including posthumous awards. ^<n The only person to win four Oscars in a starring role is Katharine Hepburn (b. Hartford, CT, 8 Nov 1909) for ^I (1932/33), ^I (1967), ^I (1968) and ^I (1981). She has been nominated 12 times. Edith Head (1907-81) won eight individual awards for costume design. ^<n Fifteen performers have won two Oscars in starring roles (the year the ^ award was presented is given in each case): Ingrid Bergman (1945 and 1956), Marlon Brando (1955 and 1973), Gary Cooper (1942 and 1953), Bette Davis (1936 and 1939), Olivia de Havilland (1947 and 1950), Sally Field (1980 and 1985), Jane Fonda ^ (1972 and 1979), Jodie Foster (1989 and 1992), Dustin Hoffman (1980 and 1989), Glenda Jackson (1971 and 1974), Vivien Leigh (1940 and 1952), Frederic March (1933 and 1947), Luise Rainer (1937 and 1938), Elizabeth Taylor (1961 and 1967) and ^ Spencer Tracy (1938 and 1939). ^<n The film with the most awards is ^I (1959) with 11. The film with the most nominations was ^I (1950) with 14. It won six (Best Supporting Actor: George Sanders; Best Picture; ^ Best Costume Design: Edith Head, Charles Le Maire; Best Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz; Best Sound Recording; Best Screenplay: Joseph L. Mankiewicz). ^<n ^<4 Youngest winners ^>4 The youngest winner in competition was Tatum O'Neal (b. 5 Nov ^ 1963), who was 10 when she received the award in 1974 for Best Supporting Actress in ^I (1973). Shirley Temple (b. 23 Apr 1928) was awarded an honorary Oscar at the age of five in 1934. ^<n ^<4 Oldest winners ^>4 The oldest ^ recipients, George Burns (b. 20 Jan 1896) for ^I in 1976 and Jessica Tandy (b. 7 Jun 1909) for ^I in 1990, were both 80 at the time of the presentation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Most honored entertainer T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Most honored entertainer 20 22 24 26 144238|2121 173138|2546 82358|1211 182938|21 175106|143 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Most honored entertainer The most honored entertainer in history is Bob Hope (ne Leslie Townes Hope; London, Great Britain, 29 May 1903). He has been uniquely awarded the USA's highest civilian honors--the Medal of Freedom (1969); Congressional Gold Medal (1963); Medal of ^ Merit (1966); Distinguished Public Service Medal (1973); Distinguished Service Gold Medal (1971)--and is also an Hon CBE (1976) and was appointed Hon. Brigadier of the US Marine Corps. He also has 44 honorary degrees. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Most portrayed character T \c8\D01\3708167z Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Most portrayed character 20 24 26 28 144306|2122 173206|2547 21770|320 82426|1212 10754|158 182938|22 175106|144 28662|4 -PCAP- (Left) Bela Lugosi's (1884-1956) classic portrayal of Count Dracula in the 1931 US film ^I became the archetypal image for over 160 screen representations of Bram Stoker's immortal character. (Right) Prince Vlad Tepes (the ^ Impaler), whose habit of executing his enemies by impaling them on spikes at his castle in southern Romania in the 15th century became the inspiration behind the vampire count in Bram Stoker's novel ^I , published in 1897. (Photos: ^ Popperfoto/Kunsthistorichen Museum, Vienna) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Most portrayed character The character most frequently recurring on the screen is Sherlock Holmes, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930). The Baker Street sleuth has been portrayed by some 72 actors in over 197 films since 1900. ^<n In horror films the character ^ most often portrayed is Count Dracula, created by the Irish writer Bram Stoker (1847-1912). Representations of the Count or his immediate descendants outnumber those of his closest rival, Frankenstein's monster, by 160 to 112. ^ -END- -CTRL- Films: Most films seen T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Films|Most films seen 20 22 24 26 144374|2123 173002|2544 82222|1209 182938|23 175106|141 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Films: Most films seen Gwilym Hughes of Dolgellau, Great Britain had seen 20,064 films by March 1991. He saw his first film in 1953 while in the hospital. ^<n Albert E. van Schmus (b. 1921) saw 16,945 films in 32 years (1949-1982) as a rater for the Motion Picture ^ Association of America Inc. ^ -END- -CTRL- Movie Theaters: Earliest T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Movie Theaters|Earliest 20 22 24 26 144442|2124 12318|181 149202|2194 184634|0 13960|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Movie Theaters: Earliest The earliest structure designed and used exclusively for exhibiting projected films is believed to be one erected at the Atlanta Show, GA in October 1895 to exhibit C.F. Jenkins's phantoscope. ^ -END- -CTRL- Movie Theaters: Largest T \p8\D10\3809202 Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Movie Theaters|Largest 20 22 24 26 144510|2125 108266|1592 21838|321 149406|2197 184634|1 91334|383 28662|5 -PCAP- An audience at the Kinepolis multiplex in Brussels, Belgium. Opened in 1988, the building houses 24 screens and has seating for 7,000. (Photo: Gamma/ Photonews) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Movie Theaters: Largest The largest theater in the world is the Radio City Music Hall, New York City, opened on 27 Dec 1932, with 5,945 (now 5,874) seats. Kinepolis, the first eight screens of which opened in Brussels, Belgium in 1988, is the world's largest theater ^ complex. It has 24 screens and a total seating capacity of 7,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Movie Theaters: Highest attendance T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Movie Theaters|Highest attendance 20 22 24 26 144578|2126 69642|1024 149270|2195 184634|2 71062|103 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Movie Theaters: Highest attendance The Chinese Ministry of Culture reported in September 1987 that there were 21 billion movie theater attendances in 1986--or nearly 21 per person per year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Movie Theaters: Highest box office gross T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Movie Theaters|Highest box office gross 20 22 24 26 144646|2127 69710|1025 149338|2196 184634|3 71062|104 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Movie Theaters: Highest box office gross In 1991, domestic gross box office receipts (USA only) were $4.803 billion. In 1989 there was an all-time high of $5.033 billion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Movie Theaters: Biggest screen T Arts and Entertainment|Cinema|Movie Theaters|Biggest screen 20 22 24 26 144714|2128 2254|33 149134|2193 184634|4 7328|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Movie Theaters: Biggest screen The largest permanently installed theater screen, with an area of 96 x 70 1/2 ft, is located at the Keong Emas Imax Theatre, Taman Mini Park, Jakarta, Indonesia, opened on 20 Apr 1984. The Six Flags Great America Pictorium, Gurnee, ID, opened in ^ 1979, has a screen of equal size, but it is 3D. A temporary screen measuring 297 x 33 ft was used at the 1937 Paris Exposition in France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Earliest patent T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Earliest patent 20 22 24 26 144782|2129 14766|217 183678|2701 185086|0 13960|110 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Earliest patent The earliest patent for telegraphy without wires (wireless) was received by Dr Mahlon Loomis (USA; 1826-86). It was entitled "Improvement in Telegraphy" and was dated 20 Jul 1872 (US Pat. No. 129,971). He in fact demonstrated only potential ^ differences on a galvanometer between two kites 14 miles apart in Loudoun County, VA in October 1866. ^<n The authentic first patent for a system of communication by means of electromagnetic waves, numbered No. 12039, was granted on 2 Jun 1896 to ^ the Italian-Irish Marchese Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937). A public demonstration of wireless transmission of speech was, however, given in the town square of Murray, KY in 1892 by Nathan B. Stubblefield. He died destitute on 28 Mar 1928. The ^ first permanent wireless installation was constructed at The Needles on the Isle of Wight, Great Britain, by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd, in November 1897. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Earliest broadcast T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Earliest broadcast 20 22 24 26 144850|2130 14698|216 183610|2700 185086|1 13960|109 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Earliest broadcast The world's first advertised broadcast was made on 24 Dec 1906 by the Canadian-born Prof. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (1868-1932) from the 420 ft mast of the National Electric Signalling Company at Brant Rock, MA. The transmission included Handel's ^ ^I . Fessenden had achieved the broadcast of speech as early as November 1900 but it was highly distorted. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: First transatlantic transmissions T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|First transatlantic transmissions 20 22 24 26 144918|2131 40606|597 183814|2703 185086|2 40936|106 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: First transatlantic transmissions The earliest claim to have received wireless signals (the letter S in Morse Code) across the Atlantic was made by Marconi, George Stephen Kemp and Percy Paget from a 10 kW station at Poldhu, Cornwall, Great Britain, to Signal Hill, St John's, ^ Newfoundland, Canada, at 12:30 P.M. on 12 Dec 1901. ^<n Human speech was first heard across the Atlantic in November 1915 when a transmission from the US Navy station at Arlington, VA was received by US radiotelephone engineers on the Eiffel ^ Tower, Paris, France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Earliest radio-microphones T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Earliest radio-microphones 20 22 24 26 144986|2132 14834|218 183746|2702 185086|3 13960|111 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Earliest radio-microphones The radio-microphone, which was in essence also the first "bug," was devised by Reg Moores (Great Britain) in 1947 and first used on 76 MHz in the ice show ^I at Brighton Sports Stadium, Great Britain in September 1949. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Most durable programs T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Most durable programs 20 22 24 26 145054|2133 188438|2771 184154|2708 5858|86 185086|4 175106|367 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Most durable programs ^I , the early morning program on WOR, New York City, was first broadcast in March 1925 and celebrated its 20,969th show as of 30 Apr 1992. The show has been hosted by three generations of the Gambling family: John B. ^ Gambling (1925-59), John A. Gambling (1959-present) and John R. Gambling 1985-present). The show currently airs six days per week, year round. ^<n The weekly sports report "The Tenpin Tattler" was first broadcast on WCFL, Chicago, IL on 24 Aug, ^ 1935. Fifty-three years and over 2,900 broadcasts later it still continues on WGN, Chicago with the original host, Sam Weinstein, who is probably the longest continuing host of a program. ^<n The grand 'Ole Opry has broadcast continuously from ^ November 1925 to May 1992, a total of more than sixty-six years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Most popular formats T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Most popular formats 20 22 24 26 145122|2134 188574|2773 184290|2710 185086|5 175106|369 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Most popular formats In the United States, the most popular formats for listeners (12 years and older) as of November 1991, per a survey conducted by ^I , were country (26.6 percent), adult contemporary (19.2 percent), religious (8.6 percent), ^ oldies (7.7 percent) and top 40 (7.2 percent). ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Most hours broadcast per week T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Most hours broadcast per week 20 22 24 26 145190|2135 188506|2772 184222|2709 7082|104 185086|6 175106|368 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Most hours broadcast per week Larry King's radio and television programs are broadcast a combined 46 hours per week, the most of any broadcaster heard nationwide. He has been broadcasting ten hours per week on CNN since 1985, and his program is aired in 130 countries. He has ^ broadcast 36 hours per week on Mutual Broadcasting since 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Most stations T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Most stations 20 22 24 26 145258|2136 188642|2774 184358|2711 185086|7 175106|370 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Most stations The country with the greatest number of radio broadcasting stations is the United States, where there were 9,555 authorized broadcast stations as of year end 1991, made up of 4,985 AM (amplitude modulation) stations and 4,570 FM (frequency ^ modulation) stations. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Largest audience T \p8\D10\3809203 Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Largest audience 20 23 25 27 145326|2137 115746|1702 21906|322 183882|2704 185086|8 91334|493 29098|0 -PCAP- The newsroom of the British Broadcasting Corporation World Service. Surveys of 90 countries show that at least 120 million listeners tuned in regularly in 1990--more than the combined audience of Voice of America, Radio Moscow and Deutsche Welle. ^ (Photo: BBC) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Largest audience Surveys carried out in 90 countries showed that, in 1990, the global estimated audience for the British Broadcasting Corporation World Service, broadcast in 38 languages, was 120 million regular listeners--greater than the combined listenership of ^ Voice of America, Radio Moscow and ^I . This is, however, a conservative estimate because figures are unavailable for several countries, including China, Cuba, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Iran, Afghanistan and Vietnam. ^<n The ^ peak recorded listenership on British Broadcasting Corporation Radio was 30 million on 6 Jun 1950 for the boxing match between Lee Savold (USA) and Bruce Woodcock (Great Britain; b. 1921). ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Largest response T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Largest response 20 22 24 26 145394|2138 115814|1703 183950|2705 185086|9 91334|494 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Largest response The largest recorded response to a radio show occurred on 27 Nov 1974 when, on a 5-hr talk show on WCAU, Philadelphia, PA, astrologer Howard Sheldon registered a call count of 388,299 on the ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Longest continuous broadcast T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Longest continuous broadcast 20 22 24 26 145462|2139 148862|2189 184018|2706 185086|10 139100|299 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Longest continuous broadcast Radio Telefis Eireann transmitted an unedited reading of ^I by James Joyce (1882-1941) for 29 hr 38 min 47 sec on 16-17 Jul 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Radio: Most assiduous radio ham T Arts and Entertainment|Radio|General Records|Most assiduous radio ham 20 22 24 26 145530|2140 188370|2770 184086|2707 185086|11 175106|366 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Radio: Most assiduous radio ham The late Richard C. Spenceley of KV4AA at St Thomas, VI built his contacts (QSOs) to a record level of 48,100 in 365 days in 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Invention T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Invention 20 22 24 26 145598|2141 16126|237 219378|3226 15718|231 186028|0 13960|130 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Invention The invention of television, the instantaneous viewing of distant objects by electrical transmission, was not an act but a process of successive and interdependent discoveries. ^<n The first commercial cathode ray tube was introduced in 1897 by ^ Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850-1918), but was not linked to "electric vision" until 1907 by Prof. Boris Rosing (disappeared 1918) of Russia, in St Petersburg. A.A. Campbell Swinton (1863-1930) published the fundamentals of television transmission on ^ 18 Jun 1908 in a brief letter to the publication ^I entitled "Distant Electric Vision." ^<n ^<4 Earliest demonstration ^>4 The earliest public demonstration of television was given on 27 Jan 1926 by John Logie Baird (1888-1946) ^ of Scotland, using a development of the mechanical scanning system patented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (1860-1940) on 6 Jan 1884. He had achieved the transmission of a Maltese Cross over 10 ft at 8 Queen's Arcade, Hastings, Great Britain, by ^ February 1924, and the first facial image (of William Taynton, 15) at 22 Frith Street, London, Great Britain on 30 Oct 1925. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Earliest service T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Earliest service 20 22 24 26 145666|2142 15990|235 218834|3218 186028|1 13960|128 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Earliest service Baird launched his first television "service" via a British Broadcasting Corporation transmitter on 30 Sep 1929 and marketed the first sets, Baird Televisors, in May 1930. The world's first high-definition (i.e., 405 lines) television broadcasting ^ service was opened from Alexandra Palace, London, Great Britain on 2 Nov 1936, when there were about 100 sets in all of Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: First transatlantic transmissions T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|First transatlantic transmissions 20 22 24 26 145734|2143 43394|638 219106|3222 186028|2 40936|147 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: First transatlantic transmissions On 9 Feb 1928 the image of J.L. Baird and of a Mrs Howe was transmitted from Station 2 KZ at Coulsdon, Great Britain to Station 2 CVJ, Hartsdale, NY. ^<n The earliest transatlantic transmission by satellite was achieved at 1 A.M. on 11 Jul 1962, ^ via the active satellite ^I from Andover, ME to Pleumeur Bodou, France. The picture was of Frederick R. Kappell, chairman of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, which owned the satellite. The first "live" broadcast was ^ made on 23 Jul 1962. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Longest telecast T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Longest telecast 20 22 24 26 145802|2144 152738|2246 219582|3229 186028|3 139100|356 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Longest telecast The longest pre-scheduled telecast on record was a continuous transmission for 163 hr 18 min by GTV 9 of Melbourne, Australia, covering the ^I moon mission from 19-26 Jul 1969. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Earliest videotape recording T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Earliest videotape recording 20 22 24 26 145870|2145 16058|236 218902|3219 186028|4 13960|129 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Earliest videotape recording Alexander M. Poniatoff first demonstrated videotape recording, known as Ampex (his initials plus "ex" for excellence), in 1956. ^<n The earliest demonstration of a home video recorder was on 24 Jun 1963 at the British Broadcasting Corporation News ^ Studio at Alexandra Palace, London, Great Britain, of the Telcan, developed by Norman Rutherford and Michael Turner of the Nottingham Electronic Valve Co. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most durable shows T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most durable shows 20 22 24 26 145938|2146 191838|2821 219718|3231 186028|5 175106|417 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most durable shows The world's most durable TV show is NBC's ^I , first transmitted on 6 Nov 1947 and broadcast weekly since 12 Sep 1948. As of 26 Apr 1992, 2,238 shows had been broadcast. The show was originated by Lawrence E. Spivak, who served ^ as host and chief analyst through 1975. ^<n On 1 Jun 1986 Joe Franklin presented the 21,700th version of his show, started in 1951. Since 1949 over 150,000 individual episodes of the TV show ^I , by Larry Harmon Pictures, ^ have been aired daily on 150 stations in the United States and abroad. ^<n The greatest number of hours on camera on US national television is 10,190 hr 30 min by the TV personality Hugh Downs in over 46 years up to 7 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Longest-running commercial character T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Longest-running commercial character 20 22 24 26 146006|2147 152806|2247 219650|3230 186028|6 139100|357 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Longest-running commercial character The longest-running commercial characters in American television history are Dick Wilson, alias "Mr Whipple," from 1964 to 1989, and Jan Miner as "Madge the Manicurist" from 1965 to 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Stations T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Stations 20 22 24 26 146074|2148 220466|3242 186028|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Stations At the end of 1991 there were 1,132 commercial and educational licensed television stations in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most sets T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most sets 20 22 24 26 146142|2149 191974|2823 220194|3238 186028|8 175106|419 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most sets The United States had, by September 1991, 91,788,100 TV households, with 56,189,000, or 61.2 percent, receiving cable. A total 71,140,000 homes, 77.5 percent, owned a videocassette recorder as of April 1991. The global total of homes with ^ television surpassed 500 million in 1987, led by the USA with 89,130,000. More than 60 percent of homes in the United States have two or more TV sets. ^<n On 15 Feb 1988 the New China News Agency announced that China's number of TV viewers had ^ risen to 600 million from 100 million sets. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: TV watching T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|TV watching 20 22 24 26 146210|2150 220534|3243 186028|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: TV watching In June 1988 it was reported that the average US child sees at least 26,000 murders on TV by his or her 18th birthday. Between the ages of 2 and 11 the average viewing time is 31 hours 52 minutes per week. There are 8,250 TV transmitting stations ^ worldwide, of which 1,241 are in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Greatest audience T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Greatest audience 20 22 24 26 146278|2151 51690|760 219174|3223 11638|171 186028|10 52992|97 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Greatest audience The estimated global audience for the 1990 Soccer World Cup finals played in Italy from 8 June to 8 July was 26.5 billion. ^<n An estimated 2.5 billion viewers tuned in to the live and recorded transmissions of the XXIIIrd Olympic Games in Los ^ Angeles, CA from 27 Jul to 13 Aug 1984. The American Broadcasting Co. airing schedule comprised 187 1/2 hours of coverage on 56 cameras. ^<n The estimated viewership for the Live Aid concerts organized by Bob Geldof and Bill Graham (1931-91), via ^ a record 12 satellites, was 1.6 billion, or nearly one-third of the world's population. ^<n The program that attracted the highest-ever viewership was the "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen" final episode of M*A*S*H (the acronym for Mobile Army Surgical ^ Hospital 4077), transmitted by CBS on 28 Feb 1983 to 60.3 percent of all households in the United States. It was estimated that some 125 million people tuned in, taking a 77 percent share of all viewing. ^<n The ^I is the most ^ widely viewed program in the world, with an estimated audience of 235 million in 106 countries as of August 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Emmy awards T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Emmy awards 20 22 24 26 146346|2152 191770|2820 218970|3220 186028|11 175106|416 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Emmy awards Instituted on 25 Jan 1949 by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, the Emmy is awarded for achievement in national nighttime television programming. ^<n ^<4 Most ^>4 The most Emmys won by any individual is 16, by television producer Dwight ^ Arlington Hemion (b. 14 Mar 1926). He also holds the record for most nominations, with 37. ^I (CBS) has won the most awards for a series, with 29. ^I has received the most nominations, with 101. The ^ most Emmys awarded to a miniseries was nine, to ^I (ABC) in 1977. In 1977 ^I (ABC) received the most Emmys, 11, for a television movie. Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) holds the ^ record for most Emmys won by a network in a single season, with 44 in 1973-74. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most expensive production T \c8\D01\us08169z Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most expensive production 20 23 25 27 146414|2153 198162|2914 21974|323 219854|3233 5994|88 186028|12 208038|40 29184|0 -PCAP- ^I , a World War II saga starring Robert Mitchum, Victoria Tennant, Ali MacGraw and Ralph Bellamy, was produced by Paramount for ABC at a cost of $42 million for seven episodes and filmed on location in California, ^ Washington, Yugoslavia, Austria, Italy, Germany and England. (Photos: Kobal Collection) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most expensive production ^I , a seven-part Paramount World War II saga aired by ABC, was the most-expensive-ever TV production, costing $42 million over 14 months' shooting. The final episode on 13 Feb 1983 attracted a rating of 41 percent of the ^ total number of viewers, and a 56 percent share of total sets that were turned on. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most expensive rights T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most expensive rights 20 22 24 26 146482|2154 198230|2915 219922|3234 186028|13 208038|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most expensive rights In November 1991 it was reported that a group of US and European investors, led by CBS, had paid $8 million for the television rights to ^I , the sequel to Margaret Mitchell's ^I , written by Alexandra ^ Ripley. The proposed eight-hour mini-series is scheduled for screening in 1993. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Fastest video production T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Fastest video production 20 22 24 26 146550|2155 30474|448 219038|3221 186028|14 23878|200 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Fastest video production Tapes of the Royal Wedding of HRH Prince Andrew and Miss Sarah Ferguson on 23 Jul 1986 were produced by Thames Video Collection. Live filming ended with the departure of the honeymoon couple from Chelsea Hospital by helicopter at 4:42 P.M. The ^ first fully edited and packaged VHS tapes were purchased 5 hr 41 min later by Fenella Lee and Lucinda Burland of London at the Virgin Megastore in Oxford Street, London, Great Britain at 10:23 P.M. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most takes T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most takes 20 22 24 26 146618|2156 192042|2824 220330|3240 186028|15 175106|420 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most takes The highest number of takes for a TV commercial is 28 in 1973 by Pat Coombs, the British comedienne. Her explanation was: "Every time we came to the punch line I just could not remember the name of the product." ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Largest contract T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Largest contract 20 22 24 26 146686|2157 123022|1809 219446|3227 186028|16 91334|600 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Largest contract John William "Johnny" Carson (b. 23 Oct 1925), the former host of ^I , had a contract with NBC reportedly calling for an annual payment of $5 million for his one-hour evening shows, aired four times weekly. He retired on 22 ^ May 1992. He first appeared as guest host in 1958 and became the regular host on 1 Oct 1962. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Highest-paid entertainer T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Highest-paid entertainer 20 22 24 26 146754|2158 81882|1204 219310|3225 186028|17 90742|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Highest-paid entertainer The highest-paid television performer is currently Bill Cosby, who was reported by ^I Magazine in October 1990 to have earned an estimated $115 million in 1990 and 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most successful telethon T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most successful telethon 20 22 24 26 146822|2159 206050|3030 220262|3239 186028|18 216674|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most successful telethon The world record for a telethon is $78,438,573 in pledges in 21 1/2 hours by the 1989 Jerry Lewis Labor Day Telethon on 4 September. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most frequent clapper T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most frequent clapper 20 22 24 26 146890|2160 191906|2822 219990|3235 186028|19 175106|418 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most frequent clapper It has been estimated that ^I hostess Vanna White claps 720 times per show, or 28,080 times in one year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Biggest sale T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Biggest sale 20 22 24 26 146958|2161 2798|41 218766|3217 186028|20 7328|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Biggest sale The greatest number of episodes of any TV program ever sold was 1,144 episodes of ^I by Granada Television to CBKST Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, on 31 May 1971. This constituted 20 days 15 hr 44 min of continuous ^ viewing. A further 728 episodes (January 1974-January 1981) were sold to CBC in August 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most prolific scriptwriter T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most prolific scriptwriter 20 22 24 26 147026|2162 203670|2995 220126|3237 186028|21 215538|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most prolific scriptwriter The most prolific television writer in the world is the Rt Hon Lord Willis (b. 13 Jan 1918). Since 1949 he has created 41 series, including the first seven years and 2.25 million words of ^I , which ran on British ^ Broadcasting Corporation television from 1955 to 1976; 36 stage plays; and 39 feature films. He has had 29 plays produced and his total output since 1942 is estimated to be 20 million words. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most prolific producers T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most prolific producers 20 22 24 26 147094|2163 203602|2994 220058|3236 186028|22 215538|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most prolific producers The most prolific producer in television history is game show producer Mark Goodson (b. 1915). Since 1948, Goodson has produced 38,000 episodes totaling more than 20,800 hours of air-time. Since February 1950, a Mark Goodson-produced show has ^ appeared on national television at least once every week. ^<n Aaron Spelling (b. 1928) has produced more than 2,633 TV episodes totaling 2,642.5 hours of air time. The total 2,642.5 broadcast hours is equal to 14 million ft of film and, projected ^ 24 hours a day, it would take 109 days to screen it all. The average American TV is turned on six hours per day. At this rate, Spelling has produced enough film to last 436 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Highest advertising rates T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Highest advertising rates 20 22 24 26 147162|2164 73314|1078 219242|3224 186028|23 71062|157 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Highest advertising rates The highest TV advertising rate was $800,000 per 30 sec for ABC network prime time during the transmission of Super Bowl XXV on 27 Jan 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Most expensive commercials T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Most expensive commercials 20 22 24 26 147230|2165 198094|2913 219786|3232 186028|24 208038|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Most expensive commercials It was reported in March 1988 that Pepsi Cola had paid Michael Jackson $12 million to do four TV commercials for them. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Largest sets T \p8\D10\3809204 Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Largest sets 20 23 25 27 147298|2166 123090|1810 22042|324 219514|3228 21770|320 186028|25 91334|601 29184|1 -PCAP- The main feature at the Tsukuba International Exposition '85, near Tokyo, Japan, was the Sony Jumbo Tron, measuring 180 ft x 150 ft. A remote control is recommended, as the screen is best viewed from a distance of about 165-1,650 ft, although it ^ can be seen from over 1/2 mile away. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Largest sets The Sony Jumbo Tron color TV screen at the Tsukuba International Exposition '85 near Tokyo, Japan in March 1985 measured 80 ft x 150 ft. The largest cathode ray tubes for color sets are 37 in models manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric of Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Television: Smallest sets T Arts and Entertainment|Television|General Records|Smallest sets 20 22 24 26 147366|2167 250862|3689 220398|3241 186028|26 258628|97 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Television: Smallest sets The Seiko TV-Wrist Watch, launched on 23 Dec 1982 in Japan, has a 1.2 in screen and weighs only 2.8 oz. Together with the receiver unit and headphones, the entire black and white system, costing 108,000 yen, weighs only 11.3 oz. The smallest ^ single-piece set is the Casio-Keisanki TV-10, weighing 11.9 oz with a 2.7 in screen, launched in Tokyo in July 1983. The smallest color set is the liquid crystal display (LCD) Japanese Epson, launched in 1985, with dimensions of 3 x 6 3/4 x 1 1/8 ^ in, weighing, with batteries and its 52,800 crystals, only 16 oz. ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: Total T Human World|Political and Social|Countries|Total 20 22 24 26 147434|2168 54750|805 189156|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: Total The world comprises 188 sovereign countries and 62 nonsovereign or other territories (dependencies of sovereign states, territories claimed in Antarctica and disputed territories), making a total of 250 as of June 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: Largest T Human World|Political and Social|Countries|Largest 20 22 24 26 147502|2169 91334|1343 54274|798 189156|1 91334|134 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: Largest The country with the greatest area is Russia, with a total area of 6,592,800 sq mi, or 11.5 percent of the world's total land area. It is 1.8 times the size of the United States, but with a population in 1991 of 148.54 million has less than 60 ^ percent of the people in the United States. ^<n The United States covers 3,787,425 sq mi, with a land area of 3,536,342 sq mi and a water area of 251,083 sq mi. It ranks fifth in the world in area behind Russia, Canada, China and Brazil. ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: Smallest T \p8\D11\3909170 Human World|Political and Social|Countries|Smallest 20 22 24 26 147570|2170 246374|3623 22110|325 54682|804 189156|2 258628|31 30056|0 -PCAP- The smallest colony in the world is Gibraltar (since 1969, the City of Gibraltar). It has an area of 2 1/8 sq miles and an estimated population of 31,000. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: Smallest The smallest independent country in the world is the State of Vatican City or Holy See (Stato della Citta del Vaticano), which was made an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy on 11 Feb 1929. The enclave has an area of 108.7 acres. The maritime ^ sovereign country with the shortest coastline is Monaco, with 3 1/2 miles, excluding piers and breakwaters. The world's smallest republic is Nauru, less than 1 degree south of the equator in the western Pacific, which became independent on 31 Jan ^ 1968. It has an area of 5,263 acres and a population of 9,350 (latest estimate 1991). ^<n ^<4 Colony ^>4 The smallest colony in the world is Gibraltar (since 1969, the City of Gibraltar), with an area of 2 1/4 sq mi (1,440 acres). However, ^ Pitcairn Island, the only inhabited island (59 people in mid-1991) of a group of four (total area 18 1/2 sq mi), has an area of 960 acres/1 1/2 sq mi. It was named after Midshipman Robert Pitcairn of HMS ^I in July 1767. Until it ^ was forcibly incorporated into Dahomey (now Benin) in 1961, the smallest colony was the Portuguese enclave of Ouidah, consisting of the Fort of St John the Baptist of Ajuda, with an area of just 5 acres. ^<n The official residence, since 1834, of ^ the Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of Malta, totaling 3 acres and comprising the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the lowest of Rome's seven hills, the 151-ft Aventine, retains certain diplomatic privileges, as does 68 via Condotti, also ^ in Rome. The Order has accredited representatives to foreign governments and its legal status is the same as other states, hence it is sometimes cited as the world's smallest "state." ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: Flattest and most elevated T \p8\D11\3710196a Human World|Political and Social|Countries|Flattest and most elevated 20 22 24 26 147638|2171 159334|2343 22178|326 54206|797 11026|162 189156|3 170594|4 30056|1 -PCAP- The country with the lowest highest point is Maldives, in the Indian Ocean, which has a highest point of only 8 ft above sea level. (Photo: Picture Point) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: Flattest and most elevated The country with the lowest "high point" is Maldives; it attains 8 ft. The country with the highest "low point" is Lesotho, where the egress of the Senqu (Orange) riverbed is 4,530 ft above sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: Largest political division T Human World|Political and Social|Countries|Largest political division 20 22 24 26 147706|2172 91402|1344 54342|799 189156|4 91334|135 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: Largest political division The Commonwealth, a free association of 50 independent states and their dependencies that are, or have been at some time, ruled by Great Britain, covers an area of 11,310,000 sq mi with a population estimated in 1989 to be 1,435,484,000. The ^ British Empire began to expand when Henry VII patented trade monopolies to John Cabot in Mar 1496 and when the East India Co. was incorporated on 31 Dec 1600. ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: National boundaries T Human World|Political and Social|Countries|National boundaries 20 22 24 26 147774|2173 169874|2498 54546|802 189156|5 175106|95 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: National boundaries There are 266 national land boundaries in the world. The continent with the greatest number is Africa, with 107. Of the estimated 420 maritime boundaries, only 140 have so far been ratified. The ratio of boundaries to area of land is greatest in ^ Europe. ^<n ^<4 Most crossings ^>4 The frontier which is crossed most frequently is that between the United States and Mexico. In the year to 30 Sep 1991 there were 265,109,145 crossings. ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: Longest boundaries T Human World|Political and Social|Countries|Longest boundaries 20 22 24 26 147842|2174 134786|1982 54410|800 189156|6 139100|92 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: Longest boundaries The longest ^I boundary in the world is that between Canada and the United States, which (including the Great Lakes boundaries) extends for 3,987 miles (excluding the frontier of 1,538 miles with Alaska). If the Great Lakes ^ boundary is excluded, the longest land boundary is that between Chile and Argentina, which is 3,265 miles in length. ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: Shortest boundaries T Human World|Political and Social|Countries|Shortest boundaries 20 22 24 26 147910|2175 241070|3545 54614|803 189156|7 253960|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: Shortest boundaries The "frontier" of the Holy See in Rome measures 2.53 miles. The land frontier between Gibraltar and Spain at La Linea, closed between June 1969 and February 1985, measures 1 mile. Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia, in Africa, almost meet at a ^ single point. ^ -END- -CTRL- Countries: Most boundaries T Human World|Political and Social|Countries|Most boundaries 20 22 24 26 147978|2176 169806|2497 54478|801 189156|8 175106|94 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Countries: Most boundaries China has the most land frontiers, with 16--Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (formerly Burma), India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. These extend for 14,900 miles. ^ The country with the largest number of maritime boundaries is Indonesia, with 19. The longest maritime boundary is that between Greenland and Canada at 1,676 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: World T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|World 20 22 24 26 148046|2177 173682|2554 189802|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: World The average daily increase in the world's population is rising towards 258,700 or an average of approximately 180 per minute. There are, however, seasonal variations in the numbers of births and deaths throughout the year. ^<n Matej Gaspar, born ^ 11 Jul 1987 in Yugoslavia, was symbolically named the world's 5-billionth inhabitant by the United Nations Secretary-General. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 According to the Census Bureau, as of 1 Jul 1992 there were 248,709,873 million people in ^ the United States. New York City has the highest minority group representation, comprising 2.1 million blacks, 1.78 million of Hispanic origin (any race), .51 million Asian or Pacific Islander, .03 million American Indian, Inuit or Aleut, and .85 ^ million of other races. By 1 Jul 2000 the Census Bureau predicts that the country's population will be 268.3 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: World population growth (table) B \t\D02\0900101a Human World|Political and Social|Populations|World population growth (table) 20 22 24 29 148114|2178 173750|2555 189802|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- *These projections are from the UN publication World Population Prospects 1990. Note: The all-time peak annual increase of 2.06 percent in the period 1965--70 had declined to 1.74 percent by 1985--90. By 2025 this should decline to 0.99 percent. ^ In spite of the reduced percentage increase, world population is currently growing by 97 million people every year. Projections issued by the UN Population Fund on 29 Apr 1992 estimated that the population would stabilize at around 11.6 billion ^ c. 2150. Using estimates made by the French demographer J.N. Biraben and others, A.R. Thatcher, former Director of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, has calculated that the number of people who died between 40,000 B.C. and A.D. 1990 ^ was nearly 60 billion. This estimate implies that the current world population is about one eleventh of all those who have ever lived. ^ -TEXT- Populations: World population growth (table) Populations: World Population (Table) WORLD POPULATION DATE MILLIONS 8000 B.C. c. 6 A.D. 1 c. 255 1000 c. 254 1250 416 1500 460 1600 579 1700 679 1750 770 1800 954 1900 1,633 1920 1,862 1930 2,070 1940 2,295 1950 2,515 1960 3,019 ^ 1970 3,698 1975 4,080 1980 4,450 1985 4,854 1986 4,936 1987 5,023 1988 5,111 1989 5,201 1990 5,292 1991 5,385 1992 5,480 2000* 6,261 2025* 8,504 2050* 10,019 ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: US census (table) B \t\D02\0900102a Human World|Political and Social|Populations|US census (table) 20 22 24 26 148182|2179 173614|2553 189802|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Source: Census Bureau ^ -TEXT- Populations: US census (table) Populations: US Census (Table) US CENSUS STATE POPULATION (1990) California 29,760,021 New York 17,990,455 Texas 16,986,510 Florida 12,937,926 Pennsylvania 11,881,643 Illinois 11,430,602 Ohio 10,847,115 Michigan 9,295,297 New Jersey 7,730,188 ^ North Carolina 6,628,637 Georgia 6,478,216 Virginia 6,187,358 Massachusetts 6,016,425 Indiana 5,544,159 Missouri 5,117,073 Wisconsin 4,891,769 Tennessee 4,877,185 Washington 4,866,692 Maryland 4,781,468 Minnesota 4,375,099 Louisiana 4,219,973 ^ Alabama 4,040,587 Kentucky 3,685,296 Arizona 3,665,228 South Carolina 3,486,703 Colorado 3,294,394 Connecticut 3,287,116 Oklahoma 3,145,585 Oregon 2,842,321 Iowa 2,776,755 Mississippi 2,573,216 Kansas 2,477,574 Arkansas 2,350,725 West Virginia ^ 1,793,477 Utah 1,722,850 Nebraska 1,578,385 New Mexico 1,515,069 Maine 1,227,928 Nevada 1,201,833 New Hampshire 1,109,252 Hawaii 1,108,229 Idaho 1,006,749 Rhode Island 1,003,464 Montana 799,065 South Dakota 696,004 Delaware 666,168 North Dakota ^ 638,800 District of Columbia 606,900 Vermont 562,758 Alaska 550,043 Wyoming 453,588 ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Most populous country T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Most populous country 20 22 24 26 148250|2180 187350|2755 173206|2547 189802|3 175106|351 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Most populous country The most populated country is China, which in ^I is written Zhongguo (meaning "central land"). It had an estimated population of 1,151,300,000 in mid-1991 and had a rate of natural increase of about 16.1 million per year or just over ^ 44,000 per day. India (mid-1991 population of 871,200,000) is expected to overtake China in size of population by A.D. 2050, with 1.591 billion against 1.555 billion for China. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Least populous country T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Least populous country 20 22 24 26 148318|2181 127170|1870 172934|2543 189802|4 136828|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Least populous country The independent state with the smallest population is Vatican City or the Holy See (see Smallest country), with 750 inhabitants in 1991 and no births. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Most densely populated T \p8\D11\3710197b Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Most densely populated 20 23 25 27 148386|2182 187282|2754 22246|327 173138|2546 189802|5 175106|350 30056|2 -PCAP- Although there are very small territories which are more densely populated, Hong Kong (400.5 sq miles) is the most densely populated territory with an area of more than 1000 sq km. It contains an estimated 5,700,000 people (1989), giving the ^ territory a density of 14,232 per sq mile. (Photo: Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Most densely populated The most densely populated territory in the world is the Portuguese province of Macau, on the southern coast of China. It has an estimated population of 474,000 (1991) in an area of 6.5 sq mi, giving a density of 69,706/sq mi. ^<n The principality ^ of Monaco, on the south coast of France, has a population of 30,200 (1991) in an area of just 473 acres, a density equal to 40,112/sq mi. ^<n Of countries over 1,000 sq mi the most densely populated is Bangladesh, with a population of 115,555,000 ^ (1991) living in 55,598 sq mi at a density of 2,078/sq mi. The Indonesian island of Java (with an area of 51,073 sq mi) had a population of 104,565,00 in 1990, giving a density of 2,049/sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Most sparsely populated T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Most sparsely populated 20 22 24 26 148454|2183 187418|2756 173274|2548 189802|6 175106|352 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Most sparsely populated Antarctica became permanently occupied by relays of scientists from 1943 on. The population varies seasonally and reaches 2,000 at times. ^<n The least populated territory, apart from Antarctica, is Greenland, with a population of 56,500 (1991) in ^ an area of 840,000 sq mi, giving a density of one person to every 14.87 sq mi. Some 84.3 percent of the island is made up of an ice cap. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Emigration T \p8\D11\3710197a Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Emigration 20 23 25 27 148522|2184 187010|2750 22314|328 172730|2540 189802|7 175106|346 30056|3 -PCAP- More people emigrate from Mexico than from any other country, an estimated 800,000 illegally entering the USA in 1980 alone. In the fiscal year to September 1986, 1,615,854 people were arrested by US patrol on the Mexican border. (Photo: ^ Gamma/Liaison) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Emigration More people emigrate from Mexico than from any other country, mainly to the United States. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 caused an influx of 2.9 million refugees into Pakistan and a further 2.2 million into Iran. By 1989 the ^ number of Afghan refugees in Pakistan had increased to 3,622,000. In 1991 there were some 25 million refugees worldwide. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Immigration T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Immigration 20 22 24 26 148590|2185 187078|2751 172798|2541 189802|8 175106|347 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Immigration The country that regularly receives the most legal immigrants is the United States. During fiscal year 1991 (October 1990-September 1991) 1,827,167 people legally entered the United States. Of these, 893,301 were from Mexico, by far the largest ^ intake from a single country. ^<n In fiscal year 1991 a total of 1,197,875 people were apprehended for immigration violations. The largest group by nationality were 1,131,510 from Mexico. The most common violation is people entering without ^ inspection (EWI), and of these, 1,145,691 were apprehended crossing the Mexican border, 5,868 at the Canadian border and 9,936 at other parts of the United States border. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Tourism T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Tourism 20 22 24 26 148658|2186 187486|2757 173546|2552 189802|9 175106|353 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Tourism The most popular tourist destination is France, which in 1990 received 51,462,000 foreign tourists. The country with the greatest receipts from tourism is the United States, with $40.6 billion in 1990. The biggest spenders on foreign tourism are ^ Americans, who in the same year spent $38.7 billion abroad. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Birthrate T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Birthrate 20 22 24 26 148726|2187 161170|2370 172594|2538 189802|10 170594|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Birthrate ^<4 Highest and lowest ^>4 The crude birthrate--the number of births per 1,000 population--for the whole world was estimated to be 27.1 per 1,000 in the period 1985-90. The highest rate estimated by the United Nations for the period 1985-90 was ^ 56.3 per 1,000 for Malawi. Excluding Vatican City, where the rate is zero, the lowest recorded rate was 9.5 per 1,000 for San Marino. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) estimates that 4.111 million ^ babies were born in 1991. The estimated United States crude birthrate (the number of babies for every 1,000 people) is 16.2 percent. The most recent official statistics issued by the NCHS show that in 1988, 3,909,510 live births took place in the ^ United States (2,002,424 boys, 1,907,086 girls), which works out to an official birthrate of 15.9 percent. California led with 605,694 births, while Wyoming had the least, with 6,801. The most live births registered in the United States in any ^ year were 4,300,000 in 1957. The highest birthrate recorded after 1909, the first year official records were recognized, was 30.1 percent in 1910. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Death rate T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Death rate 20 22 24 26 148794|2188 161238|2371 172662|2539 189802|11 170594|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Death rate The crude death rate--the number of deaths per 1,000 population of all ages--for the whole world was an estimated 9.8 per 1,000 in the period 1985-90. East Timor had a rate of 45.0 per 1,000 from 1975-80, although this had subsided to 21.5 in ^ 1985-90. The highest estimated rate for 1985-90 was 23.4 for Sierra Leone. The lowest estimated rate for 1985-90 was 3.8 deaths per 1,000 for Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The crude death rate for the United ^ States in 1991 was 8.5 per 1,000 persons or 2,165,000 people. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Natural increase T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Natural increase 20 22 24 26 148862|2189 161442|2374 173342|2549 189802|12 170594|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Natural increase The rate of natural increase (crude birthrate minus crude death rate) for the whole world was estimated to be 17.3 (27.1 minus 9.8) per 1,000 in the period 1985-90 compared with a peak 22 per 1,000 in 1965. The highest of the latest available ^ recorded rates was 37.4 (51.1 less 13.7) for Zambia in 1985-90. The lowest rate of natural increase in any major independent country in recent times was in the former West Germany, which experienced a decline in the same period, with a figure of ^ 1.5 per 1,000 (10.7 births and 12.2 deaths). ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Suicide T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Suicide 20 22 24 26 148930|2190 161510|2375 173478|2551 189802|13 170594|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Suicide The estimated daily rate of suicide throughout the world surpassed 1,000 in 1965. The country with the highest suicide rate is Hungary, with a rate of 40 per 100,000 in 1989. The country with the lowest recorded rate is Jordan, with just a single ^ case in 1970 and hence a rate of 0.04 per 100,000. The number in China rose to 382 per day, or 16 per hour, in 1987-88. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Marriage and divorce T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Marriage and divorce 20 22 24 26 148998|2191 187214|2753 173070|2545 189802|14 175106|349 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Marriage and divorce The marriage rate for the Northern Mariana Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, is 31.2 per 1,000 population. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In the United States the median age at first marriage in 1989 was 26.2 years (bridegrooms) and 23.8 years (brides). ^ In 1991 2,371,00 couples were married. ^<n The country with the most divorces is the United States, with a total of 2,187,000 million in 1990---a rate of 4.7 per 1,000 population. The all-time high rate was 5.4 per 1,000 population in 1979. In ^ 1986 some 2 percent of all ^I marriages in the United States broke up. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Sex ratio T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Sex ratio 20 22 24 26 149066|2192 113230|1665 173410|2550 189802|15 91334|456 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Sex ratio There were estimated to be 1,012 males in the world for every 1,000 females in 1988. The country with the largest recorded shortage of males is Monaco, with an estimated 1,145 females to every 1,000 males. The country with the largest recorded ^ shortage of women in 1988 was the United Arab Emirates, with an estimated 484 females to every 1,000 males. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Infant mortality T Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Infant mortality 20 22 24 26 149134|2193 161306|2372 172866|2542 189802|16 170594|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Infant mortality The world infant mortality rate--the number of deaths at ages under one year per 1,000 live births--in 1987 was 80.0 per 1,000 live births. Based on deaths before one year of age, the lowest of the latest recorded rates is 5.0 in Japan in 1987. ^<n ^ In Ethiopia the infant mortality rate was unofficially estimated to be nearly 550 per 1,000 live births in 1969. The highest rate recently estimated is 172.1 per 1,000 in Afghanistan (1985-90). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The infant mortality ^ rate for the United States in 1991 was 8.9 per 1,000 live births, or 36,500. In 1990, California had most infant mortalities, with 4,722, while Vermont had the least, at 53. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Life expectancy T \p8\D11\3804081 Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Life expectancy 20 22 24 26 149202|2194 161374|2373 22382|329 173002|2544 189802|17 170594|34 30056|4 -PCAP- The lowest expectation of life at birth recently estimated for females is 42.0 years, in Afghanistan. (Photo: Images) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Populations: Life expectancy World life expectancy is rising from 47.5 years (1950-55) towards 63.9 years (1995-2000). In the decade 1890-1900, life expectancy among the population of India was 23.7 years. ^<n The highest average life expectancy is in Japan, with 81.8 years ^ for women and 75.9 years for men in 1990. The lowest life expectancy at birth for the period 1985-90 is 39.4 years for males in Ethiopia and Sierra Leone, and 42.0 years for females in Afghanistan. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In the United ^ States the average life expectancy is 75.4 years for men and 78.8 years for women. ^ -END- -CTRL- Populations: Worst disasters (table) B \t\D02\0900251a \c8\D01\3710201z Human World|Political and Social|Populations|Worst disasters (table) 20 24 26 37 149270|2195 260450|3830 22450|330 173818|2556 189802|18 274968|8 30056|5 -PCAP- (Left) The worst nuclear reactor disaster was that at Chernobyl, USSR in April 1986. At the time reports quoted a figure of 31 dead, although estimates for the eventual death toll vary from between 200 and 600 (a 1987 Soviet estimate) and 75,000 ^ (an American estimate), and Moscow News reported on 8 Nov 1989 that at least 250 people working at Chernobyl or involved in the rescue operation had died in the 3 1/2 years since April 1986. One of the major tasks following the accident was the ^ decontamination of buildings. (Right) The worst offshore oil platform disaster took place on 6 July 1988, when 167 men lost their lives in the Piper Alpha oil platform fire in the North Sea. (Photos: Gamma/Novosti and Gamma/Tampyx) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- <1> It has been estimated that more than 5 million died in the post-World War I famine of 1920--21 in the USSR. The USSR government in July 1923 informed Mr (later President) Herbert Hoover that the ARA (American Relief Administration) had since ^ August 1921 saved 20 million lives from famine and famine-related diseases. <2> The number of civilians killed by the bombing of Germany has been put variously at 593,000 and {over 635,000,} including some 35,000 deaths in the raids on Dresden, ^ Germany from 13--15 Feb 1945. Total Japanese fatalities were 600,000 (conventional) and 220,000 (nuclear). <3> Some sources maintain that the final death toll was over 3,000 on 6--7 December. Published estimates of the 11,000 killed at the BASF ^ chemical plant explosion at Oppau, Germany on 21 Sep 1921 were exaggerated. The most reliable estimate is 561 killed. <4> The worst gold-mining disaster in South Africa was when 182 were killed in Kinross gold mine on 16 Sep 1986. <5> As ^ reported by the historian Flavius Josephus (c. 37--100). In modern times, the greatest mass suicide was on 18 Nov 1978 when 913 members of the People's Temple cult died of mass cyanide poisoning near Port Kaituma, Guyana. In June 1943, 22,000 ^ Japanese jumped off a cliff to their deaths during the US Marines' assault on the island of Tarawa (now in Kiribati). <6> The crash of JAL's Boeing 747, flight 123, near Tokyo on 12 Aug 1985, in which 520 passengers and crew perished, was the ^ worst single plane crash in aviation history. <7> Western estimates gave the number of deaths at c. 1,100. Suriname has the highest fatality rate in road accidents, 33.5 deaths per 100,000 population, and Malta the lowest, with 1.6 per 100,000. ^ The worst year for road deaths in the United States was 1972 (56,278). <8> Explosion at 0123 hrs local time. Thirty-one was the official Soviet total of immediate deaths. It is not known how many of the c. 200,000 people involved in the cleanup ^ died in the five-year period following the disaster since no systematic records were kept. The senior scientific officer, Vladimir Chernousenko, who is expected to die in two to four years, put the death toll at between 7,000 and 10,000 in a ^ statement on 13 Apr 1992. <9> More than 30 small communities in a 460 mile<2> area have been eliminated from USSR maps since 1958, with 17,000 people evacuated. Possibly an ammonium nitrate-hexone explosion was the cause. ^ -TEXT- Populations: Worst disasters (table) Populations: Worst Disasters in the World WORST DISASTERS IN THE WORLD TYPE OF NUMBER DISASTER KILLED LOCATION DATE Pandemic 75,000,000 Eurasia: The Black Death (bubonic, pneumonic and septicemic plague) 1347--51 Genocidec. 35,000,000 ^ Mongol extermination of Chinese peasantry 1311--40 Famine<1> c. 30,000,000 Northern China 1959--61 Influenza 21,640,000 Worldwide 1918--19 Atomic Bomb 155,200 Hiroshima, Japan (including radiation deaths within year) 6 Aug 1945 ^ Conventional Bombing<2> c. 140,000 Tokyo, Japan 10 Mar 1945 Marine (Single Ship) c. 7,700 Wilhelm Gustloff (28,542.1 tons) German liner torpedoed off Danzig by USSR submarine S-13 (only 903 survivors) 30 Jan 1945 Panic c. 4,000 ^ Chongquig, China, air raid shelter 6 Jun 1941 Industrial (Chemical) 3,350 Union Carbide methylisocyanate plant, Bhopal, India 2--3 Dec 1984 Tunneling (Silicosis) c. 2,500 Hawk's Nest hydroelectric tunnel, West Virginia 1931--35 Explosion<3> ^ 1,635 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 6 Dec 1917 Mining<4> 1,549 Honkeiko Colliery, (Benxihu) China (coal dust explosion) 26 Apr 1942 Tornado c. 1,300 Shaturia, Bangladesh 26 Apr 1989 Riot c. 1,200 New York anticonscription riots 13--16 Jul 1863 ^ Mass Suicide<5> 960 Jewish Zealots, Masada, Israel 73 Railway >800 Bagmati River, Bihar, India 6 Jun 1981 Fireworks >800 Dauphin's wedding, Seine, Paris, France 16 May 1770 Aircraft (Civil)<6> 583 KLM-Pan Am Boeing 747 ground crash, Tenerife, ^ Canary Islands, Spain 27 Mar 1977 Man-eating Animal 436 Champawat district, India, tigress shot by Col. Jim Corbet (died 1955) 1902--10 Terrorism 329 Bomb aboard Air-India Boeing 747, crashed into Atlantic southwest of Ireland. Sikh ^ extremists suspected 23 Jun 1985 Road<7> 176 Gas tanker explosion inside Salang Tunnel, Afghanistan 3 Nov 1982 Offshore Oil Platform 167 Piper Alpha oil production platform, North Sea 6 Jul 1988 Submarine 130 Le Surcouf rammed by US ^ merchantman Thomas Lykes in Caribbean 18 Feb 1942 Helicopter 54 Israel, military Sea Stallion, West Bank 10 May 1977 Ski Lift (Cable car) 42 Cavalese resort, northern Italy 9 Mar 1976 Nuclear Reactor<8> 31 Chernobyl No. 4, Ukraine (then ^ USSR) 26 Apr 1986 Elevator (Lift) 23 Vaal Reefs gold mine lift fell 1.2 miles 27 Mar 1980 Yacht Racing 19 28th Fastnet Race---23 boats sank or abandoned in Force 11 gale 13--15 Aug 1979 Space Exploration 7 US Challenger 51L Shuttle, Cape ^ Canaveral, FL 28 Jan 1986 Nuclear Waste Accident<9> high but Venting of plutonium extraction wastes, Kyshtym, Russia (then USSR) c. Dec 1957 undisclosed ^ -END- -CTRL- Political Unrest: Biggest demonstration T Human World|Political and Social|Political Unrest|Biggest demonstration 20 22 24 26 149338|2196 2390|35 171710|2525 191148|0 7328|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Political Unrest: Biggest demonstration A figure of 2.7 million was reported from China for a demonstration against the USSR in Shanghai on 3-4 Mar 1969 following border clashes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Political Unrest: Saving of life T Human World|Political and Social|Political Unrest|Saving of life 20 22 24 26 149406|2197 186806|2747 171846|2527 191148|1 175106|343 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Political Unrest: Saving of life The greatest number of people saved from extinction by one person is estimated to be nearly 100,000 Jews in Budapest, Hungary from July 1944 to January 1945 by the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg (b. 4 Aug 1912). After escaping an assassination ^ attempt by the Nazis, he was imprisoned without trial in the Soviet Union. On 6 Feb 1957, Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko said that prisoner "Wallenberg" had died in a cell in Lubyanka Jail, Moscow on 16 Jul 1947. Sighting reports within ^ the Gulag system persisted for years after his disappearance. He was made an Honorary Citizen of the United States on 5 Oct 1981, and on 7 May 1987 a statue to him was unveiled in Budapest to replace an earlier one that had been removed. ^ -END- -CTRL- Political Unrest: Mass killings T \p8\D11\us10219a Human World|Political and Social|Political Unrest|Mass killings 20 24 26 28 149474|2198 260382|3829 22518|331 171778|2526 191148|2 274968|7 30056|6 -PCAP- Reliable estimates of the number of victims of the Holocaust or the genocidal "Final Solution" ordered by Adolf Hitler, before or at the latest by the fall of 1941 and continuing into May 1945, range from 5.1 to 6 million Jews. At the end of World ^ War II the Allies established an international military tribunal to try the surviving Axis leaders for war crimes. The trials took place in the German city of Nuremberg from November 1945 to October 1946. As a result of the main trial 12 German ^ Nazi leaders were sentenced to death, three were given life sentences, four were sentenced to up to 20 years' imprisonment, and three were acquitted. (Photo: Hulton Picture Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Political Unrest: Mass killings ^<4 China ^>4 The greatest massacre ever imputed by the government of one sovereign nation to the government of another is that of 26.3 million Chinese during the regime of Mao Zedong (1893-1976) between 1949 and May 1965. This accusation was ^ made by an agency of the Soviet government in a radio broadcast on 7 Apr 1969. The broadcast broke down the figure into four periods: 2.8 million (1949-52); 3.5 million (1953-57); 6.7 million (1958-60); and 13.3 million (1961-May 1965). ^<n The ^ Walker Report, published by the US Senate Committee of the Judiciary in Jul 1971, placed the parameters of the total death toll within China since 1949 between 32.25 and 61.7 million. An estimate of 63.7 million was published by ^I ^ magazine, 19-25 Nov 1978. ^<n From the 13th through the 17th centuries there were three periods of wholesale massacre in China. The numbers of victims attributed to these events are assertions rather than reliable estimates. The figures given for ^ the Mongolian invasions of northern China from 1210-19 and from 1311-40 are both on the order of 35 million, while the number of victims of the bandit leader Zhang Xianzhong ( ^I 1605-47), known as the "Yellow Tiger," from 1643-47 in the ^ Siechuan province has been put at 40 million. ^<n ^<4 USSR ^>4 Scholarly estimates for the number of human casualties of Soviet communism hover around 40 million, excluding those killed in the "Great Patriotic War." Larger figures are claimed ^ in Moscow today, but these are not necessarily more authoritative. Nobel laureate Alexander Solzhenitsyn (b. 11 Dec 1918) put the total as high as 66,700,000 for the period between October 1917 and December 1959. ^<n ^<4 ^I ^ ^>4 Reliable estimates of the number of victims of the Holocaust or the genocidal "Final Solution" ( ^I ) ordered by Adolf Hitler, before or at the latest by the fall of 1941 and continuing into May 1945, range from 5.1 to 6 ^ million Jews. At the SS ( ^I ) death camp ( ^I ) at Auschwitz-Birkenau (Oswiecim-Brzezinka), near Oswiecim (Auschwitz) in southern Poland (annexed by Germany), it is estimated that over a million Jews and ^ up to 2 million others were murdered from 14 Jun 1940 to 18 Jan 1945. The greatest number killed in a day was 6,000. ^<n ^<4 Cambodia ^>4 As a percentage of a nation's total population the worst genocide appears to have been that in Cambodia ^ (or Kampuchea). According to the Khmer Rouge Foreign Minister, Teng Sary, more than a third of the 7 million Khmers were killed between 17 Apr 1975 and January 1979. The philosophy of class conflict induced indifference to individual suffering, ^ serving as a warrant for massacre. Under the rule of Saloth Sar, alias Pol Pot, a founding member of the CPK (Communist Party of Kampuchea, formed in September 1960), towns, money and property were abolished, and economical execution by bayonet ^ and club introduced. Deaths at the Tuol Sleng interrogation center reached 582 in a day. ^ -END- -CTRL- States: Most populous T Human World|Political and Social|States|Most populous 20 22 24 26 149542|2199 191226|2812 212238|3121 191374|0 175106|408 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- States: Most populous The most populous state in the United States in 1990 was California, with 29.76 million people. ^ -END- -CTRL- States: Least populous T Human World|Political and Social|States|Least populous 20 22 24 26 149610|2200 127374|1873 212170|3120 191374|1 136828|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- States: Least populous The least populous state was Wyoming, with 453,588 people in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- States: Original thirteen T Human World|Political and Social|States|Original thirteen 20 22 24 26 149678|2201 212306|3122 191374|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- States: Original thirteen The thirteen original states were Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina and Virginia. ^ -END- -CTRL- States: Confederate T Human World|Political and Social|States|Confederate 20 22 24 26 149746|2202 212102|3119 191374|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- States: Confederate Eleven states seceded from the union between December 1860 and June 1861. They were (in order of secession): South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. ^ -END- -CTRL- Counties: United States T Human World|Political and Social|Counties|United States 20 22 24 26 149814|2203 1438|21 54138|796 191670|0 175106|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Counties: United States As of year end 1991 there were 3,142 counties in the United States (in Alaska, counties are known as divisions, and in Louisiana they are called parishes). The largest in the lower 48 states is San Bernardino County, CA, with an area of 20,062 sq ^ mi. The biggest legally established county is the North Slope Borough of Alaska at 87,860 acres. The state with the most counties is Texas with 254, and the state with the fewest is Delaware with three (Kent, New Castle and Sussex). ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Oldest T Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Oldest 20 22 24 26 149882|2204 235358|3461 225226|3312 191756|0 236192|188 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Oldest The oldest-known walled town in the world is Arihai (Jericho). Radiocarbon dating on specimens from the lowest levels reached by archaeologists indicates habitation there by perhaps 2,700 people as early as 7800 B.C. The settlement of Dolni ^ Vestonice, Czechoslovakia has been dated to the Gravettian culture ^I 27,000 B.C. The oldest capital city in the world is Dimashq (Damascus), Syria. It has been continuously inhabited since ^I . 2500 B.C. ^<n ^<4 United States ^ ^>4 The oldest town of European origin in the United States is St Augustine, St. John's County, FL (present population 12,000), founded on 8 Sep 1565, on the site of Seloy by Pedro Menendez de Aviles. ^<n The oldest incorporated city is York, ^ ME (present population 14,000), which received an English charter in March 1642, and was incorporated under the name Georgiana. ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Most populous T Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Most populous 20 22 24 26 149950|2205 192518|2831 225022|3309 191756|1 175106|427 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Most populous The most populous urban agglomeration in the world is Mexico City, which was listed in the United Nations ^I as having a population of 20,200,000. By 2000 it is expected to have increased to 25,600,000. ^ Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan, which in the late 1980s had been the most populous, is expected to have declined to third in the list by the turn of the century, with Sao Paulo in Brazil second. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The 1990 United States census ^ shows that 76 percent of all Americans live in metropolitan areas--central cities and their surrounding suburbs--up from 56 percent in 1950. The largest metropolitan area is that of New York City with 18,087,251 residents. ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Smallest incorporated place T Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Smallest incorporated place 20 22 24 26 150018|2206 251066|3692 225294|3313 191756|2 258628|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Smallest incorporated place The smallest incorporated place in the United States in 1990 was Valley Park, OK, with one resident. ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Largest in area T Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Largest in area 20 22 24 26 150086|2207 123906|1822 224886|3307 191756|3 91334|613 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Largest in area The world's largest city (defined as a densely populated settlement), in area, is Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. The area administered by the City Council is 15,822 sq mi. ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Highest T \p8\D11\3804077 Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Highest 20 22 24 26 150154|2208 73518|1081 22586|332 224818|3306 191756|4 71062|160 30056|7 -PCAP- The highest capital in the world, before the domination of Tibet by China, was Lhasa, at an elevation of 12,087 ft above sea level. (Photo: Horizon) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Highest The new town of Wenzhuan, founded in 1955 on the Qinghai-Tibet road north of the Tangla range, is the highest city in the world at 16,730 ft above sea level. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The highest incorporated city in the United States is ^ Leadville, CO, at an elevation of 10,152 ft. Founded in 1878, Leadville has a current population of 2,629. ^<n ^<4 Capital city ^>4 The highest capital in the world, before the domination of Tibet by China, was Lhasa, at an elevation of 12,087 ^ ft above sea level. La Paz, administrative and ^I capital of Bolivia, stands at an altitude of 11,916 ft above sea level. Its airport, El Alto, is at 13,385 ft. The city was founded in 1548 by Capt. Alonso de Mendoza on the site ^ of an Indian village named Chuquiapu. It was originally called Ciudad de Nuestra Senora de La Paz (City of Our Lady of Peace), but in 1825 was renamed La Paz de Ayacucho, its present official name. Sucre, the legal capital of Bolivia, stands at ^ 9,301 ft above sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Lowest T Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Lowest 20 22 24 26 150222|2209 161918|2381 224954|3308 191756|5 170594|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Lowest The Israeli settlement of Ein Bokek, which has a synagogue, on the shores of the Dead Sea is the lowest in the world, at 1,291 ft below sea level. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The lowest incorporated city in the United States is Calipatria, CA, at ^ 184 ft below sea level. Founded on 28 Feb 1919, it has a current population of 2,696. The flagpole outside city hall is 184 ft tall, allowing "Old Glory" to fly at sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Northernmost T Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Northernmost 20 22 24 26 150290|2210 222438|3271 225158|3311 191756|6 235756|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Northernmost The northernmost village is Ny Alesund (78 deg 55' N), a coal-mining settlement on King's Bay, Vest Spitsbergen, in the Norwegian territory of Svalbard. The northernmost capital is Reykjavik, Iceland (64 deg 08' N). Its population was 97,569 in ^ 1990. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The northernmost city in the United States is Barrow, AK (71 deg 17' N). ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Southernmost T Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Southernmost 20 22 24 26 150358|2211 251746|3702 225362|3314 191756|7 266080|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Southernmost The world's southernmost village is Puerto Williams (population about 1,000) on the north coast of Isla Navarino, Tierra del Fuego, Chile, 680 miles north of Antarctica. Wellington, North Island, New Zealand, with a 1989 population of 324,600, is ^ the southernmost capital city (41 deg 17' S). The world's southernmost administrative center is Port Stanley, Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (51 deg 43' S), with a population of 1,643 in 1991. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The southernmost city in ^ the United States is Hilo, HI (19 deg 43' N). ^ -END- -CTRL- Towns and Cities: Most remote from the sea T Human World|Political and Social|Towns and Cities|Most remote from the sea 20 22 24 26 150426|2212 192586|2832 225090|3310 191756|8 175106|428 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Towns and Cities: Most remote from the sea The large town most remote from the sea is Urumqi (Wu-lu-mu-ch'i) in Sinkiang, the capital of China's Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region, at a distance of about 1,500 miles from the nearest coastline. Its population was estimated to be 1,110,000 in ^ late 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Heads of State: Non-Republics T \p8\D11\3804084a Human World|Heads of State|General Records|Non-Republics 20 22 24 26 150494|2213 22654|333 101058|1486 192488|0 30632|0 -PCAP- Forty-five of the world's 188 sovereign states are not republics. The only country where the monarch is elected is Malaysia. The picture shows the coronation of the current king, Sultan Azlan Shah, in September 1989. (Photo: Gamma/Apesteguy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Heads of State: Non-Republics Forty-five of the world's 188 sovereign states are not republics. They are headed by 1 emperor, 13 kings, 3 queens, 2 sultans, 1 grand duke, 2 princes, 3 emirs, an elected monarch, the Pope, a president chosen from and by 7 hereditary sheiks, a ^ head of state currently similar to a constitutional monarch, and 2 nominal nonhereditary "princes" in one country. Queen Elizabeth II is head of state of Great Britain and 16 other Commonwealth countries. ^ -END- -CTRL- Heads of State: Oldest and youngest T \p8\D11\3804084b Human World|Heads of State|General Records|Oldest and youngest 20 22 24 26 150562|2214 228082|3354 22722|334 101126|1487 20274|298 192488|1 236192|81 30632|1 -PCAP- The oldest head of state in the world is Felix Houphouet-Boigny (b. 18 Oct 1905), president of the Ivory Coast. He has been his country's president since it gained independence in 1960. (Photo: Gamma/Duclos) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Heads of State: Oldest and youngest The oldest head of state in the world is Felix Houphouet-Boigny, president of Ivory Coast (b. 18 Oct 1905). The youngest is King Mswati III of Swaziland (b. 19 Apr 1968). ^ -END- -CTRL- Heads of State: First female presidents T Human World|Heads of State|General Records|First female presidents 20 22 24 26 150630|2215 37818|556 100922|1484 192488|2 40936|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Heads of State: First female presidents Isabel Peron (b. 4 Feb 1931) of Argentina became the world's first female president when she succeeded her husband on his death on 1 Jul 1974. She held office until she was deposed in a bloodless coup on 24 Mar 1976. President Vigdis Finnbogadottir ^ (b. 15 Apr 1930) of Iceland became the world's first democratically elected female head of state on 30 Jun 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Heads of State: Largest meeting T Human World|Heads of State|General Records|Largest meeting 20 22 24 26 150698|2216 100582|1479 100990|1485 192488|3 91334|270 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Heads of State: Largest meeting The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, or Earth Summit, which was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 3-14 Jun 1992, was attended by 118 heads of state and heads of government. ^ -END- -CTRL- Royalty: Most prolific T Human World|Royalty|General Records|Most prolific 20 22 24 26 150766|2217 203398|2991 192382|2829 192870|0 215538|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Royalty: Most prolific The most prolific monogamous "royals" were Prince Hartmann of Liechtenstein (1613-86), who had 24 children, of whom 21 were born alive, by Countess Elisabeth zu Salm-Reifferscheidt (1623-88). HRH Duke Roberto I of Parma (1848-1907) also had 24 ^ children, but by two wives. ^ -END- -CTRL- Royalty: Oldest ruling house T Human World|Royalty|General Records|Oldest ruling house 20 22 24 26 150834|2218 233658|3436 192450|2830 192870|1 236192|163 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Royalty: Oldest ruling house The Emperor of Japan, Akihito (b. 23 Dec 1933), is the 125th in line from the first Emperor, Jimmu Tenno or Zinmu, whose reign was traditionally from 660 to 581 B.C., but more probably dates from ^I 40 B.C. to ^I 10 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Royalty: Shortest reign T \c8\D01\3804083z Human World|Royalty|General Records|Shortest reign 20 23 25 27 150902|2219 242566|3567 22790|335 192518|2831 4498|66 192870|2 253960|41 30788|0 -PCAP- Crown Prince Luis Filipe of Portugal (right) was mortally wounded at the same time that his father (left) was killed by a bullet that severed his carotid artery, in the streets of Lisbon on 1 Feb 1908. He was thus technically king of Portugal (Dom ^ Luis III) for about 20 minutes. (Photos: Hulton Picture Company) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Royalty: Shortest reign Crown Prince Luis Filipe of Portugal was mortally wounded at the same time that his father was killed by a bullet that severed his carotid artery (one of the two great arteries carrying blood to the head), in the streets of Lisbon on 1 Feb 1908. ^ He was thus technically King of Portugal (Dom Luis III) for about 20 minutes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Royalty: Longest reigns T \c8\D01\3909175z Human World|Royalty|General Records|Longest reigns 20 24 26 28 150970|2220 149882|2204 22858|336 192246|2827 192870|3 139100|314 30788|1 -PCAP- Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is currently the longest-reigning queen, having succeeded to the throne on 6 Feb 1952. She is seen (counterclockwise from top) during a tour of India in ^ 1961, at her coronation in Westminster Abbey on 2 Jun 1953, reviewing the Trooping of the Colour ceremony in June 1987 and meeting with other world leaders at Buckingham Palace on the occasion of the G7 (Group of Seven) summit in July 1991. ^ (Photos: Popperfoto and Hulton Picture Company) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Royalty: Longest reigns ^<4 Longest all-time ^>4 The longest recorded reign of any monarch is that of Phiops II (also known as Pepi II), or Neferkare, a Sixth Dynasty pharaoh of ancient Egypt. His reign began ^I 2281 B.C., when he was 6 years of age, and is ^ believed to have lasted ^I 94 years. Musoma Kanijo, chief of the Nzega district of western Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania), reputedly reigned for more than 98 years, from 1864, when he was 8 years old, until his death on 2 Feb 1963. ^ Minhti, King of Arakan (now part of Myanmar, formerly Burma), is reputed to have reigned for 95 years between 1279 and 1374. The longest reign of any European monarch was that of Afonso I Henriques of Portugal, who ascended the throne on 30 Apr ^ 1112 and died on 6 Dec 1185 after a reign of 73 years 220 days, first as a count and then as king. ^<n ^<4 Longest current ^>4 The King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX; b. 5 Dec 1927), is currently the world's longest-reigning ^ monarch, having succeeded to the throne following the death of his older brother on 9 Jun 1946. The longest-reigning queen is Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, who succeeded to the throne on 6 Feb 1952 on the death of her father. ^ -END- -CTRL- Royalty: Longest-lived T \c8\D01\3710203z Human World|Royalty|General Records|Longest-lived 20 23 25 27 151038|2221 158450|2330 22926|337 192314|2828 19050|280 192870|4 169792|2 30788|2 -PCAP- The longest-lived queen on record was Zita, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, whose husband reigned as Emperor Charles I of Austria and King Charles IV of Hungary from 1916-18; she died on 14 Mar 1989 aged 96 years 309 days. (Photo: Gamma) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Royalty: Longest-lived The longest-lived European royal on record was Zita, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, whose husband reigned as Emperor Charles I of Austria and King Charles IV of Hungary from 1916-18; she died on 14 Mar 1989 at the age of 96 years 309 ^ days, after living in exile from 23 Mar 1919. ^ -END- -CTRL- Royalty: Youngest king and queen T Human World|Royalty|General Records|Youngest king and queen 20 22 24 26 151106|2222 264666|3892 192586|2832 192870|5 275964|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Royalty: Youngest king and queen The country with the youngest king is Swaziland, where King Mswati III was crowned on 25 Apr 1986 at the age of 18 years 6 days. He was born Makhosetive, the 67th son of King Subhusa II. The country with the youngest queen is Denmark, with Queen ^ Margrethe II (b. 16 Apr 1940). ^ -END- -CTRL- Royalty: Heaviest monarch T Human World|Royalty|General Records|Heaviest monarch 20 22 24 26 151174|2223 60598|891 192110|2825 192870|6 65726|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Royalty: Heaviest monarch The world's heaviest monarch is the 6-ft-3-in-tall King Taufa'ahau of Tonga, who in September 1976 was weighed on the only adequate scales in the country, at the airport, recording 462 lb. By 1985 he was reported to have slimmed down to 308 lb but ^ by late 1991 he was up to 360 1/2 lb. His embassy car in London, Great Britain has the license plate "1 TON," although this is an abbreviated reference to his status as king of Tonga rather than to his weight. ^ -END- -CTRL- Royalty: Highest post-nominal numbers T Human World|Royalty|General Records|Highest post-nominal numbers 20 22 24 26 151242|2224 72430|1065 192178|2826 192870|7 71062|144 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Royalty: Highest post-nominal numbers The highest post-nominal number ever used to designate a member of a royal house was 75, briefly enjoyed by Count Heinrich LXXV Reuss zu Schleiz (1800-1801). All male members of this branch of the German family are called Heinrich and are ^ successively numbered from I upwards in three sequences. The first began in 1695 (and ended with Heinrich LXXV), the second began in 1803 (and ended with Heinrich XLVII) and the third began in 1910. These are purely ^I numbers and ^ should not be confused with ^I numbers (years of a royal reign). ^ -END- -CTRL- Presidents: Presidential records (table) B \t\D02\0900590a \p8\D11\us10209b Human World|Legislatures---United States|Presidents|Presidential records (table) 20 23 25 29 151310|2225 148114|2178 22994|338 179666|2642 193742|0 139100|288 31014|0 -PCAP- Four US Presidents--Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William H. McKinley, and John F. Kennedy--have been assassinated. Garfield, the 20th President (March-September 1881), was constantly harassed by office seekers, and met his death after one of ^ them, Charles J. Guiteau, shot him on 2 Jul 1881. President Garfield died on 19 Sep 1881, and Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency. (Photo: Picturepoint) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Article II of the Constitution provides for the office of the presidency. The President is head of all executive agencies, has full responsibility for the execution of the laws, is commander in chief of the armed forces, conducts foreign affairs, ^ and with the advice and consent of Congress appoints cabinet members and any other executive officials. The Constitution sets the term of office at four years and requires that the position be filled by election through the Electoral College. The ^ Twenty-second Amendment (1951) limits a president to two consecutive four-year terms. To be eligible for the presidency one must be a native-born citizen, over 35 years old, and at least 14 years resident in the United States. ^ -TEXT- Presidents: Presidential records (table) Presidents: Presidential Records (Table) PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS LONGEST TERM IN OFFICE 12 years 39 days Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933--45 SHORTEST TERM IN OFFICE 32 days William Henry Harrison 4 Mar--4 Apr 1841 YOUNGEST TO ASSUME OFFICE 42 years ^ 10 months Theodore Roosevelt 1901--09 YOUNGEST ELECTED 43 years 236 days John Fitzgerald Kennedy 1961--63 OLDEST ELECTED 69 years 349 days Ronald Wilson Reagan 1981--89 TALLEST 6 ft 4 in Abraham Lincoln 1861--65 SHORTEST 5 ft 4 in James Madison ^ 1809--17 LONGEST LIVED 90 years 258 days John Adams 1797--1801 SHORTEST LIVED 46 years 6 months John Fitzgerald Kennedy 1961--63 LONGEST LIFE AFTER PRESIDENCY 31 years 7 months Herbert Clark Hoover 1929--33 SHORTEST LIFE AFTER PRESIDENCY 105 days ^ James K. Polk 1845--49 HEAVIEST 354 lb William Howard Taft 1909--13 MOST CHILDREN 15 John Tyler 1841--45 MOST CHILDREN (one spouse) 10 William Henry Harrison 1841 BACHELOR James Buchanan 1857--61 RESIGNED Richard M. Nixon 1969--74 ASSASSINATED ^ 14 Apr 1865 Abraham Lincoln 1861--65 2 Jul 1881 James A. Garfield 1881 6 Sep 1901 William H. McKinley 1897--1901 22 Nov 1963 John Fitzgerald Kennedy 1961--63 ^ -END- -CTRL- Presidents: First ladies (table) B \t\D02\0900591a Human World|Legislatures---United States|Presidents|First ladies (table) 20 22 24 26 151378|2226 127238|1871 179394|2638 193742|1 136828|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Hillary Clinton is the 38th first lady. The term itself dates only from the time of Lucy Ware Webb Hayes, who was the 16th first lady in 1887--81. ^ -TEXT- Presidents: First ladies (table) Presidents: First Ladies (Table) FIRST LADIES FIRST AND EARLIEST BORN 21 Jun 1731 Martha Dandridge Custis (1731--1802) m George Washington LONGEST TENURE 12 years 39 days (Anna) Eleanor Roosevelt (1884--1962) m Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933--45 ^ SHORTEST TENURE 32 days in 1841 Anna Tuthill Symmes (1775--1864) m William H. Harrison MOST CHILDREN 6 sons, 4 daughters Anna Tuthill Symmes m William H. Harrison LEAST CHILDREN None Five first ladies were childless: Martha Dandridge Custis ^ Washington (1731--1802), Dorothea {Dolley} Payne Madison (1768--1849), Sarah Childress Polk (1803--91), Edith Bolling Galt Wilson (1872--1961) and Florence (Kling) De Wolfe Harding (1860--1924). LARGEST GATHERING 8 At inauguration of John ^ F. Kennedy (1917--63) in Washington, D.C. on 20 Jan 1961---his wife, 4 past and 3 future first ladies. COMMONEST HOME STATE New York (8) 18 other states represented. Only foreign-born First Lady has been Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775--1852), ^ in London, England on 12 Feb 1775 and there married John Quincy Adams on 26 Jul 1797. COMMONEST ANCESTRY All 37 have British ancestry; 25 have purely English ancestry. RAREST ANCESTRY Only 1 has Native American ancestry---Edith Bolling Galt ^ Wilson (see above) was a ninth-generation descendant of Princess Pocahontas (c. 1595--1617). ^ -END- -CTRL- Presidents: Youngest T \m\00000034 Human World|Legislatures---United States|Presidents|Youngest 20 22 25 27 151446|2227 264462|3889 179802|2644 193742|2 275964|53 942|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- Teddy Roosevelt became president on 14 September 1901, after the assassination of William McKinley. Roosevelt was the youngest man ever to take the office. A proponent of, and articulate spokesman for, progressivism, he was re-elected to office in ^ 1904. (Archive Films) ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Presidents: Youngest The youngest president to assume office was Theodore Roosevelt. Vice-President Roosevelt became president at the age of 42 years, 10 months when President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901. ^ -END- -CTRL- Presidents: Oldest T \p8\D11\us10209a Human World|Legislatures---United States|Presidents|Oldest 20 22 24 26 151514|2228 232706|3422 23062|339 179598|2641 193742|3 236192|149 31014|1 -PCAP- Ronald Reagan became the 40th US president at the age of 69 years 349 days. He was 73 years old when he was re-elected for a second term. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Presidents: Oldest The oldest president to assume office was Ronald Reagan, who became the 40th president at the age of 69 years 349 days. He was 73 years old when he was re-elected for a second term. ^ -END- -CTRL- Presidents: Shortest term of office T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Presidents|Shortest term of office 20 22 24 26 151582|2229 242294|3563 179734|2643 193742|4 253960|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Presidents: Shortest term of office The shortest term in office was 32 days (4 Mar-4 Apr 1841) by William Henry Harrison. ^ -END- -CTRL- Presidents: Most ex-presidents living T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Presidents|Most ex-presidents living 20 22 24 26 151650|2230 188098|2766 179530|2640 193742|5 175106|362 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Presidents: Most ex-presidents living Between 4 Mar 1861 (the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln) and the death of ex-president John Tyler on 18 Jan 1862, there were five ex-presidents living: Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan and John Tyler. ^ -END- -CTRL- Presidents: Largest gathering T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Presidents|Largest gathering 20 22 24 26 151718|2231 115134|1693 179462|2639 193742|6 91334|484 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Presidents: Largest gathering The largest gathering of men who had been or would become president was eight, on 30 Dec 1834 in the old House Chamber of the Capitol: ex-president John Quincy Adams; ex-president Andrew Jackson; Vice-president Martin Van Buren; Senator John Tyler; ^ Senator James Buchanan; and Representatives James K. Polk, Millard Fillmore and Franklin Pierce. ^ -END- -CTRL- Vice-presidents: Holders of both presidential offices T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Vice-presidents|Holders of both presidential offices 20 22 24 26 151786|2232 233182|3429 194248|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vice-presidents: Holders of both presidential offices Fourteen men have held the offices of both president and vice-president. Eight became president following the death of the incumbent: John Tyler (1841-45); Millard Fillmore (1850-53); Andrew Johnson (1865-69); Chester Arthur (1881-85); Theodore ^ Roosevelt (1901-09); Calvin Coolidge (1923-29); Harry Truman (1945-53); Lyndon Johnson (1963-69). Five gained the presidency via election: John Adams (1797-1801); Thomas Jefferson (1801- 1809); Martin Van Buren (1837-41); Richard Nixon (1969-74); ^ George Bush (1989-present). Gerald Ford (1974-77) became president following the resignation of the incumbent, Richard Nixon. ^ -END- -CTRL- Vice-presidents: Longest term of office T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Vice-presidents|Longest term of office 20 22 24 26 151854|2233 155526|2287 233250|3430 194248|1 139100|397 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vice-presidents: Longest term of office Only five vice-presidents have served two full four-year terms in office: John Adams (1789-97), Thomas R. Marshall (1913-1921), John Nance Garner (1933-41), Richard Nixon (1953-61) and George Bush (1981-89). ^ -END- -CTRL- Vice-presidents: Youngest to hold office T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Vice-presidents|Youngest to hold office 20 22 24 26 151922|2234 265890|3910 233454|3433 194248|2 275964|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vice-presidents: Youngest to hold office The youngest man to become vice-president was John Cabell Breckinridge (Democrat; b. 21 Jan 1821), who took office on 4 Mar 1857 at the age of 36 years 1 month. ^ -END- -CTRL- Vice-presidents: Oldest to hold office T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Vice-presidents|Oldest to hold office 20 22 24 26 151990|2235 235698|3466 233386|3432 194248|3 236192|193 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vice-presidents: Oldest to hold office Alben William Barkley (Democrat; b. 24 Nov 1877) took office on 20 Jan 1949 at the age of 71 years 40 days. He served a full four-year term. ^ -END- -CTRL- Vice-presidents: Longest-lived T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Vice-presidents|Longest-lived 20 22 24 26 152058|2236 158518|2331 233318|3431 194248|4 169792|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Vice-presidents: Longest-lived The longest-lived vice-president was John Nance Garner, who served under Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1941. He was born in 1868 and died on 7 Nov 1967 at the age of 98. ^ -END- -CTRL- Congress: Speaker of the House T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Congress|Speaker of the House 20 22 24 26 152126|2237 134718|1981 53390|785 194614|0 139100|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Congress: Speaker of the House In 1947 Congress enacted a law placing the Speaker of the House of Representatives first in line to the presidency should both the president and vice-president die, become incapacitated or be disqualified from office. James K. Polk is the only ^ person to hold the offices of speaker (1835-39) and president (1845-49). ^<n ^<4 Longest term ^>4 The longest term served by any speaker was 17 yrs by Sam Rayburn (1882-1961; D-Texas). Rayburn served three terms: 1940-47, 1949-53, 1955-61. ^<n ^ ^<4 Shortest term ^>4 The shortest term of any speaker is one day, 3 Mar 1869, served by Theodore Medad Pomeroy (1824-1905; R-New York). ^<n ^<4 Oldest speaker ^>4 The oldest speaker was Sam Rayburn (D-Texas), who was reelected speaker for ^ the 87th Congress on 3 Jan 1961 at age 78 years 11 months. ^<n ^<4 Youngest speaker ^>4 The youngest speaker was Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter (1809-87; D-Virginia), who was chosen Speaker for the 26th Congress on 2 Dec 1839 at age 30 years ^ 7 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Congress: House of Representatives T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Congress|House of Representatives 20 22 24 26 152194|2238 134514|1978 53050|780 194614|1 139100|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Congress: House of Representatives ^<4 Longest-serving ^>4 The longest any representative has ever served is 50 years 6 months (as of June 1992), by Rep. Jamie L. Whitten (D-Mississippi). He began his career on 4 Nov 1941. ^<n ^<4 Youngest elected ^>4 The youngest man ever to ^ serve in the House was William Charles Cole Claiborne (1775-1817; Jeffersonian Democrat-Tennessee), who, in contravention of the 25-year age requirement of the Constitution, was elected in August 1797 at the age of 22. ^<n ^<4 Oldest elected ^>4 ^ The oldest man ever elected representative was Claude Denson Pepper (1900-89; D-Florida), who was reelected on 8 Nov 1988 at age 88 years 2 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Congress: Senate T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Congress|Senate 20 22 24 26 152262|2239 134650|1980 53322|784 194614|2 139100|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Congress: Senate ^<4 Longest-serving ^>4 The longest any senator has ever served is 42 years by Carl Trumbull Hayden (1877-1972; D-Arizona). Hayden served in the Senate from 1927-69. (See also Congressional service.) ^<n The current longest-serving member of the ^ Senate is James Strom Thurmond (b. 5 Dec 1902; R-South Carolina). As of June 1992 Thurmond has served for 37 years. He was originally elected as a Democrat in December 1954, but changed to the Republican Party in 1964. ^<n ^<4 Oldest elected ^>4 ^ The greatest age at which anyone has been returned as a senator is 87 years 11 months, the age at which Strom Thurmond (R-South Carolina) was reelected in November 1990. ^<n ^<4 Youngest elected ^>4 The youngest person ever elected senator ^ was Brig. Gen. Armistead Thomson Mason (1787-1819; D-Virginia), who was elected on 3 Jan 1816 and was sworn in on 22 January at the age of 28 years 5 months 18 days. ^<n The youngest-ever senator was John Henry Eaton (1790-1856; D-Tennessee), who ^ was appointed on 5 Sep 1818 and sworn in on 16 November at age 28 years 4 months 29 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Congress: Longest filibusters T \p8\D11\3804085a Human World|Legislatures---United States|Congress|Longest filibusters 20 23 25 27 152330|2240 157838|2321 23130|340 53118|781 17894|263 194614|3 169216|1 31014|2 -PCAP- Interrupted only briefly by the swearing-in of a new senator, South Carolina senator Strom Thurmond (b. 1902) spoke against a civil rights bill for 24 hr 19 min on 28-29 Aug 1957. Now a Republican but formerly both a Democrat and an independent, he ^ is currently the oldest member of Congress. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Congress: Longest filibusters The longest continuous speech in the history of the US Senate was that of Senator Wayne Morse (1900-74; D-Oregon) on 24-25 Apr 1953, when he spoke on the Tidelands Oil Bill for 22 hr 26 min without resuming his seat. Interrupted only briefly by the ^ swearing-in of a new senator, Senator Strom Thurmond (b. 1902) (R-South Carolina) spoke against a civil rights bill for 24 hr 19 min on 28-29 Aug 1957. The US national duration record on a state level is 43 hr, by Texas State Senator Bill Meier, ^ who spoke against nondisclosure of industrial accidents, in May 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Congress: Fastest amendment T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Congress|Fastest amendment 20 22 24 26 152398|2241 20410|300 52914|778 194614|4 23878|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Congress: Fastest amendment The constitutional amendment that took the shortest time to ratify after congressional approval was the 26th Amendment in 1971, which gave 18-year-olds the right to vote. ^ -END- -CTRL- Congress: Highest-paid legislators T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Congress|Highest-paid legislators 20 22 24 26 152466|2242 81746|1202 52982|779 194614|5 90742|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Congress: Highest-paid legislators The most highly paid of all the world's legislators are members of the US Congress. The annual salary for members of the House of Representatives is $129,500. The basic annual salary for members of the Senate is $101,900. The President of the ^ United States has an annual salary of $200,000, a $50,000 per year expense account, and a lifetime pension of $138,900 per year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Congress: Most roll calls T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Congress|Most roll calls 20 22 24 26 152534|2243 169534|2493 53254|783 194614|6 175106|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Congress: Most roll calls Senator William Proxmire (D-Wisconsin) did not miss a single one of the 9,695 roll calls from Apr 1966 to 27 Aug 1987. Rep. William H. Natcher (D-Kentucky) has cast 13,190 consecutive roll call votes and responded in person to 4,210 recorded quorum ^ calls, for a total of 17,400 votes to 21 May 1992. He has not missed a roll call or quorum call since being sworn in as a House member on 6 Jan 1954, a total of 38 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Congress: Longest service T Human World|Legislatures---United States|Congress|Longest service 20 22 24 26 152602|2244 134582|1979 53186|782 194614|7 139100|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Congress: Longest service Carl Hayden (1877-1972; D-Arizona) holds the record for the longest congressional service, a total of 57 consecutive years (1912-69), of which 42 years were spent as a senator and the remainder as a representative. ^ -END- -CTRL- Governors: US state governors (table) B \t\D02\0900761a Human World|Legislatures---United States|Governors|US state governors (table) 20 22 24 26 152670|2245 227946|3352 96842|1424 195190|0 236192|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- *Records are for the youngest and oldest governors per state at the time of election. ^ -TEXT- Governors: US state governors (table) Political Office Holders: Governors (Table) GOVERNORS STATE YOUNGEST* OLDEST* Alabama Thomas Bibb (1820--21) 36 yr Hugh McVay (1837) 71 yr Alaska Keith Miller (1969--70) 44 yr 2 mo Walter J. Hickell (1991--) 71 yr 5 mo Arizona Bruce E. Babbitt ^ (1978--87) 39 yr 9 mo George W.P. Hunt (1930--32) 71 yr Arkansas Bill Clinton (1979--81, 1983--) 32 yr 5 mo Thomas C. McRae (1921--25) 69 yr 22 days California J. Neely Johnson (1856--58) 30 yr 5 mo Frank Merriam (1934--39) 68 yr 5 mo Colorado ^ James B. Grant (1883--85) 35 yr 7 days Edwin C. Johnson (1955--57) 71 yr 10 days Connecticut Joseph R. Hawley (1866--67) 39 yr 6 mo Simeon E. Baldwin (1911--15) 72 yr 10 mo Delaware William Temple (1846--47) 31 or 32 yr Caleb Prew Bennett ^ (1833--36) 74 yr Florida Park Trammell (1913--17) 37 yr Frederick P. Cone (1937--41) 66 yr Georgia Herman E. Talmadge (1947--55) 33 yr Lamartine G. Hardman (1927--31) 73 yr Hawaii William Quinn (1959--62) 40 yr John A. Burns (1962--73) 61 yr ^ Idaho Frank Steunenberg (1897--1900) 35 yr 4 mo James H. Hawley (1911--12) 63 yr 11 mo Illinois John M. Hamilton (1883--84) 35 yr 8 mo Louis L. Emmerson (1929--33) 65 yr 18 days Indiana James B. Ray (1825--31) 30 yr James D. Williams (1877--80) ^ 68 yr 11 mo Iowa Terry Branstad (1983--) 36 yr 2 mo Francis M. Drake (1896--98) 65 yr 1 mo Kansas Samuel J.G. Crawford (1865--68) 29 yr 8 mo Joan Finney (1991--) 65 yr 11 mo 2 days Kentucky J.C.W. Beckham (1900--07) 30 yr 5 mo James B. McCreary ^ (1875--79, 1911--15) 73 yr 5 mo Louisiana Henry C. Warmouth (1868--72) 26 yr 1 mo Joshua Baker (1868) 68 yr Maine William Tudor (1929--33) 27 yr S.S. Marble (1887--89) 69 yr Maryland Edward Lloyd (1809--11) 29 yr Robert M. McLane ^ (1884--85) 68 yr Massachusetts William E. Russell (1891--94) 33 yr Samuel Adams (1793--97) 71 yr Michigan Stevens T. Mason (1835--40) 24 yr Lauren D. Dickinson (1939--40) 79 yr 11 mo Minnesota Harold E. Stassen (1939--43) 31 yr 8 mo Samuel Van ^ Sant (1901--05) 58 yr 7 mo Mississippi Albert G. Brown (1844--48) 30 yr Henry L. Whitfield (1924--27) 65 yr Missouri Joseph W. Folk (1905--09) 35 yr 2 mo Forrest Smith (1949--53) 62 yr 10 mo Montana Joseph K. Toole (1889--93, 38 yr 5 mo John E. ^ Erickson (1925--33) 69 yr 9 mo 1901--08) Nebraska Albinus Nance (1879--83) 30 yr 9 mo John M. Thayer (1887--91, 1891--92) 67 yr Nevada Emet D. Boyle (1915--22) 35 yr 6 mo Lewis R. Bradley (1871--78) 69 yr 2 mo New Hampshire Levi ^ Woodbury (1823--24) 34 yr Mooly Currier (1885--87) 79 yr New Jersey Rodman M. Price (1854--57) 37 yr 7 mo Charles S. Olden (1860--63) 61 yr New Mexico David E. Cargo (1967--71) 37 yr 11 mo Bruce King (1971--75, 1979--83, 1991--) 66 yr 8 mo ^ New York Daniel D. Tompkins (1807--17) 33 yr John Taylor (1817--75) 74 yr 7 mo North Carolina David L. Swain (1832--35) 31 yr Samuel Ashe (1795--98) 70 yr North Dakota Joseph M. Devine (1898) 37 yr 5 mo Walter Welford (1935--36) 66 yr 8 mo Ohio ^ Thomas W. Barkley (1844) 32 yr William Allen (1874--76) 71 yr Oklahoma J. Howard Edmondson (1959--63) 33 yr 3 mo Henry Bellmon (1963--67, 1987--91) 65 yr 4 mo Oregon Jay Bowerman (1910--11) 33 yr 10 mo Gen Charles H. Martin (1935--39) 71 y ^ r 3 mo Pennsylvania Robert E. Pattison (1883--87, 1891--95) 32 yr David L. Lawrence (1959--63) 69 yr Rhode Island William Sprague (1860--63) 29 yr James Fenner (1807--11, 1824--31, 1843--45) 73 yr South Carolina John G. Evans (1894--97) 31 yr ^ James F. Byrnes (1951--55) 71 yr South Dakota Richard Kneip (1971--78) 37 yr 11 mo Warrem Green (1931--33) 60 yr 9 mo Tennessee James C. Jones (1841--45) 32 yr 4 mo Alfred A. Taylor (1921--23) 72 yr 5 mo Texas Dan Moody (1927--31) 33 yr 7 mo ^ William Clements Jr (1979--83, 1987--91) 69 yr 9 mo Utah Heber M. Wells (1896--1905) 36 yr Simon Bamberger (1917--21) 70 yr Vermont F. Ray Keyser Jr (1961--63) 34 yr Erastus Fairbanks (1852--53, 1860--61) 78 yr Virginia William H. ^ Cabel (1805--08) 32 yr 11 mo William H. Mann (1910--14) 66 yr 6 mo Washington Daniel J. Evans (1965--77) 39 yr 2 mo Elisha P. Ferry (1889--93) 64 yr 3 mo West Virginia Cecil H. Underwood (1957--61) 34 yr Mathew M. Neeley (1941--45) 66 yr ^ Wisconsin Edward Salomon (1862--64) 33 yr Walter S. Goodland (1943--47) 84 yr Wyoming John E. Osborne (1893--95) 34 yr 11 mo Joseph M. Carey (1911--15) 65 yr 11 mo ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Earliest and oldest T Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Earliest and oldest 20 22 24 26 152738|2246 13066|192 162530|2390 195502|0 13960|85 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Earliest and oldest The earliest-known legislative assembly or ^I was a bicameral one in Erech, Iraq, ^I 2800 B.C. The oldest recorded legislative body is the Althing of Iceland, founded in A.D. 930. This body, which originally comprised 39 ^ local chieftains at Thingvellir, was abolished in 1800, but restored by Denmark to a consultative status in 1843 and a legislative status in 1874. The legislative assembly with the oldest continuous history is the Isle of Man Tynwald, Great ^ Britain, which may have its origins in the late ninth century and possibly predates the Althing. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Largest T Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Largest 20 22 24 26 152806|2247 111530|1640 162666|2392 195502|1 91334|431 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Largest The largest legislative assembly in the world is the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, which has 2,978 single-party members who are indirectly elected for a five-year term. The seventh congress convened in March 1988. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Smallest quorum T \p8\D11\380485b Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Smallest quorum 20 23 25 27 152874|2248 248686|3657 23198|341 163074|2398 195502|2 258628|65 31240|0 -PCAP- Expressed as a percentage of eligible voters, the House of Lords, the upper chamber of the British Parliament, has the smallest quorum of any legislative body in the world--less than one-third of 1 percent. To transact business, there must be three ^ peers present, including the lord chancellor or his deputy. The photo shows HM Queen Elizabeth II in the House of Lords for the State Opening of Parliament in 1964. (Photo: Hulton Picture Company) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Smallest quorum The House of Lords has the smallest quorum, expressed as a percentage of members eligible to vote, of any legislative body in the world---less than one-third of 1 percent. To transact business, there must be three peers present, including the lord ^ chancellor or his deputy. The House of Commons' quorum of 40 MPs (out of 651 members), including the Speaker or his deputy, is 13 times as exacting. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Greatest petition T Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Greatest petition 20 22 24 26 152942|2249 50738|746 162598|2391 13542|199 195502|3 52992|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Greatest petition The greatest petition on record was signed by 13,078,935 people in South Korea between 11 Nov--23 Dec 1991, protesting efforts by advanced countries to open their country's rice market to foreign imports. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Longest membership T Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Longest membership 20 22 24 26 153010|2250 147162|2164 162734|2393 195502|4 139100|274 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Longest membership The longest span as a legislator was 83 years, by Jozsef Madarasz (1814-1915). He first attended the Hungarian Parliament from 1832-36 as ^I (i.e., on behalf of an absent deputy). He was a full member from 1848-50 and ^ from 1861 until his death on 31 Jan 1915. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Longest UN speech T Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Longest UN speech 20 22 24 26 153078|2251 147230|2165 162802|2394 195502|5 139100|275 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Longest UN speech The longest speech made in the United Nations was one of 4 hr 29 min on 26 Sep 1960 by President Fidel Castro Ruz (b. 13 Aug 1927) of Cuba. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Oldest treaty T Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Oldest treaty 20 22 24 26 153146|2252 231618|3406 163006|2397 195502|6 236192|133 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Oldest treaty The oldest treaty still in force is the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty, which was signed in London, Great Britain over 619 years ago on 16 Jun 1373. The text was confirmed "with my usual flourish" by John de Banketre, Clerk. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Oldest constitution T \c8\D01\us10206z Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Oldest constitution 20 23 25 27 153214|2253 231550|3405 23266|342 162938|2396 23470|345 195502|7 236192|132 31240|1 -PCAP- (Left) George Washington addresses the Constitutional Convention of 1787. (Right) The world's oldest national constitution still in force is that of the United States of America, ratified by the necessary ninth state (New Hampshire) on 21 Jun 1788 ^ and declared to be in effect on 4 Mar 1789. (Photos: Zefa and Virginia Museum of Fine Arts) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Oldest constitution The world's oldest national constitution still in force is that of the United States of America, ratified by the necessary ninth state (New Hampshire) on 21 Jun 1788 and declared to be in effect on 4 Mar 1789. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Most coups T \c8\D02\3710206z Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Most coups 20 24 26 28 153282|2254 185718|2731 23334|343 162870|2395 195502|8 175106|327 31240|2 -PCAP- Statisticians contend that Bolivia, since it became a sovereign country in 1825, had its 191st coup on 30 June 1984 when President Hernan Siles Zuazo, 70, was kidnapped from his official residence by more than 60 armed men. In the July 1946 coup, ^ revolutionaries stormed the presidential palace in La Paz--shown here--seized President Villarroel, and threw him from the balcony into the street below. The country was named after Simon Bolivar (bottom right). Currently the President is Jaime ^ Paz Zamora (top right), who became President in August 1989 without the assistance of a coup. (Photo: Zefa/Gamma/ET Archives) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Most coups Statisticians contend that Bolivia, since it became a sovereign country in 1825, has had 191 coups, the latest on 30 Jun 1984, when President Hernan Siles Zuazo, age 70, was temporarily kidnapped from his official residence by more than 60 armed ^ men masquerading as police officers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parliaments: Woman's suffrage T \m\00000013 Human World|Legislatures---World|Parliaments|Woman's suffrage 20 22 24 26 153350|2255 13134|193 163142|2399 195502|9 13960|86 942|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- Suffragettes marched and protested to achieve voting rights for women. American women won voting rights with the passage of the 19th Amendment (26 August 1920). ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Parliaments: Woman's suffrage ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The earliest legislature with female voters was that of the Territory of Wyoming in 1869, followed by that of the Isle of Man, Great Britain in 1881. The earliest country to have universal woman's suffrage was New Zealand in ^ 1893. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In 1920 the 19th Amendment to the Constitution granted nationwide suffrage to women. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elections: Largest T \p8\D11\3710205 Human World|Legislatures---World|Elections|Largest 20 23 25 27 153418|2256 94530|1390 23402|344 72158|1061 196218|0 91334|181 31240|3 -PCAP- The largest elections in the world were those beginning on 20 May 1991 for the Indian Lok Sabha (Lower House). 315,439,908 people cast their votes in the 511 constituencies where the seats were being contested, out of an eligible electorate of ^ 488,678,993. The elections were contested by 359 parties, and there were nearly 565,000 polling stations manned by 3 million staff. (Photo: Gamma/Liaison) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Elections: Largest The largest elections in the world were those beginning on 20 May 1991 for the Indian ^I (Lower House), which has 543 elective seats. A total of 315,439,908 people cast their votes in the 511 constituencies where the seats were ^ being contested, out of an eligible electorate of 488,678,993. The elections were contested by 359 parties, and there were nearly 565,000 polling stations manned by 3 million staff. As a result of the election a new government was formed under ^ the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao of the Congress (I) Party. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elections: Closest T Human World|Legislatures---World|Elections|Closest 20 22 24 26 153486|2257 4362|64 72022|1059 196218|1 10628|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Elections: Closest The ultimate in close general elections occurred in Zanzibar (now part of Tanzania) on 18 Jan 1961, when the Afro-Shirazi Party won by a single seat, after the seat of Chake-Chake on Pemba Island had been gained by a single vote. ^<n The narrowest ^ recorded percentage win in an election would seem to be for the office of Southern District Highway Commissioner in Mississippi on 7 Aug 1979. Robert E. Joiner was declared the winner over W. H. Pyron, with 133,587 votes to 133,582. The loser ^ thus obtained more than 49.999 percent of the votes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elections: Most decisive T Human World|Legislatures---World|Elections|Most decisive 20 22 24 26 153554|2258 171438|2521 72430|1065 196218|2 175106|118 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Elections: Most decisive North Korea recorded a 100 percent turnout of electors and a 100 percent vote for the Workers' Party of Korea in the general election of 8 Oct 1962. The closest to a unanimous vote was in Albania on 14 Nov 1982, when a single voter spoiled national ^ unanimity for the official (and only) Communist candidates, who consequently obtained 99.99993 percent of the vote in a reported 100 percent turnout of 1,627,968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elections: Most crooked T Human World|Legislatures---World|Elections|Most crooked 20 22 24 26 153622|2259 171370|2520 72362|1064 196218|3 175106|117 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Elections: Most crooked In the Liberian presidential election of 1927, President Charles D.B. King (1875-1961) was returned with an officially announced majority of 234,000 over his opponent, Thomas J.R. Faulkner of the People's Party. President King thus claimed a ^ "majority" more than 15 1/2 times greater than the entire electorate. ^ -END- -CTRL- Elections: Highest personal majority T \p8\D11\3710206a Human World|Legislatures---World|Elections|Highest personal majority 20 22 24 26 153690|2260 65902|969 23470|345 72090|1060 196218|4 71062|48 31240|4 -PCAP- The highest ever personal majority by any politician has been 4,726,112 by Boris Yeltsin, the unofficial Moscow candidate, in the parliamentary elections held in the Soviet Union on 26 Mar 1989. (Photo: Gamma/Shone) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Elections: Highest personal majority The highest-ever personal majority for any politician was 4,726,112 by Boris Yeltsin, the unofficial Moscow candidate, in the parliamentary elections held in the former Soviet Union on 26 Mar 1989. Yeltsin received 5,118,745 votes out of the ^ 5,722,937 that were cast in the Moscow constituency, his closest rival obtaining 392,633 votes. In 1956 W.R.D. Bandaranaike achieved 91.82 percent of the vote, with 45,016 votes, in the Attanagalla constituency of Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). ^ -END- -CTRL- Elections: Largest communist parties T \p8\D11\3909181 Human World|Legislatures---World|Elections|Largest communist parties 20 24 26 28 153758|2261 94598|1391 23538|346 72226|1062 196218|5 91334|182 31240|5 -PCAP- The largest national communist party is the Chinese Communist Party, formed in 1920, with an estimated membership of 50,320,000 in 1991. This was some three times greater than that of the former USSR at the same time. In both countries, membership ^ in the youth branch of the party was widely encouraged. This photograph is of a Komsomol (youth party) card belonging to a 21-year-old Soviet woman. It was found lying in the streets of Berlin shortly after the breakup of her country. (Photo: ^ Image Select) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Elections: Largest communist parties The largest national communist party is the Chinese Communist Party, formed in 1920, with a membership estimated to be 50,320,000 in 1991. This was some three times more than that of the former USSR at the same time. The largest in a non-Communist ^ or non-Socialist country has been the Partito Communista Italiano, with 2,300,000 members in 1946. By 1990 its membership had declined to 1,320,000, and on 3 Feb 1991 it changed its name to Partito Democratico della Sinistra (Democratic Party of ^ the Left). ^ -END- -CTRL- Elections: Largest field of candidates T Human World|Legislatures---World|Elections|Largest field of candidates 20 22 24 26 153826|2262 94666|1392 72294|1063 196218|6 91334|183 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Elections: Largest field of candidates There were 301 candidates running to represent Belgaum City in the State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) elections in Karnataka, India held on 5 Mar 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prime Ministers: Longest-lived T \p8\D11\3804086a Human World|Legislatures---World|Prime Ministers|Longest-lived 20 23 25 27 153894|2263 158382|2329 23606|347 180278|2651 196724|0 169792|1 31240|6 -PCAP- The longest-lived prime minister of any country was Naruhiko Higashikuni, who was born on 3 Dec 1887 and died on 20 Jan 1990, aged 102 years 48 days. He was Japan's first prime minister after World War II, although he held office for less than two ^ months, resigning in October 1945. (Photo: Hulton Picture Company) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prime Ministers: Longest-lived The longest-lived prime minister of any country was Naruhiko Higashikuni (Japan), who was born on 3 Dec 1887 and died on 20 Jan 1990, at age 102 years 48 days. He was his country's first prime minister after World War II, but held office for less ^ than two months, resigning in October 1945. ^<n El Hadji Muhammad el Mokri, Grand Vizier of Morocco, died on 16 Sep 1957 at a reputed age of 116 Muslim ( ^I ) years, equivalent to 112 1/2 Gregorian years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prime Ministers: Oldest T \p8\D11\3804086b Human World|Legislatures---World|Prime Ministers|Oldest 20 22 24 26 153962|2264 232910|3425 23674|348 180346|2652 196724|1 236192|152 31240|7 -PCAP- The oldest age at which anyone has first taken office as prime minister is 81, in the case of Morarji Ranchhodji Desai of India (b. 29 Feb 1896) in March 1977. (Photo: Gamma/Lochon) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prime Ministers: Oldest The oldest age at first appointment was 81, in the case of Morarji Ranchhodji Desai of India (b. 29 Feb 1896) in March 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prime Ministers: Youngest T \p8\D11\3710207b Human World|Legislatures---World|Prime Ministers|Youngest 20 22 24 26 154030|2265 264530|3890 23742|349 180414|2653 196724|2 275964|54 31240|8 -PCAP- The youngest ever female head of government was Benazir Bhutto who became Prime Minister of Pakistan in December 1988 when aged 35 years 5 months. (Photo: Gamma/Brynner) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prime Ministers: Youngest Currently the youngest head of government is HM Druk Gyalpo ("Dragon King") Jigme Singye Wangchuk of Bhutan (b. 11 Nov 1955), who has been head of government since March 1972 when he was 16 years of age. ^<n ^<4 Woman ^>4 The youngest ever female ^ head of government was Benazir Bhutto, who became Prime Minister of Pakistan in December 1988 at the age of 35 years 5 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prime Ministers: Longest term of office T Human World|Legislatures---World|Prime Ministers|Longest term of office 20 22 24 26 154098|2266 148182|2179 180210|2650 196724|3 139100|289 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prime Ministers: Longest term of office The longest-serving prime minister of a sovereign state is currently Khalifa bin Sulman al-Khalifa (b. 3 Jul 1933) of Bahrain, who has held office since Bahrain became independent in August 1971. By then he had already been in office for 1 1/2 ^ years. The prime minister of the Bahamas, Sir Lynden Pindling (b. 22 Mar 1930), has been in office since January 1967, but the Bahamas only gained independence in July 1973. ^<n Marshall Kim Il Sung (ne Kim Sung Chu; b. 15 Apr 1912) has been head ^ of government or head of state of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea since 25 Aug 1948. ^<n Andrei Andreievich Gromyko (1909-89) had been Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR since 15 Feb 1957 (having been Deputy Foreign Minister since ^ 1946), when he was elected President of the USSR on 2 Jul 1985, a position he held until 30 Sep 1988. Piotr Lomako (1904-90) served in the government of the former USSR as Minister for Non-Ferrous Metallurgy from 1940-86. He was relieved of his ^ post on 1 Nov 1986 after 46 years at age 82, having served on the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) since 1952. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prime Ministers: First woman T \p8\D11\3710207a Human World|Legislatures---World|Prime Ministers|First woman 20 22 24 26 154166|2267 40334|593 23810|350 180142|2649 196724|4 40936|102 31240|9 -PCAP- Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike (b. 1916) of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) became the first woman prime minister when her party, the Sri Lanka (Blessed Ceylon) Freedom Party, won the general election in July 1960. (Photo: Gamma/Abbas) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prime Ministers: First woman Sirimavo Bandaranaike (b. 1916) of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) became the first woman prime minister of any country when her party, the Sri Lanka ("Blessed Ceylon") Freedom Party, won the general election in July 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judicial: Statutes T Human World|Judicial|General Records|Statutes 20 22 24 26 154234|2268 228694|3363 112414|1653 197736|0 236192|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judicial: Statutes ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The earliest surviving judicial code was that of King Ur Hammu during the third dynasty of Ur, Iraq, ^I 2250 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judicial: Most inexplicable legislation T Human World|Judicial|General Records|Most inexplicable legislation 20 22 24 26 154302|2269 178646|2627 112142|1649 197736|1 175106|224 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judicial: Most inexplicable legislation Certain pieces of legislation have always defied interpretation, and the most inexplicable must be a matter of opinion. A judge of the Court of Session of Scotland once sent the Editor his candidate for most confusingly worded law, which reads: ^ ^<I "In the Nuts (unground), (other than ground nuts) Order, the expression nuts shall have reference to such nuts, other than ground nuts, as would but for this amending Order not qualify as nuts (unground) (other than ground nuts) by reason of ^ their being nuts (unground)." ^>I ^ -END- -CTRL- Judicial: Most durable judge T Human World|Judicial|General Records|Most durable judge 20 22 24 26 154370|2270 178578|2626 112074|1648 197736|2 175106|223 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judicial: Most durable judge The oldest recorded active judge was Judge Albert R. Alexander (1859-1966) of Plattsburg, MO. He was the magistrate and probate judge of Clinton County until his retirement at the age of 105 years 8 months on 9 Jul 1965. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judicial: Narrowest election margin T Human World|Judicial|General Records|Narrowest election margin 20 22 24 26 154438|2271 221418|3256 112346|1652 197736|3 234938|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judicial: Narrowest election margin Judge Clarence Thomas was elected to the Supreme Court in 1991 by the narrowest margin ever recorded, 52 votes to 48. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judicial: Most lawyers T Human World|Judicial|General Records|Most lawyers 20 22 24 26 154506|2272 178782|2629 112278|1651 197736|4 175106|226 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judicial: Most lawyers In the United States, there was one lawyer for every 329 people in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judicial: Youngest judge T Human World|Judicial|General Records|Youngest judge 20 22 24 26 154574|2273 263714|3878 112482|1654 197736|5 275964|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judicial: Youngest judge No collated records on the ages of judicial appointments exist. However, David Elmer Ward had to await the legal age of 21 before taking office after nomination in 1932 as judge of the County Court in Fort Myers, FL. ^<n Muhammad Ilyas passed the ^ examination enabling him to become a civil judge in July 1952 at the age of 20 years 9 months, although formalities such as medicals meant that it was not until eight months later that he started work as a civil judge in Lahore, Pakistan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judicial: Most judges T Human World|Judicial|General Records|Most judges 20 22 24 26 154642|2274 178714|2628 112210|1650 197736|6 175106|225 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judicial: Most judges Lord Balmerino was found guilty of treason by 137 of his peers on 28 Jul 1746. In the 20th century, 24 judges of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France passed judgment in ^I v. ^I and ^I and ^I v. ^I ("the Spycatcher case") on 26 Nov 1991. The verdict was unanimous in favor of the newspapers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Most protracted T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Most protracted 20 22 24 26 154710|2275 179530|2640 120098|1766 198242|0 175106|237 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Most protracted The dispute over the claim of the Prior and Convent (now the Dean and Chapter) of Durham Cathedral in Great Britain to administer the diocese during a vacancy in the See grew fierce in 1283. It flared up again in 1672 and 1890; an attempt in ^ November 1975 to settle the issue, then 692 years old, was unsuccessful. Neither side admits the legitimacy of writs of appointment issued by the other even though identical persons are named. ^<n Gaddam Hanumantha Reddy, a civil servant, brought ^ a series of legal actions against the Hyderabad state government and the Indian government covering a total period of 44 years 9 months and 8 days from April 1945 through to January 1990. The litigation outlasted the entire period of his ^ employment in the Indian Administration Service. He complained that his results in the entrance examination for the Hyderabad Civil Service entitled him to greater seniority and higher pay. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Longest hearing T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Longest hearing 20 22 24 26 154778|2276 141246|2077 120030|1765 198242|1 139100|187 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Longest hearing The longest civil case heard before a jury is ^I v. ^I , which concerned an alleged toxic chemical spill in Sturgeon, MO in 1979. The trial started on 6 Feb 1984, at St Clair County Court House, Belleville, IL ^ before Circuit Judge Richard P. Goldenhersh, and ended on 22 Oct 1987. The testimony lasted 657 days, following which the jury deliberated for two months. The verdict was returned on 22 October when the plaintiffs secured sums of $1 nominal ^ compensatory damage and $16,250,000 punitive damage. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: $1 million award T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|$1 million award 20 22 24 26 154846|2277 119486|1757 198242|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: $1 million award Dr Mark Feldman, a chiropodist, of Lauderhill, FL became the first litigant in person to secure seven figures ($1 million) before a jury in compensatory and punitive damages, in September 1980. The case concerned conspiracy and fraud alleged ^ against six other doctors. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Greatest damages T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Greatest damages 20 22 24 26 154914|2278 49378|726 119622|1759 198242|3 52992|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Greatest damages ^<4 Personal injury ^>4 The greatest personal injury damages ever awarded were $78,183,000, to the model Marla Hanson, 26, on 29 Sep 1987. Her face was slashed with razors in Manhattan, New York City in June 1987. The award was uncontested and ^ included $4 million in punitive damages. The three men convicted and now serving 5-15 years have no assets, but Miss Hanson is entitled to 10 percent of their post-prison earnings. ^<n The greatest sum awarded in compensatory personal injury ^ damages was $65,086,000, awarded on 18 Jul 1986 to Mrs Agnes Mae Whitaker against the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation for medical malpractice. A misdiagnosis of food poisoning led to major surgery and severe disablement. ^<n The ^ compensation for the disaster on 2-3 Dec 1984 at the Union Carbide Corporation plant in Bhopal, India was set at $470 million. The Supreme Court of India passed the order for payment on 14 Feb 1989 after a settlement between the corporation and ^ the Indian government, which represented the interests of more than 500,000 claimants, including the families of 3,350 people who died. On 27 Mar 1992 the Bhopal Court put the death toll at more than 4,000, with 20,000 injured and the number of ^ claimants rising to 600,000. ^<n ^<4 Civil damages ^>4 The largest damages awarded in legal history were $11.12 billion to Pennzoil Company against Texaco Inc. concerning the latter's allegedly unethical tactics in January 1984 in attempting ^ to break up a merger between Pennzoil and Getty Oil Company. The verdict was handed down by Judge Solomon Casseb, Jr. in Houston, TX on 10 Dec 1985. An out-of-court settlement of $5.5 billion was reached after a 48-hour negotiation on 19 Dec ^ 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Largest libel award T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Largest libel award 20 22 24 26 154982|2279 103438|1521 119894|1763 198242|4 91334|312 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Largest libel award The largest amount awarded in a libel case is $58 million, to Vic Feazell, a former district attorney, on 20 Apr 1991 at Waco, TX. He claimed that he had been libeled by a Dallas-based television station and one of its reporters in 1985, and that ^ this had ruined his reputation. The parties reached a settlement on 29 Jun 1991, but neither side would disclose the amount. ^<n The U.S. Supreme Court on 4 Apr 1988 let stand a $3,050,000 libel award against CBS Inc., its Chicago station WBBM ^ and anchorman Walter Jacobsen. The damages awarded to Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. were the largest against a news media defendant in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Wrongful imprisonment T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Wrongful imprisonment 20 22 24 26 155050|2280 49446|727 120166|1767 198242|5 52992|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Wrongful imprisonment ^<4 Greatest compensation ^>4 Robert McLaughlin, 29, was awarded $1,935,000 in October 1989 for wrongful imprisonment as a result of a murder in New York City in 1979 which he did not commit. He had been sentenced to 15 years in prison and had ^ actually served six years, from 1980 to 1986, when he was released after his foster father succeeded in showing the authorities that he had had nothing to do with the crime. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Largest alimony suit T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Largest alimony suit 20 22 24 26 155118|2281 103302|1519 119758|1761 198242|6 91334|310 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Largest alimony suit Belgian-born Sheika Dena Al-Fassi, 23, filed the highest-ever alimony claim of $3 billion against her former husband, Sheik Mohammed Al-Fassi, 28, of the Saudi Arabian royal family, in Los Angeles, CA in February 1982. Attorney Marvin Mitchelson, ^ explaining the size of the settlement claim, alluded to the Sheik's wealth, which included 14 homes in Florida alone and numerous private aircraft. On 14 Jun 1983 the claimant was awarded $81 million and declared she would be "very very happy" if ^ she were able to collect. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Largest divorce settlement T \c8\D02\3909182z Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Largest divorce settlement 20 23 25 27 155186|2282 103370|1520 23878|351 119826|1762 17010|250 198242|7 91334|311 31956|0 -PCAP- The reported settlement achieved in 1982 by the lawyers of British-born Soraya Khashoggi after her divorce from her Saudi millionaire husband Adnan was 500 million pounds ($950 million) plus property. In the photograph right he is in the middle of ^ the shot. Soraya is with her son Omar in the picture at left. (Photos: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Largest divorce settlement The largest publicly declared settlement, achieved in 1982 by the lawyers for Soraya Khashoggi, was 500 million pounds ($950 million) plus property from her husband Adnan. Mrs Anne Bass, former wife of Sid Bass of Texas, was reported to have ^ rejected $535 million as inadequate to live in the style to which she had been made accustomed. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Best-attended trial T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Best-attended trial 20 22 24 26 155254|2283 418|6 119554|1758 198242|8 6246|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Best-attended trial The greatest attendance at any trial was at that of Major Jesus Sosa Blanco, age 51, for an alleged 108 murders. At one point in the 12 1/2-hr trial (5:30 P.M. to 6 A.M., 22-23 Jan 1959), 17,000 people were present in the Havana Sports Palace, ^ Cuba. He was executed on 18 Feb 1959. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Largest suit T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Largest suit 20 22 24 26 155322|2284 103506|1522 119962|1764 198242|9 91334|313 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Largest suit The highest amount of damages ever sought to date is $675 trillion (then equivalent to 10 times the US national wealth) in a suit by Mr I. Walton Bader brought in the US District Court, New York City on 14 Apr 1971 against General Motors and others ^ for polluting all 50 states. ^ -END- -CTRL- Litigation: Highest costs T Human World|Judicial|Litigation|Highest costs 20 22 24 26 155390|2285 68214|1003 119690|1760 198242|10 71062|82 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Litigation: Highest costs The Blue Arrow trial, involving the illegal support of the company's shares during a rights issue in 1987, is estimated to have cost approximately 35 million pounds ( ^I $60 million). The trial at the Old Bailey, London, Great Britain, ^ lasted a year and ended on 14 Feb 1992 with four of the defendants being convicted. They were subsequently given suspended prison sentences. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The McMartin Pre-school case in Los Angeles, CA is estimated to have cost ^ $15 million. The trial, concerning the alleged abuse of children at the school in Manhattan Beach, CA, had begun with jury selection on 20 Apr 1987 and resulted in the acquittal on 18 Jan 1990 of the two defendants on 52 counts of child ^ molestation and conspiracy. ^ -END- -CTRL- Probate and Property: Wills T Human World|Judicial|Probate and Property|Wills 20 22 24 26 155458|2286 148522|2184 181502|2669 2662|39 199028|0 139100|294 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Probate and Property: Wills ^<4 Shortest ^>4 The shortest valid will in the world consists of the words "Vse zene," the Czech for "All to wife," written and dated 19 Jan 1967 by Herr Karl Tausch of Langen, Germany. President Calvin Coolidge, who was known for his taciturn ^ nature, left a will of 23 words: "Not unmindful of my son John, I give all my estate both real and person to my wife, Grace Coolidge, in fee simple." ^<n ^<4 Longest ^>4 The longest will on record was that of Mrs Frederica Evelyn Stilwell Cook ^ (b. USA), proved in London, Great Britain on 2 Nov 1925. It consisted of four bound volumes containing 95,940 words, primarily concerning some $100,000 worth of property. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest written will dates from 2061 B.C. and is ^ that of Nek'ure, the son of the Egyptian pharaoh Khafre. The will was carved onto the walls of his tomb, and indicated that he would bequeath 14 towns, 2 estates and other property to his wife, another woman and three children. ^<n ^<4 Codicils ^ ^>4 The largest number of codicils (supplements modifying the details) to a will admitted to probate is 21, in the case of the will of J. Paul Getty. The will was dated 22 Sep 1958 and it had 21 codicils dating from 18 Jun 1960 through 11 Mar ^ 1976. Getty died on 6 Jun 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Probate and Property: Longest lease T Human World|Judicial|Probate and Property|Longest lease 20 22 24 26 155526|2287 148454|2183 181434|2668 199028|1 139100|293 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Probate and Property: Longest lease There is a lease concerning a plot for a sewage tank adjoining Columb Barracks, Mullingar, Ireland, which was signed on 3 Dec 1868 for 10 million years. It is to be assumed that a future civil servant will bring up the matter for review early in ^ A.D. 10,001,868. Leases in Ireland lasting "forever" are quite common. ^ -END- -CTRL- Patent law: Most patents T Human World|Judicial|Patent law|Most patents 20 22 24 26 155594|2288 185786|2732 163414|2403 199184|0 175106|328 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Patent law: Most patents Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) has had the most patents, with 1,093 either on his own or jointly. They included the microphone, the motion-picture projector and the incandescent electic lamp. ^ -END- -CTRL- Patent law: Infringement T \p8\D11\3804090 Human World|Judicial|Patent law|Infringement 20 23 25 27 155662|2289 23946|352 163346|2402 199184|1 31956|1 -PCAP- Polaroid Corporation was awarded a record $909.5 million in Boston, MA on 12 Oct 1990 in a suit involving Eastman Kodak Co. for infringing patents for instant photography cameras and films. The picture shows Edwin Land, the founder of Polaroid, in ^ his laboratory in Cambridge, MA in 1947. (Photo: Gamma/Liaison) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Patent law: Infringement Polaroid Corporation was awarded $909.5 million in Boston, MA on 12 Oct 1990 in a suit involving Eastman Kodak Company for infringing patents on instant photography cameras and films. Polaroid had filed suit in 1976, claiming that Kodak had ^ infringed patents used in Polaroid's 1972 SX-70 system. Both companies filed appeals and eventually it was agreed that Kodak would pay $925 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Largest criminal organizations T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Largest criminal organizations 20 22 24 26 155730|2290 91470|1345 56246|827 199340|0 91334|136 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Largest criminal organizations In terms of profit, the largest syndicate in organized crime is the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra. The Mafia consists of some 3,000 to 5,000 individuals in 25 "families" federated under "The Commission," with an annual turnover in vice, gambling, ^ protection rackets, tobacco, bootlegging, hijacking, narcotics, loan-sharking and prostitution that was estimated by ^I in Dec 1982 at $200 billion, and a profit estimated in Mar 1986 by US District Attorney Rudolph ^ Giuliani at $75 billion. Its origin in the United States dates from 1869 in New Orleans, LA. ^<n In terms of numbers, the Yamaguchi-gumi gang of the ^I in Japan is the largest, with 30,000 members. There are some 90,000 ^I or gangsters altogether, in more than 3,000 groups. They go about their business openly and even advertise for new recruits. On 1 Mar 1992 Japan instituted new laws to combat their activities, which include drug trafficking, smuggling, ^ prostitution and gambling. ^<n There are believed to be more than 250,000 triad members worldwide, but they are fragmented into many groups which often fight each other, competing for crime territories in certain areas. Hong Kong alone has some ^ 100,000 triads. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Assassinations T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Assassinations 20 22 24 26 155798|2291 170078|2501 55770|820 199340|1 175106|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Assassinations The most frequently assassinated heads of state in modern times have been the Tsars of Russia. In the two hundred years from 1718 to 1918 four Tsars and two heirs apparent were assassinated, and there were many other unsuccessful attempts. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Most prolific murderers T \p8\D11\3909183 Human World|Judicial|Crime|Most prolific murderers 20 23 25 27 155866|2292 202854|2983 24014|353 56654|833 6606|97 199340|2 215538|3 31956|2 -PCAP- Countess Erzsebet Bathory of Hungary is believed to have tortured and murdered a total of 610 people. At her trial, which began on 2 Jan 1611, a witness testified to seeing a list of Countess Bathory's victims in her own handwriting totaling this ^ number. All were alleged to have been young girls from near her castle at Csejthe, Hungary. Although sentenced to death, she was not executed, but condemned to perpetual imprisonment. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Most prolific murderers It was established at the trial of Behram, the Indian Thug, that he had strangled at least 931 victims with his yellow and white cloth strip or ^I in the Oudh district between 1790 and 1840. It has been estimated that at least 2 ^ million Indians were strangled by Thugs ( ^I ) during the reign of the Thugee (pronounced tugee) cult from 1550 until its final suppression by the British raj in 1853. ^<n The greatest number of victims ascribed to a murderess was ^ 610, in the case of Countess Erzsebet Bathory (1560-1614) of Hungary. At her trial, which began on 2 Jan 1611, a witness testified to seeing a list of her victims in her own handwriting totaling this number. All were alleged to be young girls ^ from near her castle at Csejthe, where she died on 21 Aug 1614. She had been walled up in her room for 3 1/2 years after being found guilty. ^<n ^<4 Twentieth century ^>4 A total of 592 deaths was attributed to one Colombian bandit leader, ^ Teofilo ("Sparks") Rojas, between 1948 and his death in an ambush near Armenia, Colombia on 22 Jan 1963. Some sources attribute 3,500 slayings to him during ^I of 1945-62. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The greatest mass murder ^ committed in the United States was the New York Social Club fire, which resulted in the deaths of 87 individuals. The fire was set by Julio Gonzalez, a 36-year-old Cuban immigrant, on 25 Mar 1990 at an illegal social club, The Happy Land, in ^ revenge for being thrown out of the club after an argument with a former girlfriend, Lydia Feliciano, who worked at the club. Ms Feliciano was one of six survivors. ^<n In a drunken rampage lasting eight hours on 26-27 Apr 1982, policeman Wou ^ Bom-Kon, 27, killed 57 people and wounded 35 with 176 rounds of rifle ammunition and hand grenades in the Kyong Sang-Namdo province of South Korea. He then blew himself up with a grenade. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Lynching T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Lynching 20 22 24 26 155934|2293 126150|1855 56450|830 199340|3 136306|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Lynching The worst year in the 20th century for lynchings in the United States was 1901, with 130 lynchings, of which 125 were of blacks and 5 were of whites. The first year with no reported cases was 1952. The year in which lynchings were last reported was ^ on June 21, 1964, in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Three men, 2 white (Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman), and 1 black (James Chaney), were lynched in the Neshoba County town. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Mass poisoning T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Mass poisoning 20 22 24 26 156002|2294 91674|1348 56586|832 199340|4 91334|139 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Mass poisoning On 1 May 1981 the first of more than 600 victims of the Spanish cooking oil scandal died. On 12 June it was discovered that the cause of this 8-year-old boy's death was the use of "denatured" industrial oil from rapeseed. The trial of 38 ^ defendants, including the manufacturers, Ramon and Elias Ferrero, lasted from 30 Mar 1987 to 28 Jun 1988. The 586 counts on which the prosecution demanded jail sentences totaled 60,000 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Greatest robberies T \c8\D02\3710217z Human World|Judicial|Crime|Greatest robberies 20 23 25 27 156070|2295 47338|696 24082|354 56178|826 14018|206 199340|5 52992|33 31956|3 -PCAP- On 24 Dec 1985, 140 "priceless" gold, jade and obsidian artifacts were stolen from the National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City, Mexico, including this mask and this gold and turquoise pendant. The majority of the stolen objects were recovered ^ in June 1989 from the home of a man described by officials as the mastermind of the theft. (Photos: Otis Imboden) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Greatest robberies The greatest robbery on record was that of the Reichsbank following Germany's collapse in April-May 1945. The Pentagon in Washington described the event, first mentioned in ^I in 1957, as "an unverified ^ allegation." The book ^I by Ian Sayer and Douglas Botting, published in 1984, however, finally revealed full details and estimated the total haul at what were then current values as 2.5 billion pounds ($3.75 billion). ^<n The ^ government of the Philippines announced on 23 Apr 1986 that it had succeeded in identifying $860.8 million salted away by former President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos (1917-89) and his wife Imelda. The total since November 1965 was believed to be ^ $5-$10 billion. ^<n Treasury bills and certificates of deposit worth 292 million pounds ($484.72 million) were stolen when a mugger attacked a money-broker's messenger in the financial sector of London, Great Britain on 2 May 1990. Because ^ details of the documents stolen were quickly flashed on market dealing screens and given to central banks worldwide, the chances of anyone being able to benefit from the theft were considered to be very remote. ^<n ^<4 Art ^>4 It is arguable ^ that the ^I , though never valued, is the most valuable object ever stolen. It disappeared from the Louvre, Paris, France on 21 Aug 1911. It was recovered in Italy in 1913, when Vincenzo Perugia was charged with its theft. ^<n On ^ 14 Apr 1991 twenty paintings, estimated to be worth $500 million, were stolen from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, Netherlands. However, only 35 min later they were found in an abandoned car not far from the museum. Just over a year earlier, on ^ 18 Mar 1990, 11 paintings by Rembrandt, Vermeer, Degas, Manet and Flinck, plus a Chinese bronze beaker (also known as a ^I ) of about 1200 B.C., worth in total an estimated $200 million, were stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner ^ Museum in Boston, MA. Unlike the Van Gogh paintings, these have not been recovered. Three corporations (Citibank, Chase Manhattan, and Chubb Corp.) have joined Christie's and Sotheby's in pledging a $1 million reward for any information that ^ would lead to their recovery. ^<n On 24 Dec 1985, 140 priceless gold, jade and obsidian artifacts were stolen from the National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. The majority of the stolen objects were recovered in June 1989 from the Mexico ^ City home of a man described by officials as the mastermind of the theft. ^<n ^<4 Bank ^>4 During the extreme civil disorder prior to 22 Jan 1976 in Beirut, Lebanon, a guerrilla force blasted the vaults of the British Bank of the Middle East ^ in Bab Idriss and cleared out safe deposit boxes with contents valued by former Finance Minister Lucien Dahdah at $50 million and by another source at an "absolute minimum" of $20 million. ^<n ^<4 Train ^>4 The greatest recorded train robbery ^ occurred between 3:03 A.M. and 3:27 A.M. on 8 Aug 1963, when a General Post Office mail train from Glasgow, Great Britain was ambushed at Sears Crossing and robbed at Bridego Bridge near MentmoreGreat Britain. The gang escaped with about 120 mailba ^ ilbags containing 2,631,784 pounds ($7.41 million) worth of banknotes being taken to London for destruction. Only 343,448 pounds ($961,654) was recovered. ^<n ^<4 Jewels ^>4 The greatest recorded theft of jewels was from the bedroom of the ^ "well-guarded" villa of Prince Abdel Aziz bin Ahmed Al-Thani near Cannes, France on 24 Jul 1980. The jewels were valued at $16 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Greatest kidnapping ransom T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Greatest kidnapping ransom 20 22 24 26 156138|2296 47270|695 56110|825 199340|6 52992|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Greatest kidnapping ransom Historically the greatest ransom paid was that for Atahualpa by the Incas to Francisco Pizarro in 1532-33 at Cajamarca, Peru, which constituted a hall full of gold and silver, worth some $170 million on today's market. ^<n The greatest ransom ever ^ reported in modern times was 1,500 million pesos ($60 million) for the release of the brothers Jorge Born, 40, and Juan Born, 39, of the firm Bunge and Born, paid to the left-wing urban guerrilla group Montoneros in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 20 ^ Jun 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Greatest hijack ransom T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Greatest hijack ransom 20 22 24 26 156206|2297 47202|694 56042|824 199340|7 52992|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Greatest hijack ransom The highest amount ever paid to aircraft hijackers was $6 million, by the Japanese government, in the case of a JAL DC-8 at Dacca Airport, Bangladesh on 2 Oct 1977, with 38 hostages. Six convicted criminals were also exchanged. The Bangladesh ^ government had refused to sanction any retaliatory action. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Largest narcotics haul T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Largest narcotics haul 20 22 24 26 156274|2298 91538|1346 56314|828 199340|8 91334|137 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Largest narcotics haul The greatest haul in a drug seizure was on 28 Sep 1989, when cocaine with an estimated street value of $6-7 billion was seized in a raid on a warehouse in Los Angeles, CA. The haul of 22 tons was prompted by a tip-off from a local resident who had ^ complained about heavy truck traffic and people leaving the warehouse "at odd hours and in a suspicious manner." ^<n The greatest haul in terms of weight was by the authorities in Bilo, Pakistan on 23 Oct 1991. The seizure comprised 85,846 lb of ^ hashish and 7,128 lb of heroin. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Largest narcotics operation T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Largest narcotics operation 20 22 24 26 156342|2299 91606|1347 56382|829 199340|9 91334|138 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Largest narcotics operation The bulkiest haul was 3,200 tons of Colombian marijuana in the 14-month-long "Operation Tiburon," carried out by the Drug Enforcement Administration. The arrest of 495 people and the seizure of 95 vessels was announced on 5 Feb 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Greatest bank note forgery T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Greatest bank note forgery 20 22 24 26 156410|2300 47134|693 55974|823 199340|10 52992|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Greatest bank note forgery The greatest forgery was the German Third Reich's forging operation, code name "Bernhard," engineered by SS Sturmbannfuhrer Alfred Naujocks of the Technical Dept of the German Secret Service Amt VI F in Berlin in 1940-41. It involved 150 million ^ pounds worth ($604.5 million) of 5 pound notes (worth $20.15). ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Biggest bank fraud T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Biggest bank fraud 20 22 24 26 156478|2301 1506|22 55838|821 199340|11 7328|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Biggest bank fraud The Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Italy's leading bank, admitted on 6 Sep 1989 that it had been defrauded of an estimated $3 billion, with the disclosure that its branch in Atlanta, GA had made unauthorized loan commitments to Iraq. Both the bank's ^ chairman, Nerio Nesi, and its director general, Giacomo Pedde, resigned following the revelation. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Computer fraud T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Computer fraud 20 22 24 26 156546|2302 1574|23 55906|822 4022|59 199340|12 7328|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Computer fraud Between 1964 and 1973, 64,000 fake insurance policies were created on the computer of the Equity Funding Corporation in the United States, involving $2 billion. ^<n Stanley Mark Rifkin (b. 1946) was arrested in Carlsbad, CA by the FBI on 6 Nov 1978 ^ and charged with defrauding a Los Angeles bank of $10.2 million by manipulation of a computer system. He was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment in June 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Crime: Maritime fraud T Human World|Judicial|Crime|Maritime fraud 20 22 24 26 156614|2303 1642|24 56518|831 199340|13 7328|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Crime: Maritime fraud A cargo of 198,414 tons of Kuwaiti crude oil on the supertanker ^I at Durban was sold without title to the South African government in December 1979. The ship mysteriously sank off Senegal on 17 Jan 1980, leaving the government to pay ^ 148 million pounds ($318.2 million) to Shell International, which owned the shipment. ^ -END- -CTRL- Capital Punishment: Countries enforcing T Human World|Judicial|Capital Punishment|Countries enforcing 20 22 24 26 156682|2304 39722|584 200336|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Capital Punishment: Countries enforcing The countries in which capital punishment is still ^I include China, South Africa, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, United States (36 states) and some independent countries which were until recently in the USSR. Capital ^ punishment was first abolished ^I in 1798 in Liechtenstein. ^<n To 22 May 1992, 176 people have been put to death in the United States since the Supreme Court permitted states to restore the death penalty. Executions have been ^ permitted in 20 states; Texas has executed 50 men, the most of any state. ^ -END- -CTRL- Capital Punishment: Earliest T Human World|Judicial|Capital Punishment|Earliest 20 22 24 26 156750|2305 8578|126 39790|585 200336|1 13960|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Capital Punishment: Earliest The discovery of Tollund man (found with a leather noose around his neck) in a bog near Silkeborg, Denmark in 1950 showed that capital punishment dates at least from the Iron Age. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The earliest recorded execution among ^ white settlers in the United States was that of John Billington for murder at Plymouth, MA on 30 Sep 1630. The earliest judicial electrocution was of William Kemmler at Auburn Prison, NY, on 6 Aug 1890, for the murder of Matilda Zeigler 495 days ^ before. ^ -END- -CTRL- Capital Punishment: Largest hanging T Human World|Judicial|Capital Punishment|Largest hanging 20 22 24 26 156818|2306 87254|1283 39858|586 200336|2 91334|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Capital Punishment: Largest hanging The most people hanged from one gallows were 38 Sioux Indians by William J. Duly outside Mankato, MN on 26 Dec 1862 for the murder of unarmed citizens. Approximately 300 Indians were captured and taken prisoner by the U.S. Army. Of these, 39 were ^ sentenced to death, but one individual turned state's evidence, and for that his sentence was commuted by President Lincoln to a term of ten years. The remaining prisoners were set free from federal prison in 1866. ^<n The Nazi Feldkommandant ^ simultaneously hanged 50 Greek resistance fighters as a reprisal measure in Athens, Greece on 22 Jul 1944. ^ -END- -CTRL- Capital Punishment: Last public hangings T Human World|Judicial|Capital Punishment|Last public hangings 20 22 24 26 156886|2307 126014|1853 40062|589 200336|3 136306|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Capital Punishment: Last public hangings The last public hanging in the United States occurred at Owensboro, KY on 14 August 1936, when Rainey Bethea, a black man convicted of the rape and murder of an elderly white woman, was hung in a field by the banks of the Ohio River. He was ^ executed in the presence of a crowd of between 10,000 and 15,000, including young children. The following year a "private" hanging was performed, which was actually witnessed by some 500 people although the number of official witnesses was ^ limited to just 12--Roscoe "Red" Jackson was hung on 21 May 1937 at Galena, MO. ^ -END- -CTRL- Capital Punishment: Last from yardarm T Human World|Judicial|Capital Punishment|Last from yardarm 20 22 24 26 156954|2308 125878|1851 39926|587 200336|4 136306|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Capital Punishment: Last from yardarm The last naval execution at the yardarm was the hanging of Private John Dalliger, Royal Marines, aboard HMS ^I in Victoria Bay near Luda, China, on 13 Jul 1860. Dalliger had been found guilty of two attempted murders. ^ -END- -CTRL- Capital Punishment: Last guillotinings T Human World|Judicial|Capital Punishment|Last guillotinings 20 22 24 26 157022|2309 125946|1852 39994|588 200336|5 136306|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Capital Punishment: Last guillotinings The last person to be publicly guillotined in France was the murderer Eugen Weidmann, before a large crowd at Versailles, near Paris, France at 4:50 A.M. on 17 Jun 1939. Dr Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738-1814) died a natural death. He had advocated ^ the use of the machine designed by Dr Antoine Louis in 1789 in the French constituent assembly. ^<n The last use before abolition on 9 Sep 1981 was on 10 Sep 1977 at Baumettes Prison, Marseilles, for torturer and murderer Hamida Djandoubi, age ^ 28. ^ -END- -CTRL- Capital Punishment: Longest on death row T Human World|Judicial|Capital Punishment|Longest on death row 20 22 24 26 157090|2310 132950|1955 40130|590 200336|6 139100|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Capital Punishment: Longest on death row The longest sojourn on death row was the 39 years of Sadamichi Hirasawa (1893-1987) in Sendai Jail, Japan. He was convicted in 1948 of poisoning 12 bank employees with potassium cyanide to effect a theft of $403, and died in prison at the age of ^ 94. ^<n On 31 Oct 1987 Liong Wie Tong, 52, and Tan Tian Tjoen, 62, were executed for robbery and murder by firing squad in Jakarta, Indonesia after 25 years on death row. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Howard Virgil Lee Douglas spent 17 1/2 years ^ on death row, more than any other person in American penal history. On 15 May 1991 he was resentenced to life in prison. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prison Sentences: Longest sentences T Human World|Judicial|Prison Sentences|Longest sentences 20 22 24 26 157158|2311 148250|2180 180890|2660 200842|0 139100|290 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prison Sentences: Longest sentences Chamoy Thipyaso, a Thai woman known as the queen of underground investing, and seven of her associates were each sentenced to serve 141,078 years in jail by the Bangkok Criminal Court, Thailand on 27 Jul 1989 for swindling the public through a ^ multimillion-dollar deposit-taking business. ^<n For failing to deliver 42,768 letters, a sentence of 384,912 years, or nine years per letter, was demanded at the prosecution of mailman Gabriel Mar Grandos, 22, at Palma de Mallorca, Spain on 11 ^ Mar 1972. ^<n The longest sentence imposed on a mass murderer was 21 consecutive life sentences and 12 death sentences in the case of John Wayne Gacy Jr., who killed 33 boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Illinois. He was sentenced by a ^ jury in Chicago, IL on 13 Mar 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prison Sentences: Longest time served T Human World|Judicial|Prison Sentences|Longest time served 20 22 24 26 157226|2312 148318|2181 180958|2661 200842|1 139100|291 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prison Sentences: Longest time served Paul Geidel (1894-1987) was convicted of second-degree murder on 5 Sep 1911 when he was a 17-year-old porter in a hotel in New York. He was released from the Fishkill Correctional Facility, Beacon, NY at the age of 85 on 7 May 1980, having served ^ 68 years, 8 months and 2 days--the longest recorded term in US history. He first refused parole in 1974. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prison Sentences: Oldest T Human World|Judicial|Prison Sentences|Oldest 20 22 24 26 157294|2313 232978|3426 181094|2663 200842|2 236192|153 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prison Sentences: Oldest Bill Wallace (1881-1989) was the oldest prisoner on record, spending the last 63 years of his life in Aradale Psychiatric Hospital, at Ararat, Victoria, Australia. He had shot and killed a man at a restaurant in Melbourne, Victoria in December ^ 1925, and having been found unfit to plead, was transferred to the responsibility of the Mental Health Department in February 1926. He remained at Aradale until his death on 17 Jul 1989, shortly before his 108th birthday. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prison Sentences: Most arrests T Human World|Judicial|Prison Sentences|Most arrests 20 22 24 26 157362|2314 188234|2768 181026|2662 200842|3 175106|364 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prison Sentences: Most arrests A record for arrests was set by Tommy Johns (1922-88) in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia on 9 Sep 1982 when he faced his 2,000th conviction for drunkenness since 1957. His total at the time of his last drink on 30 Apr 1988 was "nearly 3,000." ^ -END- -CTRL- Prison Sentences: Greatest mass arrest T Human World|Judicial|Prison Sentences|Greatest mass arrest 20 22 24 26 157430|2315 51010|750 180822|2659 200842|4 52992|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prison Sentences: Greatest mass arrest The greatest mass arrest reported in a democratic country was of 15,617 demonstrators on 11 Jul 1988, rounded up by South Korean police to ensure security in advance of the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fines: Heaviest T Human World|Judicial|Fines|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 157498|2316 58898|866 82698|1216 201208|0 65726|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fines: Heaviest The largest fine ever was one of $650 million, which was imposed on the US securities firm of Drexel Burnham Lambert in December 1988 for insider trading. This figure represented $300 million in direct fines, with the balance to be put into an ^ account to satisfy claims of parties who could prove they were defrauded by Drexel's actions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fines: Heaviest for an individual T \p8\D11\3909185 Human World|Judicial|Fines|Heaviest for an individual 20 23 25 27 157566|2317 58966|867 24150|355 82766|1217 21090|310 201208|1 65726|23 31956|4 -PCAP- The record fine imposed on an individual is $200 million, which Michael Milken, the "junk bond king," agreed to pay on 24 Apr 1990. In addition, he agreed to settle civil charges filed by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The payments were in ^ settlement of a criminal racketeering and securities fraud suit brought by the US government. He was later given a ten-year prison term, and is seen in this photograph with his wife following the announcement of his sentence. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fines: Heaviest for an individual The record fine for an individual is $200 million, which Michael Milken (see also Business World, Highest salary) agreed to pay on 24 Apr 1990. In addition, he agreed to settle civil charges filed by the Securities and Exchange Commission and is ^ now serving a 10-year prison sentence. The payments were in settlement of a criminal racketeering and securities fraud suit brought by the US government. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prisons: Most secure T Human World|Judicial|Prisons|Most secure 20 22 24 26 157634|2318 188302|2769 181366|2667 201364|0 175106|365 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prisons: Most secure After it became a maximum security federal prison in 1934, no convict was known to have lived to tell of a successful escape from the prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, CA. A total of 23 men attempted it, but 12 were recaptured, five ^ were shot dead, one drowned and five were presumed drowned. On 16 Dec 1962, just before the prison was closed on 21 Mar 1963, one man reached the mainland alive, only to be recaptured on the spot. John Chase held the record for the longest time ^ spent in Alcatraz, 26 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prisons: Most expensive T \p8\D11\3710219 Human World|Judicial|Prisons|Most expensive 20 23 25 27 157702|2319 197890|2910 24218|356 181298|2666 201364|1 208038|36 31956|5 -PCAP- Spandau Prison, Berlin was originally built in 1887 for 600 prisoners, but for the 20 years preceding his death, the Nazi war criminal Rudolf Hess (b. 26 Apr 1894, d. 17 Aug 1987) was the sole inmate. In 1976 the cost of maintenance of the staff of ^ 105 was estimated at $415,000 per annum. The prison was demolished in October 1987. (Photo: Gamma Press) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prisons: Most expensive Spandau Prison, Berlin, originally built in 1887 for 600 prisoners, was used solely for the Nazi war criminal Rudolf Hess (26 Apr 1894-17 Aug 1987) for the last twenty years of his life. The cost of maintenance of the staff of 105 was estimated in ^ 1976 to be $415,000 per year. On 19 Aug 1987 it was announced that Hess had strangled himself with a piece of electric cord and that he had left a note in old German script. Two months after his death, the prison was demolished. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prisons: Longest escape T Human World|Judicial|Prisons|Longest escape 20 22 24 26 157770|2320 148386|2182 181230|2665 201364|2 139100|292 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prisons: Longest escape The longest recorded escape by a recaptured prisoner was that of Leonard T. Fristoe, 77, who escaped from Nevada State Prison on 15 Dec 1923 and was turned in by his son on 15 Nov 1969 at Compton, CA. He had had 46 years of freedom under the name ^ of Claude R. Willis. He had killed two sheriff's deputies in 1920. ^ -END- -CTRL- Prisons: Greatest jail breaks T Human World|Judicial|Prisons|Greatest jail breaks 20 22 24 26 157838|2321 51078|751 181162|2664 201364|3 52992|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Prisons: Greatest jail breaks In February 1979 a retired US Army colonel, Arthur Bull Simons, led a band of 14 to break into Gasre Prison, Tehran, Iran to rescue two fellow Americans. Some 11,000 other prisoners took advantage of this and the Islamic revolution in what became ^ history's largest-ever jailbreak. It was arranged by H. Ross Perot, the employer of the two Americans. ^<n In September 1971, Raul Sendic and 105 other Tupamaro guerrillas, plus five nonpolitical prisoners, escaped from a Uruguayan prison through ^ a tunnel 298 ft long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Honors and Awards: Oldest order T Human World|Honors and Awards|General Records|Oldest order 20 22 24 26 157906|2322 228218|3356 104254|1533 201746|0 236192|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Honors and Awards: Oldest order The earliest honor known was the "Gold of Honor" for extraordinary valor awarded in the 18th Dynasty ^I 1440-1400 B.C. A statuette was found at Qan-el-Kebri, Egypt. The oldest true order was the Order of St John of Jerusalem (the direct ^ descendant of which is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta), legitimized in 1113. ^ -END- -CTRL- Honors and Awards: Youngest awardee T Human World|Honors and Awards|General Records|Youngest awardee 20 22 24 26 157974|2323 263646|3877 104322|1534 201746|1 275964|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Honors and Awards: Youngest awardee The youngest age at which an official gallantry award has ever been won is eight years in the case of Anthony Farrer, who was given the Albert Medal on 23 Sep 1916 for fighting off a cougar at Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island, Canada to save Doreen ^ Ashburnham. She was also awarded the Albert Medal, which, in 1974, was exchanged for the George Cross. ^ -END- -CTRL- Honors and Awards: Most valuable T Human World|Honors and Awards|General Records|Most valuable 20 22 24 26 158042|2324 213938|3146 104118|1531 201746|2 226156|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Honors and Awards: Most valuable The value of each of the 1992 Nobel Prizes (see Nobel Prizes) was Sw Kr 6.5 million, which at the time of publication was equivalent to approximately $969,000. The ceremonial presentations for the annual prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or ^ medicine, literature, and economics take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and the presentations for peace take place in Oslo, Norway. ^ -END- -CTRL- Honors and Awards: Most statues T \c8\D02\3710209z Human World|Honors and Awards|General Records|Most statues 20 22 24 26 158110|2325 177762|2614 24286|357 103982|1529 201746|3 175106|211 32392|0 -PCAP- The man to whom most statues have been raised is Buddha. These three statues are at Pagan, in Myanmar (formerly Burma), Sukhothai, in Thailand, and Anuradhapura, in Sri Lanka. (Photos: Picture Point and Spectrum Colour Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Honors and Awards: Most statues The world record for raising statues to oneself was set by Generalissimo Dr Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina (1891-1961), former president of the Dominican Republic. In March 1960 a count showed that there were "over 2,000." The country's highest ^ mountain was named Pico Trujillo (later Pico Duarte). One province was called Trujillo and another Trujillo Valdez. The capital was named Ciudad Trujillo (Trujillo City) in 1936, but reverted to its old name of Santo Domingo de Guzman on 23 Nov ^ 1961. Trujillo was assassinated in an automobile ambush on 30 May 1961, and 30 May is now celebrated as a public holiday. ^<n The man to whom the most statues have been raised is Buddha. The 20th-century champion is Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, alias ^ Lenin (1870-1924), busts of whom have been mass-produced. This also has been the case with Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-Tung) (1893-1976); and with Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969). ^ -END- -CTRL- Honors and Awards: Nobel Prizes T \c8\D02\3710210z Human World|Honors and Awards|General Records|Nobel Prizes 20 23 25 27 158178|2326 10618|156 24354|358 104186|1532 201746|4 13960|49 32392|1 -PCAP- Although the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva has won Nobel prizes on three occasions, the greatest number of prizes won by an individual is two, by four people. (Left) Dr. Linus Carl Pauling won the Chemistry prize in 1954 and ^ the Peace prize in 1962. (Right) Mme. Marja Sklodowska Curie shared the Physics prize in 1903 with her husband and a third person, and won the Chemistry prize outright in 1911. (Photos: Science Photo Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Honors and Awards: Nobel Prizes ^<4 Earliest ^>4 1901 for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. ^<n ^<4 Most Prizes ^>4 The United States has won outright or shared 206 prizes, including most for Physiology or Medicine (69); Physics (55); ^ Chemistry (36), Peace (18); Economics (18). France has most for Literature (12). ^<n ^<4 Oldest Laureate ^>4 Professor Francis Peyton Rous (USA; 1879--1970) in 1966 shared in Physiology or Medicine prize at the age of 87. ^<n ^<4 Youngest ^ Laureates ^>4 At time of award: Professor Sir Lawrence Bragg (Great Britain; 1890--1971) 1915 Physics prize at 25. At time of work: Bragg, and Theodore W. Richards (USA; 1868--1928) 1914 Chemistry prize at 23. Literature: Rudyard Kipling (Great ^ Britain; 1865--1936) 1907 prize at 41. Peace: Mrs Mairead Corrigan-Maguire (Republic of Ireland; b. 27 Jan 1944) 1976 prize (shared) at 32. ^<n ^<4 Most ^>4 3 Awards: International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva (founded 1863) Peace 1917, ^ 1944 and 1963 (shared); 2 Awards: Dr Linus Carl Pauling (USA; b. 28 Feb 1901) Chemistry 1954 and Peace 1962; Mme Marja Sklodowska Curie (Polish-French; 1867--1934) Physics 1903 (shared) and Chemistry 1911; Professor John Bardeen (USA; 1908--91) ^ Physics 1956 (shared) and 1972 (shared); Professor Frederick Sanger (b. 13 Aug 1918) Chemistry 1958 and 1980 (shared); Office of the United Nations' High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva (founded 1951) Peace 1954 and 1981. ^<n ^<4 Highest Prize ^ ^>4 Sw Kr 6,000,000 (for 1991), equivalent to $969,000. ^<n ^<4 Lowest Prize ^>4 Sw Kr 115,000 (1923). ^ -END- -CTRL- Honors and Awards: Most titles T Human World|Honors and Awards|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 158246|2327 208974|3073 104050|1530 201746|5 219140|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Honors and Awards: Most titles The most titled person in the world is the 18th Duchess of Alba (Alba de Tormes), Dona Maria del Rosario Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart y Silva. She is six times a duchess, once a viscountess, 18 times a marchioness, 19 times a countess and 17 times a ^ Spanish grandee. ^ -END- -CTRL- Honors and Awards: Most honorary degrees T \p8\D11\3710211 Human World|Honors and Awards|General Records|Most honorary degrees 20 23 25 27 158314|2328 177694|2613 24422|359 103914|1528 13270|195 201746|6 175106|210 32392|2 -PCAP- The greatest number of honorary degrees awarded to any individual is 123, given to Reverend Father Theodore M. Hesburgh (b. 1918), president of the University of Notre Dame, IN. These have been accumulated since 1954. (Photo: University of Notre ^ Dame) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Honors and Awards: Most honorary degrees The greatest number of honorary degrees awarded to any individual is 123, given to Rev. Father Theodore M. Hesburgh (b. 1917), president of the University of Notre Dame, IN. These have been accumulated since 1954. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Earliest conflict T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Earliest conflict 20 22 24 26 158382|2329 16466|242 236514|3478 202688|0 13960|135 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Earliest conflict The oldest-known offensive weapon is a broken wooden spear found in April 1911 at Clacton-on-Sea, Great Britain by S. Hazzledine Warren. It is much beyond the limit of radiocarbon dating but is estimated to have been fashioned before 200,000 B.C. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Longest T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Longest 20 22 24 26 158450|2330 155730|2290 236854|3483 202688|1 139100|400 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Longest The longest war which could be described as continuous was the Thirty Years War, between various European countries from 1618 to 1648. As a result, the map of Europe was radically changed. The so-called Hundred Years War between England and France, ^ which lasted from 1338 to 1453 (115 years), was in fact a succession of wars rather than a single one. The ^I --the series of campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula to recover the region from the Islamic Moors--began in 718 and ^ continued intermittently until 1492, when Granada, the last Moorish stronghold, was finally conquered. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Shortest T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Shortest 20 22 24 26 158518|2331 243110|3575 237058|3486 202688|2 253960|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Shortest The shortest war on record was that between Great Britain and Zanzibar (now part of Tanzania), which lasted from 9:02 to 9:40 A.M. on 27 Aug 1896. The British battle fleet under Rear-Admiral Harry Rawson (1843-1910) delivered an ultimatum to the ^ self-appointed Sultan Sa' id Khalid to evacuate his palace and surrender. This was not forthcoming until after 38 minutes of bombardment. It was proposed at one time that elements of the local populace should be compelled to defray the cost of ^ the broadsides fired. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Bloodiest T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Bloodiest 20 22 24 26 158586|2332 2866|42 236242|3474 202688|3 9234|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Bloodiest By far the most costly war in terms of human life was World War II (1939-45), in which the total number of fatalities, including battle deaths and civilians of all countries, is estimated to have been 54.8 million, assuming 25 million Soviet ^ fatalities and 7.8 million Chinese civilians killed. The country that suffered most was Poland, with 6,028,000 or 17.2 percent of its population of 35.1 million killed. The total combatant death toll from World War I was 9.7 million, compared ^ with the 15.6 million from World War II. ^<n In the Paraguayan war of 1864-70 against Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, Paraguay's population was reduced from 1.4 million to 220,000 survivors, of whom only 30,000 were adult males. ^<n Dr William ^ Brydon (1811-73) and two natives were the sole survivors of a seven-day retreat of 13,000 soldiers and camp-followers from Kabul, Afghanistan. Dr Brydon's horse died two days after his arrival at Jellalabad, some 70 miles to the east on the route ^ to the Khyber Pass, on 13 Jan 1842. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Bloodiest civil T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Bloodiest civil 20 22 24 26 158654|2333 2934|43 236378|3476 202688|4 9234|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Bloodiest civil The bloodiest civil war in history was the ^I ("Great Peace") rebellion, which was a revolt against the Chinese Ch'ing Dynasty between 1851 and 1864. The rebellion was led by the deranged Hong Xiuquan (later executed), who imagined ^ himself to be a younger brother of Jesus Christ. His force was named ^I ("Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"). According to the best estimates the loss of life was some 20 million, including more than 100,000 killed by ^ government forces in the sack of Nanjing on 19-21 Jul 1864. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Most costly T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Most costly 20 22 24 26 158722|2334 193334|2843 236990|3485 202688|5 175106|439 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Most costly The material cost of World War II far transcended that of all the rest of history's wars put together and has been estimated at $1.5 trillion. The total cost to the Soviet Union was estimated in May 1959 at 2.5 trillion rubles, while a figure of ^ $530 billion has been estimated for the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Bloodiest battles T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Bloodiest battles 20 22 24 26 158790|2335 193198|2841 236310|3475 202688|6 175106|437 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Bloodiest battles ^<4 Modern ^>4 The battle with the greatest recorded number of ^I casualties was the first Battle of the Somme, France, from 1 July-19 Nov 1916, with 1,043,896; of these, 623,907 were Allied and the rest German. The published ^ German figure of ^I 670,000 is no longer accepted. Gunfire was heard in London, Great Britain. ^<n The greatest death toll in a single battle (military and civilian) has been estimated at ^I 2.1 million in the Battle of ^ Stalingrad, USSR (now Volgograd, Russia), ending with the German surrender on 31 Jan 1943 by Field Marshal Friedrich von Paulus (1890-1957). The Soviet garrison commander was Gen. Vasiliy Chuikov. Only 1,515 civilians out of a prewar population ^ of more than 500,000 were found alive after the battle. The final drive on Berlin, Germany by the Soviet Army and the battle for the city that followed, from 16 April-2 May 1945, involved 3.5 million men, 52,000 guns and mortars, 7,750 tanks and ^ 11,000 aircraft on both sides. ^<n ^<4 Ancient ^>4 Modern historians give no credence, on logistic grounds, to the casualty figures attached to ancient battles, such as the 250,000 reputedly killed at Plataea (Greeks ^I Persians) in ^ 479 B.C. or the 200,000 allegedly killed in a single day at Chalons-sur-Marne, France (Huns ^I Romans) in A.D. 451. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The American Civil War (1861-65) is the bloodiest war fought on American soil. The bloodiest ^ battles between the Northern (Union) and the Southern (Confederate) forces were at Shiloh Church, near Pittsburg Landing in Hardin Co., TN on 6-7 Apr 1862, when each side reported casualties of over 10,000; at Fredricksburg, VA on 13 Dec 1862, ^ when Union losses were over 12,000, more than double those of the Confederacy; and at Gettysburg, PA on 1-3 Jul 1863, when the Union reported losses of 23,000 and the Confederacy 25,000 (a disputed figure). The Civil War officially ended when ^ Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA on 9 Apr 1865. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Greatest naval battles T \p8\D11\3909187 Human World|Military and Defense|War|Greatest naval battles 20 23 25 27 158858|2336 52642|774 24490|360 236718|3481 202688|7 52992|111 32618|0 -PCAP- The death toll at the Battle of Lepanto, in the Gulf of Patras, Greece on 7 Oct 1571, has been estimated at 33,000. The battle was between allied Christian forces and the Ottoman Turks during an Ottoman campaign to take the island of Cyprus. The ^ allies were victorious, capturing 117 galleys in the process. (Photo: Archiv fur Kunst und Geschichte) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Greatest naval battles ^<4 Modern ^>4 The greatest number of ships and aircraft ever involved in a sea-air action was 231 ships and 1,996 aircraft in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, in the Philippines, during World War II. It raged from 22-27 Oct 1944, with 166 Allied and ^ 65 Japanese warships engaged, of which 26 Japanese and six US ships were sunk. In addition, 1,280 US and 716 Japanese aircraft were engaged. The greatest purely naval battle of modern times was the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916, during World ^ War I, in which 151 British Royal Navy warships were involved against 101 German warships. The Royal Navy lost 14 ships and 6,097 men and the German fleet lost 11 ships and 2,545 men. ^<n ^<4 Ancient ^>4 The greatest of ancient naval battles ^ was the Battle of Salamis, Greece in Sep 480 B.C. There were an estimated 800 vessels in the defeated Persian fleet and 380 in the victorious fleet of the Athenians and their allies, with a possible involvement of 200,000 men. The death toll at ^ the Battle of Lepanto on 7 Oct 1571 has been estimated at 33,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Greatest invasion T \m\00000004 Human World|Military and Defense|War|Greatest invasion 20 22 24 26 158926|2337 52574|773 236650|3480 202688|8 52992|110 942|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- In the Normandy Invasion, begun on 6 June 1944 (known as D-Day), Allied troops descended on the Normandy region of France in massive numbers. Within three weeks of D-Day more than one million men had landed there. ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Greatest invasion ^<4 Seaborne ^>4 The greatest invasion in military history was the Allied land, air and sea operation against the Normandy coast of France on D-Day, 6 Jun 1944. Thirty-eight convoys of 745 ships moved in during the first three days, supported by ^ 4,066 landing craft, carrying 185,000 men, 20,000 vehicles and 347 minesweepers. The air assault comprised 18,000 paratroopers from 1,087 aircraft. The 42 available divisions had air support from 13,175 aircraft. Within a month 1.1 million ^ troops, 200,000 vehicles and 840,000 tons of stores were landed. The Allied invasion of Sicily from 10-12 Jul 1943 involved the landing of 181,000 men in three days. ^<n ^<4 Airborne ^>4 The largest airborne invasion was the Anglo-American ^ assault of three divisions (34,000 men), with 2,800 aircraft and 1,600 gliders, near Arnhem, in the Netherlands, on 17 Sep 1944. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Greatest evacuation T \m\00000031 Human World|Military and Defense|War|Greatest evacuation 20 22 24 26 158994|2338 52506|772 236582|3479 202688|9 52992|109 942|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- The greatest military evacuation ever was the amphibious withdrawal of French, British and Belgian soldiers from Dunkirk, France. It was an 8-day event that relied on military, commercial, and pleasure craft to succeed. ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Greatest evacuation The greatest evacuation in military history was that carried out by 1,200 Allied naval and civilian craft from the beachhead at Dunkerque (Dunkirk), France between 27 May and 4 Jun 1940. A total of 338,226 British and French troops were evacuated. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Largest civilian evacuation T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Largest civilian evacuation 20 22 24 26 159062|2339 124790|1835 236786|3482 202688|10 91334|626 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Largest civilian evacuation Following the Iragi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, Air India evacuated 111,711 of its nationals who were working in Kuwait. Beginning on 13 August, 488 flights took the expatriates back to India over a two-month period. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Longest march T \p8\D11\3909188 Human World|Military and Defense|War|Longest march 20 24 26 28 159130|2340 155798|2291 24558|361 236922|3484 202688|11 139100|401 32618|1 -PCAP- The longest march in military history was the Long March by the Chinese Communists in 1934-35. In 368 days, from October to October, their force of some 100,000 covered 6,000 miles from Ruijin, in Kiangsi, to Yan'an, in Shaanxi. The march led to ^ the Communist revolutionary base being relocated to the northwest of the country and resulted in the emergence of Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) as the undisputed leader of the party. Mao, on the left, and Zhou En-lai (Chou En-lai), with him in the ^ photograph, were to be leading figures in the party for the rest of their lives. (Photo: Hulton Picture Co.) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Longest march The longest march in military history was the famous Long March by the Chinese Communists in 1934-35. In 368 days, of which 268 were days of movement, from October to October, their force of some 100,000 covered 6,000 miles from Ruijin, in Kianjsi, ^ to Yan'an, in Shaanxi. They crossed 18 mountain ranges and 24 rivers, and eventually reached Yanan with only about 8,000 survivors, following continual rearguard actions against nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) forces. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Worst sieges T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Worst sieges 20 22 24 26 159198|2341 260722|3834 237126|3487 202688|12 274968|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Worst sieges The worst siege in history was the 880-day siege of Leningrad, USSR (now St Petersburg, Russia) by the German Army from 30 Aug 1941 until 27 Jan 1944. The best estimate is that between 1.3 and 1.5 million defenders and citizens died. This included ^ 641,000 people who died of hunger in the city and 17,000 civilians killed by shelling. More than 150,000 shells and 100,000 bombs were dropped on the city. ^<n The longest recorded siege was that of Azotus (now Ashdod), Israel, which according to ^ Herodotus was besieged by Psamtik I of Egypt for 29 years, during the period 664-610 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- War: Chemical warfare T Human World|Military and Defense|War|Chemical warfare 20 22 24 26 159266|2342 193266|2842 236446|3477 202688|13 175106|438 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- War: Chemical warfare The greatest number of people killed through chemical warfare were the estimated 4,000 Kurds who died at Halabja, Iraq in March 1988 when President Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons against Iraq's Kurdish minority in revenge for the support it ^ had given to Iran in the Iran-Iraq war. ^ -END- -CTRL- Military Decorations: United States T \c8\D02\3710208z Human World|Military and Defense|Military Decorations:|United States 20 23 25 27 159334|2343 180822|2659 24626|362 135330|1990 203684|0 175106|256 32618|2 -PCAP- General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) has the strongest claim to the title of most highly decorated American soldier, having received 58 separate awards and decorations with 16 Oak Leaf Clusters, plus 18 campaign stars. He was awarded the Medal of ^ Honor in World War II. (Photos: Gamma Press) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Military Decorations: United States ^<4 Highest Award ^>4 The highest US military decoration is the Congressional Medal of Honor. Five Marines received both the Army and Navy Medals of Honor for the same deeds in 1918, and 14 officers and men received the medal on two occasions ^ between 1864 and 1915 for two distinct acts. ^<n ^<4 Most decorated ^>4 The Defense Department refuses to recognize any military hero as having the most awards, but various heroes have been nominated by unofficial groups. Since medals and ^ decorations cannot be compared in value, the title of most decorated is a matter of subjective evaluation. General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964), because of his high rank and his years of military service spanning three wars, would seem to hold ^ the best claim to "Most Decorated American Soldier." In addition to the Congressional Medal of Honor, he received 58 separate awards and decorations with 16 Oak Leaf Clusters (for repeat awards), plus 18 campaign stars. ^ -END- -CTRL- Military Decorations: Germany T Human World|Military and Defense|Military Decorations:|Germany 20 22 24 26 159402|2344 135262|1989 203684|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Military Decorations: Germany The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with swords, diamonds and golden oak-leaves was uniquely awarded to Col. Hans Ulrich Rudel (1916-82) for 2,530 operational flying missions on the Eastern Front in the period 1941-45. He destroyed 519 Soviet ^ armored vehicles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Military Decorations: USSR T Human World|Military and Defense|Military Decorations:|USSR 20 22 24 26 159470|2345 69030|1015 135398|1991 203684|2 71062|94 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Military Decorations: USSR ^<4 Highest award ^>4 The USSR's highest award for valor is the Gold Star of a Hero of the Soviet Union, of which 12,709 have been awarded, 11,040 of them during World War II. The only wartime triple awards were to Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich ^ Zhukov (1896-1974; subsequently awarded a fourth Gold Star), and to the leading air aces Guards Colonel (later Marshal of Aviation) Aleksandr Ivanovich Pokryshkin (1913-85) and Aviation Maj Gen Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub (1920-91) (Order of the Red ^ Banner, seven times). Zhukov also uniquely was awarded the Order of Victory (twice), the Order of Lenin (six times) and the Order of the Red Banner (three times). The highest award of civil honor is the Gold Star of Socialist Labor, 20,424 of ^ which have been awarded since it was established in 1938. There have been 15 awards of a third Gold Star of Socialist Labor. Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1906-82) was four times Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Socialist Labor, Order of Victory ^ (withdrawn in 1990), Order of Lenin (eight times) and Order of the Red Banner (twice). ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Defense spending T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Defense spending 20 22 24 26 159538|2346 9938|146 203910|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Defense spending In 1990 it was estimated that the world's spending on armaments was running at an annual rate of some $900 billion, according to the 1990 edition of the ^I . In 1990 there were 25,320,000 full-time armed ^ forces regulars or conscripts plus 37,586,000 reservists, totaling 62,906,000. The budgeted expenditure on defense by the US government for the fiscal year 1991 was $287.45 billion. The defense expenditure of the former USSR is given as 96.56 ^ billion rubles in 1991, or $133.7 billion, but Western intelligence agencies still maintain that by NATO definition standards, spending is about twice as large as claimed. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Largest T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Largest 20 22 24 26 159606|2347 83650|1230 10074|148 203910|1 91334|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Largest Numerically the largest regular armed force in the world was that of the USSR prior to its breakup, with 3,400,000 (1991). It is too early to forecast the size of Russian armed forces following the breakup of the Soviet Union, but figures of ^ between 1.25 and 1.5 million are frequently mentioned. China's People's Liberation Army's strength in 1991 was estimated to be 3,030,000 (comprising land, sea and air forces), with reductions in progress. Her reserves number around 1.2 million. ^ The military forces of the United States for 1991 totaled 2,029,600. There were 702,100 active duty personnel in the United States Army as of 30 Sep 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Navies T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Navies 20 22 24 26 159674|2348 83718|1231 10210|150 203910|2 91334|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Navies ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest navy in the world in terms of personnel is the United States Navy, with a total of 584,800 plus 195,700 Marines in mid-1991. The active strength in 1991 included six nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, nine ^ conventionally powered aircraft carriers, two battleships, 34 ballistic missile submarines, 87 nuclear attack submarines, one diesel attack submarine, 46 cruisers, 49 destroyers, 97 frigates and 65 amphibious warfare ships. ^<n The navy of the ^ former USSR had a larger submarine fleet, comprising 281 vessels (including 60 ballistic missiles). It also had five aircraft carriers, 38 cruisers, 29 destroyers, 146 frigates and 78 amphibious warfare ships. This excludes the Black Sea Fleet, ^ which has 28 submarines (none with ballistic missiles), and 46 surface combatants, and whose future is not yet decided, although it is likely to be split among Ukraine, Russia and Georgia. All of the former Soviet Navy is based at Russian ports. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Armies T \p8\D11\3710195 Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Armies 20 22 24 26 159742|2349 223050|3280 24694|363 9802|144 203910|3 236192|7 32618|3 -PCAP- The oldest army is the Pontifical Swiss Guard, founded before 1400. (Photo: Images) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Armies ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest army in the world is the 80-90 strong Pontifical Swiss Guard in Vatican City, founded 21 Jan 1506. Its origins, however, predate 1400. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 Numerically, the world's largest army is that of the People's ^ Republic of China, with a total strength of some 2.3 million in mid-1991. The total size of the former USSR's army in mid-1991 was estimated by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, Great Britain at 1,400,000, believed to be ^ organized into 139 divisions (tank, motor rifle and airborne). ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Oldest soldier T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Oldest soldier 20 22 24 26 159810|2350 223118|3281 10278|151 203910|4 236192|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Oldest soldier The oldest "old soldier" of all time was probably John B. Salling of the Army of the Confederate States of America and the last accepted survivor of the Civil War (1861-65). He died in Kingsport, TN on 16 Mar 1959, aged 113 years 1 day. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Youngest soldier T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Youngest soldier 20 22 24 26 159878|2351 260926|3837 10618|156 7150|105 203910|5 275964|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Youngest soldier Marshall Duke of Caxias (25 Aug 1803-7 May 1880), Brazilian military hero and statesman, entered his infantry regiment at the age of five in 1808. ^<n Fernando Inchauste Montalvo (b. 18 Jun 1930), the son of a major in the Bolivian air force, went ^ to the front with his father on his fifth birthday during the war between Bolivia and Paraguay (1932-35). He had received military training and was subject to military discipline. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Youngest conscripts T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Youngest conscripts 20 22 24 26 159946|2352 260858|3836 10550|155 203910|6 275964|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Youngest conscripts President Francisco Macias Nguema of Equatorial Guinea (deposed in August 1979) in March 1976 decreed compulsory military service for all boys between the ages of 7 and 14. The edict stated that any parent refusing to hand over his or her son "will ^ be imprisoned or shot." ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Tallest soldier T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Tallest soldier 20 22 24 26 160014|2353 252970|3720 10346|152 203910|7 267614|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Tallest soldier The tallest soldier of all time was Vaino Myllyrinne (1909-63), who was conscripted into the Finnish Army when he was 7 ft 3 in and who later grew to 8 ft 3 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Greatest mutiny T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Greatest mutiny 20 22 24 26 160082|2354 45570|670 10006|147 203910|8 52992|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Greatest mutiny In World War I, 56 French divisions, comprising some 650,000 men and their officers, refused orders on the Western front sector of General Robert Nivelle in April 1917 after the failure of his offensive. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Army drill T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Army drill 20 22 24 26 160150|2355 9870|145 203910|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Army drill On 8-9 Jul 1987 a 90-man squad of the Queen's Color Squadron, Royal Air Force (RAF) performed a total of 2,722,662 drill movements (2,001,384 rifle and 721,278 foot) at RAF Uxbridge, Middlesex, Great Britain from memory and without a word of ^ command in 23 hr 55 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Air forces T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Air forces 20 22 24 26 160218|2356 222982|3279 9666|142 203910|10 236192|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Air forces ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The earliest autonomous air force is the Royal Air Force, which can be traced back to 1878, when the War Office commissioned the building of a military balloon. The Royal Engineers Balloon Section and Depot was formed in 1890 and ^ the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers followed on 1 Apr 1911. On 13 May 1912 the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was formed, with both Military and Naval Wings, the latter being renamed the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). The Royal Air Force was ^ formed on 1 Apr 1918 from the RFC and the RNAS, and took its place alongside the Royal Navy and the Army as a separate service with its own Ministry. The Prussian Army used a balloon near Strasbourg, France as early as 24 Sep 1870. ^<n ^<4 ^ Largest ^>4 The largest air force of all time was the United States Army Air Corps (now the US Air Force), which had 79,908 aircraft in July 1944 and 2,411,294 personnel in March 1944. The US Air Force, including strategic missile forces, had ^ 571,400 personnel and 8,471 aircraft in mid-1991. The Air Force of the former USSR had 11,370 aircraft and 895,000 personnel (including some 200,000 manning strategic air missiles) in mid-1991. In addition, the USSR's Offensive Strategic Rocket ^ Forces had about 164,000 operational personnel in mid-1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Anti-submarine successes T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Anti-submarine successes 20 22 24 26 160286|2357 164434|2418 9734|143 203910|11 175106|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Anti-submarine successes The highest number of U-boat kills attributed to one ship in World War II was 15, to HMS ^I (Capt. Frederic John Walker , RN). Captain Walker was in command at the sinking of a total of 25 U-boats between 1941 and the time of his ^ death on 9 Jul 1944. The US destroyer escort ^I sank six Japanese submarines in the Pacific between 18 and 30 May 1944. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Most successful submarines T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Most successful submarines 20 22 24 26 160354|2358 203738|2996 10142|149 203910|12 216674|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Most successful submarines ^<4 Commanders ^>4 The most successful of all World War II submarine commanders was Lieutenant Otto Kretschmer, captain of the U.23 and U.99, who up to March 1941 sank one destroyer and 44 Allied merchantmen totaling 266,629 gross registered ^ tons. ^<n In World War I, Lieutenant (later Vice Admiral) Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere, in the U.35 and U.139, sank 195 Allied ships totaling 458,856 gross registered tons. ^<n ^<4 Submarines ^>4 The most successful boats were the U.35, ^ which in World War I sank 54 ships of 90,350 gross registered tons in a single voyage and 224 ships of 539,711 gross registered tons all told, and the U.48, which sank 51 ships of 310,007 gross registered tons in World War II. The largest target ^ ever sunk by a submarine was the Japanese aircraft carrier ^I (66,131 tons) by USS ^I (Cdr Joseph F. Enright, USN) on 29 Nov 1944. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Top jet ace T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Top jet ace 20 22 24 26 160422|2359 258614|3803 10414|153 203910|13 273542|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Top jet ace The leading ace of World War I was Capt. Edward V. Rickenbacker, with 24.33 destroyed aircraft. The top ace of World War II, and the top overall, was Maj. Richard I. Borg, with 40 victories. The top ace of the Vietnam conflict was Capt. Charles B. ^ DeBellevue, with six victories. The greatest number of kills in jet-to-jet battles is 16, a record shared by Lt-Col. Heinz Bar (Germany) in 1945 and Capt. Joseph Christopher McConnell, Jr., USAF, in the Korean war (1950-53). Capt. McConnell was ^ killed on 25 Aug 1954. It is possible that an Israeli ace may have surpassed this total in the period 1967-70, but the identity of Israeli pilots is subject to strict security. ^ -END- -CTRL- Armed Forces: Top woman ace T Human World|Military and Defense|Armed Forces|Top woman ace 20 22 24 26 160490|2360 258682|3804 10482|154 203910|14 273542|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Armed Forces: Top woman ace The record score for any woman fighter pilot is 12, by Jnr-Lt Lydia Litvak (USSR; b. 1921) on the Eastern Front between 1941 and 1943. She was killed in action on 1 Aug 1943. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bombs: Heaviest T Human World|Military and Defense|Bombs|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 160558|2361 58150|855 30270|445 14222|209 204976|0 65726|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bombs: Heaviest The heaviest conventional bomb ever used operationally was the Royal Air Force's ^I , weighing 22,000 lb and measuring 25 ft 5 in long, dropped on Bielefeld railroad viaduct, Germany on 14 Mar 1945. ^<n In 1949 the United States ^ Air Force tested a bomb weighing 42,000 lb at Muroc Dry Lake, CA. The heaviest-known nuclear bomb was the MK 17 carried by US B-36 bombers in the mid-1950s. It weighed 42,000 lb and was 24 ft 6 in long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bombs: First atomic T Human World|Military and Defense|Bombs|First atomic 20 22 24 26 160626|2362 35506|522 30202|444 204976|1 40936|31 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bombs: First atomic The first atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan by the United States at 8:16 A.M. on 6 Aug 1945 had an explosive power equivalent to that of 12.5 kilotons of trinitrotoluene (C subscript 7 H subscript 5 O subscript 6 N subscript 3), called TNT. ^ Code-named ^I , it was 10 ft long and weighed 9,000 lb. It burst 1,850 ft above the city center. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bombs: Thermonuclear T \p8\D11\3804098 Human World|Military and Defense|Bombs|Thermonuclear 20 22 24 26 160694|2363 201358|2961 24762|364 30474|448 19934|293 204976|2 214122|1 32618|4 -PCAP- The largest US H-bomb tested was the 18-22 megaton Bravo, exploded at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands on 1 Mar 1954. (Photo: United Nations, NY) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bombs: Thermonuclear The most powerful thermonuclear device so far tested is one with a power equivalent to that of 57 megatons of TNT, detonated by the former USSR in the Novaya Zemlya area at 8:33 A.M. GMT on 30 Oct 1961. The shock-wave circled the world three times, ^ taking 36 hr 27 min for the first circuit. Some estimates put the power of this device at between 62 and 90 megatons. The largest US H-bomb tested was the 18-22 megaton ^I at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands on 1 Mar 1954. ^<n On 9 Aug ^ 1961, Nikita Khrushchev, then the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, declared that the Soviet Union was capable of constructing a 100-megaton bomb, and announced the possession of one during a visit to what was then East Berlin, ^ East Germany on 16 Jan 1963. Such a device could make a crater in rock 355 ft deep and 1.8 miles wide, with a fireball 8.6 miles in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bombs: Largest nuclear weapons T Human World|Military and Defense|Bombs|Largest nuclear weapons 20 22 24 26 160762|2364 85962|1264 30406|447 204976|3 91334|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bombs: Largest nuclear weapons The most powerful ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) is the former USSR's SS-18 (Model 5), believed to be armed with ten 750-kiloton MIRVs (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles). SS-18 ICBMs are located on both Russian and ^ Kazakhstan territory--they are now controlled by the Commonwealth of Independent States. Earlier models had a single 20-megaton warhead. The US Titan II, carrying a W-53 warhead, was rated at 9 megatons but has now been withdrawn, leaving the 1.2 ^ megaton W-56 as the most powerful US weapon. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bombs: Largest "conventional" explosion T Human World|Military and Defense|Bombs|Largest "conventional" explosion 20 22 24 26 160830|2365 85894|1263 30338|446 204976|4 91334|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bombs: Largest "conventional" explosion The largest use of conventional explosives was for the demolition of the fortifications and U-boat pens at Helgoland, Germany on 18 Apr 1947. A net charge of 7,122 tons gross was detonated by Commissioned Gunner E.C. Jellis of the naval team headed ^ by Lt F.T. Woosnam, RN, aboard HMS ^I lying 9 miles out to sea. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tanks: Earliest T Human World|Military and Defense|Tanks|Earliest 20 22 24 26 160898|2366 15854|233 217134|3193 205342|0 13960|126 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tanks: Earliest The first tank was ^I , modified to become ^I , built by William Foster & Co. Ltd of Lincoln, Great Britain. It first ran on 6 Sep 1915. Tanks were first taken into action by the Heavy Section, Machine Gun ^ Corps, which later became the Royal Tank Corps, at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette in France on 15 Sep 1916. The Mark I Male tank, armed with a pair of six-pounder guns and four machine guns, weighed 31.3 tons and was driven by a motor developing ^ 105 hp, which gave it a maximum road speed of 3-4 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tanks: Heaviest T Human World|Military and Defense|Tanks|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 160966|2367 61550|905 217270|3195 205342|1 65726|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tanks: Heaviest The heaviest tank ever constructed was the German Panzer Kampfwagen Maus II, which weighed over 210 tons. By 1945 it had reached only the experimental stage and was not developed further. ^<n The heaviest operational tank used by any army was the ^ 83-ton 13-man French Char de Rupture 2C bis of 1922. It carried a 155-mm howitzer and had two 250 hp engines giving a maximum speed of 8 mph. The world's most heavily armed tank since 1972 has been the Soviet T-72, with a 4 7/8 in high-velocity ^ gun. ^<n The heaviest tank in the United States Army is the M1A1 Abrams, which weighs 67 tons when combat loaded, is 32 ft 3 in long, and can reach a maximum speed of 41.5 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tanks: Fastest T Human World|Military and Defense|Tanks|Fastest 20 22 24 26 161034|2368 30338|446 217202|3194 205342|2 23878|198 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tanks: Fastest The fastest armored reconnaissance vehicle is the British ^I , which can reach 50 mph with a 75 percent payload. The American experimental tank M1936, built by J. Walter Christie, was clocked at 64.3 mph during official trials in ^ Great Britain in 1938. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tanks: Most prolific T Human World|Military and Defense|Tanks|Most prolific 20 22 24 26 161102|2369 203534|2993 217338|3196 205342|3 215538|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tanks: Most prolific The greatest production of any tank was that of the Soviet T-54/55 series, of which more than 50,000 were built between 1954 and 1980 in the USSR alone, with further production in the one-time Warsaw Pact countries and China. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Earliest T Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Earliest 20 22 24 26 161170|2370 10414|153 97590|1435 205638|0 13960|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Earliest Although it cannot be accepted as proven, it is believed that the earliest guns were constructed in both China and North Africa in ^I 1250. The earliest antiaircraft gun was an artillery piece on a high-angle mounting used in the ^ Franco-Prussian War of 1870 by the Prussians against French balloons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Most common T Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Most common 20 22 24 26 161238|2371 176606|2597 98134|1443 205638|1 175106|194 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Most common The most commonly used gun in the US Army is the M16A2 rifle, of which 270,000 have been fielded. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Largest T Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Largest 20 22 24 26 161306|2372 100174|1473 97794|1438 205638|2 91334|264 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Largest The largest gun ever constructed was used by the Germans in the siege of Sevastopol, USSR (now Russia) in Jul 1942. It was of a caliber of 31 in with a barrel 94 ft 8 1/2 in long. Internally it was named Schwerer Gustav, and was one of three guns ^ that were given the general name of Dora, although the other two were not finished and so were not used in action. It was built by Krupp, and its remains were discovered near Metzenhof, Bavaria in August 1945. The whole assembly of the gun was ^ 141 ft long and weighed 1,481.5 tons, with a crew of 1,500. The range for an 8.9-ton projectile was 29 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Lightest T Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Lightest 20 22 24 26 161374|2373 128258|1886 97998|1441 205638|3 138174|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Lightest The lightest gun in the US Army is the M9 9mm pistol, which weighs 2.6 lbs, has the shortest range, 55 yd, and has the smallest magazine capacity of 15 rounds. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Heaviest T Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 161442|2374 59374|873 97726|1437 205638|4 65726|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Heaviest The heaviest gun in the US Army is the MK19-3 40mm automatic grenade launcher, which weighs 72.5 lb and has both the greatest caliber and range of any US Army weapon: about 1,650 yd at point targets, over 2,400 yd at area targets. The bullets can ^ penetrate 2 in into armor at 2,400 yd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Greatest range T Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Greatest range 20 22 24 26 161510|2375 48766|717 97658|1436 205638|5 52992|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Greatest range The greatest range ever attained by a gun was achieved by the HARP (High Altitude Research Project) gun, consisting of two 16 1/2 in caliber barrels in tandem 119.4 ft long and weighing 165 tons, at Yuma, AZ. On 19 Nov 1966 an 185-lb projectile was ^ fired to an altitude of 111.8 miles or 590,550 ft. The static V3 underground firing tubes built in 50 deg shafts near Mimoyecques, near Calais, France by Germany during World War II, to bombard London, Great Britain, were never operative. ^<n The ^ famous long-range gun that shelled Paris, France in World War I was the ^I , with a caliber of 8 1/4 in, a designed range of 79 1/2 miles and an achieved range of 76 miles from the Forest of Crepy in March 1918. The ^ ^I were mortars of 16 1/2 in caliber and with a range of less than 9 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Largest and heaviest mortars T \p8\D11\3804099 Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Largest and heaviest mortars 20 23 25 27 161578|2376 100242|1474 24830|365 97862|1439 205638|6 65726|30 32618|5 -PCAP- The largest mortars ever constructed were the Little David of World War II, made in the United States, and Mallet's mortar, built in London, Great Britain in 1857. Each had a caliber of 36 in, but neither was ever used in action. Little David is ^ now located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, and Mallet's mortar is at the Woolwich Arsenal, London. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Largest and heaviest mortars The largest mortars ever constructed were Mallet's mortar (Woolwich Arsenal, London, Great Britain, 1857); and the ^I of World War II, made in the United States. Each had a caliber of 36 in, but neither was ever used in action. ^ ^<n The heaviest mortar ever employed was the tracked German 23 1/2 in siege piece ^I ; there were seven such mortars built. Only six of them were actually used in action, although never all at the same time--at Sevastopol, USSR in ^ 1942; at Warsaw, Poland in 1944; and at Budapest, Hungary, also in 1944. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Largest cannon T \p8\D12\3710213 Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Largest cannon 20 23 25 27 161646|2377 100310|1475 24898|366 97930|1440 205638|7 91334|266 32618|6 -PCAP- The highest-calibre cannon ever constructed is the "Tsar Pushka" (King of Cannons), now housed in the Kremlin, Moscow, USSR. It was built in the 16th century with a bore of 36.2 in, and a barrel 10 ft 5 in, long. It weighs 2400 pounds. (Photo: ^ Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Largest cannon The highest-caliber cannon ever constructed is the ^I ( ^I ), now housed in the Kremlin, Moscow, Russia. It was built in the 16th century with a bore of 35 in and a barrel 17 ft 6 in long. It weighs 44 tons. ^ ^<n The Turks fired up to seven shots per day from a bombard 26 ft long, with an internal caliber of 42 in, against the walls of Constantinople (now Istanbul) from 12 April-29 May 1453. The weapon was dragged by 60 oxen and 200 men and fired a ^ 1,200-lb stone cannonball. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest cannon in the US Army is the M185 155 mm (6.05 in) self-propelled howitzer. The M109A2/A3 unit has a range of 14.6 miles with a RAP (rocket assisted projectile), 11.2 miles ^ unassisted. It is approximately 29 ft 11 in long, 10 ft 9 1/2 in high, and 10 ft 3 1/2 in wide. It weighs 28 tons, combat loaded, and carries a .50 caliber machine gun as well. This weapon is capable of firing nuclear munitions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Nuclear delivery vehicles T Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Nuclear delivery vehicles 20 22 24 26 161714|2378 98202|1444 205638|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Nuclear delivery vehicles As of September 1990 the USSR deployed 2,500 nuclear delivery launchers compared to the USA's 2,246, as counted under the START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) rules and compared to the START proposed limit of 1,600. Again under START counting ^ rules, the former USSR could deliver a maximum of 10,271 warheads and the USA 10,563, but this is a theoretical total and not necessarily the number held. The START proposed limit for nuclear warheads is 6,000. There are four republics of the ^ former USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan) that hold strategic nuclear weapons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Guns: Longest field gun pull T Human World|Military and Defense|Guns|Longest field gun pull 20 22 24 26 161782|2379 139002|2044 98066|1442 205638|9 139100|154 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Guns: Longest field gun pull Three teams of eight members from 55 Ordnance Company (Volunteers) Royal Army Ordnance Corps pulled a 25-pounder field gun over a distance of 85.7 miles in 24 hr in Hounslow, Great Britain on 15-16 Apr 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Earliest compulsory T Human World|Education|General Records|Earliest compulsory 20 22 24 26 161850|2380 9938|146 71070|1045 206440|0 13960|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Earliest compulsory Compulsory education was introduced for the first time in Prussia in 1819. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Oldest university T Human World|Education|General Records|Oldest university 20 22 24 26 161918|2381 226654|3333 71750|1055 206440|1 236192|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Oldest university The Sumerians had scribal schools or ^I soon after 3500 B.C. The oldest existing educational institution in the world is the University of Karueein, founded in A.D. 859 in Fez, Morocco. The University of Bologna, the oldest in ^ Europe, was founded in 1088. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest college in the United States is Harvard College in Cambridge, MA, founded in 1636 as Newtowne College and renamed in 1638 after its first benefactor, John Harvard. It was ^ incorporated in 1650. The second oldest college in the US is the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg, VA. It was chartered in 1693, opened in 1694, and acquired university status in 1779. However, its antecedents were in a university ^ that was planned at Henrico, VA (1619-22) but was postponed because of the Indian massacre of 1622. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Largest university building T \p8\D12\3804100 Human World|Education|General Records|Largest university building 20 22 24 26 161986|2382 94394|1388 24966|367 71410|1050 206440|2 91334|179 33124|0 -PCAP- The largest existing university building in the world is the M. V. Lomonosov State University (top left) on the Lenin Hills, south of Moscow, USSR. It stands 787 ft 5 in tall, and has 32 stories and 40,000 rooms. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Largest university building The largest existing university building in the world is the M.V. Lomonosov State University on the Lenin Hills, south of Moscow, Russia. It stands 787 ft 5 in tall, and has 32 stories and 40,000 rooms. It was constructed from 1949-53. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Greatest university enrollment T Human World|Education|General Records|Greatest university enrollment 20 22 24 26 162054|2383 47882|704 71138|1046 206440|3 52992|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Greatest university enrollment The university with the greatest enrollment in the world is the State University of New York, which had 400,777 students at 64 campuses throughout the state in the fall of 1991. The greatest enrollment at a university centered in one city is at the ^ University of Rome (La Sapienza), in Italy. It was built in the 1920s as a single-site campus, and still is mainly based there although some faculties are now outside the campus. Its record number of students was 180,000 in 1987, although the ^ number had declined to 166,000 by 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Most graduates in family T \p8\D12\3909190 Human World|Education|General Records|Most graduates in family 20 23 25 27 162122|2384 171234|2518 25034|368 71614|1053 206440|4 175106|115 33124|1 -PCAP- Mr and Mrs Harold Erickson of Naples, FL saw all of their 14 children--11 sons and three daughters--obtain university or college degrees between 1962 and 1978. Bringing them together for a family photograph more than ten years later required a ^ great deal of work and organization, involving flights home from nine different cities. (Photo: Moment-In-Time Photography) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Most graduates in family Mr and Mrs Harold Erickson of Naples, FL saw all of their 14 children--11 sons and three daughters--obtain university or college degrees between 1962 and 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Youngest university students T Human World|Education|General Records|Youngest university students 20 22 24 26 162190|2385 262626|3862 71954|1058 206440|5 275964|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Youngest university students Michael Tan (b. 4 Apr 1984) of Christchurch, New Zealand took and passed his New Zealand bursary examination in Mathematics (equivalent to high school graduation exams in the United States) in November 1991 at the age of 7 years 7 months. He ^ started studying for a BSc degree in Mathematics at Canterbury University, New Zealand in March 1992 at the age of 7 years 11 months. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Adragon Eastwood De Mello (b. 5 Oct 1976) of Santa Cruz, CA obtained his BA in ^ mathematics from the University of California in Santa Cruz on 11 Jun 1988 at the age of 11 years 8 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Youngest doctorate T Human World|Education|General Records|Youngest doctorate 20 22 24 26 162258|2386 262558|3861 71886|1057 8170|120 206440|6 275964|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Youngest doctorate On 13 Apr 1814 the mathematician Carl Witte of Lochau was made a Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Giessen, Germany at the age of 12. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Youngest college president T Human World|Education|General Records|Youngest college president 20 22 24 26 162326|2387 262490|3860 71818|1056 206440|7 275964|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Youngest college president The youngest president of a major college was Ellen Futter, who was appointed to head Barnard College, New York City in May 1981 at the age of 31. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Highest lecture fees T Human World|Education|General Records|Highest lecture fees 20 22 24 26 162394|2388 65834|968 71274|1048 4974|73 206440|8 71062|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Highest lecture fees Dr Ronald Dante was paid $3,080,000 for lecturing students on hypnotherapy at a two-day course held in Chicago on 1-2 Jun 1986. He taught for 8 hr each day, and thus earned $192,500 per hr. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Most expensive schools T \p8\D12\3804101 Human World|Education|General Records|Most expensive schools 20 22 24 26 162462|2389 196326|2887 25102|369 71546|1052 10074|148 206440|9 208038|13 33124|2 -PCAP- The annual cost of keeping a pupil at the Gstaad International School, Gstaad, Switzerland (founded 1974) in 1991/92 was $55,000. The school is run by Alain Souperbiet, its founder. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Most expensive schools The annual cost of keeping a pupil at the Gstaad International School, Gstaad, Switzerland (founded 1974) in 1991/92 was $55,000. It claims to be the most exclusive school in the world. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The annual cost of keeping a ^ pupil at the most expensive school in the United States for the academic year 1992/93 will be $28,900 at the Oxford Academy (founded 1906), in Westbrook, CT. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Largest school T Human World|Education|General Records|Largest school 20 22 24 26 162530|2390 94326|1387 71342|1049 206440|10 91334|178 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Largest school In 1988/89 Rizal High School, Pasig, Manilla, Philippines had an enrollment of 16,458 regular students, although by the school year 1991/92 the number had declined to 16,419. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Most schools attended T Human World|Education|General Records|Most schools attended 20 22 24 26 162598|2391 171302|2519 71682|1054 206440|11 175106|116 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Most schools attended The greatest documented number of schools attended by a pupil is 265, by Wilma Williams, now Mrs R.J. Horton, from 1933-43 when her parents were in show business in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Most durable teacher T Human World|Education|General Records|Most durable teacher 20 22 24 26 162666|2392 171166|2517 71478|1051 206440|12 175106|114 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Most durable teacher Medarda de Jesus Leon de Uzcategui, alias La Maestra Chuca, has been teaching in Caracas, Venezuela for a total of 80 years. In 1911, at the age of 12, she and her two sisters set up a school there which they named ^I . ^ Since marrying in 1942, she has run her own school, which she calls the ^I , from her home in Caracas. ^ -END- -CTRL- Education: Highest endowment T Human World|Education|General Records|Highest endowment 20 22 24 26 162734|2393 65766|967 71206|1047 206440|13 71062|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Education: Highest endowment The greatest single gift in the history of higher education was $125 million, to Louisiana State University by C.B. Pennington in 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Health Services: Most physicians T Human World|Health Services|General Records|Most physicians 20 22 24 26 162802|2394 176946|2602 101466|1492 207522|0 175106|199 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Health Services: Most physicians The country with the greatest number of physicians is China, which had 1,774,000 physicians in 1989, including those practicing dentistry and those practicing traditional Chinese medicine. The United States had 615,421 physicians on 1 Jan 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Health Services: Most psychiatrists T Human World|Health Services|General Records|Most psychiatrists 20 22 24 26 162870|2395 177014|2603 101534|1493 207522|1 175106|200 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Health Services: Most psychiatrists The country with the most psychiatrists is the United States. The registered membership of the American Psychiatric Association (instituted in 1844) was 37,380 in early 1992, and the membership of the American Psychological Association (instituted ^ in 1892) was 96,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Health Services: Most dentists T Human World|Health Services|General Records|Most dentists 20 22 24 26 162938|2396 176878|2601 101398|1491 207522|2 175106|198 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Health Services: Most dentists The country with the most dentists is the United States, where there were 150,300 registered members of the American Dental Association on 31 Dec 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Health Services: Largest psychiatric hospital T Human World|Health Services|General Records|Largest psychiatric hospital 20 22 24 26 163006|2397 100650|1480 101262|1489 207522|3 91334|271 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Health Services: Largest psychiatric hospital The largest psychiatric hospital in the world is the Pilgrim State Hospital, West Brentwood, NY, with 3,816 beds. It formerly contained 14,200 beds. The largest psychiatric institute is at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). ^ -END- -CTRL- Health Services: Busiest maternity hospital T Human World|Health Services|General Records|Busiest maternity hospital 20 22 24 26 163074|2398 3682|54 101194|1488 207522|4 9826|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Health Services: Busiest maternity hospital The busiest maternity hospital in the world has been the Mama Yemo Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire, with 42,987 deliveries in 1972. The record "birth-quake" occurred on a day in May 1976, with 175 babies born. The hospital had 599 beds. India has the ^ greatest number of midwives, with 181,000 registered in 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Health Services: Medical families T Human World|Health Services|General Records|Medical families 20 22 24 26 163142|2399 101330|1490 207522|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Health Services: Medical families The Bauccia family of Valencia, Spain, has had the same medical practice for seven generations, since 1792. ^<n The four sons and five daughters of Dr Antonio B. Vicencio of Los Angeles, CA, all earned medical degrees during the period 1964-82. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Oldest T Human World|Religions|General Records|Oldest 20 22 24 26 163210|2400 233386|3432 186874|2748 208184|0 236192|159 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Oldest Human burial, which has religious connotations, is known from ^I 60,000 B.C. among ^I in the Shanidar cave, northern Iraq. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Largest T Human World|Religions|General Records|Largest 20 22 24 26 163278|2401 115950|1705 186398|2741 208184|1 91334|496 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Largest Religious statistics are necessarily only tentative, since the test of adherence to a religion varies widely in rigor, while many individuals, particularly in the East, belong to two or more religions. ^<n Christianity is the world's most widely ^ practiced religion, with some 1,784 million adherents in 1991, or 33.1 percent of the world's population. There were 1,010 million Roman Catholics in the same year. The largest non-Christian religion is Islam (Muslim) with some 951 million ^ followers in 1991. ^<n The total of world Jewry is estimated to be 14.3 million. The highest concentration is in the United States, with 5,835,000. The total in Israel is 3,653,000. The total in Tokyo, Japan is only 750. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Largest clergies T Human World|Religions|General Records|Largest clergies 20 22 24 26 163346|2402 116018|1706 186466|2742 208184|2 91334|497 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Largest clergies The world's largest religious organization is the Roman Catholic Church--160 cardinals, 754 archbishops, 3,246 bishops, 401,479 priests and 885,645 nuns at the end of 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Saints T Human World|Religions|General Records|Saints 20 22 24 26 163414|2403 186942|2749 208184|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Saints There are more than 2,000 "registered" saints, of whom around two-thirds are either Italian or French. ^<n The first native-born American Roman Catholic saint was Mother Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton (1774-1821), canonized 14 Sep 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Most rapidly canonized saint T Human World|Religions|General Records|Most rapidly canonized saint 20 22 24 26 163482|2404 189254|2783 186738|2746 208184|4 175106|379 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Most rapidly canonized saint The shortest interval that elapsed between the death of a saint and his or her canonization was in the case of St Peter of Verona, Italy, who died on 6 Apr 1252 and was canonized 337 days later on 9 Mar 1253. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Sunday school T Human World|Religions|General Records|Sunday school 20 22 24 26 163550|2405 189322|2784 187010|2750 208184|5 175106|380 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Sunday school The pioneer of the Sunday school movement is generally accepted to be Robert Raikes (1736-1811). In 1780 he engaged a number of women in his home city of Gloucester to teach children on Sundays. Reading and religious instruction were from the ^ outset the main activities, and by 1785 the Sunday School Society had been formed. ^<n ^<4 Most attendances ^>4 F. Otto Brechel (1890-1990) of Mars, PA completed 88 years (4,576 Sundays) of perfect attendance at church school at three ^ different churches in Pennsylvania--the first from 1902 to 1931, the second from 1931 to 1954, and the third from 1954 onwards. ^<n Bill Tom Adams (b. 30 Aug 1898) of Monroe, LA is the current record-holder; he has not missed Sunday school since ^ June 1905, although there have been occasions when ill health has meant that someone from his class has come to his bedside and taught the lesson. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Largest crowds T \p8\D12\3710222 Human World|Religions|General Records|Largest crowds 20 23 25 27 163618|2406 116086|1707 25170|370 186534|2743 208184|6 91334|498 33350|0 -PCAP- The greatest recorded number of human beings assembled with a common purpose was an estimated 15 million at the Hindu festival of Kumbh mela, at Prayag, Allahabad, in India on 6 Feb 1989. Kumbh mela is celebrated every three years, rotating between ^ Prayag, Nasik, Haridwar and Ujjain, all in India. This shot shows the crowds at the 1986 festival. (Photo: Gamma/Poulet) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Largest crowds The greatest recorded number of human beings assembled with a common purpose was an estimated 15 million at the Hindu festival of Kumbh mela, which was held at the confluence of the Yamuna (formerly the Jumna), the Ganges and the invisible ^ "Saraswathi" at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India on 6 Feb 1989. (See Largest funerals.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Largest funerals T Human World|Religions|General Records|Largest funerals 20 22 24 26 163686|2407 116154|1708 186602|2744 208184|7 91334|499 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Largest funerals The funeral of the charismatic C.N. Annadurai (d. 3 Feb 1969), Madras Chief Minister, was attended by 15 million people, according to a police estimate. ^<n The line at the grave of the Russian singer and guitarist Vladimir Visotsky (died 28 Jul ^ 1980) stretched for 6 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Longest chant T Human World|Religions|General Records|Longest chant 20 22 24 26 163754|2408 148998|2191 186670|2745 208184|8 139100|301 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Longest chant Rev. Acharya Prem Bhikshuji (d. 18 Apr 1970) started chanting the Akhand Rama-Dhoon at Jamnagar, Gujarat, India on 1 Aug 1964, and devotees were still continuing the chant in May 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Church brasses T Human World|Religions|General Records|Church brasses 20 22 24 26 163822|2409 233318|3431 186330|2740 208184|9 236192|158 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Church brasses The world's oldest monumental brass is that commemorating Bishop Yso von Wolpe in the Andreaskirche, Verden, near Hanover, Germany, dating from 1231. ^<n An engraved coffin plate of St Ulrich (died 973), laid in 1187, was found buried in the Church ^ of SS Ulrich and Afra, Augsburg, Germany in 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Religions: Most valuable sacred object T Human World|Religions|General Records|Most valuable sacred object 20 22 24 26 163890|2410 214346|3152 186806|2747 208184|10 226156|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Religions: Most valuable sacred object The sacred object with the highest intrinsic value is the 15th-century gold Buddha in Wat Trimitr Temple in Bangkok, Thailand. It is 10 ft tall and weighs an estimated 6.06 tons. At the March 1992 price of $341.90 per fine ounce, its intrinsic ^ worth was $34.02 million. The gold under the plaster exterior was found only in 1954. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Earliest T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Earliest 20 22 24 26 163958|2411 13474|198 169262|2489 208970|0 13960|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Earliest Many archaeologists are of the opinion that the decorated Upper Paleolithic caves of Europe ( ^I 30,000-10,000 B.C.) were used as places of worship or religious ritual. Claims have been made that the El Juyo cave in northern Spain contains ^ an actual shrine, dated to ^I 12,000 B.C. Numerous Neolithic temples from various parts of Europe and the Near East are definite evidence for the worship of deities at a very early date, and from at least 6000 B.C. ^<n The oldest ^ surviving Christian church in the world is a converted house in Qal'at es Salihiye (formerly Douro-Europos) in eastern Syria, dating from A.D. 232. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Oldest T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Oldest 20 22 24 26 164026|2412 231890|3410 169670|2495 208970|1 236192|137 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Oldest ^<4 Church ^>4 The oldest standing Protestant edifice in the United States and the only remaining example of Colonial Gothic is the Newport Parish Church, commonly known as St Luke's, in Isle of Wight County, VA, four miles south of Smithfield, ^ VA. The church was built ^I 1632 and was originally called Warris-quioke Parish Church. In 1637 it was renamed the Isle of Wight Parish Church and its present name was instituted in 1957. ^<n ^<4 Synagogue ^>4 The oldest synagogue in ^ the United States is Touro Synagogue, Newport, RI. Construction was started in 1759 and completed in 1763. The synagogue was dedicated during the Channukah celebration of 1763. Originally called the Jewish Synagogue of Newport, the synagogue was ^ closed in 1820, but reopened in 1883, renamed Touro Synagogue. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Largest temple T \p8\D12\3804102b Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Largest temple 20 22 24 26 164094|2413 112958|1661 25238|371 169602|2494 17078|251 208970|2 91334|452 33350|1 -PCAP- The largest religious structure ever built is Angkor Wat ("City Temple"), enclosing 402 acres in Cambodia. The whole complex of 72 major monuments, begun ^I . A.D. 900, extends over 15 x 5 miles. (Photo: Bettmann Archive) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Largest temple The largest religious structure ever built is Angkor Wat ("City Temple"), enclosing 402 acres in Cambodia (or Kampuchea), Southeast Asia. It was built to the Hindu god Vishnu by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the period A.D. 1113-50. Its curtain ^ wall measures 4,199 x 4,199 ft and its population, before it was abandoned in 1432, was 80,000. The whole complex of 72 major monuments, begun ^I A.D. 900, extends over 15 x 5 miles. ^<n The largest Buddhist temple in the world is ^ Borobudur, near Jogjakarta, Indonesia, built in the eighth century. It is 103 ft tall and 403 ft square. ^<n The largest Mormon temple is the Salt Lake Temple, UT, dedicated on 6 Apr 1893, with a floor area of 253,015 sq ft or 5.8 acres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Largest cathedral T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Largest cathedral 20 22 24 26 164162|2414 112686|1657 169330|2490 208970|3 91334|448 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Largest cathedral The world's largest cathedral is the cathedral church of the Diocese of New York, St John the Divine, with a floor area of 121,000 sq ft and a volume of 16,822,000 cu ft. The cornerstone was laid on 27 Dec 1892, and work on the Gothic building was ^ stopped in 1941. Work was restarted in earnest in July 1979, but is still not finished. The nave is the longest in the world at 601 ft, with a vaulting 124 ft in height. ^<n The cathedral covering the largest area is that of Santa Maria de la ^ Sede in Sevilla (Seville), Spain. It was built in Spanish Gothic style between 1402 and 1519, and is 414 ft long, 271 ft wide and 100 ft high to the vault of the nave. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Smallest cathedral T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Smallest cathedral 20 22 24 26 164230|2415 249026|3662 169738|2496 208970|4 258628|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Smallest cathedral The smallest church in the world designated as a cathedral (the seat of a diocesan bishop) is that of the Christ Catholic Church, Highlandville, MO. It was consecrated in July 1983. It measures 14 x 17 ft and has seating for 18 people. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Largest church T \p8\D12\3804103 Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Largest church 20 22 24 26 164298|2416 112754|1658 25306|372 169398|2491 16126|237 208970|5 139100|282 33350|2 -PCAP- The largest church in the world is the Basilica of St Peter, built between 1506 and 1614 in Vatican City, Rome, Italy. Its length, including the walls of the apse and facade, is 717 ft 6 in. Its area is 247,572 sq ft. (Photo: Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Largest church The largest church in the world is the Basilica of St Peter, built between 1506 and 1614 in Vatican City, Rome, Italy. Its length, including the walls of the apse and facade, is 717 ft 6 in. The area is 247,572 sq ft. The inner diameter of the ^ famous dome is 139 ft 8 in and its center is 393 ft 4 in high. The external height is 448 ft 1 in. Taller, although not as tall as the cathedral in Ulm, Germany (see Tallest spire), is the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace (Notre Dame de la Paix) at ^ Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast, completed in 1989. Including its golden cross, it is 519 ft high. ^<n The elliptical Basilica of St Pius X at Lourdes, France, completed in 1957 at a cost of $5.6 million, has a capacity of 20,000 under its giant span ^ arches and a length of 660 ft. ^<n ^<4 Longest ^>4 The crypt of the underground Civil War Memorial Church in the Guadarrama Mountains, 28 miles from Madrid, Spain, is 853 ft in length. It took 21 years (1937-58) to build, at a reported cost of ^ $392 million, and is surmounted by a cross 492 ft tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Smallest church T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Smallest church 20 22 24 26 164366|2417 249094|3663 169806|2497 208970|6 258628|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Smallest church The world's smallest church is the chapel of Santa Isabel de Hungria, in Colomares, a monument to Christopher Columbus at Benalmadena, Malaga, Spain. It is of irregular shape and has a total floor area of 21 1/8 sq ft. ^<n The smallest church is ^ the United States is Cross Island Chapel, at Oneida, NY, with a floor area of 29.1 sq ft (6 ft 9 1/2 in x 4 ft 3 1/2 in). ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Largest synagogue T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Largest synagogue 20 22 24 26 164434|2418 112890|1660 169534|2493 208970|7 91334|451 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Largest synagogue The largest synagogue in the world is Temple Emanu-El on Fifth Avenue at 65th Street, New York City. The temple, completed in September 1929, has a frontage of 150 ft on Fifth Avenue and 253 ft on 65th Street. The sanctuary proper can accommodate ^ 2,500 people, and the adjoining Beth-El Chapel seats 350. When all the facilities are in use, more than 6,000 people can be accommodated. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Largest mosque T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Largest mosque 20 22 24 26 164502|2419 112822|1659 169466|2492 208970|8 91334|450 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Largest mosque The largest mosque is Shah Faisal Mosque, near Islamabad, Pakistan. The total area of the complex is 48.87 acres, with the covered area of the prayer hall being 1.19 acres. It can accommodate 100,000 worshippers in the prayer hall and the ^ courtyard, and a further 200,000 people in the adjacent grounds. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Tallest minaret T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Tallest minaret 20 22 24 26 164570|2420 255962|3764 170078|2501 208970|9 267614|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Tallest minaret The tallest minaret in the world is that of the Great Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco, measuring 576 ft. The cost of construction of the mosque was $381.5 million. Of ancient minarets, the tallest is the Qutb Minar, south of New Delhi, India, ^ built in 1194 to a height of 238 ft tall. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Tallest and oldest stupa T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Tallest and oldest stupa 20 22 24 26 164638|2421 232094|3413 170010|2500 208970|10 236192|140 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Tallest and oldest stupa The now largely ruined Jetavanarama dagoba in the ancient city of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, measures 400 ft in height. The 326-ft-tall Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon (formerly Rangoon), Myanmar (formerly Burma) is built on the site of a 27-ft-tall pagoda ^ of 585 B.C. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Tallest and oldest pagoda T \p8\D12\3710221 Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Tallest and oldest pagoda 20 22 24 26 164706|2422 232026|3412 25374|373 169942|2499 208970|11 236192|139 33350|3 -PCAP- The 326 ft tall Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon (formerly known as Rangoon), Myanmar (formerly Burma) is built on the site of a 27 ft tall pagoda of 585 BC. (Photo: Picture Point) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Tallest and oldest pagoda The world's tallest pagoda is the Phra Pathom Chedi at Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, which was built for King Mongkut from 1853-70. It rises to 377 ft. The oldest pagoda in China is Sung-Yo Ssu in Honan built with 15 12-sided storeys in AD 523, though ^ the 326 ft tall Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon (formerly known as Rangoon), Myanmar (formerly Burma) is built on the site of a 27 ft tall pagoda of 585 BC. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Tallest spire T \p8\D12\us10221b Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Tallest spire 20 23 25 27 164774|2423 256030|3765 25442|374 170146|2502 208970|12 267614|46 33350|4 -PCAP- The tallest cathedral spire in the world is that of the Protestant Cathedral of Ulm in Germany. The building is early Gothic and was begun in 1377. The tower, in the center of the west facade, was not finally completed until 1890 and is 528 ft ^ high. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Tallest spire ^<4 Cathedral ^>4 The tallest cathedral spire in the world is that of the Protestant Cathedral of Ulm in Germany. The building is early Gothic and was begun in 1377. The tower, in the center of the west facade, was not finally completed until ^ 1890 and is 528 ft high. ^<n ^<4 Church ^>4 The world's tallest church spire is that of the Chicago Temple of the First Methodist Church on Clark Street, Chicago, IL. The building consists of a 22-story skyscraper (erected in 1924) surmounted ^ by a parsonage at 330 ft, a "Sky Chapel" at 400 ft and a steeple cross at 568 ft above street level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Places Of Worship: Stained glass T Human World|Religions|Places Of Worship|Stained glass 20 22 24 26 164842|2424 113026|1662 169874|2498 208970|13 236192|138 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Places Of Worship: Stained glass ^<4 Oldest ^>4 Pieces of stained glass dated before A.D. 850, some possibly even to the seventh century, excavated by Prof. Rosemary Cramp, were set into a window of that date in the nearby St Paul's Church, Jarrow, Great Britain. The oldest ^ complete stained-glass window in the world represents the Prophets in a window of the Cathedral of Augsburg, Germany, dating from the second half of the 11th century. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest figured stained-glass window in the ^ United States is in Christ Church, Pelham Manor, NY and was designed by William Jay Bolton and John Bolton in 1843. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest stained-glass window is that of the Resurrection Mausoleum in Justice, IL, measuring 22,381 sq ^ ft in 2,448 panels, completed in 1971. ^<n Although not one continuous window, the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace (Notre Dame de la Paix) at Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast contains a number of stained-glass windows covering a total area of 80,000 sq ^ ft. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The tallest stained glass is the 135-ft-high back-lit glass mural installed in 1979 in the atrium of the Ramada Hotel, Dubai. ^ -END- -CTRL- Church Personnel: Popes and cardinals T \c8\D02\390915z Human World|Religions|Church Personnel|Popes and cardinals 20 24 26 28 164910|2425 126082|1854 25510|375 46590|685 209966|0 136306|3 33350|5 -PCAP- (Left) The fastest elected pope is Julius II (1443-1513) who was elected Pope on the first ballot on 21 Oct 1503. His name is closely linked with artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael, and it was Raphael who painted this portrait of him as a ^ pensive old man, which is in the Uffizi gallery in Florence, Italy. (Right) Although it is possible that St. Agatho lived longer in the 6th and 7th centuries, the longest-lived pope whose dates are certain was Leo XIII, who was born on 2 Mar 1810 ^ and died on 20 Jul 1903 at the age of 93 years 140 days. He was elected on 20 Feb 1878, and was therefore the pope for over 25 years. (Photos: PicturePoint and AKG Berlin) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Church Personnel: Popes and cardinals ^<4 Longest papal reign ^>4 Pius IX--Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (1846-78) reigned for 31 years 236 days. ^<n ^<4 Shortest papal reign ^>4 Stephen II (died 752) reigned for 2 days. ^<n ^<4 Longest-lived popes ^>4 St Agatho (died 681) ^ lived for ?106 years (probably exaggerated). Leo XIII--Gioacchino Pecci (1810-1903) lived for 93 years 140 days. ^<n ^<4 Youngest elected ^>4 John XII--Ottaviano (c. 937-64) was 18 years old when elected in 955. ^<n ^<4 Last married ^>4 ^ Adrian II (pre-celibacy rule) was elected in 867. ^<n ^<4 Last with children ^>4 Gregory XIII--Ugo Buoncompagni (1502-85), who had one son, was elected in 1572. ^<n ^<4 Last non-cardinal ^>4 Urban VI--Bartolomeo Prignano (1318-89), ^ Archbishop of Bari, was elected on 8 Apr 1378. ^<n ^<4 Last previous non-Italian ^>4 Adrian VI--Adrian Florensz Boeyens (Netherlands), was elected on 9 Jan 1522. ^<n ^<4 Slowest election ^>4 Gregory X--Teobaldi Visconti was elected after 31 ^ months of deliberation from Feb 1269-1 Sep 1271. ^<n ^<4 Fastest election ^>4 Julius II--was elected after the first ballot on 21 Oct 1503. ^<n ^<4 Slowest canonization ^>4 St Leo III was canonized after a span of 857 years, from 816-1673. ^ ^<n ^<4 Oldest cardinal (all-time) ^>4 Georgio da Costa (b. Portugal 1406, d. Rome, Italy aged 102 years), was elected on 18 Sep 1508. ^<n ^<4 Oldest cardinal (current) ^>4 Henri De Lubac (b. Cambrai, France, 20 Feb 1896). ^<n ^<4 ^ Youngest cardinal (all-time) ^>4 Luis Antonio de Bourbon (b. 25 Jul 1727), was 8 years 147 days old when elected on 19 Dec 1735. ^<n ^<4 Youngest cardinal (current) ^>4 Alfonso Lopez Trujillo of Colombia (b. 18 Nov 1935), was 47 years 76 ^ days old when elected. ^<n ^<4 Longest-serving cardinal ^>4 Cardinal Duke of York, grandson of James VII of Scotland and II of England, served for 60 years 10 days, from 1747-1807. ^<n ^<4 Longest-serving bishop ^>4 Bishop Louis Francois de ^ la Baume de Suze (1603-90), served for 76 years 273 days from 6 Dec 1613. ^ -END- -CTRL- Church Personnel: Bishops T Human World|Religions|Church Personnel|Bishops 20 22 24 26 164978|2426 225158|3311 46318|681 209966|1 236192|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Church Personnel: Bishops ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest Roman Catholic bishop in recent years was Archbishop Edward Howard, formerly Archbishop of Portland-in-Oregon (b. 5 Nov 1877), who died at the age of 105 years 58 days on 2 Jan 1983. He had celebrated mass about 27,800 ^ times. ^<n ^<4 Youngest ^>4 The youngest bishop of all time was HRH the Duke of York and Albany, the second son of George III, who was elected Bishop of Osnabruck, through his father's influence as Elector of Hanover, at the age of 196 days on ^ 27 Feb 1764. He resigned 39 years later. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The first consecrated Roman Catholic Bishop of the United States was John Carroll (1735-1815) of Baltimore, MD. In 1808, Carroll, a Jesuit, became the first Catholic archbishop ^ of the United States, with suffragan sees at Boston, New York City, Philadelphia and Baidstown, KY. Carroll also founded Georgetown University in 1789. ^ -END- -CTRL- Church Personnel: Oldest parish priest T Human World|Religions|Church Personnel|Oldest parish priest 20 22 24 26 165046|2427 225226|3312 46522|684 209966|2 236192|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Church Personnel: Oldest parish priest Father Alvaro Fernandez (8 Dec 1880-6 Jan 1988) served as a parish priest at Santiago de Abres, Spain from 1919 until he was 107 years old. ^<n The oldest Anglican clergyman, Rev. Clement Williams (b. 30 Oct 1879), died at the age of 106 years 3 ^ months on 3 Feb 1986. He stood on the route at Queen Victoria's funeral and was ordained in 1904. ^ -END- -CTRL- Church Personnel: Longest-serving deacon T Human World|Religions|Church Personnel|Longest-serving deacon 20 22 24 26 165114|2428 133970|1970 46454|683 209966|3 139100|80 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Church Personnel: Longest-serving deacon Rev. K.M. Jacob (1880-1984) was made a deacon in the Marthoma Syrian Church of Malabar in Kerala, southern India in 1897, and served his church for 87 years. ^ -END- -CTRL- Church Personnel: Longest-serving chorister T Human World|Religions|Church Personnel|Longest-serving chorister 20 22 24 26 165182|2429 133902|1969 46386|682 209966|4 139100|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Church Personnel: Longest-serving chorister John Love Vokins (1890-1989) was a chorister for 92 years. He joined the choir of Christ Church, Heeley, Great Britain in 1895 and that of St Michael's, Hathersage, Great Britain 35 years later, and was still singing in 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Most traveled T \c8\D02\3910193z Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Most traveled 20 23 25 27 165250|2430 171846|2527 25578|376 74878|1101 210994|0 175106|124 34152|0 -PCAP- Among the world's most traveled men are Giorgio Ricatto, (left) from Turin, Italy, and Parke G. Thompson (right), from Akron, OH, at the South Pole. Both men have visited all of the sovereign countries and nonsovereign or other territories which ^ existed at the end of 1991. Not surprisingly, Ricatto has a large collection of passports which are full as a result. (Photos: Giorgio Ricatto and Parke Thompson) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Most traveled The world's most traveled men are Parke G. Thompson, of Akron, OH, Giorgio Ricatto, of Turin, Italy and John Clouse, of Evansville, IN. All three had visited all of the sovereign countries and nonsovereign or other territories which existed at the ^ end of 1991 (see Countries). Thompson and Ricatto have yet to go to the Heard and McDonald Islands, an island group in the southern Indian Ocean, while Clouse has not been to the Canton and Enderbury Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. ^<n The most ^ traveled couple is Dr Robert and Carmen Becker of East Northport, NY, both of whom had visited all of the sovereign countries (the exception being Iraq) and all but eight of the nonsovereign or other territories. ^<n Allen F. Zondlak visited ^ 3,142 counties and county equivalents in the United States, completing his travels in 1991. ^<n The most traveled man in the era before motor vehicles was believed to be the Methodist preacher Bishop Francis Asbury (b. Handsworth, Great Britain, ^ 1745), who traveled 264,000 miles in North America between 1771 and 1815. During this time he preached some 16,000 sermons and ordained nearly 3,000 ministers. ^<n John Todd of London, Great Britain became the joint record holder in 1992. He ^ still has to visit the Heard and McDonald Islands. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Most isolated T \p8\D12\3805120 Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Most isolated 20 23 25 27 165318|2431 171778|2526 25646|377 74810|1100 210994|1 175106|123 34152|1 -PCAP- This picture, taken from the command module of ^I , is of the Earth seen rising over the horizon of the Moon. During the mission command module pilot Alfred M. Worden became the farthest any human has been removed from his nearest ^ living fellow human. While he remained in lunar orbit his fellow astronauts, David Scott and James Irwin, were 2,233.2 miles away exploring the surface of the Moon. (Photo: NASA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Most isolated The farthest any human has been removed from his nearest living fellow human is 2,233.2 miles in the case of the command module pilot Alfred M. Worden on the US ^I lunar mission of 30 Jul-1 Aug 1971, while David Scott and James ^ Irwin were at Hadley Base exploring the surface. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Longest walks T \c8\D02\us09172z Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Longest walks 20 24 26 28 165386|2432 136622|2009 25714|378 74742|1099 210994|2 139100|119 34152|2 -PCAP- The first verified walk round the world was by David Kunst (b. 1939) who left his home town of Waseca, MN on 20 Jun 1970 and arrived back there on 5 Oct 1974. His walk took him through America, Europe, Asia and Australia. At the start he was ^ accompanied by his brother, John, but John was killed by bandits in Afghanistan and another brother, Peter, replaced him. Among the places that they visited were New York, Lisbon, in Portugal, New Delhi, in India, and Perth, in Australia. A total ^ of four mules walked with them, one of which (Willie Makeit II) can be seen in the picture with David in New Delhi. (Photos: David Kunst and Spectrum) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Longest walks The first person reputed to have "walked around the world" is George Matthew Schilling (USA) from 3 Aug 1897 to 1904, but the first ^I achievement in this category was by David Kunst (b. 1939) from 20 Jun 1970 to 5 Oct 1974. He wore ^ out 21 pairs of shoes in the process. ^<n Tomas Carlos Pereira (b. Argentina, 16 Nov 1942) spent ten years, from 6 Apr 1968 to 8 Apr 1978, walking 29,800 miles around five continents. Steven Newman of Bethel, OH spent four years, from 1 Apr 1983 ^ to 1 Apr 1987, walking 22,500 miles around the world, covering 20 countries and five continents. ^<n Rick Hansen (b. Canada, 1957), who was paralyzed from the waist down in 1973 as a result of an auto accident, wheeled his wheelchair 24,901.55 ^ miles through four continents and 34 countries. He started his journey from Vancouver, British Columbia on 21 Mar 1985 and arrived back there on 22 May 1987. ^<n George Meegan (b. 2 Oct 1952) of Rainham, Great Britain walked 19,019 miles from ^ Usuaia, in the southern tip of South America, to Prudhoe Bay in northern Alaska, taking 2,426 days from 26 Jan 1977 to 18 Sep 1983. He thus completed the first traverse of the Americas and the western hemisphere on foot. ^<n Sean Eugene Maguire ^ (USA; b. 15 Sep 1956) walked 7,327 miles from the Yukon River, north of Livengood, AK to Key West, FL in 307 days, from 6 Jun 1978 to 9 Apr 1979. The trans-Canada (Halifax to Vancouver) record walk of 3,764 miles is 96 days, by Clyde McRae, age ^ 23, from 1 May to 4 Aug 1973. John Lees (b. 23 Feb 1945) of Brighton, Great Britain walked 2,876 miles across the United States from City Hall, Los Angeles to City Hall, New York City in 53 days 12 hr 15 min (averaging 53.75 miles a day) between ^ 11 April and 3 Jun 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: North Pole conquest T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|North Pole conquest 20 22 24 26 165454|2433 74946|1102 210994|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: North Pole conquest The claims of the two Arctic explorers Dr Frederick Albert Cook (1865-1940) and Cdr (later Rear-Ad.) Robert Edwin Peary (1856-1920), of the US Naval Civil Engineering branch, to have reached the North Pole are not subject to irrefutable proof, and ^ several recent surveys have produced conflicting conclusions. On excellent pack ice and modern sleds, Wally Herbert's 1968-69 expedition (see Arctic crossing) attained a best day's route mileage of 23 miles in 15 hr. Cook claimed 26 miles twice, ^ while Peary claimed an average of 38 miles per day over eight consecutive days, which many glaciologists regard as quite unsustainable. ^<n The first people indisputably to have reached the North Pole at ground level--the exact point at Lat. 90 ^ deg 00' 00" N (+/- 300 meters)--were Pavel Afanasyevich Geordiyenko, Pavel Kononovich Sen'ko, Mikhail Mikhaylovich Somov and Mikhail Yemel'yenovich Ostrekin (all of the former USSR), on 23 Apr 1948. They arrived and departed by air. ^<n The ^ earliest indisputable attainment of the North Pole by surface travel over the sea-ice took place at 3 P.M. CST on 19 Apr 1968, when expedition leader Ralph Plaisted (USA), accompanied by Walter Pederson, Gerald Pitzel and Jean Luc Bombardier, ^ reached the Pole after a 42-day trek in four skidoos (snowmobiles). Their arrival was independently verified 18 hr later by a US Air Force weather aircraft. The party returned by aircraft. ^<n Naomi Uemura (1941-84), the Japanese explorer and ^ mountaineer, became the first person to reach the North Pole in a solo trek across the Arctic ice cap at 4:45 A.M. GMT on 1 May 1978. He had traveled 450 miles, setting out on 7 March from Cape Edward, Ellesmere Island in northern Canada. He ^ averaged nearly eight miles per day with his sled ^I drawn by 17 huskies. He also left by aircraft. ^<n The first people to ski to the North Pole were the seven members of a Soviet expedition, led by Dmitry Shparo. They reached the ^ Pole on 31 May 1979 after a trek of 900 miles which took them 77 days. ^<n Dr Jean-Louis Etienne, age 39, was the first to reach the Pole solo and without dogs, on 11 May 1986 after 63 days. He left by aircraft. ^<n On 20 Apr 1987 Fukashi Kazami, ^ age 36, of Tokyo, Japan reached the North Pole from Ward Hunt Island, northern Canada in 44 days, having started on his 250-cc motorcycle on 8 March. He also left by aircraft. ^<n The first woman to set foot on the North Pole was Mrs Fran Phipps ^ (Canada) on 5 Apr 1971. She traveled there by ski-plane with her husband, a bush pilot. Galina Aleksandrovna Lastovskaya (b. 1941) and Lilia Vladislavovna Minina (b. 1959) were crew members of the USSR atomic icebreaker ^I , which ^ reached the Pole on 17 Aug 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: South Pole conquest T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|South Pole conquest 20 22 24 26 165522|2434 75082|1104 210994|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: South Pole conquest The first men to cross the Antarctic Circle (Lat. 66 deg 33' S) were the 193 crew members and Capt. James Cook, Royal Navy (1728-79) of the ^I (509 tons) and the ^I (370 tons), captained by Lt Tobias Furneaux, on ^ 17 Jan 1773 at 39 deg E. ^<n The first person known to have sighted the Antarctic ice shelf was Capt. Thaddeus Thaddevich Bellingshausen (Russia; 1778-1852) on 27 Jan 1820 from the vessel ^I accompanied by the ^I . The ^ first people known to have sighted the mainland of the continent were Capt. William Smith (1790-1847) and Master Edward Bransfield, Royal Navy, in the brig ^I . They saw the peaks of Trinity Land three days later, on 30 Jan 1820. ^ ^<n The South Pole (alt. 9,186 ft on ice and 336 ft bedrock) was first reached at 11 A.M. on 14 Dec 1911 by a Norwegian party of five men led by Capt. Roald Engebereth Gravning Amundsen (1872-1928), after a 53-day march with dog sleds from the ^ Bay of Whales, to which he had penetrated in the vessel ^I . Subsequent calculations showed that Olav Olavson Bjaaland and Helmer Hanssen of the Amundsen party probably passed within 1,300-2,000 ft of the exact location of the South ^ Pole. The other two members of the party were Sverre H. Hassell (died 1928) and Oskar Wisting (died 1936). ^<n The first woman to set foot on Antarctica was Mrs Karoline Mikkelsen, a whaling captain's wife, on 20 Feb 1935. It was not until 11 Nov ^ 1969 that a woman stood at the South Pole. On that day Lois Jones, Eileen McSaveney, Jean Pearson, Terry Lee Tickhill (all USA), Kay Lindsay (Australia) and Pam Young (New Zealand) arrived by air at Amundsen-Scott station and walked to the exact ^ point from there. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: First to visit both Poles T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|First to visit both Poles 20 22 24 26 165590|2435 36798|541 74198|1091 210994|5 40936|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: First to visit both Poles Dr Albert Paddock Crary (USA; 1911-87) reached the North Pole in a Dakota aircraft on 3 May 1952. On 12 Feb 1961 he arrived at the South Pole by Sno Cat on a scientific traverse party from the McMurdo Station. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: First to see both Poles T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|First to see both Poles 20 22 24 26 165658|2436 36730|540 74130|1090 210994|6 40936|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: First to see both Poles The first people to see both Poles were Amundsen and Oskar Wisting when they flew aboard the airship ^I over the North Pole on 12 May 1926, having previously been to the South Pole on 14 Dec 1911. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: First to walk to both Poles T \c8\D02\3709173z Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|First to walk to both Poles 20 25 27 29 165726|2437 36866|542 25782|379 74266|1092 12182|179 210994|7 40936|51 34152|3 -PCAP- The first man to walk to both the North Pole and South Pole was Robert Swan (GB). He led the three-man Footsteps of Scott expedition (left), which reached the South Pole on 11 Jan 1986, and three years later headed the eight-man Icewalk expedition ^ (right), which arrived at the North Pole on 14 May 1989. The South Pole trek took the three British walkers 70 days, through what was described as "the worst Antarctic winter for years." The North Pole walk was an international expedition, with ^ members from Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Japan, the Soviet Union, the USA and West Germany. The walk represented just one part of the project, the second being a venture involving 22 students from 15 countries, who were carrying out ^ environmental studies at the polar team base camp at Eureka on Canada's Ellesmere Island. (Photos: Roger Mear and Ben Olds) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: First to walk to both Poles The first man to walk to both the North and the South Poles was Robert Swan (Great Britain; b. 1956). He led the three-man Footsteps of Scott expedition, which reached the South Pole on 11 Jan 1986, and three years later headed the eight-man ^ Icewalk expedition, which arrived at the North Pole on 14 May 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Arctic crossing T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Arctic crossing 20 22 24 26 165794|2438 73858|1086 210994|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Arctic crossing The first crossing of the Arctic sea-ice was achieved by the British Trans-Arctic Expedition, which left Point Barrow, AK on 21 Feb 1968 and arrived at the Seven Island archipelago northeast of Spitzbergen, Svalbard, Norway 464 days later, on 29 ^ May 1969. This involved a haul of 2,920 statute miles with a drift of 700 miles, compared with the straight-line distance of 1,662 miles. The team was made up of Wally Herbert (leader), 34, Major Ken Hedges, RAMC, 34, Allan Gill, 38, Dr Roy ^ Koerner (glaciologist), 36, and 40 huskies. The only crossing achieved in a single season was that by Fiennes and Burton (see Pole to Pole circumnavigation) from Alert via the North Pole to the Greenland Sea in open snowmobiles. Both reached the ^ North Pole and returned by land. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Antarctic crossing T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Antarctic crossing 20 22 24 26 165862|2439 73790|1085 210994|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Antarctic crossing The first surface crossing of the Antarctic continent was completed at 1:47 P.M. on 2 Mar 1958, after a trek of 2,158 miles lasting 99 days from 24 Nov 1957, from Shackleton Base to Scott Base via the Pole. The crossing party of 12 was led by Dr ^ (now Sir) Vivian Ernest Fuchs (Great Britain; b. 11 Feb 1908). The 2,600 mile trans-Antarctic leg from Sanae to Scott Base of the 1980-82 British Trans-Globe Expedition was achieved in 67 days, from 28 Oct 1980 to 11 Jan 1981, having reached the ^ South Pole on 15 Dec 1980. The three-man party on snowmobiles comprised Sir Ranulph Fiennes (b. 1944), Oliver Shepard and Charles Burton. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Pole to Pole circumnavigation T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Pole to Pole circumnavigation 20 22 24 26 165930|2440 75014|1103 210994|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Pole to Pole circumnavigation The first Pole to Pole circumnavigation was achieved by Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton of the British Trans-Globe Expedition, who traveled south from Greenwich, Great Britain (2 Sep 1979), via the South Pole (15 Dec 1980) and the North Pole ^ (10 Apr 1982), and back to Greenwich, arriving on 29 Aug 1982 after a 35,000 mile trek. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Longest sled journeys T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Longest sled journeys 20 22 24 26 165998|2441 136554|2008 74606|1097 210994|11 139100|118 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Longest sled journeys The longest totally self-supporting polar sled journey ever made was one of 1,080 miles from west to east across Greenland from 18 Jun to 5 Sep 1934 by Capt. M. Lindsay (later Sir Martin Lindsay of Dowhill, Great Britain; 1905-81), Lt Arthur S.T. ^ Godfrey (later Lt-Col., killed 1942), Andrew N.C. Croft (later Col.), and 49 dogs. The Ross Sea Party of ten (three died) sledded over 2,000 miles in 300 days from 6 May 1915. ^<n The International Trans-Antarctic Expedition (six members) sledded ^ a distance of some 2,300 miles in 117 days from 7 Nov 1989 (Patriot Hills) to 3 Mar 1990 (Mirnyy). The journey had started at Seal Nunataks on 27 Jul 1989, but the dogs accompanying the expedition were flown out from Patriot Hills to South ^ America for a period of rest before returning to the Antarctic. The expedition was supported by aircraft throughout its duration. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Greatest ocean descent T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Greatest ocean descent 20 22 24 26 166066|2442 47950|705 74334|1093 210994|12 52992|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Greatest ocean descent The record ocean descent was achieved in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, 250 miles southwest of Guam in the Pacific Ocean, when the Swiss-built US Navy bathyscaphe ^I , manned by Dr Jacques Piccard (Switzerland; b. 1914) ^ and Lt Donald Walsh, USN, reached a depth of 35,813 ft at 1:10 P.M. on 23 Jan 1960. (See Oceans, deepest.) The pressure of the water was 16,883 lbf/sq in and the temperature 37 deg F. The descent took 4 hr 48 min and the ascent 3 hr 17 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Longest on a raft T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Longest on a raft 20 22 24 26 166134|2443 136486|2007 74538|1096 18438|271 210994|13 139100|117 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Longest on a raft The longest recorded survival alone on a raft is 133 days (4 1/2 months) by Second Steward Poon Lim (b. Hong Kong) of Great Britain's Merchant Navy, whose ship, the SS ^I , was torpedoed in the Atlantic 565 miles west of St Paul's ^ Rocks at Lat. 00 deg 30' N, Long. 38 deg 45' W at 11:45 A.M. on 23 Nov 1942. He was picked up by a Brazilian fishing boat off Salinopolis, Brazil on 5 Apr 1943 and was able to walk ashore. ^<n Tabwai Mikaie and Arenta Tebeitabu, two fishermen ^ from the island of Nikunau in Kiribati, survived for 175 days adrift at sea in their fishing boat's 13-ft open dinghy. They were caught in a cyclone shortly after setting out on a trip on 17 Nov 1991 and were found washed ashore in Western Samoa, ^ 1,200 miles away, on 14 May 1992. A third man had left with them but died a few days before they reached Western Samoa. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Deep-diving records T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Deep-diving records 20 22 24 26 166202|2444 73926|1087 20954|308 210994|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Deep-diving records The record depth for the ^I dangerous activity of breath-held diving is 351 ft, by Angela Bandini (Italy) on a marked cable off Elba, Italy on 3 Oct 1989. She was underwater for 2 min 46 sec. ^<n The record dive with scuba ^ (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) is 437 ft, by John J. Gruener and R. Neal Watson (USA) off Freeport, Grand Bahama on 14 Oct 1968. ^<n The record dive utilizing gas mixtures (nitrogen, oxygen and helium) was a simulated dive of ^ 2,250 ft in a dry chamber by Stephen Porter, Len Whitlock and Erik Kramer at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, NC on 3 Feb 1981, in a 43-day trial in a sphere of 8 ft diameter. ^<n A team of six divers (four Comex and two French Navy) ^ descended and worked efficiently during a period of six days to a depth of 1,706 ft off Marseilles, France, as part of the Hydra VIII operation in the spring of 1988. This involved the use of "hydreliox," a synthetic breathing mixture containing ^ a high percentage of hydrogen. Arnaud de Nechaud de Feral performed a saturation dive of 73 days from 9 Oct-21 Dec 1989 in a hyperbaric chamber simulating a depth of 985 ft, as part of the Hydra IX operation carried out by Comex at Marseilles, ^ France. He was breathing "hydrox," a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: High-altitude diving T \p8\D12\3910195 Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|High-altitude diving 20 22 24 26 166270|2445 25850|380 74470|1095 21158|311 210994|15 34152|4 -PCAP- The record for high-altitude diving is 16,200 ft in Lake Donag-Tsho in the Himalayas, Nepal, by Frank B. Mee, Dr John Leach and Dr Andy McLean on 4 Mar 1989. They were accompanied by four ducks as mascots. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: High-altitude diving The record for high-altitude diving is 16,200 ft in Lake Donag-Tsho in the Himalayas, Nepal, by Frank B. Mee, Dr John Leach and Dr. Andy McLean on 4 Mar 1989. They dove to a depth of 92 ft, having first cut through 5 ft of ice in temperatures of ^ -18 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Deepest underwater escapes T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Deepest underwater escapes 20 22 24 26 166338|2446 5858|86 74062|1089 210994|16 11656|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Deepest underwater escapes The deepest underwater rescue ever achieved was of the ^I , in which Roger R. Chapman (28) and Roger Mallinson (35) were trapped for 76 hours when their vessel sank to 1,575 ft, 150 miles southeast of Cork, Republic of Ireland on ^ 29 Aug 1973. It was hauled to the surface on 1 September by the cable ship ^I after work by ^I , ^I and the remote-control recovery vessel US CURV. ^<n The greatest depth from which an actual ^ escape without any equipment has been made is 225 ft, by Richard A. Slater from the rammed submersible ^I off Catalina Island, CA on 28 Sep 1970. ^<n The record for an escape with equipment was by Norman Cooke and Hamish Jones ^ on 22 Jul 1987. During a naval exercise they escaped from a depth of 601 ft from the submarine HMS ^I in Bjornefjorden, off Bergen, Norway. They were wearing standard suits with a built-in life jacket, from which air expanding during ^ the ascent passes into a hood over the escaper's head. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Longest submergence T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Longest submergence 20 22 24 26 166406|2447 157906|2322 74674|1098 15446|227 210994|17 169216|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Longest submergence The ^I duration record (i.e., no rest breaks) for scuba (i.e., self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, used without surface air hoses) is 212 hr 30 min, by Michael Stevens of Birmingham, Great Britain in a Royal Navy tank ^ at the National Exhibition Center, Birmingham from 14-23 Feb 1986. Measures have to be taken to reduce the numerous health risks in such endurance trials. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Deepest salvage T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Deepest salvage 20 22 24 26 166474|2448 5790|85 73994|1088 210994|18 11656|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Deepest salvage The greatest depth at which salvage has been successfully carried out is 17,251 ft, in the case of a helicopter that had crashed into the Pacific Ocean in August 1991 with the loss of four lives. Crew of the USS ^I and personnel from ^ East port International managed to raise the wreckage to the surface on 27 Feb 1992 so that the authorities could try to determine the cause of the accident. ^<n The deepest salvage operation ever achieved with divers was on the wreck of HM ^ cruiser ^I , sunk on 2 May 1942 in the Barents Sea off northern Norway, inside the Arctic Circle, in 803 ft of water. Over 32 days (from 7 Sep-7 Oct 1981), 12 divers dove on the wreck in pairs, using a bell from the ^I (1,594 tons), under the direction of former Royal Navy officer Michael Stewart. A total of 460 gold ingots (the only 100 percent salvage to date) was recovered, John Rossier being the first person to touch the gold. ^ -END- -CTRL- Endurance and Endeavor: Greatest penetration into the Earth T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|General Records|Greatest penetration into the Earth 20 22 24 26 166542|2449 48018|706 74402|1094 210994|19 52992|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Endurance and Endeavor: Greatest penetration into the Earth The deepest penetration made into the ground by human beings is in the Western Deep Levels Mine at Carletonville, Transvaal, South Africa, where a record depth of 11,749 ft was attained on 12 Jul 1977. The virgin rock temperature at this depth is ^ 131 deg F. (See also Borings and mines.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Most marriages T \p8\D12\3709175b Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Most marriages 20 22 24 26 166610|2450 180074|2648 25918|381 130162|1914 212410|0 175106|245 34152|5 -PCAP- The greatest number of marriages accumulated in the monogamous world is 27 by former Baptist minister Glynn Scotty Wolfe (1908-91) of Blythe, California, USA, who first married in 1927. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Most marriages The greatest number of marriages contracted by one person in the monogamous world is 27, by former Baptist minister Glynn "Scotty" Wolfe (1908-91) of Blythe, CA, who first married in 1927. He believed that he had a total of 41 children. ^<n The ^ greatest number of monogamous marriages by a woman is 22, by Linda Lou Essex of Anderson, IN. She has been married to 15 different men since 1957, her most recent marriage being in October 1991. Less than a month later it was reported that she ^ was seeking a divorce. ^<n The record for bigamous marriages is 104, by Giovanni Vigliotto--one of many aliases used by either Fred Jipp (b. New York, 3 Apr 1936) or Nikolai Peruskov (b. Siracusa, Sicily, 3 Apr 1929) during 1949-81 in 27 states ^ and 14 foreign countries. Four victims were aboard one ship in 1968 and two were in London, Great Britain. On 28 Mar 1983 in Phoenix, AZ he received a sentence of 28 years for fraud and six for bigamy, and was fined $336,000. He died in February ^ 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Most married couple T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Most married couple 20 22 24 26 166678|2451 180142|2649 130230|1915 212410|1 175106|246 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Most married couple Ralph and Patsy Martin of Quartzsite, AZ have married each other a total of 51 times, their first wedding having been in 1960. Richard and Carole Roble of South Hempstead, NY have also married each other 51 times, with their first wedding being in ^ 1969. Both couples have chosen different locations each time. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Oldest bride and bridegroom T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Oldest bride and bridegroom 20 22 24 26 166746|2452 229918|3381 130298|1916 212410|2 236192|108 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Oldest bride and bridegroom The oldest recorded bridegroom was Harry Stevens, age 103, who married Thelma Lucas, 84, at the Caravilla Retirement Home, WI on 3 Dec 1984. ^<n The oldest recorded bride is Minnie Munro, age 102, who married Dudley Reid, 83, at Point Clare, New ^ South Wales, Australia on 31 May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Youngest married T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Youngest married 20 22 24 26 166814|2453 263986|3882 130502|1919 212410|3 275964|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Youngest married It was reported in 1986 that an 11-month-old boy was married to a 3-month-old girl in Bangladesh to end a 20-year feud between two families over a disputed farm. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Longest marriage T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Longest marriage 20 22 24 26 166882|2454 142266|2092 130026|1912 212410|4 139100|202 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Longest marriage The longest recorded marriages were both of 86 years. Sir Temulji Bhicaji Nariman and Lady Nariman, who were married from 1853 to 1940, were cousins, and the marriage took place when both were age five. Sir Temulji (b. 3 Sep 1848) died, at the age ^ of 91 years 11 months, in August 1940 in Bombay, India. Lazarus Rowe (b. Greenland, NH in 1725) and Molly Webber were recorded as marrying in 1743. He died first, in 1829, also after 86 years of marriage. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Most golden weddings T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Most golden weddings 20 22 24 26 166950|2455 180006|2647 130094|1913 212410|5 175106|244 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Most golden weddings The greatest number of golden weddings in a family is ten, the six sons and four daughters of Joseph and Sophia Gresl of Manitowoc, WI all celebrating golden weddings between April 1962 and September 1988, and the six sons and four daughters of ^ George and Eleonora Hopkins of Patrick County, VA all celebrating their golden weddings between November 1961 and October 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Wedding ceremonies T \p8\D12\3709175a Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Wedding ceremonies 20 22 24 26 167018|2456 106022|1559 25986|382 130434|1918 1302|19 212410|6 208038|30 34152|6 -PCAP- The largest mass wedding ceremony was one of 6,516 couples officiated over by Sun Myung Moon (b. 1920) of the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity at a factory near Seoul, South Korea on 30 Oct 1988. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Wedding ceremonies ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest mass wedding ceremony was one of 6,516 couples officiated over by Sun Myung Moon (b. 1920) of the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity at a factory near Seoul, South Korea on 30 Oct 1988. ^ The answer to the question "Will you swear to love your spouse forever?" was "Ye." ^<n ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 The wedding of Mohammed, son of Shaik Rashid Bin Saeed Al Maktoum, to Princess Salama in Dubai in May 1981 lasted seven days and cost ^ an estimated $44 million. It was held in a stadium built especially for the occasion, accommodating 20,000 wedding guests. ^<n ^<4 Greatest attendance ^>4 At the wedding of cousins Menachem Teitelbaum and Brucha Sima Melsels in Uniondale, NY ^ on 4 Dec 1984, the attendance of the Satmar sect of Hasidic Jews was estimated to be 17,000-20,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Longest engagement T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Longest engagement 20 22 24 26 167086|2457 142198|2091 129958|1911 212410|7 139100|201 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Longest engagement The longest engagement on record was between Octavio Guillen and Adriana Martinez. They finally took the plunge after 67 years in June 1969 in Mexico City. Both were then 82 years old. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Best man T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Best man 20 22 24 26 167154|2458 554|8 129890|1910 212410|8 6246|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Best man The world champion "best man" is Ting Ming Siong, from Sibu, Sarawak, in Malaysia, who in March 1992 officiated at a wedding for the 737th time since 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marriages: Oldest divorced T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Marriages|Oldest divorced 20 22 24 26 167222|2459 229986|3382 130366|1917 212410|9 236192|109 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marriages: Oldest divorced The oldest aggregate age of a couple being divorced is 188. On 2 Feb 1984 a divorce was granted in Milwaukee, WI to Ida Stern, age 91, and her husband Simon, 97. ^ -END- -CTRL- Feasts and Celebrations: Banquets T \p8\D12\3707133 Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Feasts and Celebrations|Banquets 20 23 25 27 167290|2460 172594|2538 26054|383 79026|1162 213126|0 175106|135 34152|7 -PCAP- The most lavish menu ever served was for the main banquet at the Imperial Iranian 2,500th Anniversary gathering at Persepolis on October 1971. It comprised quails' eggs stuffed with Iranian caviar, a mousse of crayfish tails in Nantua sauce and ^ stuffed rack of roast lamb, with a main course of roast peacock stuffed with foie gras, fig rings and raspberry sweet champagne sherbet. Wines included Chateau Lafite-Rothschild 1945 at $160 (now $400) per bottle. (Photo: Popperfoto) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Feasts and Celebrations: Banquets ^<4 Most lavish ^>4 The most lavish menu ever served was for the main banquet at the Imperial Iranian 2,500th Anniversary gathering at Persepolis in October 1971. The feast, which lasted 5 1/2 hr, comprised quails' eggs stuffed with Iranian ^ caviar, a mousse of crawfish tails in Nantua sauce, stuffed rack of roast lamb, a main course of roast peacock stuffed with ^I , fig rings and raspberry sweet champagne sherbet. The wines included ^I 1945 at $160 (now $400) per bottle from Maxime's, Paris, France. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest feast was attended by 150,000 guests on the occasion of the renunciation ceremony of Atul Dalpatlal Shah, when he became a monk, at ^ Ahmedabad, India on 2 Jun 1991. ^<n ^<4 Indoors ^>4 The greatest number of people served indoors at a single sitting was 18,000 municipal leaders at the Palais de l'Industrie, Paris, France on 18 Aug 1889. ^<n ^<4 Military ^>4 It was ^ estimated that some 30,000 guests attended a military feast given at Radewitz, Poland on 25 Jun 1730 by King August II (1709-33). ^ -END- -CTRL- Feasts and Celebrations: Dining out T \p8\D12\3709171 Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Feasts and Celebrations|Dining out 20 23 25 27 167358|2461 172662|2539 26122|384 79094|1163 2118|31 213126|1 175106|136 34152|8 -PCAP- The greatest altitude at which a formal meal has been held is 22,205 ft, at the top of Mt. Huascaran, Peru, when nine members of the Ansett Social Climbers, from Sydney, Australia scaled the mountain on 28 June 1989 with a dining table, chairs, ^ wine and three course meal. This picture shows them in training on Mt. Pisco, also in Peru, at a height of 18,696 ft. (Photo: Sama/Fuji) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Feasts and Celebrations: Dining out ^<4 Most times ^>4 The world champion for eating out was Fred E. Magel of Chicago, IL, who over a period of 50 years dined out 46,000 times in 60 countries as a restaurant grader. He claimed that the restaurant that served the largest helpings ^ was Zehnder's Hotel, Frankenmuth, MI. Mr Magel's favorite dishes were South African rock lobster and mousse of fresh English strawberries. ^<n ^<4 Greatest altitude ^>4 The greatest altitude at which a formal meal has been held is 22,205 ft, ^ at the top of Mt Huascaran, Peru, when nine members of the Ansett Social Climbers from Sydney, Australia scaled the mountain on 28 Jun 1989 with a dining table, chairs, wine and a three-course meal. At the summit they put on top hats and thermal ^ evening attire for their dinner party, which was marred only by the fact that the wine turned to ice. ^ -END- -CTRL- Feasts and Celebrations: Party-giving T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Feasts and Celebrations|Party-giving 20 22 24 26 167426|2462 96842|1424 79230|1165 213126|2 91334|215 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Feasts and Celebrations: Party-giving ^<4 Largest ^>4 The International Year of the Child children's party in Hyde Park, London, Great Britain on 30-31 May 1979 was attended by the British royal family and 160,000 children. ^<n The world's biggest birthday party was attended by ^ 75,000 people at Buffalo, NY on 4 Jul 1991 as part of the 1991 Friendship Festival to celebrate the 215th birthday of the United States and Canada's 115th birthday. ^<n The largest Christmas party ever staged was the one thrown by the Boeing Co. ^ in the 65,000-seat Kingdome, Seattle, WA. The party was held in two parts on 15 Dec 1979, and a total of 103,152 people attended. ^<n During St Patrick's week of 11-17 Mar 1985, Houlihan's Old Place hosted St Pat's Parties at the 48 Kansas City, ^ MO-based Gilbert/Robinson restaurants, for a total of 206,854 documented guests. ^ -END- -CTRL- Feasts and Celebrations: Largest dish T Human Achievements|Endurance and Endeavor|Feasts and Celebrations|Largest dish 20 22 24 26 167494|2463 96774|1423 79162|1164 16330|240 213126|3 91334|214 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Feasts and Celebrations: Largest dish The largest item on any menu in the world is roasted camel, prepared occasionally for Bedouin wedding feasts. Cooked eggs are stuffed into fish, the fish stuffed into cooked chickens, the chickens stuffed into a roasted sheep's carcass and the ^ sheep stuffed into a whole camel. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Backwards running T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Backwards running 20 22 24 27 167562|2464 25238|371 136486|2007 213648|0 23878|123 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Backwards running Timothy "Bud" Badyana (USA) ran the fastest backwards marathon in 4 hr 15 sec at Columbus, OH on 10 Nov 1991. He has also run 10 km backwards in 45 min 37 sec at Toledo, OH on 13 Jul 1991. Donald Davis (USA; b. 10 Feb 1960) ran 1 mile backwards in ^ 6 min 7.1 sec at the University of Hawaii on 21 Feb 1983. Ferdie Ato Adoboe (Ghana) ran 100 yd backwards in 12.7 sec at Smith College, Northampton, MA on 25 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Backwards walking T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Backwards walking 20 22 24 27 167630|2465 54614|803 136554|2008 213648|1 61634|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Backwards walking The greatest-ever distance was 8,000 miles, by Plennie L. Wingo, who walked backwards from Santa Monica, CA to Istanbul, Turkey from 15 Apr 1931 to 24 Oct 1932. The longest distance recorded for walking backwards in 24 hr is 95.40 miles, by Anthony ^ Thornton (USA) in Minneapolis, MN on 31 Dec 1988-1 Jan 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Barrel rolling T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Barrel rolling 20 22 24 27 167698|2466 25306|372 136622|2009 213648|2 23878|124 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Barrel rolling The record for rolling a full 36-gallon metal beer barrel over a measured mile is 8 min 7.2 sec, by Phillip Randle, Steve Hewitt, John Round, Trevor Bradley, Colin Barnes and Ray Glover of Haunchwood Collieries Institute and Social Club, Nuneaton, ^ Great Britain on 15 Aug 1982. ^<n A team of ten rolled a 140 lb barrel 150 miles in 30 hr 31 min in Chlumcany, Czechoslovakia on 27-28 Oct 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Barrow pushing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Barrow pushing 20 22 24 27 167766|2467 59850|880 136690|2010 213648|3 65726|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Barrow pushing The heaviest loaded one-wheeled barrow pushed for a minimum 200 level feet was one loaded with bricks weighing a gross 8,275 lb. It was pushed a distance of 243 ft by John Sarich at London, Ontario, Canada on 19 Feb 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Barrow racing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Barrow racing 20 22 24 27 167834|2468 25374|373 136758|2011 213648|4 23878|125 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Barrow racing The fastest time attained in a 1 mile wheelbarrow race is 4 min 48.51 sec, by Piet Pitzer and Jaco Erasmus at the Transvalia High School, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa on 3 Oct 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Baseballs in one hand T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Baseballs in one hand 20 22 24 27 167902|2469 181026|2662 136826|2012 213648|5 175106|259 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Baseballs in one hand James and Jason d'Amore of the Bronx, NY set a world record by holding 10 baseballs in one hand, 20 Oct 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bathtub racing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Bathtub racing 20 22 24 27 167970|2470 25442|374 136894|2013 213648|6 23878|126 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bathtub racing The record for a 36 mile bathtub race is 1 hr 22 min 27 sec, by Greg Mutton at the Grafton Jacaranda Festival, New South Wales, Australia on 8 Nov 1987. Tubs are limited to 75 in and 6 hp motors. The greatest distance for paddling a hand-propelled ^ bathtub in still water in 24 hr is 90 1/2 miles, by 13 members of Aldington Prison Officers Social Club, near Ashford, Great Britain on 28-29 May 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Baton twirling T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Baton twirling 20 22 24 27 168038|2471 181094|2663 136962|2014 213648|7 175106|260 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Baton twirling The greatest number of complete spins done between tossing a baton into the air and catching it is 10, by Donald Garcia, on the British Broadcasting Corporation ^I TV program on 9 Dec 1986. ^<n The record for women is seven, ^ shared by Lisa Fedick on the same program; Joanne Holloway, at Great Britain National Baton Twirling Association Championships in Paignton, Great Britain on 29 Oct 1987; and Rachel Hayes on 18 Sep 1988, also later shown on the British ^ Broadcasting Corporation ^I TV program. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bed making T \p8\D12\3910197 Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Bed making 20 22 24 27 168106|2472 25510|375 26190|385 137030|2015 20614|303 213648|8 23878|127 34798|0 -PCAP- Sister Sharon Stringer and Nurse Michelle Benkel of the Royal Masonic Hospital, London, Great Britain set a new two-person record for making a bed with a time of 17.3 sec on 19 Sep 1990. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bed making The pair record for making a bed with one blanket, two sheets, an undersheet, an uncased pillow, one bedspread and "hospital" corners is 17.3 sec, by Sister Sharon Stringer and Nurse Michelle Benkel of the Royal Masonic Hospital, London, Great ^ Britain on 19 Sep 1990, shown on the British Broadcasting Corporation's ^I TV program. ^<n The record time for one person to make a bed is 28.2 sec, by Wendy Wall, 34, of Hebersham, Sydney, Australia on 30 Nov 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bed pushing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Bed pushing 20 22 24 27 168174|2473 143490|2110 137098|2016 213648|9 139100|220 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bed pushing The longest recorded push of a normally stationary object is of 3,233 miles, in the case of a wheeled hospital bed by a team of nine employees of Bruntsfield Bedding Center, Edinburgh, Great Britain from 21 Jun-26 Jul 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bed race T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Bed race 20 22 24 27 168242|2474 25578|376 137166|2017 213648|10 23878|128 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bed race The course record for a 10-mile bed race, is 50 min as established by the Westbury Harrier's three-man bed team at Chew Valley, Avon, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Beer coaster flipping T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Beer coaster flipping 20 22 24 27 168310|2475 181162|2664 137234|2018 213648|11 175106|261 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Beer coaster flipping Dean Gould of Felixstowe, Great Britain flipped and caught a pile of 102 coasters (490 gsm wood pulp board) through 180 degrees in Hamburg, Germany on 18 Mar 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Beer keg lifting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Beer keg lifting 20 22 24 27 168378|2476 181230|2665 137302|2019 213648|12 175106|262 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Beer keg lifting George Olesen raised a keg of beer weighing 138 lb above his head 670 times in six hours at Horsens, Denmark on 25 Jun 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Beer stein carrying T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Beer stein carrying 20 22 24 27 168446|2477 49582|729 137370|2020 213648|13 52992|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Beer stein carrying Barmaid Rosie Schedelbauer covered a distance of 49 ft 2 1/2 in in 4 sec with five full steins in each hand in a televised contest at Konigssee, Germany on 29 Jun 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Brick carrying T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Brick carrying 20 22 24 27 168514|2478 54750|805 137438|2021 213648|14 61634|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Brick carrying The greatest distance achieved for carrying a 9-lb brick in a nominated ungloved hand in an uncradled downward pincer grip is 61 3/4 miles, by Reg Morris of Walsall, Great Britain on 16 Jul 1985. ^<n The women's record for a 9-lb-12-oz brick is 22 ^ 1/2 miles, by Wendy Morris of Walsall, Great Britain on 28 Apr 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Brick lifting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Brick lifting 20 22 24 27 168582|2479 181298|2666 137506|2022 213648|15 175106|263 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Brick lifting Russell Bradley of Worcester, Great Britain lifted 30 bricks laid side by side off a table, raising them to chest height and holding them there for two seconds on 17 Nov 1990. The greatest weight of bricks lifted was also by Russell Bradley on the ^ same day, when he succeeded in lifting 26 far-heavier bricks weighing a total of 189 lb 9 oz, again holding them for two seconds. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bubble T \p8\D12\3810209b Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Bubble 20 22 24 27 168650|2480 143558|2111 26258|386 137574|2023 4566|67 213648|16 139100|221 34798|1 -PCAP- David Stein of New York City created a 50 ft long bubble on 6 Jun 1988. He made the bubble using a bubble wand, dishwashing liquid and water. (Photo: Gelman & Gray/Lowry) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bubble David Stein of New York City created a 50-ft-long bubble on 6 Jun 1988. He made the bubble using a bubble wand, dishwashing liquid and water. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bubble-gum blowing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Bubble-gum blowing 20 22 24 27 168718|2481 49718|731 137642|2024 13950|205 213648|17 52992|68 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Bubble-gum blowing The greatest reported diameter for a bubble-gum bubble under the strict rules of this highly competitive activity is 22 in, by Susan Montgomery Williams of Fresno, CA in June 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Camping out T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Camping out 20 22 24 27 168786|2482 143626|2112 137710|2025 213648|18 139100|222 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Camping out The silent Indian ^I Mastram Bapu ("contented father") remained on the same spot by the roadside in the village of Chitra for 22 years from 1960-82. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: House of cards T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records| House of cards 20 22 24 27 168854|2483 182454|2683 139818|2056 213648|19 175106|280 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: House of cards The greatest number of floors achieved in building freestanding houses of standard playing cards is 75, to a height of 14 ft 6 in, by Bryan Berg of Spirit Lake, IA on 18-20 Apr 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Card holding T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Card holding 20 22 24 27 168922|2484 181366|2667 137778|2026 213648|20 175106|264 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Card holding Ralf Laue held 310 standard playing cards in a fan in one hand, so that the value and color of each one was visible, at Zurich, Switzerland on 6 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Card throwing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Card throwing 20 22 24 27 168990|2485 54818|806 137846|2027 213648|21 61634|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Card throwing Kevin St Onge threw a standard playing card 185 ft 1 in at the Henry Ford Community College campus, Dearborn, MI on 12 Jun 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Catapulting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Catapulting 20 22 24 27 169058|2486 54886|807 137914|2028 213648|22 61634|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Catapulting The greatest recorded distance for a catapult shot is 1,362 ft by James M. Pfotenhauer, using a patented 17 ft 1 1/2 in Monarch IV Supershot and a 53-caliber lead musket ball on Ski Hill Road, Escanaba, MI on 10 Sep 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Cigar box balancing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Cigar box balancing 20 22 24 27 169126|2487 181434|2668 137982|2029 213648|23 175106|265 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Cigar box balancing Terry Cole of London, Great Britain balanced 220 unmodified cigar boxes on his chin for 9 sec on 24 Apr 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Clapping T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Clapping 20 22 24 27 169194|2488 158042|2324 138050|2030 213648|24 169216|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Clapping The duration record for continuous clapping (sustaining an average of 160 claps per min, audible at 120 yd) is 58 hr 9 min by V. Jeyaraman of Tamil Nadu, India from 12-15 Feb 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Unsupported circle T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Unsupported circle 20 22 24 27 169262|2489 183338|2696 142334|2093 213648|25 175106|293 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Unsupported circle The highest recorded number of people who have demonstrated the physical paradox of all being seated without a chair is an unsupported circle of 10,323 employees of the Nissan Motor Co. at Komazawa Stadium, Tokyo, Japan on 23 Oct 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Coal shoveling T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Coal shoveling 20 22 24 27 169330|2490 181502|2669 138118|2031 213648|26 175106|266 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Coal shoveling The record for filling a 1,120 lb hopper with coal is 29.22 sec, by W. Miller of Fingal, Tasmania, Australia at the Fingal Valley Festival on 29 Feb 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Coin balancing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Coin balancing 20 22 24 27 169398|2491 181570|2670 138186|2032 213648|27 175106|267 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Coin balancing Hiem Shda of Kiriat Mozkien, Israel stacked a pyramid of 847 coins on the edge of a coin free-standing vertically on the base of a coin that was on a table on 30 Jul 1989. ^<n The tallest single column of coins ever stacked on the edge of a coin ^ was made up of 253 Indian one-rupee pieces on top of a vertical five-rupee coin, by Dipak Syal of Yamuna Nagar, India on 3 May 1991. He also balanced 10 one-rupee coins and 10 ten-paise coins alternately horizontally and vertically in a single ^ column on 1 May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Coin snatching T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Coin snatching 20 22 24 27 169466|2492 181638|2671 138254|2033 213648|28 175106|268 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Coin snatching The greatest number of British 10p pieces clean-caught from being flipped from the back of a forearm into the same downward palm is 254, by Dean Gould of Felixstowe, Great Britain on 12 Jul 1991.39/93 Apr 29. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Crocheting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Crocheting 20 22 24 27 169534|2493 143762|2114 138458|2036 213648|29 139100|224 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Crocheting Barbara Jean Sonntag (b. 1938) of Craig, CO crocheted 330 shells plus five stitches (equivalent to 4,412 stitches) in 30 min at a rate of 147 stitches per min on 13 Jan 1981. ^<n Ria van der Honing of Wormerveer, Netherlands completed a crochet ^ chain 38.83 miles long on 14 Jul 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Crawling T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Crawling 20 22 24 27 169602|2494 143694|2113 138322|2034 213648|30 139100|223 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Crawling The longest continuous voluntary crawl (progression with one or other knee in unbroken contact with the ground) on record is 31 1/2 miles, by Peter McKinley and John Murrie, who covered 115 laps of an athletic track at Falkirk, Great Britain on ^ 28-29 Mar 1992. Over a space of 15 months ending on 9 Mar 1985, Jagdish Chander, 32, crawled 870 miles from Aligarh to Jamma, India to propitiate his revered Hindu goddess, Mata. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Crepe tossing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Crepe tossing 20 22 24 27 169670|2495 181706|2672 138390|2035 213648|31 175106|269 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Crepe tossing The greatest number of times a crepe has been tossed in 2 min is 283, by Philip Artingstall of Portrush, Northern Ireland on 22 May 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Demolition work T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Demolition work 20 22 24 27 169738|2496 25714|378 138526|2037 213648|32 23878|130 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Demolition work Fifteen members of the Black Leopard Karate Club demolished a seven-room wooden farmhouse west of Elnora, Alberta, Canada in 3 hr 18 min by foot and unaided hand on 13 Jun 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Domino stacking T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Domino stacking 20 22 24 27 169806|2497 181774|2673 138594|2038 213648|33 175106|270 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Domino stacking David Coburn successfully stacked 291 dominoes on a single supporting domino on 19 Aug 1988 in Miami, FL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Domino toppling T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Domino toppling 20 22 24 27 169874|2498 181842|2674 138662|2039 213648|34 175106|271 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Domino toppling The greatest number set up single-handedly and toppled is 281,581 out of 320,236, by Klaus Friedrich, 22, at Furth, Germany on 27 Jan 1984. The dominoes fell within 12 min 57.3 sec, having taken 31 days (10 hr daily) to set up. ^<n Thirty students ^ at Delft, Eindhoven and Twenty Technical Universities in the Netherlands set up 1,500,000 dominoes representing all the European Community member countries. Of these, 1,382,101 were toppled by one push on 2 Jan 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Ducks and drakes T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Ducks and drakes 20 22 24 27 169942|2499 181910|2675 138730|2040 213648|35 175106|272 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Ducks and drakes The video-verified record for Ducks and Drakes (stone skipping) is 29 skips (14 plinkers and 15 pitty-pats), by Arthur Ring, 69, at Midway Beach, CA on 4 Aug 1984; and Jerdone "Jerry" McGhee, 42, at Wimberley, TX on 18 Nov 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Egg and spoon racing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Egg and spoon racing 20 22 24 27 170010|2500 25782|379 138798|2041 213648|36 23878|131 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Egg and spoon racing Dale Lyons of Meriden, Great Britain ran 26 miles 385 yd (the classic marathon distance) while carrying a dessert spoon with a fresh egg on it in 3 hr 47 min on 23 Apr 1990. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Chris Riggio of San Francisco, CA took 4 hr 9 ^ min 45 sec to run 26 miles 385 yd in a fresh egg and dessert spoon marathon on 7 Oct 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Egg dropping T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Egg dropping 20 22 24 27 170078|2501 49786|732 138866|2042 13066|192 213648|37 52992|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Egg dropping The greatest height from which fresh eggs have been dropped (to the ground) and remained intact is 650 ft, by David S. Donoghue from a helicopter on 2 Oct 1979 on a golf course in Tokyo, Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Egg hunt T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Egg hunt 20 22 24 27 170146|2502 49854|733 138934|2043 213648|38 52992|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Egg hunt The greatest egg hunt on record in the United States involved 120,000 plastic and candy eggs at a community Easter egg hunt at Coquina Beach in Manatee, FL on 23 Mar 1991. The event, hosted by Meals on Wheels PLUS of Manatee, Inc., involved more ^ than 40,000 children. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Egg shelling T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Egg shelling 20 22 24 27 170214|2503 181978|2676 139002|2044 213648|39 175106|273 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Egg shelling Two kitchen hands, Harold Witcomb and Gerald Harding, shelled 1,050 dozen eggs in a 7 1/4-hr shift at Bowyers, Great Britain on 23 Apr 1971. Both men were blind. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Fire pumping T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Fire pumping 20 22 24 27 170282|2504 49922|734 139070|2045 213648|40 52992|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Fire pumping The greatest gallonage stirrup-pumped by a team of eight in an 80 hr charity pump is 27,414 gal by fire-fighters representing Grampian Fire Brigade, from 17-20 Aug 1989 at Aberdeen, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Footbag T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Footbag 20 22 24 27 170350|2505 143830|2115 139138|2046 213648|41 139100|225 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Footbag This sport originated in Oregon in 1972 and was invented by John Stalberger (USA). ^<n ^<4 Longest airborne ^>4 The world record for keeping a footbag airborne is 48,825 consecutive kicks or hacks by Ted Martin (USA) in Memphis, TN on 4 Jun ^ 1988. The women's record is held by Francine Beaudry (Canada), with 15,458 on 28 Jul 1987 at Golden, CO. ^<n ^<4 Most kicks ^>4 The greatest number of kicks in five minutes is 912 by Kenny Shults (USA) at Golden, CO on 30 Jul 1991, and for ^ women the record is 665 by Jody Welch (USA) on 31 Jul 1990, again at Golden, CO. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Garbage collection T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Garbage collection 20 22 24 27 170418|2506 182114|2678 139206|2047 213648|42 175106|275 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Garbage collection The greatest number of volunteers involved in collecting garbage in one location in one day is 19,924, who cleaned up the city of Wellington, New Zealand in the "Keep Wellington Beautiful" campaign on 6 Oct 1991. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The ^ greatest number of volunteers involved in collecting garbage in one location in the United States in one day is 18,143, along the coastline of Florida on 22 Sep 1990 as part of the Center for Marine Conservation's National Beach Cleanup program. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Gold panning T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Gold panning 20 22 24 27 170486|2507 25850|380 139274|2048 213648|43 23878|132 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Gold panning The fastest time for "panning" eight planted gold nuggets in a 10 in diameter pan is 7.55 sec by Don Roberts of Diamond Bar, CA in the 27th World Gold Panning Championship on 16 Apr 1989 at Dahlonega, GA. ^<n The women's record is 10.03 sec, by ^ Susan Bryeans of Fullerton, CA at the 23rd World Gold Panning Championship on 6 Mar 1983 at Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Golf ball balancing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Golf ball balancing 20 22 24 27 170554|2508 182182|2679 139342|2049 213648|44 175106|276 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Golf ball balancing Lang Martin balanced seven golf balls vertically without adhesive at Charlotte, NC on 9 Feb 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Grape catching T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Grape catching 20 22 24 27 170622|2509 54954|808 139410|2050 213648|45 61634|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Grape catching The greatest distance at which a grape thrown from level ground has been caught in the mouth is 327 ft 6 in by Paul J. Tavilla at East Boston, MA on 27 May 1991. The grape was thrown by James Deady. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Grave digging T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Grave digging 20 22 24 27 170690|2510 182250|2680 139478|2051 6538|96 213648|46 175106|277 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Grave digging It is recorded that Johann Heinrich Karl Thieme, sexton of Aldenburg, Germany, dug 23,311 graves during a 50-year career. In 1826 his understudy dug ^I grave. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Gum wrapper chain T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Gum wrapper chain 20 22 24 27 170758|2511 143898|2116 139546|2052 18098|266 213648|47 139100|226 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Gum wrapper chain The longest gum wrapper chain on record was 5,967 ft in length, and was made by Cathy Ushler of Redmond, WA between 1969 and 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Handshaking T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Handshaking 20 22 24 27 170826|2512 182318|2681 139614|2053 213648|48 175106|278 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Handshaking The record number of hands shaken by a public figure at an official function was 8,513 by President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) at a New Year's Day White House presentation in Washington, D.C. in 1907. ^<n Dhirendra Tomar of Jehangirabad, ^ Bhopal, India shook hands with 23,040 different people in eight hours during a holy festival that took place on 16 May 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Hod carrying T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Hod carrying 20 22 24 27 170894|2513 59918|881 139682|2054 213648|49 65726|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Hod carrying Russell Bradley of Worcester, Great Britain carried bricks totaling 456 lb 6 oz up a ladder of the minimum specified length of 12 ft on 28 Jan 1991 at Worcester City Football Club. ^<n He also carried bricks with a total weight of 574.1 lb in a ^ 105.8 lb hod a distance of 16 ft 5 in on level ground before ascending a runged ramp to a height of 7 ft at Worcester Rugby Club on 17 Mar 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Hopscotch T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Hopscotch 20 22 24 27 170962|2514 182386|2682 139750|2055 213648|50 175106|279 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Hopscotch The greatest number of games of hopscotch successfully completed in 24 hr is 307, by Ashrita Furman of Jamaica, NY in Zurich, Switzerland on 5-6 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Hula-hooping T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Hula-hooping 20 22 24 27 171030|2515 182522|2684 139886|2057 213648|51 175106|281 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Hula-hooping The record for simultaneous hula-hooping is 2,010 participants, at the St John Labatt's Lite 24 Hour Relay in St John, New Brunswick, Canada on 21 Sep 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Human centipede T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Human centipede 20 22 24 27 171098|2516 107314|1578 139954|2058 213648|52 91334|369 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Human centipede The largest "human centipede" to move 98 ft 5 in (with ankles firmly tied together) consisted of 1,189 people at York, Great Britain on 16 Oct 1991. Nobody fell over in the course of the walk. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Kissing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Kissing 20 22 24 27 171166|2517 182590|2685 140022|2059 3614|53 213648|53 175106|282 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Kissing Alfred A.E. Wolfram of New Brighton, MN kissed 8,001 people in 8 hr at the Minnesota Rennaissance Festival on 15 Sep 1990--one every 3.6 seconds. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Knitting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Knitting 20 22 24 27 171234|2518 203126|2987 140090|2060 213648|54 215538|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Knitting The world's most prolific hand-knitter has been Mrs Gwen Matthewman of Featherstone, Great Britain. She attained a speed of 111 stitches per min in a test at Phildar's Wool Shop, Leeds, Great Britain on 29 Sep 1980. ^<n The Exeter Spinners--Audrey ^ Felton, Christine Heap, Eileen Lancaster, Marjorie Mellis, Ann Sandercock and Maria Scott--produced a sweater by hand from raw fleece in 1 hr 55 min 50.2 sec on 25 Sep 1983 at British Broadcasting Corporation Television Centre, London, Great ^ Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Knot-tying T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Knot-tying 20 22 24 27 171302|2519 25986|382 140158|2061 213648|55 23878|134 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Knot-tying The fastest recorded time for tying the six Boy Scout Handbook Knots (square knot, sheet bend, sheepshank, clove hitch, round turn and two half hitches, and bowline) on individual ropes is 8.1 sec by Clinton R. Bailey, Sr., 52, of Pacific City, OR ^ on 13 Apr 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Land rowing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Land rowing 20 22 24 27 171370|2520 55022|809 140226|2062 213648|56 61634|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Land rowing The greatest distance covered by someone on a land rowing machine is 3,280 miles, by Rob Bryant of Fort Worth, TX, who "rowed" across the United States. He left Los Angeles, CA on 2 Apr 1990, reaching Washington, D.C. on 30 July. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Leapfrogging T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Leapfrogging 20 22 24 27 171438|2521 55090|810 140294|2063 213648|57 61634|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Leapfrogging The greatest distance covered is 999.2 miles, by 14 students from Trancos dormitory at Stanford University, CA. They started leapfrogging on 16 May 1991 and stopped 244 hr 43 min later on 26 May. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Lightning strikes T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Lightning strikes 20 22 24 27 171506|2522 182658|2686 140362|2064 20410|300 213648|58 175106|283 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Lightning strikes The only man in the world to be struck by lightning seven times is ex-park ranger Roy C. Sullivan (USA), the human lightning conductor of Virginia. His attraction for lightning began in 1942 (lost big toenail), and was resumed in July 1969 (lost ^ eyebrows), in July 1970 (left shoulder seared), on 16 Apr 1972 (hair set on fire), on 7 Aug 1973 (hair set afire again and legs seared), on 5 Jun 1976 (ankle injured), and he was sent to Waynesboro Hospital with chest and stomach burns on 25 Jun ^ 1977 after being struck while fishing. In September 1983 he died by his own hand, reportedly rejected in love. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Log rolling T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Log rolling 20 22 24 27 171574|2523 182726|2687 140430|2065 213648|59 175106|284 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Log rolling ^<4 Most championships ^>4 The record number of International Championships won is 10, by Jubiel Wickheim of Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, Canada, between 1956 and 1969. At Albany, OR on 4 Jul 1956 Wickheim rolled on a 14 in log against ^ Chuck Harris of Kelso, WA for 2 hr 40 min before losing. ^<n ^<4 Youngest champion ^>4 The youngest international log-rolling champion is Cari Ann Hayer (b. 23 Jun 1977), who won her first championship on 15 Jul 1984 at Hayward, WI. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Speed marching T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Speed marching 20 22 24 27 171642|2524 26190|385 141790|2085 213648|60 23878|137 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Speed marching A team of nine, representing II Squadron RAF Regiment from RAF Hullavington, Great Britain, each man carrying a 40 lb pack, including a rifle, completed the London Marathon in 4 hr 33 min 58 sec on 21 Apr 1991. ^<n John Hunter of Scarborough, Great ^ Britain set an individual record in the Humber Bridge Marathon on 8 Sep 1991 with a pack weighing 44 1/2 lb. His time was 4 hr 17 min 3 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Message in a bottle T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|Ocean Crossings|Message in a bottle 20 22 24 27 171710|2525 158110|2325 140498|2066 18370|270 217934|0 169216|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Message in a bottle The longest recorded interval between drop and pickup is 73 years in the case of a message thrown from the SS ^I out of Cairns, Queensland, Australia on 9 Jun 1910 in a lotion bottle and reported as found on Moreton Island, ^ Queensland on 6 Jun 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Milk bottle balancing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Milk bottle balancing 20 22 24 27 171778|2526 55158|811 140566|2067 218020|0 61634|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Milk bottle balancing The greatest distance walked by a person continuously balancing a full pint milk bottle on the head is 61 miles Ashrita Furman at Jamaica, NY on 23 May 1992. It took him 15 hr 2 min to complete the walk. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Milk crate balancing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Milk crate balancing 20 22 24 27 171846|2527 182794|2688 140634|2068 218020|1 175106|285 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Milk crate balancing Terry Cole managed to balance 25 crates on his chin for 10.3 sec on the Isle of Dogs, London, Great Britain on 28 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Musical chairs T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Musical chairs 20 22 24 27 171914|2528 107382|1579 140770|2070 218020|2 91334|370 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Musical chairs The largest game on record was one starting with 8,238 participants, ending with Xu Chong Wei on the last chair, which was held at the Anglo-Chinese School, Singapore on 5 Aug 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Needle threading T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Needle threading 20 22 24 27 171982|2529 182930|2690 140838|2071 218020|3 175106|287 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Needle threading The record number of times that a strand of cotton has been threaded through a number 13 needle (eye 1/2 in x 1/16 in) in 2 hr is 11,796, set by Sujay Kumar Mallick of Bhopal, India on 5 Apr 1992. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The record number of ^ times that a strand of cotton has been threaded through a number 13 needle (eye 1/2 in x 1/16 in) in 2 hr is 5,370, set by Diane Sharp on 1 Aug 1987 at the Charitable Union's centennial event, Battle Creek, MI. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Most objects aloft T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Most objects aloft 20 22 24 27 172050|2530 182862|2689 140702|2069 218020|4 175106|286 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Most objects aloft Eight hundred and twenty-one jugglers kept 2,463 objects in the air simultaneously, each person juggling at least three objects, in Seattle, WA in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Oyster opening T \p8\D12\3910200a Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Oyster opening 20 22 24 27 172118|2531 26054|383 26326|387 140906|2072 218020|5 23878|135 34798|2 -PCAP- Mike Racz opened 100 oysters in a record time of 2 min 20.07 sec at Invercargill, New Zealand on 16 Jul 1990. Frequent practice at home helps him to achieve such a speed. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Oyster opening The record for opening oysters is 100 in 2 min 20.07 sec, by Mike Racz in Invercargill, New Zealand on 16 Jul 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Pancake race T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Pancake race 20 22 24 27 172186|2532 143966|2117 140974|2073 4838|71 218020|6 139100|227 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Pancake race Dominic M. Cuzzacrea (USA; b. 8 Jun 1960) of Lockport, NY ran the Buffalo, New York Nissan Marathon (26.2 miles) while flipping a pancake in a time of 3 hours 6 min and 22 sec on 6 May 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Paper chain T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Paper chain 20 22 24 27 172254|2533 144034|2118 141042|2074 218020|7 139100|228 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Paper chain The Interact Club of Ivybridge, Great Britain, together with a team of helpers, made a paper chain 29 miles long at the National Shire Horse Center, Devon, Great Britain on 22-23 Jun 1991. The chain, which was made in under 24 hr, consisted of more ^ than 300,000 links. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Parade ribbons T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Parade ribbons 20 22 24 27 172322|2534 182998|2691 141110|2075 218020|8 175106|288 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Parade ribbons On 10 Jun 1991, at the massive "Operation Welcome Home" parade in New York City, 140 miles of waterproof yellow ribbon were donated by Berwick Industries, Inc. and New York's Operation Welcome Home committee. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Pirouettes with 3 cigar boxes T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Pirouettes with 3 cigar boxes 20 22 24 27 172390|2535 183066|2692 141178|2076 218020|9 175106|289 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Pirouettes with 3 cigar boxes Kris Kremo (Switzerland) performed a quadruple turn with 3 boxes in mid-air in 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Pogo stick jumping T \p8\D12\us09182 Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Pogo stick jumping 20 22 24 27 172458|2536 183134|2693 26394|388 141246|2077 218020|10 175106|290 34798|3 -PCAP- Ashrita Furman of Jamaica, NY set a distance record of 14.99 miles in 5 hr 33 min on 25 May 1991 in Seoul, South Korea. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Pogo stick jumping The greatest number of jumps achieved is 177,737, by Gary Stewart at Huntington Beach, Los Angeles, CA on 25-26 May 1990. Ashrita Furman of Jamaica, NY set a distance record of 14.99 miles in 5 hr 33 min on 25 May 1991 in Seoul, South Korea. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Pole sitting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Pole sitting 20 22 24 27 172526|2537 144102|2119 141314|2078 7422|109 218020|11 139100|229 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Pole sitting Modern records do not come close to that of St Simeon the Younger ( ^I A.D. 521-97), called Stylites, a monk who spent his last 45 years atop a stone pillar on the Hill of Wonders, near Antioch, Syria. ^<n The "standards of living" at the ^ tops of poles can vary widely. Mellissa Sanders lived in a shack measuring 6 ft x 7 ft at the top of a pole in Indianapolis, IN from 26 Oct 1986-24 Mar 1988, a total of 516 days. ^<n Pat Bowen stayed in a barrel (maximum capacity 150 gal) at the ^ top of a pole 18 ft high outside the Bull Hotel, Ludlow, Great Britain for 40 days 1 hr from 28 May-7 July 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Quizzes T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Quizzes 20 22 24 27 172594|2538 183202|2694 141382|2079 218020|12 175106|291 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Quizzes The greatest number of participants was 80,799 in the All-Japan High School Quiz Championship, televised by NTV on 31 Dec 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Riveting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Riveting 20 22 24 27 172662|2539 183270|2695 141450|2080 218020|13 175106|292 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Riveting The world record for riveting is 11,209 rivets in 9 hr, by John Moir at the Workman Clark Ltd shipyard, Belfast, Northern Ireland in June 1918. His peak hour was his 7th, with 1,409 rivets, an average of nearly 23 1/2 per min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Rope slide T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Rope slide 20 22 24 27 172730|2540 55294|813 141518|2081 218020|14 61634|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Rope slide The greatest distance recorded in a rope slide is from the top of Blackpool Tower, Lancashire, Great Britain--a height of 454 ft 11 in--to a fixed point 1,120 ft from the base of the tower. Set up by the Royal Marines, the rope was descended on 8 ^ Sep 1989 by Sgt Alan Heward and Cpl Mick Heap of the Royal Marines, John Herbert of Blackpool Tower, and Cheryl Baker and Roy Castle of the British Broadcasting Corporation's ^I TV program. The total length descended was ^ 1,202 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Scarf knitting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Scarf knitting 20 22 24 27 172798|2541 144170|2120 141586|2082 18574|273 218020|15 139100|230 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Scarf knitting The longest scarf ever knitted measured an amazing 20 miles 13 ft long. It was knitted by residents of Abbeyfield Houses for the Abbeyfield Society in Great Britain and was completed on 29 May 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Shorthand T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Shorthand 20 22 24 27 172866|2542 26122|384 141654|2083 218020|16 23878|136 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Shorthand The highest recorded speeds ever attained under championship conditions are 300 words per min (99.64 percent accuracy) for five minutes and 350 wpm (99.72 percent accuracy--that is, two insignificant errors) for two minutes, by Nathan Behrin (USA) ^ in tests in New York in December 1922. Behrin (b. 1887) used the Pitman system, invented in 1837. ^<n Morris I. Kligman, official court reporter of the US Court House, New York City, has taken 50,000 words in 5 hr (a sustained rate of 166.6 wpm). ^ Rates are much dependent upon the nature, complexity and syllabic density of the material. Mr G.W. Bunbury of Dublin, Ireland held the unique distinction of writing at 250 wpm for 10 minutes on 23 Jan 1894. Mr Arnold Bradley achieved a speed of ^ 309 wpm without error using the Sloan-Duployan system, with 1,545 words in 5 minutes in a test in Walsall, Great Britain on 9 Nov 1920. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Slot machine win T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Slot machine win 20 22 24 27 172934|2543 2118|31 141722|2084 10550|155 218020|17 7328|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Slot machine win The biggest beating handed to a "one-armed bandit" was $6,814,823.48 by Cammie Brewer, 61, at the Club Cal-Neva, Reno, NV on 14 Feb 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Spitting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Spitting 20 22 24 27 173002|2544 55362|814 141858|2086 8986|132 218020|18 61634|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Spitting Randy Ober of Bentonville, AR spat a tobacco wad 47 ft 7 in at the Calico 5th Annual Tobacco Chewing and Spitting Championships, held north of Barstow, CA on 4 Apr 1982. The record for projecting a watermelon seed is 68 ft 9 1/8 in by Lee Wheelis ^ at Luling, TX on 24 Jun 1989. The greatest recorded distance for a cherry stone is 72 ft 7 1/2 in, by Rick Krause at Eau Claire, MI on 2 Jul 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Stair climbing T \c8\D02\3709183z Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Stair climbing 20 22 24 27 173070|2545 26258|386 26462|389 141926|2087 9530|140 218020|19 23878|138 34798|4 -PCAP- The record for climbing the 1,336 stairs of the Westin Stamford Hotel in Singapore--the world's tallest hotel--is 6 min 55 sec by Balvinder Singh, in the 3rd Vertical Marathon on 4 June 1989. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Stair climbing The 100-story record for stair climbing was set by Dennis W. Martz in the Detroit Plaza Hotel, Detroit, MI on 26 Jun 1978 at 11 min 23.8 sec. ^<n Brian McCauliff ran a vertical mile (ascending and descending eight times) on the stairs of the Westin ^ Hotel, Detroit, MI in 1 hr 38 min 5 sec on 2 Feb 1992. ^<n Steve Silva climbed 45,708 steps of the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, GA (a vertical height of 26,676 ft) in 9 hr 50 min 43 sec on 27-28 Jan 1992. He made a total of 39 ascents, ^ descending by elevator. ^<n The record for the 1,760 steps (vertical height 1,122 ft) in the world's tallest freestanding structure, Toronto's CN Tower, Canada, is 7 min 52 sec by Brendan Keenoy on 29 Oct 1989. ^<n The record for the 1,336 stairs ^ of the world's tallest hotel, the Westin Stamford Hotel, Singapore, is 6 min 55 sec by Balvinder Singh, in its third Vertical Marathon on 4 Jun 1989. ^<n Scott Elliott raced up the 1,575 steps of the Empire State Building, New York City on 14 Feb ^ 1990 in 10 min 47 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Stroller pushing T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Stroller pushing 20 22 24 27 173138|2546 55430|815 141994|2088 218020|20 61634|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Stroller pushing The greatest distance covered in pushing a stroller in 24 hr is 350.23 miles by 60 members of the Oost-Vlanderen branch of Amnesty International at Lede, Belgium on 15 Oct 1988. A ten-man team from the Royal Marines School of Music, Deal, Great ^ Britain, with an adult "baby," covered a distance of 271.7 miles in 24 hr from 22-23 Nov 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Tailoring T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Tailoring 20 22 24 27 173206|2547 26326|387 142062|2089 218020|21 23878|139 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Tailoring The fastest speed in which the manufacture of a three-piece suit has been executed from sheep to finished article is 1 hr 34 min 33.42 sec, by 65 members of the Melbourne College of Textiles, Pascoe Vale, Victoria, Australia on 24 Jun 1982. ^ Catching and fleecing took 2 min 21 sec, and carding, spinning, weaving and tailoring occupied the remaining time. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Tightrope walking T \p8\D12\3810205 Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Tightrope walking 20 22 24 27 173274|2548 230326|3387 26530|390 142130|2090 2526|37 218020|22 236192|114 34798|5 -PCAP- The greatest drop over which anyone has walked on a tightrope is 10,335 ft, above the French countryside, by Michel Menin of Lons-le-Saunier, France, on 4 Aug 1989. (Photo: Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Tightrope walking ^<4 Oldest walker ^>4 The oldest tight-rope walker was "Professor" William Ivy Baldwin (1866-1953), who crossed the South Boulder Canyon, CO on a 320 ft wire with a 125 ft drop on his 82nd birthday on 31 Jul 1948. ^<n ^<4 Endurance ^>4 The ^ world tightrope endurance record is 185 days, by Henri Rochatain (b. 1926) of France, on a wire 394 ft long, 82 ft above a supermarket in Saint Etienne, France from 28 Mar-29 Sep 1973. Doctors were puzzled by his ability to sleep on a wire. ^<n ^ ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 Ashley Brophy of Neilborough, Victoria, Australia walked 7.18 miles on a wire 147.64 ft long and 32.81 ft above the ground at the Adelaide Grand Prix, Australia on 1 Nov 1985 in 3 1/2 hr. ^<n ^<4 Greatest drop ^>4 ^ The greatest drop over which anyone has walked on a tightrope is 10,335 ft, above the French countryside, by Michel Menin of Lons-le-Saunier, France, on 4 Aug 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Top-spinning T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Top-spinning 20 22 24 27 173342|2549 158178|2326 142198|2091 218020|23 169216|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Top-spinning The duration record for spinning a clock-balance wheel by unaided hand is 5 min 26.8 sec by Philip Ashley, 16, of Leigh, Great Britain on 20 May 1968. ^<n The record using 36 in of string with a 7 1/4-oz top is 58 min 20 sec, by Peter Hodgson at ^ Southend-on-Sea, Great Britain on 4 Feb 1985. ^<n A team of 25 from the Mizushima Plant of Kawasaki Steel Works in Okayama, Japan spun a giant top 6 ft 6 3/4 in tall and 8 ft 6 1/4 in in diameter, weighing 793.6 lb, for 1 hr 21 min 35 sec on 3 ^ Nov 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Typewriting T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Typewriting 20 22 24 27 173410|2550 26394|388 142266|2092 218020|24 23878|140 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Typewriting The highest recorded speeds attained with a ten-word penalty per error on a manual machine are---five minutes: 176 wpm by Mrs Carole Forristall Waldschlager Bechen at Dixon, IL on 2 Apr 1959; one hour: 147 wpm by Albert Tangora (USA) on an ^ Underwood Standard, 22 Oct 1923. ^<n The official hour record on an electric typewriter is 9,316 words (40 errors) on an IBM machine, giving a net rate of 149 words per min, by Margaret Hamma, now Mrs Dilmore (USA), in Brooklyn, NY on 20 Jun ^ 1941. In an official test in 1946, Stella Pajunas, now Mrs Garnand, attained a rate of 216 words in a minute on an IBM machine. ^<n Gregory Arakelian of Herndon, VA set a speed record of 158 wpm, with two errors, on a personal computer in the Key ^ Tronic World Invitational Type-off, which attracted some 10,000 entrants worldwide. He recorded this speed in the semi-final, in a three-minute test, on 24 Sep 1991. ^<n Mihail Shestov set a numerical record by typing spaced numbers from 1 to 785 ^ in 5 min in Fredriksberg, Denmark on 17 Oct 1991. ^<n Les Stewart of Mudjimba Beach, Queensland, Australia has typed the numbers 1 to 730,000 in ^I on 14,500 quarto sheets as of 27 Feb 1992. His target is to become a "millionaire." ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Whip cracking T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Whip cracking 20 22 24 27 173478|2551 144238|2121 142470|2095 218020|25 139100|231 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Whip cracking The longest whip ever "cracked" is one of 184 ft 6 in (excluding the handle), wielded by Krist King of Pettisville, OH on 17 Sep 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Window cleaning T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Window cleaning 20 22 24 27 173546|2552 26462|389 142538|2096 218020|26 23878|141 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Window cleaning Keith Witt of Amarillo, TX cleaned three standard 42 1/2 x 47 in office windows with an 11.8-in-long squeegee and 1.98 gal of water in 10.13 sec on 31 Jan 1992 at the International Window Cleaning Association convention in San Antonio, TX. Smears ^ are not tolerated and are penalized. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Walking on water T \p8\D12\3709185a Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Walking on water 20 22 24 27 173614|2553 55566|817 26598|391 142402|2094 24694|363 218020|27 61634|31 34798|6 -PCAP- Remy Bricka of Paris, France "walked" across the Atlantic Ocean on 13 ft 9 in long skies in 1988. Leaving Tenerife on 2 Apr 1988, he covered 3,502 miles, arriving at Trinidad on 31 May 1988. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Walking on water Wearing 11-ft water ski shoes, called Skijaks, and using a twin-bladed paddle, David Kiner walked 155 miles on the Hudson River from Albany, NY to Battery Park, New York City. His walk took him 57 hr, from 22--27 Jun 1987. ^<n Remy Bricka of Paris, ^ France "walked" across the Atlantic Ocean on waterskis 13 ft 9 in long in 1988. Leaving Tenerife, Canary Islands on 2 Apr 1988, he covered 3,502 miles, arriving at Trinidad on 31 May 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Writing, minuscule T \p8\D12\3910200b Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Writing, minuscule 20 22 24 27 173682|2554 183406|2697 26666|392 142606|2097 9326|137 218020|28 175106|294 34798|7 -PCAP- Surendra Apharya of Jaipur, India wrote 10,056 characters (from speeches by the first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru) within the size of a definitive Indian postage stamp, measuring 0.78 x 0.70 in, in December 1990. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Writing, minuscule Surendra Apharya of Jaipur, India wrote 10,056 characters (speeches by Nehru) within the size of a definitive Indian postage stamp, measuring 0.78 x 0.70 in, in December 1990. He also succeeded in writing 1,749 characters (names of various ^ countries, towns and regions) on a single grain of rice on 19 May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Yo-yo T Human Achievements|Miscellaneous Endeavors|General Records|Yo-yo 20 22 24 27 173750|2555 183474|2698 142674|2098 218020|29 175106|295 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The editors intend to continue the process of phasing out those record categories in the "Human Achievements" section in which the duration of the event is the only criterion for inclusion. If you are planning an attempt on an endurance marathon ^ you should contact Guinness Publishing Ltd, or Facts on File, Inc. at a very early stage to check whether that category is likely to be retained in future editions of the disc. ^ -TEXT- Miscellaneous Endeavors: Yo-yo A yo-yo is said to have originated in the Philippines and means "come-come." The craze began when Donald F. Duncan of Chicago, IL initiated it in 1926. ^<n ^<4 Most loops ^>4 "Fast" Eddy McDonald of Toronto, Ontario, Canada completed 21,663 ^ loops in 3 hr on 14 Oct 1990 in Boston, MA, having previously set a 1 hr speed record of 8,437 loops in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island, Canada on 14 Jul 1990. Dr Allen Bussey in Waco, TX on 23 Apr 1977 completed 20,302 loops in 3 hr. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 12 rings (flashed) T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|12 rings (flashed) 20 22 24 26 173818|2556 113026|1662 220222|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 12 rings (flashed) Albert Lucas (USA), 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 11 rings (juggled) T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|11 rings (juggled) 20 22 24 26 173886|2557 112958|1661 220222|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 11 rings (juggled) Albert Petrovski (USSR), 1963-66; Eugene Belaur (USSR), 1968; Sergey Ignatov (USSR), 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 11 bean bags (flashed) T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|11 bean bags (flashed) 20 22 24 26 173954|2558 112890|1660 220222|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 11 bean bags (flashed) Bruce Serafian (USA), 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 10 balls T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|10 balls 20 22 24 26 174022|2559 112822|1659 220222|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 10 balls Enrico Rastelli (Italy), 1896-1931; Albert Lucas (USA), 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 8 plates T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|8 plates 20 22 24 26 174090|2560 113570|1670 220222|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 8 plates Enrico Rastelli (Italy), 1896-1931; Albert Lucas (USA), 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 8 clubs (flashed) T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|8 clubs (flashed) 20 22 24 26 174158|2561 113502|1669 220222|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 8 clubs (flashed) Anthony Gatto (USA), 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 7 clubs (juggled) T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|7 clubs (juggled) 20 22 24 26 174226|2562 113298|1666 220222|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 7 clubs (juggled) Albert Petrovski (USSR), 1963; Sorin Munteanu (Romania), 1975; Jack Bremlov (Czechoslovakia), 1985; Albert Lucas (USA), 1985; Anthony Gatto (USA), 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 7 flaming torches T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|7 flaming torches 20 22 24 26 174294|2563 113366|1667 220222|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 7 flaming torches Anthony Gatto (USA), 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 7 ping-pong balls with mouth T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|7 ping-pong balls with mouth 20 22 24 26 174362|2564 113434|1668 220222|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 7 ping-pong balls with mouth Tony Ferko (Czechoslovakia), 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 5 balls inverted T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|5 balls inverted 20 22 24 26 174430|2565 113162|1664 220222|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 5 balls inverted Bobby May (USA), 1953. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: Ball spinning (on one hand) T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|Ball spinning (on one hand) 20 22 24 26 174498|2566 113638|1671 220222|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: Ball spinning (on one hand) Francois Chotard (France), 9 balls, 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: Basketball spinning T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|Basketball spinning 20 22 24 26 174566|2567 113706|1672 220222|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: Basketball spinning Bruce Crevier (USA), 15 basketballs (whole body), 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: Bounce juggling T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|Bounce juggling 20 22 24 26 174634|2568 113774|1673 220222|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: Bounce juggling Tim Nolan (USA), 10 balls, 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 5 clubs without a drop T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|5 clubs without a drop 20 22 24 26 174702|2569 113230|1665 220222|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 5 clubs without a drop 45 min 2 sec, Anthony Gatto (USA), 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Juggling: 3 objects without a drop T Human Achievements|Juggling|General Records|3 objects without a drop 20 22 24 26 174770|2570 113094|1663 220222|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Juggling: 3 objects without a drop Jas Angelo (Great Britain), 8 hr 57 min 31 sec, 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Apple pie T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Apple pie 20 22 24 26 174838|2571 97658|1436 84806|1247 221374|0 91334|227 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Apple pie The largest apple pie ever baked was made by chef Glynn Christ100ian in a 40 x 23 ft dish at Hewitts Farm, Chelsfield, Great Britain from 25-27 Aug 1982. Over 600 bushels of apples were included in the pie, which weighed 30,115 lb. It was cut by ^ Rear-Admiral Sir John Woodward. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Banana split T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Banana split 20 22 24 26 174906|2572 137506|2022 84874|1248 221374|1 139100|132 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Banana split The longest banana split ever created measured 4.55 miles in length, and was made by residents of Selinsgrove, PA on 30 Apr 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Barbecue T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Barbecue 20 22 24 26 174974|2573 48426|712 84942|1249 221374|2 52992|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Barbecue The record attendance at a one-day barbecue was 35,072, at the Iowa State Fairgrounds, Des Moines, IA on 21 Jun 1988. The greatest meat consumption ever recorded at a one-day barbecue was at the same event--20,130 lb of pork consumed in 5 hr. The ^ greatest quantity of meat consumed at any barbecue was 21,112 lb of beef at the Sertoma Club Barbecue, New Port Richey, FL, from 7-9 Mar 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Burritos T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Burritos 20 22 24 26 175042|2574 137574|2023 85010|1250 221374|3 139100|133 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Burritos ^<4 Longest ^>4 Taco Tico of Nebraska, Inc. created the world's longest burrito, 1,597 ft 9 in long, on 29 Jun 1991 in Newton, Kansas. The burrito was constructed from 2,557 tortillas, 607 lb of refried beans and 75.75 lb of shredded cheese. ^<n ^ ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest burrito in the United States weighed 1,126 lb and was made by Freebird's of Santa Barbara, CA on 14 May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Largest and tallest cakes T \p8\D12\3910201 Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Largest and tallest cakes 20 22 24 26 175110|2575 254262|3739 26734|393 85962|1264 1234|18 221374|4 267614|20 35374|0 -PCAP- The largest cake ever created weighed 128,238 lb 8 oz, including 16,209 lb of icing. It measured 80 x 32 ft and was made in the shape of Alabama to celebrate the 100th birthday of the town of Fort Payne, AL. (Photo: Gary Gengozian) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Largest and tallest cakes ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest cake ever created weighed 128,238 lb 8 oz, including 16,209 lb of icing. It was made to celebrate the 100th birthday of Fort Payne, AL, and was in the shape of Alabama. The cake was prepared by a local bakery, ^ EarthGrains, and the first cut was made by 100-year old resident Ed Henderson on 18 Oct 1989. ^<n ^<4 Tallest ^>4 The tallest cake was 101 ft 2 1/2 in high, created by Beth Cornell and her team of helpers at the Shiwassee County Fairgrounds, ^ MI. It consisted of 100 tiers and work was completed on 5 Aug 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Oldest cake T \p8\D12\3609186 Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Oldest cake 20 23 25 27 175178|2576 227130|3340 26802|394 86506|1272 9938|146 221374|5 236192|67 35374|1 -PCAP- The "Alimentarium", a museum of food in Vevey, Switzerland, has on display the world's oldest cake, which was sealed and "vacuum-packed" in the grave of Pepiokh, who lived in Ancient Egypt around 2200 BC. The 4.3-in-wide cake has sesame on it and ^ honey inside, and possibly milk too. (Photo: Alain Morvain/Gamma) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Oldest cake The Alimentarium, a museum of food in Vevey, Switzerland, has on display the world's oldest cake, which was sealed and "vacuum-packed" in the grave of Pepionkh, who lived in ancient Egypt around 2200 B.C. The 4.3-in-wide cake has sesame on it and ^ honey inside, and was possibly made with milk. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Candy T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Candy 20 22 24 26 175246|2577 97794|1438 85078|1251 221374|6 91334|229 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Candy The largest candy was a marzipan chocolate weighing 4,078.5 lb, made at the Ven International Fresh Market, Diemen, Netherlands on 11-13 May 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Cheese T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Cheese 20 22 24 26 175314|2578 97862|1439 85146|1252 221374|7 91334|230 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Cheese The largest cheese ever created was a cheddar of 40,060 lb, made on 13-14 Mar 1988 at Simon's Specialty Cheese, Little Chute, WI. It was subsequently taken on tour in a specially designed, refrigerated "Cheesemobile." ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Cherry pie T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Cherry pie 20 22 24 26 175382|2579 97930|1440 85214|1253 221374|8 91334|231 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Cherry pie The largest cherry pie on record weighed 37,740 lb 10 oz and contained 36,800 lb of cherry filling. It measured 20 ft in diameter, and was baked by members of the Oliver Rotary Club in Oliver, British Columbia, Canada on 14 Jul 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Chocolate model T \p8\D12\3910202 Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Chocolate model 20 23 25 27 175450|2580 97998|1441 26870|395 85282|1254 16058|236 221374|9 91334|232 35374|2 -PCAP- The largest chocolate model was one weighing 8,818 lb 6 oz, in the shape of a traditional Spanish sailing ship. It was made by Gremi Provincial de Pastisseria, Confiteria i Bolleria school, Barcelona and measured 42 ft 8 in x 27 ft 10 1/2 in x 8 ft ^ 2 1/2 in. It was exhibited at an international food fair in the city in February 1991. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Chocolate model The largest chocolate model was one weighing 8,818 lb 6 oz in the shape of a traditional Spanish sailing ship. It was made by Gremi Provincial de Pastisseria, Confiteria i Bolleria school, Barcelona in February 1991 and measured 42 ft 8 in x 27 ft ^ 10 1/2 in x 8 ft 2 1/2 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Cocktail T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Cocktail 20 22 24 26 175518|2581 98066|1442 85350|1255 221374|10 91334|233 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Cocktail The largest cocktail on record was one of 1,321 gal, made by the Puerto Marina Benalmadena at Benalmadena Costa, Spain on 4 Aug 1991. It contained gin, lemon and orange juice, banana liqueur and grenadine and was named "El 1992." ^<n ^<4 United ^ States ^>4 The largest cocktail on record in the United States weighed 936.1 gal and consisted of tequila, triple sec, sweet and sour concentrate and water. It was created by Chi Chi's Mexican Restaurant in Casselberry, FL on 21 Sep 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Condiments T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Condiments 20 22 24 26 175586|2582 236922|3484 85418|1256 221374|11 250310|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Condiments The world's most prized condiment is Ca Cuong, a secretion recovered in minute amounts from beetles in North Vietnam. Because of war conditions, the price had risen to $100 per oz before supplies virtually dried up in 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Crepe T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Crepe 20 22 24 26 175654|2583 98134|1443 85486|1257 221374|12 91334|234 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Crepe The largest crepe was 41 ft 2 in in diameter and 1 1/4 in deep, and weighed 5,908 lb. It was baked and flipped at Bloemfontein, South Africa on 7 Mar 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Doughnut T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Doughnut 20 22 24 26 175722|2584 98202|1444 85554|1258 221374|13 91334|235 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Doughnut The largest doughnut ever made was lemon-filled and weighed 2,099 lb, with a diameter of 22 ft. It was baked by Ed Sanderson at Crystal River, FL on 10 Dec 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Easter eggs T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Easter eggs 20 22 24 26 175790|2585 59238|871 85622|1259 221374|14 65726|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Easter eggs The heaviest Easter egg on record, and also the tallest, was one weighing 10,482 lb 14 oz, 23 ft 3 in high, made by the staff of Cadbury Red Tulip at their factory at Ringwood, Victoria, Australia, and completed on 9 Apr 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Most expensive T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Most expensive 20 22 24 26 175858|2586 196598|2891 86370|1270 221374|15 208038|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Most expensive The most expensive food is saffron from Spain, which comes from the stamen or stigma of a crocus. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Hamburger T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Hamburger 20 22 24 26 175926|2587 98270|1445 85690|1260 221374|16 91334|236 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Hamburger The largest hamburger on record was one of 5,520 lb, made at the Outgamie County Fairgrounds, Seymour, WI on 5 Aug 1989. It was 21 ft in diameter. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Ice-cream sundae T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Ice-cream sundae 20 22 24 26 175994|2588 98338|1446 85758|1261 221374|17 91334|237 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Ice-cream sundae The largest ice-cream sundae was one weighing 54,914 lb 3 oz, made by Palm Dairies Ltd under the supervision of Mike Rogiani in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada on 24 Jul 1988. It consisted of 44,689 lb 8 oz of ice cream, 9,688 lb 2 oz of syrup and 537 lb ^ 3 oz of topping. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Jello T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Jello 20 22 24 26 176062|2589 98406|1447 85826|1262 221374|18 91334|238 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Jello The world's largest Jello, a 7,700 gal watermelon-flavored pink Jello made by Paul Squires and Geoff Ross, worth $14,000, was set at Roma Street Forum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia on 5 Feb 1981 in a tank supplied by Pool Fab. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Kebab T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Kebab 20 22 24 26 176130|2590 137642|2024 85894|1263 221374|19 139100|134 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Kebab The longest kebab ever was one 2,066 ft 11 in long, made by the Namibian Children's Home at Windhoek, Namibia on 21 Sep 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Lasagne T \p8\D12\3810213 Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Lasagne 20 23 25 27 176198|2591 98542|1449 26938|396 86030|1265 16398|241 221374|20 91334|240 35374|3 -PCAP- The largest lasagne was one weighing 3,609.6 lb and measuring 50 x 5 ft. It was made by Andreano Rossi of Dolmio, second from the left, and a team of helpers at the Royal Dublin Society Spring Show in Dublin, Republic of Ireland on 11 May 1990. ^ (Photo: Masterfoods Ltd) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Lasagne The largest lasagne was one weighing 3,609.6 lb and measuring 50 x 5 ft. It was made at the Royal Dublin Society Spring Show in Dublin, Republic of Ireland on 11 May 1990. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest lasagne in the United States ^ weighed 3,477 lb and measured 63 ft x 7 ft. It was made by Shade Pasta Inc. and Cornell University's Panhellenic and Interfraternity Councils in Ithaca, NY on 26 Oct 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Loaf T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Loaf 20 22 24 26 176266|2592 137710|2025 86098|1266 221374|21 139100|135 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Loaf The longest loaf on record was a Rosca de Reyes 3,491 ft 9 in long, baked at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Guadalajara, Mexico on 6 Jan 1991. If a consumer of the "Rosca," or twisted loaf, finds the embedded doll, that person has to host the Rosca ^ party (held annually at Epiphany) the following year. ^<n The largest pan loaf ever baked weighed 3,163 lb 10 oz and measured 9 ft 10 in x 4 ft 1 in x 3 ft 7 in, by the staff of Sasko in Johannesburg, South Africa on 18 Mar 1988. ^<n ^<4 United ^ States ^>4 The longest loaf on record in the United States was one 2,357 ft 10 in long, baked by the Northlands Job Corps, Vergennes, VT on 3 Nov 1987. Some 35,840 lb of dough were required in the preparation of the loaf, and over 4,480 lb of ^ charcoal and 4,700 ft of aluminum foil were used to bake it. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Lollipop T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Lollipop 20 22 24 26 176334|2593 98678|1451 86166|1267 221374|22 91334|242 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Lollipop The world's largest ice lollipop was one of 7,080 lb, constructed by students and staff at Lawrence University, Appleton, WI on 17 Feb 1990. The largest candy lollipop weighed 2,220.5 lb and was made by Lolly Pops/Johnson's Confectionary in Sydney, ^ Australia on 18-19 Aug 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Meat pie T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Meat pie 20 22 24 26 176402|2594 98746|1452 86234|1268 221374|23 91334|243 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Meat pie The largest meat pie on record weighed 19,908 lb and was the 9th in the series of pies baked in Denby Dale, Great Britain. It was baked on 3 Sep 1988 to mark the bicentennial of Denby Dale pie-making, the first one having been made in 1788 to ^ celebrate King George III's return to sanity. The fourth (Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 1887) went a bit "off" and had to be buried in quicklime. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Milk shake T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Milk shake 20 22 24 26 176470|2595 98814|1453 86302|1269 221374|24 91334|244 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Milk shake The largest milk shake was a chocolate one of 1,575.2 gal, made by the Smith Dairy Products Co. at Orrville, OH on 20 Oct 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Noodle making T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Noodle making 20 22 24 26 176538|2596 173682|2554 86438|1271 221374|25 175106|151 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Noodle making Mark Pi made 4,096 noodle strings from a single piece of noodle dough in 54.8 sec at the Thomas/SYSCO Food Show held at Columbus, OH on 25 Mar 1992. This represented a speed of more than 74 noodles per second. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Omelet T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Omelet 20 22 24 26 176606|2597 173750|2555 86574|1273 221374|26 175106|152 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Omelet ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest omelet in the world had an area of 1,324 sq ft and was made in a skillet 41 ft 1 in in diameter. It was cooked by staff and pupils of the Municipal School for Special Education at Opwijk, Belgium on 10 Jun 1990. ^<n ^ ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest omelet in the USA was one with an area of 706 ft 8 sq in, made with 54,763 eggs and 531 lb cheese in a skillet 30 ft in diameter. It was cooked by Michael McGowan, assisted by his staff and the Sunrise Jaycees ^ of Las Vegas, NV on 25 Oct 1986. ^<4 Most made in 30 min ^>4 The greatest number of two-egg omelettes made in 30 min is 427, by Howard Helmer at the International Poultry Trade Show held at Atlanta, GA on 2 Feb 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Paella T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Paella 20 22 24 26 176674|2598 98950|1455 86642|1274 221374|27 91334|246 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Paella The largest paella measured 65 ft 7 in in diameter and was made by Juan Carlos Galbis and his helpers in Valencia, Spain on 8 Mar 1992. It was eaten by 100,000 people. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Pastry T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Pastry 20 22 24 26 176742|2599 137778|2026 86710|1275 221374|28 139100|136 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Pastry The longest pastry was a blueberry strudel 2,040 ft in length, made by staff and friends of the Fredonia Hotel, Nacogdoches, TX on 5 Jun 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Pizza T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Pizza 20 22 24 26 176810|2600 99018|1456 86778|1276 221374|29 91334|247 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Pizza The largest pizza ever baked was one measuring 122 ft 8 in in diameter with an area of 11,816 sq ft, made at Norwood Hypermarket, Norwood, South Africa on 8 Dec 1990. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest pizza in the United States was one with ^ an area of 10,057 sq ft, organized by L. Amato and L. Piancone and completed at Highway 27, Havana, FL on 13 Oct 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Popcorn T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Popcorn 20 22 24 26 176878|2601 99086|1457 86846|1277 221374|30 91334|248 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Popcorn The largest container full of popcorn was one with 5,979.33 cu ft of popped corn. It was just over 19 ft 6 in in diameter and 19 ft 1 in in height. It took the staff of United Cinemas International in Derby, Great Britain three days to achieve the ^ record, beginning their attempt on 23 Aug 1991 and completing it on 26 August. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest box of popcorn in the United States contained 5,438.16 cu ft of popped corn. It measured 52 ft 7 1/4 in x 10 ft 1 1/2 in and ^ was filled by Stanly Community College, Albermarle, NC from 6-8 Aug 1991. The average depth was 10 ft 2 1/2 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Potato chips T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Potato chips 20 22 24 26 176946|2602 99154|1458 86914|1278 221374|31 91334|249 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Potato chips The Pringles plant in Jackson, TN produced a Pringle potato chip 23 in x 14 1/2 in on 19 Apr 1990. Pringles potato chips are made from potato flour. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Salami T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Salami 20 22 24 26 177014|2603 137846|2027 86982|1279 221374|32 139100|137 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Salami The longest salami on record was one 61 ft 3 1/2 in long with a circumference of 24 in, weighing 1,202.5 lb, made by the Kutztown Bologna Co., PA and displayed at the Lebanon Bologna Fest in Kutztown on 11-13 Aug 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Sausage T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Sausage 20 22 24 26 177082|2604 137914|2028 87050|1280 17826|262 221374|33 139100|138 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Sausage The longest continuous sausage on record was one of 13 1/8 miles, made at the premises of Keith Boxley at Wombourne, Great Britain in 15 hr 33 min on 18-19 Jun 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Soda float T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Soda float 20 22 24 26 177150|2605 99222|1459 87118|1281 221374|34 91334|250 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Soda float The largest soda float ever made was one produced in a 2,000 gallon container, and consisted of 1,200 lbs skim milk and 936 gallons Coca Cola. It was made by Coleman Quality Chekd Dairy, Inc., Cool 95 FM, and Coca Cola of Arkansas at the Arkansas ^ State Fairgrounds, Little Rock, AR on 14 Oct 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Spice, "hottest" T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Spice, "hottest" 20 22 24 26 177218|2606 81950|1205 87186|1282 221374|35 91038|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Spice, "hottest" The hottest of all spices is believed to be habanero, belonging to the genus ^I , found mainly in the Caribbean and the Yucatan area of Mexico. A single dried gram will produce detectable "heat" in 440 lb of bland sauce. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Spice, most expensive T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Spice, most expensive 20 22 24 26 177286|2607 196666|2892 87254|1283 221374|36 208038|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Spice, most expensive Prices for wild ginseng (root of ^I ) from the Chan Pak Mountain area of China, thought to have aphrodisiac qualities, were reported in November 1979 to be as high as $23,000 per ounce in Hong Kong. Total annual shipments ^ from Jilin Province do not exceed 140 oz a year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Food: Strawberry bowl T Human Achievements|Food|General Records|Strawberry bowl 20 22 24 26 177354|2608 99290|1460 87322|1284 221374|37 91334|251 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Food: Strawberry bowl The largest bowl of strawberries ever picked had a net weight of 4,832 lb. The strawberries were picked at Walt Furlong's farm at New Ross, Republic of Ireland during the Enniscorthy Strawberry Fair on 9 Jul 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Strength of spirits T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Strength of spirits 20 22 24 26 177422|2609 68758|1011 224136|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Strength of spirits Since 1 Jan 1981 the strength of spirits has been expressed only in terms of percentage volume of alcohol at 68 deg F. Absolute or "100 percent volume" alcohol was formerly expressed as 75.35 deg over proof, or 75.35 deg OP. In the USA proof is ^ double the actual percentage of alcohol by volume at 60 deg F, so that absolute alcohol is 200 percent proof spirit. "Hangovers" are said to be aggravated by the presence of such toxic congenerics as amyl alcohol (C subscript 5 H subscript 11 ^ OH). ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Beer T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Beer 20 22 24 26 177490|2610 252494|3713 68078|1001 224136|1 266742|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Beer ^<4 Strongest ^>4 Roger & Out, brewed at the Frog & Parrot in Sheffield, Great Britain, from a recipe devised by W.R. Nowill and G.B. Spencer, has an alcohol volume of 16.9 percent. It was first brewed in July 1985 and has been selling ever ^ since. ^<n The strongest lager is Samichlaus Dark 1987, brewed by Brauerei Hurlimann of Zurich, Switzerland. It is 14.93 percent alcohol by volume at 68 deg F. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Bottles T \p8\D12\3810214 Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Bottles 20 23 25 27 177558|2611 246918|3631 27006|397 68146|1002 224136|2 258628|39 35670|0 -PCAP- The smallest bottles of liquor now sold are of White Horse Scotch Whisky; they stand just over 2 in high and contain 22 minims. A mini case of 12 bottles costs about 8 pounds ($14), and measures 2 1/16 x 1 7/8 x 1 5/16 in. (Photo: Guinness ^ Publishing/Cumbrae Supply Company). ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Bottles ^<4 Largest ^>4 A bottle 6 ft 11 in tall and 5 ft 4 1/2 in in circumference was displayed at the Laidley Tourist Festival, Laidley, Queensland, Australia on 2 Sep 1989. The bottle was filled with 92 gal of Laidley Gold, a wheat beer only ^ available in Laidley. ^<n The largest bottles normally used in the wine and spirit trade are the Jeroboam (equal to 4 bottles of champagne or, rarely, of brandy, and from 5-6 1/2 bottles of claret according to whether blown or molded) and the ^ double magnum (equal, since ^I 1934, to 4 bottles of claret or, more rarely, red Burgundy). A complete set of champagne bottles would consist of a quarter bottle, through a half bottle, bottle, magnum, Jeroboam, Rehoboam, Methuselah, ^ Salmanazar and Balthazar, to the Nebuchadnezzar, which has a capacity of 28.14 pt, and is equivalent to 20 bottles. ^<n A bottle containing 33.7 liters of Chateau Lalande Sourbet 1985, equal in volume to almost 45 standard wine bottles, was ^ auctioned on 10 Oct 1989 in Copenhagen, Denmark. ^<n ^<4 Smallest ^>4 The smallest bottles of liquor now sold are of White Horse Scotch Whisky; they stand just over 2 in high and contain 22 minims. A mini case of 12 bottles costs about 8 ^ pounds ($14), and measures 2 1/16 x 1 7/8 x 1 5/16 in. The distributor is Cumbrae Supply Co., Linwood, Scotland. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Brewers T \c8\D02\3910204z Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Brewers 20 23 25 27 177626|2612 226314|3328 27074|398 68214|1003 224136|3 236192|55 35670|1 -PCAP- The largest brewery on one single site is that of the Coors Brewing Co. at Golden, CO, where 604 million gal were produced in 1991. This represented 19.5 million barrels. The photographs show the brewery and an employee supervising the filling of ^ cans. (Photos: Pallas Photo) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Brewers ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest brewery in the world is the Weihenstephan Brewery, Freising, near Munich, Germany, founded in A.D. 1040. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The largest single brewing organization in the world is Anheuser-Busch Inc. of St Louis, ^ MO, with 12 breweries in the United States. In 1991 the company sold 2.66 billion gallons, the greatest annual volume ever produced by a brewing company in a year. The company's St Louis plant covers 100 acres, and has an annual capacity of 403 ^ million gallons. After the completion of current modernization projects in 1993, the plant will have an annual capacity of 416.6 million gallons. ^<n The largest brewery on a single site is Coors Brewing Co. of Golden, CO, where 604 million ^ gallons were produced in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Champagne fountain T \p8\D12\3810215 Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Champagne fountain 20 23 25 27 177694|2613 65698|966 27142|399 68350|1005 224136|4 71062|45 35670|2 -PCAP- The greatest number of stories achieved in a champagne fountain, successfully filled from the top and using 10,404 traditional long-stemmed glasses, is 44 (height 24 ft 8 in). This was achieved by Pascal Leclerc at the Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, ^ CA on 18 Jun 1984. (Photo: Rex Features) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Champagne fountain The greatest number of stories achieved in a champagne fountain, successfully filled from the top and using traditional long-stem glasses, is 44 (height 24 ft 8 in), achieved by Pascal Leclerc with 10,404 glasses at the Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, ^ CA on 18 Jun 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Champagne cork flight T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Champagne cork flight 20 22 24 26 177762|2614 135942|1999 68282|1004 224136|5 139100|109 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Champagne cork flight The longest flight of a cork from an untreated and unheated bottle 4 ft from level ground is 177 ft 9 in, reached by Prof. Emeritus Heinrich Medicus, RPI, at the Woodbury Vineyards Winery, NY on 5 Jun 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Distillers T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Distillers 20 22 24 26 177830|2615 758|11 68418|1006 224136|6 7032|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Distillers ^<4 Largest ^>4 The world's largest distilling company is United Distillers, the spirits company of Guinness plc, which sells 56 million cases of "owned" distilled spirits brands per year. It is also the most profitable spirits company, having ^ made 749 million pounds ($1.3 billion) in 1991. ^<n The largest blender and bottler of Scotch whiskey is also United Distillers, at their Shieldhall plant in Glasgow, Great Britain, which has the capacity to fill an estimated 144 million bottles ^ of Scotch a year. This is equivalent to approximately 24 million gal, most of which is exported. ^<n ^<4 Best-selling ^>4 The world's best-selling brands of Scotch and gin, Johnnie Walker Red Label and Gordon's, are both products of United ^ Distillers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Most alcoholic T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Most alcoholic 20 22 24 26 177898|2616 170826|2512 68486|1007 224136|7 175106|109 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Most alcoholic During independence (1918-40) the Estonian Liquor Monopoly marketed 98 percent potato alcohol (196 proof US). In 31 states, Everclear, 190 proof or 95 percent volume alcohol, is marketed by the American Distilling Co. "primarily as a base for ^ home-made cordials." The Royal New Zealand Navy still issues Navy rum at 4.5 Under Proof and is the last navy in the world to do so. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Spirits T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Spirits 20 22 24 26 177966|2617 196190|2885 68690|1010 224136|8 208038|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Spirits ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 The most expensive spirit is Springbank 1919 Malt Whisky, which is sold at Fortnum & Mason in London, Great Britain for 6,750 pounds ($12,000; including tax) per bottle. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Oldest vintners T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Oldest vintners 20 22 24 26 178034|2618 226382|3329 68554|1008 224136|9 236192|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Oldest vintners The world's oldest champagne firm is Ruinart Pere et Fils, founded in 1729. The oldest cognac firm is Augier Freres & Cie, established in 1643. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Wine T \p8\D12\3810205b Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Wine 20 23 25 27 178102|2619 196258|2886 27210|400 68826|1012 2322|34 224136|10 208038|12 35670|3 -PCAP- A bottle of 1787 Chateau Lafite claret was sold for 105,000 pounds ($131,250) to Christopher Forbes (USA) at Christie's, London on 5 Dec 1985. The bottle was engraved with the initials of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)--Th J--a factor which greatly ^ affected the bidding. (Photo: Christie's) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Wine ^<4 Oldest ^>4 Evidence of wine dating from ^I 3500 B.C. was detected at Godin Tepe, Iran in early 1991. Excavations there revealed the remains of a Sumerian jar containing a large red stain. This was analyzed, and the results showed ^ the presence of tartaric acid, a chemical naturally abundant in grapes. ^<n The oldest bottle of wine sold at auction, was a bottle of 1646 Imperial Tokay, which was bought by John A. Chunko of Princeton, NJ and Jay Walker of Ridgefield, CT for ^ SFr1250 at Sotheby's, Geneva, Switzerland on 16 Nov 1984. At the time the sum paid was equivalent to $510. ^<n ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 105,000 pounds ($131,250) was paid for a bottle of 1787 Chateau Lafite claret, sold to Christopher Forbes ^ (USA) at Christie's, London, Great Britain on 5 Dec 1985. The bottle was engraved with the initials of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), "Th J"--a factor that greatly affected the bidding. In November 1986 its cork, dried out by exhibition lights, ^ slipped, making the wine undrinkable. ^<n The record price for a half bottle of wine is Fr180,000 ($30,600), for a 1784 Chateau Margaux, also bearing the initials of Thomas Jefferson, which was sold by Christie's at Vinexpo in Bordeaux, France on ^ 26 Jun 1987. ^<n The record price for a glass of wine is $Cdn1,700 ($1,400), for the first glass of Beaujolais Nouveau 1991, bought in an auction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Joseph Neshoda, proprietor of a local restaurant and wine bar, on 21 ^ Nov 1991. ^<n ^<4 Auction ^>4 The largest single sale of wine was conducted by Christie's of London, Great Britain on 10-11 Jul 1974 at Quaglino's Ballroom, London, when 2,325 lots comprising 432,000 bottles realized $2,400,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Wine tasting T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Wine tasting 20 22 24 26 178170|2620 94258|1386 68894|1013 224136|11 91334|177 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Wine tasting The largest ever reported was that staged by WQED on 22 Nov 1986 in San Francisco, CA with 4,000 tasters, 260 bottle openers, 500 pourers and 9,360 bottles from 130 wineries. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drink: Soft drinks T Human Achievements|Drink|General Records|Soft drinks 20 22 24 26 178238|2621 201222|2959 68622|1009 224136|12 214036|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drink: Soft drinks Pepsico of Purchase, NY topped the Fortune 500 list for beverage companies in April 1992, with total sales for 1991 of $19.7 billion, compared with $11.6 billion for the Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, GA. Coca-Cola is, however, the world's most ^ popular soft drink, with sales in 1991 of over 492 million drinks per day, representing an estimated 46 percent of the world market. ^<n ^<4 Mineral water ^>4 The world's largest mineral water firm is Source Perrier, near Nimes, France, with ^ an annual production of more than 2.5 billion bottles, of which 1.1 billion now come from Perrier. The French drink about 136 pints of mineral water per person per year, although the highest average consumption is in Italy, with 185 pints per ^ person per year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Ax T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Ax 20 22 24 27 178306|2622 104050|1530 124178|1826 225148|0 91334|321 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Ax A steel ax measuring 60 ft long, 23 ft wide and weighing 7.7 tons was designed and built by BID Ltd of Woodstock, New Brunswick, Canada. The ax was presented to the town of Nackawic, also in New Brunswick, on 11 May 1991 to commemorate the town's ^ selection as Forestry Capital of Canada for 1991. Although calculations suggested it would take a 154-ton lumberjack to swing the ax, a crane was used to lift it into its concrete "stump." ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The largest ax in the United ^ States was 36 ft long with a 10 ft 1 in x 5 ft 2 in blade. It was designed and built by Moran Iron Works in May 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Basket T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Basket 20 22 24 27 178374|2623 1914|28 124246|1827 225148|1 7328|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Basket The world's biggest basket measures 48 x 23 x 19 ft. It is a hand-woven maple example made by the Longaberger Company of Dresden, OH in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Beds T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Beds 20 22 24 27 178442|2624 104118|1531 124314|1828 225148|2 91334|322 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Beds Philip, Duke of Burgundy, Belgium had a bed 12 1/2 ft x 19 ft erected for the perfunctory ^I ceremony with Princess Isabella of Portugal in 1430. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Beer cans T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Beer cans 20 22 24 27 178510|2625 11366|167 124382|1829 225148|3 135730|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Beer cans ^<4 Earliest ^>4 Beer cans date from a test marketing by Krueger Beer of Newark, NJ, in Richmond, VA in 1935. ^<n ^<4 Collections ^>4 The largest collection has been made by John F. Ahrens of Mount Laurel, NJ, with nearly 15,000 different ^ cans. ^<n A Rosalie Pilsner can sold for $6,000 in the United States in April 1981. A collection of 2,502 unopened bottles and cans of beer from 103 countries was bought for A$25,000 by the Downer Club ACT of Australia at the Australian ^ Associated Press Financial Markets Annual Charity Golf Tournament on 23 Mar 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Beer labels (labology) T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Beer labels (labology) 20 22 24 27 178578|2626 179598|2641 124450|1830 225148|4 175106|238 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Beer labels (labology) Jan Solberg of Oslo, Norway has amassed 353,500 different labels from around the world to May 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Beer tankard T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Beer tankard 20 22 24 27 178646|2627 104186|1532 124518|1831 225148|5 91334|323 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Beer tankard The largest tankard was made by the Selangor Pewter Co. of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and unveiled on 30 Nov 1985. It measures 6 1/2 ft in height and has a capacity of 615 gal. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Blanket T \p8\D12\3910205 Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Blanket 20 23 25 28 178714|2628 104254|1533 27278|401 124586|1832 22994|338 225148|6 91334|324 35966|0 -PCAP- Seen here at Gatwick Airport are the Friends of St Catherine's Hospice from Crawley, Great Britain, who made the blanket they are standing on. It measured 148 x 254 ft, giving an overall area of 37,592 sq ft. It was made up of 20,000 pounds ^ ($38,000) worth of wool and weighed 1.7 tons. It was split up into more than 1,450 smaller blankets, which were donated to charity. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Blanket The world's largest hand-knitted blanket was made by the Friends of St Catherine's Hospice in Crawley, Great Britain. It measured 37,592 sq ft and was completed on 9 Aug 1991 at Gatwick Airport. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Bottle caps T \p8\D13\3709188 Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Bottle caps 20 22 24 27 178782|2629 179666|2642 27346|402 124654|1833 9190|135 225148|7 175106|239 35966|1 -PCAP- Helge Friholm has collected 67,330 different bottle caps from 170 countries, including one made for his 80th birthday by the Faxe-Jyske Brewery of Soborg, Denmark. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Bottle caps Since 1950 Helge Friholm (b. 1909) of Soborg, Denmark has amassed 67,330 different bottle caps from 170 countries. ^<n ^<4 Pyramid ^>4 A pyramid consisting of 338,500 bottle caps was constructed by Eddy Lenoir and Harald Prasse and a team of 21 ^ from Frontwijk Blankenberge, Belgium from 20 Aug-6 Sep 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Bottle collections T \p8\D13\3910206 Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Bottle collections 20 22 24 27 178850|2630 125402|1844 27414|403 124722|1834 5586|82 225148|8 135730|1 35966|2 -PCAP- Claive Vidiz, President of the Brazilian Whiskey Collector's Association, in his museum specially built to house his collection of 2,025 full original Scotch whiskey bottles. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Bottle collections George E. Terren of Southboro, MA had a collection of 31,804 miniature and distilled spirit and liquor bottles on 31 May 1992. Ted Shuler of Germantown, TN has a collection of 2,774 different bottled beers, including specimens from 101 countries. ^ ^<n Claive Vidiz of Sao Paulo, Brazil has a collection of 2,025 original Scotch Whiskey units. ^<n David L. Maund of Upham, Great Britain, has a collection of unduplicated miniature Scotch whiskey bottles amounting to 9,601 in June 1992. ^<n The ^ world's biggest collection of whiskey bottles is one of 4,800 unduplicated, assembled by Signor Edward Giaccone at his ^I , Salo, Lake Garda, Italy. The largest reported collection of spirits and liqueurs is 2,890 unduplicated ^ bottles collected by Ian Boasman at Bistro French, Preston, Lancashire, Great Britain by February 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Bowl, wooden T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Bowl, wooden 20 22 24 27 178918|2631 104322|1534 124790|1835 225148|9 91334|325 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Bowl, wooden The largest one-piece wooden bowl was made by Dan Cunningham, David Tarleton and Scott Hare in Kamuela, HI in September 1990. The bowl, which took 2,978 man-hours to complete, was constructed of monkeypod wood, stands 6 ft 7 in tall, and its widest ^ diameter is 5 ft 9 5/8 in with a circumference of 18 ft 1 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Candles T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Candles 20 22 24 27 178986|2632 255350|3755 124858|1836 225148|10 267614|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Candles A candle 80 ft high and 8 1/2 ft in diameter was exhibited at the 1897 Stockholm Exhibition by the firm of Lindahls. Including the candlestick, the overall height was 127 ft. ^<n A candle constructed by Enham Industries at the Charlton Leisure ^ Center, Andover, Great Britain on 2 Jul 1989 measured 101.7 ft high. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Carpets and rugs T \c8\D02\3810216z Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Carpets and rugs 20 24 26 29 179054|2633 104390|1535 27482|404 124926|1837 486|7 225148|11 13960|61 35966|3 -PCAP- (Left) The most finely woven carpet is the Hereke Treasure carpet, made for Ozipek Halicilik A.S. of Hereke, Turkey and now owned by Gandhara Carpet Japan Co. Ltd of Tokyo. It contains 3,716 strands per sq in and was woven by five women over a ^ period of five years. (Right) The longest carpet is the 1,000 ft, long red carpet measuring 52,225 sq ft that was laid along the Avenue of the Americas from Radio City Music Hall to The New York Hilton, New York City, on 13 Feb 1982 by the Allied ^ Corp. for the "Night of the 100 Stars" show. (Photo: Gandhara Carpet Japan Co. Ltd) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Carpets and rugs ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The earliest carpet known is a Seythian woolen pile-knotted carpet measuring 6 sq ft and dating from the 4th-3rd centuries B.C. It was discovered by the Russian archaeologist Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko in 1947 in the Pazyryk ^ Valley in southern Siberia and is now preserved in the Hermitage, St Petersburg, Russia. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 Of ancient carpets, the largest was a gold-enriched silk carpet of Hashim (dated A.D. 743) of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, Iraq. ^ It is reputed to have measured 180 x 300 ft. A 52,225 sq ft, 31.4 ton red carpet was laid on 13 Feb 1982, by the Allied Corporation, from Radio City Music Hall to the New York Hilton along the Avenue of the Americas, in New York City. ^<n ^<4 ^ Most finely woven ^>4 The most finely woven carpet known is one having 3,716 strands per sq in, selected from 3,000 weaving specialists, for Ozipek Halicilik A.S. of Hereke, Turkey. The project took five years to complete, and the finished ^ product, named ^I , was sold to Gandhara Carpet Japan Co. Ltd, Tokyo in March 1988. ^<n ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 The most expensive carpet ever made was the Spring carpet of Khusraw, made for the audience hall of the ^ Sassanian palace at Ctesiphon, Iraq. It was about 7,000 sq ft of silk and gold thread, and was encrusted with emeralds. It was cut up as booty by looters in A.D. 635, and from the known realization value of the pieces must have had an original ^ value of some $170 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Catherine Wheel T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Catherine Wheel 20 22 24 27 179122|2634 104458|1536 124994|1838 225148|12 91334|327 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Catherine Wheel On 3 Nov 1991, as part of a fireworks display, a 45 ft diameter catherine wheel was constructed on a fairground Ferris wheel by Celebration Fireworks and Deducated Micros of Bury, Lancashire, Great Britain. The wheel was flamed and ran for ^ approximately one minute. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Chair T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Chair 20 22 24 27 179190|2635 104526|1537 125062|1839 225148|13 91334|328 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Chair An enlarged version, 53 ft 4 in tall, of the chair George Washington sat in while presiding at the Constitutional Convention was made by the NSA and brought to Washington, D.C. for the 1989 inauguration. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Chandeliers T \p8\D13\3709189b Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Chandeliers 20 23 25 28 179258|2636 104594|1538 27550|405 125130|1840 23130|340 225148|14 91334|329 35966|4 -PCAP- The world's largest set of chandeliers was created by the Kookje Lighting Co. Ltd of Seoul, Korea. Completed in November 1988 and occupying three floors of the Lotte Chamshil Department Store in Seoul, the chandelier is 39 ft, high weighs 11.8 ^ tons, and has 700 bulbs consuming 54 kW of power. Spectacular ^I effects can be achieved by programming the supersonic-wave sensors fitted in the base. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Chandeliers The world's largest set of chandeliers was created by the Kookje Lighting Co. Ltd of Seoul, South Korea. It is 39 ft high, weighs 11.8 tons and has 700 bulbs. Completed in November 1988, it occupies three floors of the Lotte Chamshil Department ^ Store in Seoul. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Check T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Check 20 22 24 27 179326|2637 104662|1539 125198|1841 225148|15 91334|330 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Check The world's largest check was made by the Christmas Cracker project and measured 52 1/2 x 26 ft. The 50 pounds ($85) check, representing "One million hours of time and energy," was presented in London, Great Britain on 28 Sep 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Cigarettes T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Cigarettes 20 22 24 27 179394|2638 125538|1846 125402|1844 225148|16 135730|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Cigarettes The world's largest collection of cigarettes was that of Robert E. Kaufman, of New York. It consisted of 8,390 different cigarettes made in 173 countries and territories. Upon his death in March 1992 his wife Naida took over the collection. The ^ oldest brand represented is ^I , made in the USA ^I 1885. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Cigarette cards T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Cigarette cards 20 22 24 27 179462|2639 11502|169 125266|1842 225148|17 135730|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Cigarette cards ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The earliest known tobacco card is "Vanity Fair," dated 1876, issued by Wm. S. Kimball & Co., Rochester, NY. The earliest British example appeared ^I . 1883 in the form of a calendar issued by Allen & Ginter, of ^ Richmond, VA, trading from Holborn Viaduct, City of London, Great Britain. ^<n ^<4 Largest collection ^>4 The largest-known collection is that of Mr Edward Wharton-Tigar (b. 1913) of London, Great Britain, with more than 1 million cigarette ^ and trade cards in about 45,000 sets. This collection has been accepted as a bequest by the British Museum, where it will eventually be available for public study. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Cigarette packets T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Cigarette packets 20 22 24 27 179530|2640 11570|170 125334|1843 225148|18 13960|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Cigarette packets ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The earliest surviving cigarette packet is a Finnish Petit Canon packet for 25, made by Tollander & Klarich in 1860, from the Ventegodt Collection. ^<4 Rarest ^>4The rarest is the Latvian 700-year anniversary (1201-1901) Riga ^ packet, believed to be unique, from the same collection. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Cigars T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Cigars 20 22 24 27 179598|2641 104730|1540 125470|1845 225148|19 91334|331 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Cigars The largest cigar ever made measures 16 ft 8 1/2 in in length and weighs 577 lb 9 oz. It took 243 hours to make and used 3,330 full tobacco leaves. It was made by Tinus Vinke and Jan Weijmer in February 1983 and is in the Tobacco Museum in Kampen, ^ Netherlands. ^<n The largest marketed cigar in the world is the 14 in Valdez Emperador, manufactured by Fabrica de Puros Santa Clara of San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico and exclusively distributed by Tabacos San Andres. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Coasters (tegestology) T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Coasters (tegestology) 20 22 24 27 179666|2642 125606|1847 125538|1846 225148|20 135730|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Coasters (tegestology) The world's largest collection of coasters is owned by Leo Pisker of Vienna, Austria, who has collected 135,480 different coasters from 154 countries to date. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Credit cards T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Credit cards 20 22 24 27 179734|2643 125674|1848 125606|1847 225148|21 135730|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Credit cards The largest collection of valid credit cards to date is one of 1,356 (all different) by Walter Cavanagh (b. 1943) of Santa Clara, CA. The cost of acquisition for "Mr Plastic Fantastic" was zero, and he keeps them in the world's longest wallet--250 ^ ft long, weighing 37 1/2 lb and worth more than $1.6 million in credit. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Doll, rag T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Doll, rag 20 22 24 27 179802|2644 104798|1541 125674|1848 225148|22 91334|332 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Doll, rag The largest rag doll in the United States is one 41 ft 11 in in total length, created by Apryl Scott at Autoworld in Flint, MI on 20 Nov 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Dress T \p8\D13\3709190a Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Dress 20 23 25 28 179870|2645 214006|3147 27618|406 125742|1849 2254|33 225148|23 226156|16 35966|5 -PCAP- This outfit, created by Helene Gainville with jewels by Alexander Reza, made its high-security appearance at the St James Club, Paris, France on 23 Mar 1989. The dress is embroidered with diamonds mounted on platinum, and the complete outfit is ^ said to be worth $7,301,587.20 precisely. (Photo: Gamma/Darmigny) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Dress ^<4 Most valuable ^>4 A wedding outfit created by Helene Gainville with jewels by Alexander Reza is believed to be worth $7,301,587.20 precisely. The dress is embroidered with diamonds mounted on platinum and was unveiled in Paris, France on 23 ^ Mar 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Fabrics T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Fabrics 20 22 24 27 179938|2646 196938|2896 125810|1850 2390|35 225148|24 208038|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Fabrics ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest surviving fabric, discovered from Level VI A at Catal Huyuk, Turkey, has been radiocarbon dated to 5900 B.C. ^<n ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 The most expensive fabric is Vicuna cloth manufactured by Fujii Keori Ltd of ^ Osaka, Japan, retailing at 1 million yen ($7,600) per meter in January 1988. ^<n ^<4 Finest ^>4 The finest denier nylon yarn ever produced is the 5 denier produced by Nilit Ltd of Tel Aviv, Israel and used by Pretty Polly for women's hosiery ^ in Great Britain. The sheerest stockings normally available are 9 denier. A hair from the average human head is about 50 denier. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Fan T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Fan 20 22 24 27 180006|2647 104866|1542 125878|1851 225148|25 91334|333 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Fan A handpainted Spanish fan made of fabric and wood, measuring 15.45 ft when unfolded and 8 ft high, was completed by D. Juan Reolid Gonzalez of Torrent, Valencia, Spain in June 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Fireworks display T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Fireworks display 20 22 24 27 180074|2648 141586|2082 125946|1852 225148|26 139100|192 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Fireworks display The longest firecracker display was produced by the Johor Tourism Department, the United Malaysian Youth Movement and Mr Yap Seng Hock, and took place on 20 Feb 1988 at Pelangi Garden, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. The total length of the display ^ was 18,777 ft and consisted of 3,338,777 firecrackers and 1,468 lb of gunpowder. It burned for 9 hr 27 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Flags T \p8\D13\3709191 Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Flags 20 22 24 27 180142|2649 104934|1543 27686|407 126014|1853 2458|36 225148|27 236192|103 35966|6 -PCAP- The flag of the Republic of China presented to the city of Kaohsiung, Taiwan by Unichamps Inpe'l Corp. at the opening ceremony of the Kaohsiung Labourers' Athletic Meeting on 9 Apr 1989 measures 413 x 275 1/2 ft, and weighs 1,807.7 lb. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Flags ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest-known flag is one dated to ^I . 3000 B.C. found in 1972 at Khabis, Iran. It is of metal and measures 9 x 9 in and depicts an eagle, two lions and a goddess, three women and a bull. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The ^ largest flag in the world, one of the Republic of China presented to the city of Kaohsiung, Taiwan by Unichamps Inpe'l Corp. on 9 Apr 1989, measured 413 x 275 1/2 ft and weighed 1,807.7 lb. The largest flag ^I from a flagpole is a ^ Brazilian national flag measuring 229 ft 8 in x 328 ft 1 in in Brasilia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Float T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Float 20 22 24 27 180210|2650 105002|1544 126082|1854 225148|28 91334|335 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Float The largest float was the 155-ft-long, 24-ft wide "Merry Christmas America" float bearing three double arches, a 17-ft Christmas tree, two 15-ft peppermint candy sticks and 5,380 sq ft of wrapping paper, used at the 40th Annual Christmas Parade, ^ Baton Rouge, LA on 5 Dec 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Garbage can T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Garbage can 20 22 24 27 180278|2651 105070|1545 126150|1855 225148|29 91334|336 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Garbage can The world's largest garbage can was made by Natsales of Durban, South Africa for "Keep Durban Beautiful Association Week" from 16-22 Sep 1991. The 19.71 ft tall fiberglass can is a replica of Natsales' standard make and has a capacity of 11,493 ^ gal. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Golden coffin T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Golden coffin 20 22 24 27 180346|2652 126218|1856 225148|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Golden coffin The gold coffin of the 14th-century B.C. Pharaoh Tutankhamun, discovered by Howard Carter on 16 Feb 1923 in the Valley of the Kings, western Thebes, Egypt, weighed 243 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Greeting cards T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Greeting cards 20 22 24 27 180414|2653 125742|1849 126286|1857 4430|65 225148|31 135730|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Greeting cards Craig Shergold of Carshalton, Great Britain was reported to have collected a record 33 million get-well cards by May 1991, when his mother pleaded for no more. Jarrod Booth of Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, Canada had a collection of 205,120 ^ Christmas cards in February 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Jeweled egg T \p8\D13\3810217 Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Jeweled egg 20 23 25 28 180482|2654 105138|1546 27754|408 126354|1858 15922|234 225148|32 91334|337 35966|7 -PCAP- Revealed here are some of the inner chambers and the gear mechanism of the magnificent Paul Kutchinsky Argyle Library Egg, which took 7,000 hours to create and is valued at 7 million pounds ($12 million). (Photo: The Rowland Company/Gamma/Wada). ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Jeweled egg The largest and most elaborate jeweled egg stands 2 ft tall and was fashioned from 37 lb of gold studded with 20,000 pink diamonds. Designed by British jeweler Paul Kutchinsky, the Argyle Library Egg took six British craftsmen 7,000 hours to create ^ and has a price tag of 7 million pounds ($12 million). It was unveiled on 30 Apr 1990 before going on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Jigsaw puzzles T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Jigsaw puzzles 20 22 24 27 180550|2655 105206|1547 126422|1859 225148|33 13960|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Jigsaw puzzles ^<4 Earliest ^>4 The earliest jigsaws were made as "dissected maps" by John Spilsbury (1739-69) in Russell Court off Drury Lane, London, Great Britain ^I . 1762. ^<n ^<4 Largest ^>4 The world's largest jigsaw puzzle measures 11,302.2 ^ sq ft but consists of only 2,250 pieces. Assembled on 19 Mar 1991, it was devised by J.N. Nichols (Vimto) plc of Manchester, Great Britain, and designed and built by students from Manchester Polytechnic. ^<n A puzzle consisting of 204,484 pieces ^ was made by BCF Holland b.v. of Almelo, Netherlands and assembled by students of the local Gravenvoorde School on 25 May-1 Jun 1991. The completed puzzle measured 1,036 sq ft. ^<n ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 Custom-made Stave puzzles made by Steve ^ Richardson of Norwich, VT of 2,640 pieces cost $8,680 in June 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Kettle T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Kettle 20 22 24 27 180618|2656 105274|1548 126490|1860 225148|34 91334|339 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Kettle The largest antique copper kettle was one standing 3 ft high with a 6 ft girth and a 20 gal capacity, built in Taunton, Somerset, Great Britain, for the hardware merchants Fisher and Son ^I . 1800. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Knife T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Knife 20 22 24 27 180686|2657 179802|2644 126558|1861 225148|35 175106|241 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Knife The penknife with the greatest number of blades is the Year Knife made by cutlers Joseph Rodgers & Sons, of Sheffield, Great Britain, whose trademark was granted in 1682. The knife was made in 1822 with 1,822 blades, and a blade was added every ^ year until 1973 when there was no further space. It was acquired by Britain's largest hand tool manufacturers, Stanley Works (Great Britain) Ltd of Sheffield, Great Britain, in 1970. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Lantern T \p8\D13\3709192b Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Lantern 20 23 25 28 180754|2658 1982|29 27822|409 126626|1862 225148|36 7328|14 35966|8 -PCAP- A hand-made 12 ft 1 3/4 in high lantern with a 39 ft 4 in circumference was completed on 29 Apr 1989, after 22 days' work, by members of the Lotus Lantern International Buddhist Centre and staff of the Seoul Hilton International Hotel, South Korea. ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Lantern A 12 ft 1 3/4 in high lantern with a 39 ft 4 in circumference was made on 29 Apr 1989 by members of the Lotus Lantern International Buddhist Centre and staff of the Seoul Hilton International Hotel, South Korea. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Lego tower T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Lego tower 20 22 24 27 180822|2659 255418|3756 126694|1863 225148|37 267614|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Lego tower The world's tallest Lego tower, 65 ft 2 in, was built by the people of Auckland, New Zealand on 22-23 Feb 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Matchbox labels T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Matchbox labels 20 22 24 27 180890|2660 125810|1850 126762|1864 225148|38 135730|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Matchbox labels ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest matchbox label of accepted provenance is that of Samuel Jones ^I . 1830. ^<n ^<4 Collections ^>4 The finest collection of trademark matchbox labels (excluding any pub/bar or other advertising labels) is some ^ 280,000 pieces collected by the phillumenist Robert Jones of Indianapolis, IN. Teiichi Yoshizawa (b. 1904) of Chiba-Ken, Japan has amassed 712,118 matchbox labels (including advertising labels) from 150 countries since 1925. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Needles T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Needles 20 22 24 27 180958|2661 141654|2083 126830|1865 225148|39 139100|193 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Needles The longest needle is one 6 ft 1 in long made by George Davies of Thomas Somerfield, Bloxwich, Great Britain for stitching on mattress buttons lengthwise. One of these is preserved in the National Needle Museum at Forge Mill, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Paper clip T \p8\D13\3709193 Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Paper clip 20 22 24 27 181026|2662 105342|1549 27890|410 126898|1866 225148|40 91334|340 35966|9 -PCAP- This 23 ft high iron paper clip, which weighs 1323 lb, was made by O. Mustad & Son of Norway and unveiled at the Bedriftsokonisk Institutt in Sandvika, near Oslo on 9 Oct 1989 in memory of Johan Valer, the inventor of the paper clip. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Paper clip An iron paper clip measuring 23 ft and weighing 1323 lb was made by O. Mustad & Son of Norway and unveiled at the Norwegian School of Management in Sandvika in honor of Johan Valer, pioneer of the paper clip in 1899. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Pens T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Pens 20 22 24 27 181094|2663 197074|2898 126966|1867 225148|41 208038|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Pens ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 The most expensive writing pen is the 5003.002 Caran D'Ache 18-carat solid gold Madison slimline ballpoint pen incorporating white diamonds of 6.35 carats, exclusively distributed by Jakar International Ltd of London, ^ Great Britain. Its recommended retail price, including tax, in 1992 is 23,950 pounds ($40,545). ^<n A Japanese collector paid 1.3 million French francs ($2,340,000) in Feb 1988 for the "Anemone" fountain pen made by Reden, France. It was ^ encrusted with 600 precious stones, including emeralds, amethysts, rubies, sapphires and onyx, and took skilled craftsmen over a year to complete. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Pinata T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Pinata 20 22 24 27 181162|2664 2050|30 127034|1868 225148|42 7328|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Pinata The biggest pinata made in the United States measured 27 ft high with a diameter of 30 ft, a circumference of 100 ft and a weight of 10,000 lb. It was built in March 1990 during the celebrations for Carnaval Miami in Miami, FL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Pottery T \p8\D13\3910208 Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Pottery 20 22 24 27 181230|2665 105410|1550 27958|411 127102|1869 225148|43 91334|341 35966|10 -PCAP- This vase, named Cleopatra, stands 17 1/2 ft high including a 4 1/8 ft tall lid. The potter was Joao Ramos Moraes and it was made in June 1991 by Faiarte Ceramics of Rustenburg, South Africa. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Pottery The largest thrown vase, named Cleopatra, stands 17 1/2 ft high including a 4 1/4 ft tall lid. The potter was Joao Ramos Moraes and it was made in June 1991 by Faiarte Ceramics of Rustenburg, South Africa. The Chinese ceramic authority Chingwah Lee ^ of San Francisco, CA was reported in August 1978 to have appraised a unique 39-in Kangxi four-sided vase then in a bank vault in Phoenix, AZ at $60 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Quilt T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Quilt 20 22 24 27 181298|2666 105478|1551 127170|1870 225148|44 91334|342 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Quilt The world's largest quilt was made by 7,000 citizens of North Dakota for the 1989 centennial of North Dakota. It measured 85 x 134 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Shoes T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Shoes 20 22 24 27 181366|2667 197142|2899 127238|1871 225148|45 208038|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Shoes James Smith, founder of James Southall & Co. of Norwich, Great Britain, introduced sized shoes in 1792. The firm began making "Startrite" children's shoes in 1923. ^<n ^<4 Most expensive ^>4 Emperor Bokassa of the Central African Empire (now ^ Republic) commissioned pearl-studded shoes from the House of Berluti, Paris, France for his self-coronation on 4 Dec 1977 at a cost of $85,000. The most expensive manufactured shoes are mink-lined golf shoes with 18-carat gold embellishments and ^ ruby-tipped spikes made by Stylo Matchmakers International of Northampton, Great Britain, which retail for $23,000 per pair. ^<n A pair of women's cream kid and braid high-heeled slap-soled shoes ^I . 1660 was sold by Lord Hereford at ^ Sotheby's, London, Great Britain in September 1987 to Mrs Sonia Bata for 21,000 pounds ($33,600). An export license was reportedly refused on 20 Jun 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Silver T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Silver 20 22 24 27 181434|2668 105546|1552 127306|1872 225148|46 91334|343 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Silver The largest single pieces of silver are a pair of water jugs of 10,408 troy oz (4.77 cwt) made in 1902 for the Maharaja of Jaipur (1861-1922). They are 5 ft 3 in tall, with a circumference of 8 ft 1 1/2 in, and have a capacity of 1,800 gallons. ^ They are now in the City Palace, Jaipur, India. The silversmith was Gorind Narain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Sofa T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Sofa 20 22 24 27 181502|2669 141722|2084 127374|1873 225148|47 139100|194 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Sofa The longest standard sofa manufactured is the Augustus Rex Sofa, 12 ft 3 in in length, made by Dodge & Son of Sherborne, Great Britain. ^<n In April 1990 a 21 ft 9 in long jacquard fabric sofa was specially manufactured by Mountain View Interiors ^ of Collingwood, Ontario, Canada with an estimated value of $8,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: String ball T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|String ball 20 22 24 27 181570|2670 105614|1553 127442|1874 15990|235 225148|48 91334|344 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: String ball The largest ball of string on record is one 12 ft 9 in in diameter, 40 ft in circumference and weighing 11 tons, amassed by Francis A. Johnson of Darwin, MN between 1950 and 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Stuffed toy T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Stuffed toy 20 22 24 27 181638|2671 141790|2085 127510|1875 225148|49 139100|195 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Stuffed toy A snake measuring 400 ft was completed in November 1991 by the Grove School Knit and Natter Club of Newark, Great Britain. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Suit T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Suit 20 22 24 27 181706|2672 197210|2900 127578|1876 225148|50 208038|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Suit EVA suits for extravehicular activity, worn by space shuttle crews since 1982, have a unit cost of $3.4 million. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Table T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Table 20 22 24 27 181774|2673 141858|2086 127646|1877 225148|51 139100|196 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Table The longest table was set up in Pesaro, Italy on 20 Jun 1988 by the US Libertas Scavolini Basketball team. It was 10,072 ft in length and was used to seat 12,000 people. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Tablecloth T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Tablecloth 20 22 24 27 181842|2674 105682|1554 127714|1878 225148|52 91334|345 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Tablecloth The world's largest tablecloth is 1,502 ft long, and 4 1/2 ft wide, and was made by the Sportex division of Artex International in Highland, IL on 17 Oct 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Tapestry T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Tapestry 20 22 24 27 181910|2675 105750|1555 127782|1879 225148|53 13960|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Tapestry The earliest-known examples of tapestry woven linen are three pieces from the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose IV dated to 1483-1411 B.C. ^<n The largest tapestry ever woven is the ^I , with an area of 13,370.7 sq ft. It ^ was designed by the Yugoslavian artist Frane Delale and produced by the Zivtex Regeneracija Workshop in Zabok, Yugoslavia. The tapestry was completed in 1986 and it now adorns the wall of an amphitheater in Baghdad, Iraq. ^<n The famous Bayeux ^ tapestry, ^I , a hanging tapestry 19 1/2 in x 23 ft, depicts events of 1064-66 in 72 scenes and was probably worked in Canterbury, Great Britain, ^I . 1086. It was "lost" for 2 ^ 1/2 centuries, from 1476 until 1724. ^<n The Overlord Embroidery of 34 panels, each 8 x 3 ft, commissioned by Lord Dulverton (b. 1915) from the Royal School of Needlework in London, Great Britain, was completed in 1979 after 100 person-years of ^ work and is 41 ft longer than the Bayeux. It has the largest area of any embroidery, 816 sq ft. An uncompleted 8 in deep 1,338 ft long embroidery of scenes from C.S. Lewis's ^I children's stories has been worked by Margaret S. ^ Pollard of Truro, Great Britain to the order of Michael Maine. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Tartan T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Tartan 20 22 24 27 181978|2676 11774|173 127850|1880 225148|54 13960|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Tartan The earliest evidence of tartans is the so-called Falkirk tartan, found stuffed in a jar of coins in Bells Meadow, Scotland. It is of a dark and light brown pattern and dates from ^I . A.D. 245. The earliest reference to a specific named ^ tartan is to a Murray tartan in 1618, although Mackay tartan was probably worn earlier. There are 2,179 tartans known to The Tartans Museum at the headquarters of the Scottish Tartans Society in Comrie, Perth, Tayside, Great Britain. HRH Prince ^ of Wales is eligible to wear 11, including the Balmoral, which has been exclusive to the British royal family since 1852. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Time capsule T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Time capsule 20 22 24 27 182046|2677 105818|1556 127918|1881 225148|55 91334|347 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Time capsule The world's largest time capsule is the Tropico Time Tunnel of 10,000 cu ft in a cave in Rosamond, CA, sealed by the Kern Antelope Historical Society on 20 Nov 1966 and intended for opening in A.D. 2866. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Wallet T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Wallet 20 22 24 27 182114|2678 197278|2901 127986|1882 225148|56 208038|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Wallet The most expensive wallet ever made is a platinum-cornered, diamond-studded crocodile creation made by Louis Quatorze of Paris, France and Mikimoto of Tokyo, selling in September 1984 for $84,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Wedding dress train T \p8\D13\3810207b Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Wedding dress train 20 22 24 27 182182|2679 141926|2087 28026|412 128054|1883 225148|57 139100|197 35966|11 -PCAP- This train, measuring 171 ft 3 in, was created by Agnes Remaud of La Roche-sur-Yon, France in 1990. (Photo: Gamma/Charneau) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Wedding dress train ^<4 Longest ^>4 The world's longest wedding dress train measured 171 ft 3 in and was made by Agnes Remaud of La Roche-sur-Yon, France in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Wreath T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Wreath 20 22 24 27 182250|2680 197346|2902 128122|1884 225148|58 208038|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Wreath The most expensive wreath on record was that presented to Sri Chinmoy in New York on 11 Jul 1983 by Ashrita Furman and Pahar Meltzer. It was handled by the Garland of Divinity's Love Florist, contained 10,000 flowers, and cost $3,500. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Yo-yo T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Yo-yo 20 22 24 27 182318|2681 105886|1557 128190|1885 17418|256 225148|59 91334|348 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Yo-yo The largest yo-yo ever constructed was one measuring 6 ft in diameter made by the woodworking class of Shakamak High School in Jasonville, IN. It weighed 820 lb and was launched from a 160 ft crane on 29 Mar 1990, when it "yo-yoed" 12 times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Manufactured Articles: Zipper T Human Achievements|Manufactured Articles|General Records|Zipper 20 22 24 27 182386|2682 141994|2088 128258|1886 225148|60 139100|198 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Because of the infinite number of objects it is possible to collect, the editors can include only a small number of claims that reflect proven widespread interest. ^<n The editors are more likely to consider claims for items accumulated on a ^ personal basis over a significant period of time, made through appropriate organizations, established and recognized, as these organizations are often in a better position to comment authoritatively in record terms. ^ -TEXT- Manufactured Articles: Zipper The world's longest zipper was laid around the center of Sneek, Netherlands on 5 Sep 1989. The brass zipper, made by Yoshida (Netherlands) Ltd, is 9,353.56 ft long and consists of 2,565,900 teeth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Origins T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 182454|2683 15718|231 209994|3088 235696|0 13960|124 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Origins Sport stems from the time when self-preservation ceased to be the all-consuming human preoccupation. Archery, although a hunting skill in Mesolithic times (by ^I . 8000 B.C.), did not become an organized sport until later--possibly as early ^ as ^I . 1150 B.C., since an archery competition is described in Homer's ^I , and certainly by ^I . A.D. 300, among the Genoese. The earliest dated evidence for any sport is ^I . 2750-2600 B.C. for wrestling. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Fastest T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Fastest 20 22 24 26 182522|2684 29658|436 209586|3082 235696|1 23878|188 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Fastest The fastest speed reached in a nonmechanical sport is in skydiving, in which a speed of 185 mph is attained in a head-down free-falling position, even in the lower atmosphere. In delayed drops, speeds of 625 mph have been recorded at high, rarefied ^ altitudes. ^<n The fastest projectile speed in any moving ball game is ^I . 188 mph, in jai alai. This compares with 170 mph (electronically timed) for a golf ball driven off a tee. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Slowest T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Slowest 20 22 24 26 182590|2685 244130|3590 210062|3089 235696|2 257632|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Slowest In wrestling, before the rules were modified to favor "brighter wrestling," contestants could be locked in holds for so long that a single bout once lasted for 11 hr 40 min. ^<n In the extreme case of the 2 hr 41 min pull in the regimental tug ^ o'war in Jubbulpore, India, on 12 Aug 1889, the winning team moved a net distance of 12 ft at an average speed of 0.00084 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Youngest international winner T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Youngest international winner 20 22 24 26 182658|2686 265074|3898 210266|3092 235696|3 275964|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Youngest international winner The youngest age at which any person has won international honors is eight, in the case of Joy Foster, the Jamaican singles and mixed doubles table tennis champion, in 1958. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Heaviest sportsman T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Heaviest sportsman 20 22 24 26 182726|2687 61210|900 209654|3083 235696|4 65726|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Heaviest sportsman Professional wrestler William J. Cobb of Macon, GA, who in 1962 was billed as "Happy Humphrey," weighed 802 lb. ^<n The heaviest player of any ball game was Bob Pointer, the 487-lb football tackle formerly on the 1967 Santa Barbara High School ^ team, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Longest reign T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Longest reign 20 22 24 26 182794|2688 152126|2237 209858|3086 235696|5 139100|347 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Longest reign Jacques Edmond Barre (France; 1802-73) was a world champion for 33 years (1829-62) at court tennis. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: World record breakers T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|World record breakers 20 22 24 26 182862|2689 203466|2992 210130|3090 235696|6 215538|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: World record breakers ^<4 Youngest ^>4 The youngest age at which anybody has broken a nonmechanical world record is 12 yr 298 days for Gertrude Caroline Ederle (USA; b. 23 Oct 1906), with 13 min 19.0 sec for women's 880 yd freestyle swimming, at Indianapolis, IN on ^ 17 Aug 1919. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 Gerhard Weidner (Germany; b. 15 Mar 1933) set a 20-mile walk record on 25 May 1974, at age 41 yr 71 days, the oldest to set an official world record recognized by an international governing body. ^<n ^<4 Most ^ prolific ^>4 Between 24 Jan 1970 and 1 Nov 1977, Vasiliy Alekseiev (USSR; b. 7 Jan 1942) broke 80 official world records in weightlifting. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Champions T \c8\D02\3811220z Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Champions 20 23 25 27 182930|2690 234474|3448 28094|413 209518|3081 235696|7 236192|175 40898|0 -PCAP- (Left) The youngest world champion, Fu Mingxia (China) won the women's world title for platform diving at Perth, Australia on 4 Jan 1991, at the age of 12 years. (Right) The oldest world champion. Fred Davis (b. 14 Feb 1913) won the world ^ professional billiards title, aged 67, in June 1980. Here he is seen in action in the 1991 World Masters, still a player to be reckoned with at the age of 78. (Photos: Allsport/H. Boylan and Allsport/S. Bruty) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Champions ^<4 Youngest ^>4 The youngest successful competitor in a world title event was a French boy, whose name is not recorded, who coxed the Netherlands' Olympic pair at Paris, France on 26 Aug 1900. He was not more than ten and may have been as young ^ as seven. ^<n Fu Mingxia (China) won the women's world title for platform diving at Perth, Australia on 4 Jan 1991, at the age of 12. ^<n The youngest individual Olympic winner was Marjorie Gestring (USA; b. 18 Nov 1922), who took the springboard ^ diving title at the age of 13 yr 268 days at the Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany on 12 Aug 1936. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 Fred Davis (Great Britain; b. 14 Feb 1913) won the world professional billiards title in 1980, at age 67. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: All-Star game selection T \c8\D02\3811235z Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|All-Star game selection 20 23 25 27 182998|2691 28162|414 209450|3080 4158|61 235696|8 40898|1 -PCAP- Bo Jackson is believed to be the only athlete selected to the All-Star game in two professional sports. He was the MVP of the 1989 baseball classic and was selected for the 1990 NFL Pro Bowl. (Photos: Allsport USA/J. Rettaliatta and Allsport/S. ^ Dunn) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: All-Star game selection Bo Jackson is believed to be the only athlete selected to the All-Star games in two professional sports. He was the MVP of the baseball All-Star Game, on 11 Jul 1989 at Anaheim, CA. Jackson played for the American League; he hit a home run and had ^ 2 RBI's. He was selected for the 1990 NFL Pro Bowl as a running back for the AFC team. However, because of an injury, he was unable to participate in the game, played 3 Feb 1991 in Hawaii. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Largest contract T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Largest contract 20 22 24 26 183066|2692 120846|1777 209722|3084 235696|9 91334|568 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Largest contract In March 1990, the National Football League concluded a deal worth $3.64 billion for four years' coverage by the five major TV and cable networks---ABC, CBS, NBC, ESPN and TBS. This represented $26.1 million for each league team in the first year, ^ escalating to $39.1 million in the fourth. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Largest crowd T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Largest crowd 20 22 24 26 183134|2693 120914|1778 209790|3085 235696|10 61408|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Largest crowd The greatest number of live spectators for any one-day sporting spectacle is the estimated 2.5 million who have lined the route of the New York City Marathon. However, spread over three weeks, it is estimated that more than 10 million see the ^ annual Tour de France cycling race. ^<n ^<4 Olympics ^>4 The total attendance at the 1984 Summer Games, held at Los Angeles, CA, was 5,797,923 for all sports plus an estimated 275,000 spectators at road cycling and marathon events. ^<n ^<4 ^ Stadium ^>4 A crowd of 199,854 attended the Brazil ^I Uruguay World Cup Final soccer match, in the Maracana Municipal Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 16 Jul 1950. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Most participants T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Most participants 20 22 24 26 183202|2694 191022|2809 209926|3087 235696|11 175106|405 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Most participants On 15 May 1988 an estimated 110,000 (including unregistered athletes) ran in the ^I Bay-to-Breakers 7.6-mile race in San Francisco, CA. ^<n The 1988 Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) Championship tournament attracted ^ 77,735 bowlers for the 96-day event, held 31 March-4 July at Reno/Carson City, NV. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sports and Games: Worst disasters T Sports and Games|General Records|General Records|Worst disasters 20 22 24 26 183270|2695 260586|3832 210198|3091 235696|12 274968|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sports and Games: Worst disasters In recent history, the stands at the Hong Kong Jockey Club racetrack collapsed and caught fire on 26 Feb 1918, killing an estimated 604 people. ^<n During the reign of Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161), 1,112 spectators were killed when the upper ^ wooden tiers in the Circus Maximus, Rome collapsed during a gladiatorial combat. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aerobatics: Origins T Sports and Games|Aerobatics|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 183338|2696 33398|491 146|2 236708|0 40936|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aerobatics: Origins The first aerobatic "maneuver" is generally considered to be the sustained inverted flight in a Bleriot flown by Celestin-Adolphe Pegoud (1889-1915), at Buc, France on 21 Sep 1913, but Lt Capt. Petr Nikolayevich Nesterov (1887-1914), of the ^ Imperial Russian Air Service, performed a loop in a Nieuport Type IV monoplane at Kiev, USSR on 27 Aug 1913. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aerobatics: World Championships T Sports and Games|Aerobatics|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 183406|2697 214414|3153 214|3 236708|1 227712|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aerobatics: World Championships This contest has been held biennially since 1960 (except 1974). Scoring is based on a system originally devised by Col. Jose Aresti of Spain. The competition consists of a known and unknown compulsory and a free program. ^<n The USSR has won the ^ men's team competition a record six times. Petr Jirmus (Czechoslovakia) is the only man to have become world champion twice, in 1984 and 1986. Betty Stewart (USA) won the women's competition in 1980 and 1982. ^<n Lyubov Nemkova (USSR) won a ^ record five medals: first in 1986, second in 1982 and 1984, and third in 1976 and 1978. The oldest-ever world champion has been Henry Haigh (USA; b. 12 Dec 1924), age 63 in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aerobatics: Longest inverted flight T Sports and Games|Aerobatics|General Records|Longest inverted flight 20 22 24 26 183474|2698 128530|1890 10|0 236708|2 139100|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aerobatics: Longest inverted flight The duration record is 4 hr 38 min 10 sec by Joann Osterud (USA) from Vancouver to Vanderhoof, Canada on 24 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Aerobatics: Most loops T Sports and Games|Aerobatics|General Records|Most loops 20 22 24 26 183542|2699 163414|2403 78|1 236708|3 175106|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Aerobatics: Most loops Joann Osterud achieved 208 outside loops in a "Supernova" Hyperbipe over North Bend, OR on 13 Jul 1989. On 9 Aug 1986, David Childs performed 2,368 inside loops in a Bellanca Decathalon over North Pole, Alaska. ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: Origins T Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 183610|2700 7558|111 9394|138 237090|0 13960|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Archery: Origins Though the earliest pictorial evidence of the existence of bows is seen in Mesolithic cave paintings in Spain, archery as an organized sport appears to have developed in the third century A.D. Competitive archery may, however, date back to the 12th ^ century B.C. The National Archery Association of America was established in 1879. The inaugural National Outdoor Target Championship was held in 1884. The world governing body is the ^I (FITA), ^ founded in 1931. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The date of the first use of the bow as a weapon in North America is unknown; however, it is believed that Native American tribes in the eastern part of North America were familiar with the bow by the ^ 11th century. The National Archery Association was founded in 1879 in Crawfordsville, IN and is the oldest amateur sports organization in continuous existence in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: World records (table) B \t\D02\1100191a Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|World records (table) 20 22 24 27 183678|2701 164366|2417 9598|141 237090|1 175106|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Indoor Double FITA rounds at 25 meters MEN 591 600 Erwin Verstegen (Netherlands) 1989 WOMEN 592 600 Petra Ericsson (Sweden) 1991 Indoor FITA rounds at 18 meters MEN 591 600 Vladimir Yesheyev (USSR) 1989 WOMEN 587 600 Denise Parker (USA) 1989 ^ ^ -TEXT- Archery: World records (table) Archery: World Archery Records WORLD ARCHERY RECORDS MEN (Single FITA rounds) EVENTS POINTS POSSIBLE NAME AND COUNTRY YEAR FITA 1,352 1,440 Vladimir Yesheyev (USSR) 1990 90 m 330 360 Vladimir Yesheyev (USSR) 1990 70 m 344 360 Hiroshi Yamamoto ^ (Japan) 1990 50 m 345 360 Richard McKinney (USA) 1982 30 m 357 360 Takayoshi Matsushita (Japan) 1986 Final 345 360 Vladimir Yesheyev (USSR) 1990 Team 3,963 4,320 USSR (Stanislav Zabrodskiy, Vadim Shikarev, Vladimir Yesheyev) 1989 Final ^ 1,005 1,080 South Korea (Kim Sun-Bin, Yang Chang-hoon, Park Jae-pyo) 1990 WOMEN (Single FITA rounds) FITA 1,370 1,440 Lee Eun-Kyung (South Korea) 1990 70 m 341 *360 Kim Soo-nyung (South Korea) 1990 60 m 347 360 Kim Soo-nyung (South ^ Korea) 1989 50 m 337 360 Lee Eun-Kyung (South Korea) 1990 30 m 357 360 Joanne Edens (Great Britain) 1990 Final 346 360 Kim Soo-nyung (South Korea) 1990 Team 4,025 4,320 South Korea (Kim Soo-nyung, Wang Hee-nyung, Kim Kyung-wook) 1989 Final ^ 1,030 1,080 South Korea (Kim Soo-nyung, Lee Eun-Kyung, Lee Seon-hee) 1991 *unofficial ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: Highest championship scores T \p8\D13\3811224 Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|Highest championship scores 20 23 25 27 183746|2702 79638|1171 28230|415 9122|134 237090|2 88626|0 41054|0 -PCAP- The highest score achieved in either a World or Olympic championship for men's Double FITA rounds is 2,617 points (out of a possible 2,880) by Darrell Owen Pace (USA; b. 23 Oct 1956) at Long Beach, CA on 21-22 Oct 1983. (Photo: Allsport USA/Duffy) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Archery: Highest championship scores The highest scores achieved in either a world or Olympic championship for Double FITA rounds are: men, 2,617 points (possible 2,880) by Darrell Owen Pace (USA; b. 23 Oct 1956) and Richard Lee McKinney (USA; b. 20 Oct 1963) at Long Beach, CA on ^ 21-22 Oct 1983; and for women, 2,683 points by Kim Soo-nyung (South Korea; b. 5 Apr 1971) at Seoul, South Korea on 27-30 Sep 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: World Championships T Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 183814|2703 206186|3032 9530|140 237090|3 219140|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Archery: World Championships The most titles won by a man is four, by Hans Deutgen (Sweden; 1917-89) in 1947-50, and the most by a woman is seven, by Janina Spychajowa-Kurkowska (Poland; b. 8 Feb 1901) in 1931-34, 1936, 1939 and 1947. The USA has a record 14 men's and eight ^ women's team titles. ^<n Oscar Kessels (Belgium; 1904-68) participated in 21 world championships. ^<n The most individual world titles by a US archer is three, by Richard McKinney: 1977, 1983 and 1985. Jean Lee, 1950 and 1952, is the only US ^ woman to have won two individual world titles. Luann Ryon (b. 13 Jan 1953) was Olympic women's champion in 1976 and also world champion in 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: Olympic Games T Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|Olympic Games 20 22 24 26 183882|2704 198366|2917 9326|137 237090|4 211064|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Archery: Olympic Games Hubert van Innis (Belgium; 1866-1961) won six gold and three silver medals at the 1900 and 1920 Olympic Games. ^<n The most successful US archer at the Olympic Games has been Darrell Pace, gold medalist in 1976 and 1984. He was also world champion ^ in 1975 and 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: US Championships T Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|US Championships 20 22 24 26 183950|2705 206118|3031 9462|139 237090|5 219140|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Archery: US Championships The US National Championships were first held in Chicago, IL from 12-14 Aug 1879, and are staged annually. The most US archery titles won is 17, by Lida Howell (nee Scott; 1859-1939), from 20 contested between 1883 and 1907. She won three Olympic ^ gold medals in 1904, for Double National and Double Columbia rounds and for the US team. ^<n The most men's titles is nine (three individual, six pairs), by Richard McKinney, 1977, 1979-83, 1985-87. The greatest span of title winning is 29 years, ^ by William Henry Thompson (1848-1918), who was the first US champion in 1879, and won his fifth and last men's title in 1908. ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: Highest score over 24 hours T Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|Highest score over 24 hours 20 22 24 26 184018|2706 79706|1172 9190|135 237090|6 88626|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Archery: Highest score over 24 hours The highest recorded score over 24 hours by a pair of archers is 76,158, during 70 Portsmouth Rounds (60 arrows per round at 20 yd at 2 ft FITA targets) by Simon Tarplee and David Hathaway at Evesham, Great Britain on 1 Apr 1991. During this ^ attempt Tarplee set an individual record of 38,500. ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: Greatest draw on a longbow T Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|Greatest draw on a longbow 20 22 24 26 184086|2707 45502|669 9054|133 237090|7 52992|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Archery: Greatest draw on a longbow Gary Sentmam, of Roseberg, OR drew a longbow weighing a record 176 lb to the maximum draw on the arrow of 28 1/4 in at Forksville, PA on 20 Sep 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Archery: Longest flight T Sports and Games|Archery|General Records|Longest flight 20 22 24 26 184154|2708 129278|1901 9258|136 237090|8 139100|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Archery: Longest flight The furthest an arrow has been shot is 2,047 ft 2 in by Harry Drake (USA; b. 7 May 1915), using a crossbow at the "Smith Creek" Flight Range near Austin, NV on 30 Jul 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing: Origins T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 184222|2709 223322|3284 12726|187 238242|0 236192|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing: Origins ^<4 First race ^>4 There are various conflicting claims, but the first automobile race was the 201-mile Green Bay-to-Madison, WI race run in 1878, won by an Oshkosh steamer. In 1887 Count Jules Felix Philippe Albert de Dion de Malfiance ^ (1856-1946) won the ^I 31 km (19.3 mile) race in Paris, France in a De Dion steam quadricycle in which he is reputed to have exceeded 37 mph. The first "real" race was in France, from Paris to Bordeaux and back (732 miles) on ^ 11-13 Jun 1895. The first to finish was Emile Levassor (1844-97) of France, in a Panhard-Levassor two-seater, with a 1.2-liter Daimler engine producing 3 1/2 hp. His time was 48 hr 47 min (average speed 15.01 mph). The first closed-circuit race ^ was held over five laps of a mile-long dirt track at Narragansett Park, Cranston, RI on 7 Sep 1896. It was won by A.H. Whiting, driving a Riker electric. ^<n ^<4 Oldest race ^>4 The oldest race in the world still regularly run is the Royal ^ Automobile Club (RAC) Tourist Trophy, first staged on 14 Sep 1905, in the Isle of Man, Great Britain. The French Grand Prix was first held on 26-27 Jun 1906. The Coppa Florio, in Sicily, has been irregularly held since 1906. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing: Fastest circuits T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|General Records|Fastest circuits 20 22 24 26 184290|2710 18234|268 11502|169 238242|1 23878|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing: Fastest circuits The highest average lap speed attained on any closed circuit is 250.958 mph, in a trial by Dr Hans Liebold (Germany; b. 12 Oct 1926), who lapped the 7.85 mile high-speed track at Nardo, Italy in 1 min 52.67 sec in a Mercedes-Benz C111-IV ^ experimental coupe on 5 May 1979. It was powered by a V8 engine with two KKK turbochargers, with an output of 500 hp at 6,200 rpm. ^<n The fastest road circuit was the Francorchamps circuit near Spa, Belgium, then 8.76 miles in length, which was ^ lapped in 3 min 13.4 sec (average speed 163.086 mph) on 6 May 1973, by Henri Pescarolo (France; b. 25 Sep 1942) driving a 2,993-cc V12 Matra-Simca MS670 Group 5 sports car. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing: Fastest race T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|General Records|Fastest race 20 22 24 26 184358|2711 18302|269 11570|170 238242|2 23878|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing: Fastest race The fastest race is the Busch Clash at Daytona, FL over 50 miles on a 2 1/2-mile 31-degree banked track. In 1987 Bill Elliott (USA; b. 8 Oct 1955) averaged 197.802 mph in a Ford Thunderbird. Al Unser, Jr. (USA; b. 19 Apr 1962) set the world record ^ for a 500 mile race when he won the Michigan 500 on 9 Aug 1990 at an average speed of 189.727 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Race records T \c8\D02\3911213z Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Indianapolis 500|Race records 20 22 24 26 184426|2712 164706|2422 28298|416 12386|182 238468|0 175106|19 41140|0 -PCAP- Rick Mears won the Indianapolis 500 for a record-equaling fourth time in 1991, and he is seen here with the Borg-Warner Trophy that has been presented to the winner since 1936. (Photos: Allsport USA/B. Spurlock & Steve Swope) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Race records The Indianapolis 500 mile race (200 laps) was inaugurated in the USA on 30 May 1911. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Three drivers have four wins: Anthony Joseph "A.J." Foyt, Jr. (USA; b. 16 Jan 1935) in 1961, 1964, 1967 and 1977; Al Unser (USA; b. 29 ^ May 1939) in 1970-71, 1978 and 1987; and Rick Mears (USA; b. 3 Dec 1951) in 1979, 1984, 1988 and 1991. ^<n ^<4 Fastest times and speeds ^>4 The record time is 2 hr 41 min (185.981 mph) by Arie Luyendyk (Netherlands) driving a Lola-Chevrolet on ^ 27 May 1990. The record average speed for four laps qualifying is 232.482 mph by Roberto Guerrero (Colombia) in a Lola-Buick (including a one-lap record of 232.618 mph) on 9 May 1992. The track record is 233.433 mph by Jim Crawford (Great ^ Britain) on 4 May 1992 although this was only a practice run. ^<n ^<4 Most starts ^>4 A.J. Foyt, Jr. has started a record 35 races, 1958-92, and Rick Mears has started from pole position a record six times, 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988-89, and ^ 1991. ^<n ^<4 Highest prizes ^>4 The record prize fund is $7,527,450, and the individual prize record is $1,244,184 by Al Unser Jr., both in 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): First woman driver T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Indianapolis 500|First woman driver 20 22 24 26 184494|2713 34010|500 12114|178 238468|1 40936|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): First woman driver The first woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500 was Janet Guthrie (USA; b. 7 Mar 1938). She passed her rookie test in May 1976, and earned the right to compete in the qualifying rounds, but was unable to win a place on the starting line when the ^ Vollstedt-Offenhauser she drove was withdrawn from the race after repeated mechanical failures. In the 61st running of the Indianapolis 500, in 1977, Guthrie became the first woman to compete, although her car developed mechanical problems that ^ forced her to retire after 27 laps. In 1978, she completed the race, finishing in ninth place after 190 laps. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Closest finish T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Indianapolis 500|Closest finish 20 22 24 26 184562|2714 4226|62 11978|176 10822|159 238468|2 10628|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Closest finish The closest margin of victory was 0.043 sec in 1992 when Al Unser Jr. edged Scott Goodyear. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Indy Championships T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Indianapolis 500|Indy Championships 20 22 24 26 184630|2715 34078|501 12250|180 238468|3 40936|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Indy Championships The first Indy Car Championship was held in 1909 under the auspices of the American Automobile Association (AAA). In 1959 the United States Automobile Club (USAC) took over the running of the Indy series. Since 1979 Championship Auto Racing Teams ^ Inc. (CART) has organized the Indy Championship, which since 1979 has been called the PPG Indy Car World Series Championship. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Most wins T \c8\D02\3811280z Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Indianapolis 500|Most wins 20 24 26 28 184698|2716 214550|3155 28366|417 12318|181 238468|4 227712|2 41140|1 -PCAP- (Left) Anthony Joseph A.J. Foyt, Jr., the most successful driver in Indy car history, has won 67 races and seven championships. (Right) Mario Andretti has won the most laps in Indy championships and also holds the record for most pole positions. He ^ has excelled at various forms of auto racing. He won the USAC championship in 1965-66 and 1969, the Indy Car world series in 1984, the Indianapolis 500 in 1969, and was Formula One world champion in 1978. (Photos: Allsport USA/Newkirk and ^ DeFrisco) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Most wins ^<4 National Championships ^>4 The most successful driver in Indy car history is A. J. Foyt, Jr., who has won 67 races and seven championships (1960-61, 1963-64, 1967, 1975 and 1979). The record for the most victories in a season is ten, shared ^ by two drivers: A.J. Foyt, Jr. (1964) and Al Unser (1970). Mario Andretti (USA; 28 Feb 1940) has the most laps (7,392) in Indy championships as of 9 Jun 1991; he also holds the record for most pole positions at 64. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Highest earnings T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Indianapolis 500|Highest earnings 20 22 24 26 184766|2717 75490|1110 12182|179 238468|5 84324|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Highest earnings ^<4 Career ^>4 As of 5 Jul 1992, Rick Mears holds the career earnings mark for Indy drivers with $11,024,836. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 The single-season record is $2,461,734, set in 1991 by Michael Andretti. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Fastest pit stop T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Indianapolis 500|Fastest pit stop 20 22 24 26 184834|2718 17962|264 12046|177 238468|6 23878|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Indianapolis 500): Fastest pit stop Robert William "Bobby" Unser (USA; b. 20 Feb 1934) took 4 seconds to take on fuel on lap 10 of the Indianapolis 500 on 30 May 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (NASCAR): Race records T \c8\D02\3711282z Sports and Games|Auto Racing|NASCAR (National Association For Stock Car Auto Racing)|Race records 20 24 26 28 184902|2719 214822|3159 28434|418 12658|186 238974|0 227712|6 41140|2 -PCAP- (Top) The most National Association for (NASCAR) Stock Car Auto Racing Inc. championships (first held 1947, since 1971 the Winston Cup Championship) is seven, by Richard Petty (USA), 1964, 1967, 1971-72, 1974-75 and 1979. Petty won a record 200 ^ NASCAR Winston Cup races in 1,169 starts, 1958-92. (Bottom) Shawna Robinson (b. 30 Nov 1954) became the first woman to win a NASCAR event when she won the NASCAR Dash Series at Asheville, North Carolina, on 10 June 1988. (Top photo: ^ Allsport/Steve Swope) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (NASCAR): Race records The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc. was founded by Bill France, Sr. in 1947. The first NASCAR championship was held in 1949. Since 1971 the championship series has been called the Winston Cup Championship. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^ ^>4 The championship has been won a record seven times by Richard Lee Petty (USA; b. 2 Jul 1937)---1964, 1967, 1971-72, 1974-75 and 1979. Petty won 200 NASCAR Winston Cup races in 1,169 starts from 1958 to 17 Jun 1992, and his best season was ^ 1967, with 27 wins. ^<n Geoff Bodine (USA; b. 18 Apr 1949) won 55 races in NASCAR Modified racing in 1978. ^<n ^<4 Highest earnings ^>4 Richard Petty, on 1 Aug 1971, was the first driver to pass $1 million in career earnings. The NASCAR career ^ money record is $15,671,709 to 31 May 1992, by Dale Earnhardt (USA; b. 29 Apr 1952). Earnhardt won a season record $3,083,056 in 1990. ^<n ^<4 First woman ^>4 Shawna Robinson (b. 30 Nov 1954) was the first woman to win a NASCAR event, when she ^ won the NASCAR Dash Series at Asheville, North Carolina, on 10 June 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (NASCAR): Daytona 500 T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|NASCAR (National Association For Stock Car Auto Racing)|Daytona 500 20 22 24 26 184970|2720 18166|267 12590|185 238974|1 227712|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (NASCAR): Daytona 500 The Daytona 500 has been held at the 2 1/2 mile oval Daytona International Speedway in Daytona, FL since 1959. The race is the major event of the NASCAR season. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Richard Petty has a record seven wins---1964, 1966, 1971, ^ 1973-74, 1979 and 1981. ^<n ^<4 Fastest speed ^>4 The record average speed for the race is 177.602 mph, by Buddy Baker in an Oldsmobile in 1980. The qualifying speed record is 210.364, by Bill Elliott in a Ford Thunderbird in 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Formula One): Most successful drivers T \c8\D02\3711283z Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing|Most successful drivers 20 22 24 27 185038|2721 203806|2997 28502|419 11842|174 239130|0 216674|1 41140|3 -PCAP- Italian Riccardo Patrese has started a record number of 233 Grand Prix races in his 15-year career. He is pictured here winning the Grand Prix at San Marino on 7 May 1990. (Photo: Allsport/Pascal Rondeau) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing is governed by the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The title of world champion is awarded to the driver who amasses the highest point total over a series of about 18-20 Grand Prix races during ^ the year. ^ -TEXT- Auto Racing (Formula One): Most successful drivers The World Drivers' Championship, inaugurated in 1950, has been won a record five times by Juan-Manuel Fangio (Argentina; b. 24 Jun 1911) in 1951 and 1954-57. He retired in 1958, after having won 24 Grand Prix races (two shared) from 51 starts. ^<n ^ Alain Prost (France; b. 24 Feb 1955) holds the records for both the most Grand Prix points in a career, 699.5, and the most Grand Prix victories, 44 from 184 races, 1980-91. The most Grand Prix victories in a year is eight, by Ayrton Senna ^ (Brazil; b. 21 Mar 1960) in 1988. The most Grand Prix starts is 233, by Ricardo Patrese (Italy; b. 17 Apr 1954) from 1977-92. The greatest number of pole positions is 61, by Ayrton Senna from 135 races (34 wins), 1985-92. ^<n Two Americans have ^ won the World Drivers' Championship--Phil Hill in 1961, and Mario Andretti in 1978. Andretti has the most Grand Prix wins by a US driver: 12 in 128 races, 1968-82. ^<n On 26 July, Nigel Mansell (Great Britain) won the German Grand Prix at ^ Hockenheim, his eighth success of the 1992 season and equaling the record of most wins in a season. On the same occasion Ricardo Patrese started his 234th Grand Prix. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Formula One): Oldest and youngest T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing|Oldest and youngest 20 22 24 27 185106|2722 223254|3283 11910|175 239130|1 236192|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing is governed by the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The title of world champion is awarded to the driver who amasses the highest point total over a series of about 18-20 Grand Prix races during ^ the year. ^ -TEXT- Auto Racing (Formula One): Oldest and youngest The youngest world champion was Emerson Fittipaldi, who won his first World Championship on 10 Sep 1972 at the age of 25 yr 273 days. ^<n The oldest world champion was JuanManuel Fangio, who won his last World Championship on 4 Aug 1957 at the age ^ of 46 yr 41 days. ^<n The youngest Grand Prix winner was Bruce Leslie McLaren (1937-70) of New Zealand, who won the United States Grand Prix at Sebring, FL on 12 Dec 1959, age 22 yr 104 days. Troy Ruttman (USA) was 22 yr 80 days when he won the ^ Indianapolis 500 on 30 May 1952; the Indianapolis 500 was part of the World Championships at the time. The oldest Grand Prix winner (in pre-World Championship days) was Tazio Giorgio Nuvolari (Italy; 1892-1953), who won the Albi Grand Prix at ^ Albi, France on 14 Jul 1946, age 53 yr 240 days. The oldest Grand Prix driver was Louis Alexandre Chiron (Monaco; 1899-1979), who finished sixth in the Monaco Grand Prix on 22 May 1955, age 55 yr 292 days. The youngest driver to qualify for a ^ Grand Prix was Michael Christopher Thackwell (New Zealand; b. 30 Mar 1961) at the Canadian Grand Prix on 28 Sep 1980, age 19 yr 182 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Formula One): Manufacturers T \p8\D13\3811279 Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing|Manufacturers 20 23 25 28 185174|2723 214482|3154 28570|420 11774|173 239130|2 227712|1 41140|4 -PCAP- The greatest dominance by one team since the Constructor's Championship was instituted in 1958 was by McLaren in 1988, when the team won 15 of the 16 Grands Prix. McLaren driver Ayrton Senna (Brazil), one of the most successful Grand Prix racers of ^ all time, had eight wins and three seconds. (Photo: Allsport/P. Rondeau) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing is governed by the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The title of world champion is awarded to the driver who amasses the highest point total over a series of about 18-20 Grand Prix races during ^ the year. ^ -TEXT- Auto Racing (Formula One): Manufacturers ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Ferrari has won a record eight manufacturers' World Championships, 1961, 1964, 1975-77, 1979, 1982-83. Ferrari has 103 race wins in 492 Grands Prix, 1950-92. ^<n The greatest dominance by one team since the Constructor's ^ Championship was instituted in 1958 was by McLaren in 1988, when the team won 15 of the 16 Grands Prix. Ayrton Senna had eight wins and three seconds, Alain Prost had seven wins and seven seconds. The McLarens, powered by Honda engines, amassed ^ over three times the points of their nearest rivals, Ferrari. Excluding the Indianapolis 500 race, then included in the World Drivers' Championship, Ferrari won all seven races in 1952 and the first eight (of nine) in 1953. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Formula One): Fastest race T \c8\D02\3911214z Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing|Fastest race 20 23 25 28 185242|2724 17894|263 28638|421 11706|172 239130|3 23878|15 41140|5 -PCAP- Nigel Mansell (Great Britain) holds the record for the fastest overall average speed (146.284 mph) for a Grand Prix race on a circuit in current use. Mansell also won the World Drivers' Championship in 1992. Here he is seen celebrating his third ^ success of the '92 season, the Brazilian Grand Prix (right), and in action during the fourth, the Spanish (left). (Photos: Allsport/Pascal Rondeau & Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing is governed by the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The title of world champion is awarded to the driver who amasses the highest point total over a series of about 18-20 Grand Prix races during ^ the year. ^ -TEXT- Auto Racing (Formula One): Fastest race The fastest overall average speed for a Grand Prix race on a circuit in current use is 146.284 mph, by Nigel Mansell (Great Britain) in a Williams-Honda at Zeltweg in the Austrian Grand Prix on 16 Aug 1987. The qualifying lap record was set by Keke ^ Rosberg (Finland) at 1 min 05.59 sec, an average speed of 160.817 mph, in a Williams-Honda at Silverstone in the British Grand Prix on 20 Jul 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Formula One): Closest finish T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing|Closest finish 20 22 24 27 185310|2725 4158|61 11638|171 239130|4 10628|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Formula One Grand Prix Motor Racing is governed by the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The title of world champion is awarded to the driver who amasses the highest point total over a series of about 18-20 Grand Prix races during ^ the year. ^ -TEXT- Auto Racing (Formula One): Closest finish The closest finish to a World Championship race was when Ayrton Senna (Brazil) in a Lotus beat Nigel Mansell (Great Britain) in a Williams by 0.014 sec in the Spanish Grand Prix at Jerez de la Frontera on 13 Apr 1986. In the Italian Grand Prix at ^ Monza on 5 Sep 1971, 0.61 sec separated winner Peter Gethin (Great Britain) from the fifth-placed driver. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Le Mans): Race records T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Le Mans|Race records 20 22 24 26 185378|2726 18098|266 12522|184 239496|0 23878|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Le Mans): Race records ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 The greatest distance ever covered in the 24-hour ^I (first held on 26-27 May 1923) on the old Sarthe circuit at Le Mans, France is 3,314.222 miles, by Dr Helmut Marko (Austria; b. 27 Apr ^ 1943) and Gijs van Lennep (Netherlands; b. 16 Mar 1942) in a 4907-cc flat-12 Porsche 917K Group 5 sports car, on 12-13 Jun 1971. The record for the greatest distance ever covered for the current circuit is 3,313.241 miles (av speed 137.718 mph) ^ by Jan Lammers (Netherlands), Johnny Dumfries and Andy Wallace (both from Great Britain) in a Jaguar XJR9 on 11-12 Jun 1988. ^<n ^<4 Fastest speed ^>4 The race lap record (now 8.410 mile lap) is 3 min 21.27 sec (average speed 150.429 mph) by ^ Alain Ferte (France) in a Jaguar XRJ-9 on 10 Jun 1989. Hans Stuck (West Germany) set the practice lap record of 3 min 14.8 sec (av. speed 156.62 mph) on 14 Jun 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Le Mans): Most wins T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Le Mans|Most wins 20 22 24 26 185446|2727 214686|3157 12454|183 239496|1 227712|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Le Mans): Most wins The race has been won by Porsche cars twelve times, in 1970-71, 1976-77, 1979, 1981-87. The most wins by one man is six, by Jacques Bernard "Jacky" Ickx (Belgium; b. 1 Jan 1945), 1969, 1975-77 and 1981-82. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Rallying): Earliest T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Rallying|Earliest 20 22 24 26 185514|2728 7626|112 12794|188 239652|0 13960|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Rallying): Earliest The earliest long rally, from Beijing, China to Paris, France, over about 7,500 miles from 10 Jun 1907, was promoted by the Parisian daily ^I . The winner, Prince Scipione Borghese (1872-1927) of Italy, arrived in Paris on 10 Aug ^ 1907 in his 40-hp Itala accompanied by his chauffeur, Ettore, and Luigi Barzini. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Rallying): Longest T \p8\D13\3811281 Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Rallying|Longest 20 23 25 27 185582|2729 129346|1902 28706|422 12862|189 239652|1 139100|12 41140|6 -PCAP- The Paris-Cape Town rally is considered by many to be the toughest rally in the world, and it has been dominated recently by Ari Vatanen (Finland), who has won four of the last five races. Here he is seen in his Citroen ZX during the 1991 event. ^ The format of the event changed for 1992 when the race--originally scheduled to be competed over about 7,890 miles--had to be shortened because of civil wars and environmental conditions. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Rallying): Longest The longest-ever rally was the ^I London-Sydney Rally over 19,329 miles from Covent Garden, London, Great Britain on 14 Aug 1977 to Sydney Opera House, Australia, won on 28 Sep 1977 by Andrew Cowan, Colin Malkin and ^ Michael Broad in a Mercedes 280E. The longest held annually is the Safari Rally (first run in 1953 as the Coronation Rally, through Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, but now restricted to Kenya). The race has covered up to 3,874 miles, as in the 17th ^ Safari held from 8-12 Apr 1971. It has been won a record five times by Shekhar Mehta (Kenya; b. 20 Jun 1945) in 1973, 1979-82. ^<n The Paris-Cape Town rally in January 1992 was scheduled to be raced over about 7,890 miles from Paris to Cape Town ^ passing through twelve countries. However, due to civil war, flooding and environmental concerns, certain stages were cancelled or shortened and the rally covered just over 5,900 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Rallying): Monte Carlo T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Rallying|Monte Carlo 20 22 24 26 185650|2730 214890|3160 12930|190 239652|2 227712|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Rallying): Monte Carlo ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The Monte Carlo Rally (first run in 1911) has been won a record four times by Sandro Munari (Italy; b. 27 Mar 1940) in 1972, 1975, 1976 and 1977; and by Walter Rohrl (West Germany; b. 7 Mar 1947) (with co-driver Christian ^ Geistdorfer) in 1980, 1982-84, each time in a different car. ^<n ^<4 Smallest car ^>4 The smallest car to win was an 851-cc Saab driven by Erik Carlsson (Sweden; b. 5 Mar 1929) and Gunnar Haggbom (Sweden; b. 7 Dec 1935) on 25 Jan 1962, and by ^ Carlsson and Gunnar Palm on 24 Jan 1963. ^ -END- -CTRL- Auto Racing (Rallying): World Championships T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Rallying|World Championships 20 22 24 26 185718|2731 214958|3161 12998|191 239652|3 227712|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Auto Racing (Rallying): World Championships ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The World Drivers' Championships (instituted 1979) have been won by Juha Kankkunen (Finland; b. 2 Apr 1959), on a record three occasions, 1986-87 and 1991. The most wins in World Championship races is 19, by Hannu Mikkola and ^ Markku Alen (Finland) to the start of 1991. Lancia has won a record ten manufacturers' World Championships between 1972 and 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drag Racing: Fastest piston-engined T \p8\D13\3911215 Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Drag Racing|Fastest piston-engined 20 23 25 27 185786|2732 21430|315 28774|423 67262|989 19186|282 239948|0 23878|67 41140|7 -PCAP- The first person to break the 300 mph barrier for terminal velocity at the end of the quarter mile was Kenny Bernstein (USA) at Gainesville, FL on 20 Mar 1992. He clocked up 301.70 mph in his Budweiser King top fuel dragster. (Photo: Allsport ^ USA/Ken Levine) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drag Racing: Fastest piston-engined The lowest official elapsed time recorded by a piston-engined dragster from a standing start for 440 yd is 4.801 sec, by Eddie Hill (USA) at Gainesville, FL on 22 Mar 1992. The highest terminal velocity at the end of a 440 yd run is 301.70 mph, by ^ Kenny Bernstein (USA) at Gainesville, FL on 20 Mar 1992. For a gasoline-driven piston-engined car the lowest elapsed time is 7.139 sec, by Scott Geoffrion (USA), driving a Dodge Daytona and the highest terminal velocity is 194.46 mph, by Warren ^ Johnson (USA) in an Oldsmobile Cutlass, both at Gainesville, FL on 20 Mar 1992. The lowest elapsed time for a gasoline-driven piston-engined motorcycle is 7.615 sec, by John Myers (USA; b. 1958) at Dallas, TX on 11 Oct 1991, and the highest ^ terminal velocity is 177.54 mph, by Byron Hines (USA) at Houston, TX on 6 Mar 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Drag Racing: Most wins T Sports and Games|Auto Racing|Drag Racing|Most wins 20 22 24 26 185854|2733 216590|3185 67330|990 239948|1 227712|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Drag Racing: Most wins The greatest number of wins in National Hot Rod Association national events is 80, by Bob Glidden in Pro Stock, 1973-91. ^ -END- -CTRL- Badminton: Origins T Sports and Games|Badminton|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 185922|2734 34486|507 16738|246 240190|0 40936|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Badminton: Origins Badminton is a descendant of the children's game of battledore and shuttlecock, and a similar game was played in China more than 2,000 years ago. The modern game may have evolved ^I 1870 at Badminton Hall in Avon, Great Britain, or from a ^ game played in India. The first modern rules were codified in Pune, India in 1876. The world governing body is the International Badminton Federation, formed in 1934. Badminton became a full Olympic sport in 1992, following demonstrations in 1972 ^ and 1988. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 A battledore shuttlecock is described in the 1864 ^I . The first badminton club formed in the United States was the Badminton Club of New York, founded in 1878. ^ The game was not organized at the national level until 1935, when the American Badminton Association (ABA) was founded in Boston, MA. In 1978 the ABA was renamed the United States Badminton Association. ^ -END- -CTRL- Badminton: World Championships T \c8\D02\3811234z Sports and Games|Badminton|General Records|World Championships 20 23 25 27 185990|2735 206322|3034 28842|424 16942|249 240190|1 219140|3 41716|0 -PCAP- Three Chinese players have won two singles world titles--men: Yang Yang, 1987 and 1989; women: Li Lingwei, 1983 and 1989; Han Aiping, 1985 and 1987. Seen here in action during the 1989 All-England championships are Yang Yang (right) and Li Lingwei ^ (left). (Photos: Allsport USA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Badminton: World Championships ^<4 Individual ^>4 In this competition, instituted in 1977, a record five titles have been won by Park Joo-bong (South Korea)--men's doubles, 1985 and 1991, and mixed doubles, 1985, 1989 and 1991. Three Chinese players have won two individual ^ world titles: men's singles: Yang Yang, 1987 and 1989; women's singles: Li Lingwei in 1983 and 1989; Han Aiping in 1985 and 1987. ^<n ^<4 Team ^>4 The most wins at the men's International Team Badminton Championship for the Thomas Cup ^ (instituted 1948) is eight, by Indonesia (1958, 1961, 1964, 1970, 1973, 1976, 1979 and 1984). ^<n The most wins at the women's International Team Badminton Championship for the Uber Cup (instituted 1956) is five, by Japan (1966, 1969, 1972, 1978 ^ and 1981) and China (1984, 1986, 1988, 1990 and 1992). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The USA has never won the Thomas Cup, but won the Uber Cup on the first three occasions that it was contested, 1957, 1960 and 1963. Judy Hashman (nee Devlin; b. ^ 22 Oct 1935) was the only player on all three teams. ^ -END- -CTRL- Badminton: United States Championships T Sports and Games|Badminton|General Records|United States Championships 20 22 24 26 186058|2736 206254|3033 16874|248 240190|2 219140|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Badminton: United States Championships The first competition was held in 1937. ^<n ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Judy Hashman won a record 31 US titles: 12 women's singles, 1954, 1956-63, 1965-67; 12 women's doubles, 1953-55, 1957-63, 1966-67 (11 with her sister Susan); and seven mixed ^ doubles, 1956-59, 1961-62, 1967. David Freeman won seven singles titles: 1939-42, 1947-48, 1953. ^ -END- -CTRL- Badminton: Longest rallies T Sports and Games|Badminton|General Records|Longest rallies 20 22 24 26 186126|2737 129686|1907 16670|245 240190|3 139100|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Badminton: Longest rallies In the men's singles final of the 1987 All-England Championships between Morten Frost (Denmark) and Icuk Sugiarto (Indonesia), there were two successive rallies of over 90 strokes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Badminton: Shortest game T Sports and Games|Badminton|General Records|Shortest game 20 22 24 26 186194|2738 239982|3529 16806|247 240190|4 253960|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Badminton: Shortest game In the 1969 Uber Cup in Tokyo, Japan, Noriko Takagi (later Mrs Nakayama; Japan) beat Poppy Tumengkol (Indonesia) in 9 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball: Origins T Sports and Games|Baseball|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 186262|2739 35030|515 20478|301 240852|0 40936|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball: Origins In 1908, the Spalding Commission, sponsored by Albert G. Spalding, a sporting goods tycoon, concluded that the game of baseball had been invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839 at Cooperstown, NY, and the legend of Doubleday's accomplishment has since ^ become deeply embedded in American folklore. Despite this tradition, Spalding's official version of baseball history is disputed by sports historians. They argue that baseball in North America evolved from such English games as cricket, ^ paddleball, trap ball and rounders. Printed references to "base ball" in England date to 1700 and in the USA to the mid-eighteenth century. It is uncontested that Alexander Cartwright, Jr. formulated the rules of the modern game in 1845, and that ^ the first match under these rules was played on 19 Jun 1846 when the New York Nine defeated the New York Knickerbockers, 23-1, in four innings. On 17 Mar 1871 the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was formed--the first ^ professional league in the United States. Today there are two main professional baseball associations, the National League (organized in 1876) and the American League (organized in 1901, recognized in 1903), which together form the major leagues, ^ along with approximately 20 associations that make up the minor leagues. The champions of the two leagues first played for the World Series in 1903 and have played continuously since 1905. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball: Longest throw T Sports and Games|Baseball|General Records|Longest throw 20 22 24 26 186330|2740 130026|1912 18710|275 240852|1 139100|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball: Longest throw Glen Edward Gorbous (Canada; b. 8 Jul 1930) threw a baseball 445 ft 10 in on 1 Aug 1957. Mildred Ella "Babe" Didrikson (USA [later Mrs Zaharias]; 1914-56) threw a baseball 296 ft at Jersey City, NJ on 25 Jul 1931. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball: Fastest base runner T Sports and Games|Baseball|General Records|Fastest base runner 20 22 24 26 186398|2741 19050|280 18506|272 240852|2 23878|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball: Fastest base runner The fastest time for circling bases is 13.3 sec, by Ernest Evar Swanson (1902-73) at Columbus, OH in 1932, at an average speed of 18.45 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball: Longest home run T Sports and Games|Baseball|General Records|Longest home run 20 22 24 26 186466|2742 129958|1911 18642|274 240852|3 139100|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball: Longest home run In a minor league game at Emeryville Ball Park, CA on 4 Jul 1929, Roy Edward "Dizzy" Carlyle (1900-56) hit a home run measured at 618 ft. ^<n The longest measured home run in a regular-season major league game was 573 ft, by Dave Nicholson (b. 29 ^ Aug 1939) for the Chicago White Sox ^I Kansas City Athletics on 6 May 1964 at Comiskey Park in Chicago. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball: Largest bat T Sports and Games|Baseball|General Records|Largest bat 20 22 24 26 186534|2743 84398|1241 18574|273 240852|4 91334|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball: Largest bat The largest baseball bat in the United States measures 5 ft 8 1/4 in high, 22 3/4 in in width and weighs 57 1/2 lb. The bat, owned by Stephen Koschal of Boynton Beach, FL, has genuine autographs of all living members of the Baseball Hall of Fame. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Highest-paid T \p8\D13\391164gb Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Highest-paid 20 23 25 27 186602|2744 75626|1112 28910|425 18982|279 241218|0 84324|2 41802|0 -PCAP- Ryne Sandberg, second baseman for the Chicago Cubs, signed a four-year contract for $28.4 million on 2 Mar 1992, making him the highest-paid player in baseball history. The contract begins with the 1993 season and for the 1992 season he will earn a ^ mere $2.1 million! (Photo: Allsport USA/Stephen Dunn) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Highest-paid Ryne Sandberg, second baseman for the Chicago Cubs signed a four-year contract for $28.4 million on 2 Mar 1992, making him the highest-paid player in baseball history. The contract begins with the 1993 season and for the 1992 season he will earn a ^ mere $2.1 million! ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most games played T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most games played 20 22 24 26 186670|2745 165590|2435 19390|285 241218|1 175106|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most games played Peter Edward "Pete" Rose (b. 14 Apr 1941) played in a record 3,562 games with a record 14,053 at-bats, for the Cincinnati Reds (NL), 1963-78 and 1984-86, the Philadelphia Phillies (NL), 1979-83, and the Montreal Expos (NL), 1984. Henry Louis "Lou" ^ Gehrig (1903-41) played in 2,130 successive games for the New York Yankees (AL) from 1 Jun 1925 to 30 Apr 1939. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most home runs T \p8\D13\3911216 Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most home runs 20 23 25 27 186738|2746 165658|2436 28978|426 19526|287 282|4 241218|2 175106|33 41802|1 -PCAP- During 23 seasons in the major leagues, Henry Louis "Hank" Aaron surpassed batting records that had been set by some of the greatest hitters of the game. Aaron currently holds the major league career batting record for runs batted in (RBI's), ^ 2,297, and the career record for most home runs, 755. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most home runs ^<4 Career ^>4 Henry Louis "Hank" Aaron (b. 5 Feb 1934) holds the major league career record with 755 home runs--733 for the Milwaukee (1954-65) and Atlanta (1966-74) Braves in the National League and 22 for the Milwaukee Brewers (AL) 1975-76. ^ On 8 Apr 1974 he bettered the previous record of 714 by George Herman "Babe" Ruth (1895-1948). Ruth hit his home runs from 8,399 times at bat, achieving the highest home run percentage of 8.5 percent. Joshua Gibson (1911-47) of the Homestead ^ Grays and Pittsburgh Crawfords, Negro League clubs, hit an estimated 900 home runs in his career, including an unofficial season record of 84 in 1931. These totals are believed to include exhibition games. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 The major league ^ record for home runs in a season is 61, by Roger Eugene Maris (1934-85) for the New York Yankees in 162 games in 1961. The most official home runs in a minor league season is 72, by Joe Bauman of the Roswell Rockets of the Longhorn League in ^ 1954. Bauman hit his record "dingers" in 138 games, while batting .400 and driving in 224 runs. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 The most home runs in a major league game is four, first achieved by Robert Lincoln "Bobby" Lowe (1868-1951) for Boston ^I ^ . Cinncinnati on 30 May 1894. The feat has been achieved a further ten times since then. ^<n ^<4 Consecutive games ^>4 The most home runs hit in consecutive games is eight, set by Richard Dale Long (b. 6 Feb 1926) for the Pittsburgh Pirates ^ (NL), 19-28 May 1956, and tied by Donald Arthur "Don" Mattingly (b. 21 Apr 1961) for the New York Yankees (AL), on 18 Jul 1987. ^<n ^<4 Grand slams ^>4 Seven players have hit two grand slams in a single game. They are: Anthony Michael "Tony" ^ Lazzeri (1903-46) for the New York Yankees (AL) on 24 May 1936, James Reubin "Jim" Tabor (1916-53) for the Boston Red Sox (AL) on 4 Jul 1939, Rudolph Preston "Rudy" York (1913-70) for the Boston Red Sox (AL) on 27 Jul 1946, James Edward "Diamond ^ Jim" Gentile (b. 3 Jun 1934) for the Baltimore Orioles (AL) on 9 May 1961, Tony Lee Cloninger (b. 13 Aug 1940) for the Atlanta Braves (NL) on 3 Jul 1966, James "Jim" Thomas Northrup (b. 24 Nov 1939) for the Detroit Tigers (AL) on 24 Jun 1968, and ^ Frank Robinson (b. 31 Aug 1935) for the Baltimore Orioles (AL) on 26 Jun 1970. ^<n Don Mattingly of the New York Yankees (AL) hit six grand slams in 1987. Lou Gehrig hit 23 grand slams during his 16 seasons with the New York Yankees (AL), ^ 1923-39. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most career hits T \p8\D13\3711239b Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most career hits 20 22 24 26 186806|2747 165454|2433 29046|427 19254|283 241218|3 175106|30 41802|2 -PCAP- Peter Rose (b. 14 Apr 1941, Cincinnati, Ohio) holds the career record for most hits, 4,256. Rose's record hits total came from a record 14,053 at-bats, which gave him a career batting average of .303. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most career hits The career record for most hits is 4,256, by Pete Rose. Rose's record hits total came from a record 14,053 at-bats, which gave him a career batting average of .303. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most consecutive hits T \p8\D13\us11231b Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most consecutive hits 20 22 24 26 186874|2748 165522|2434 29114|428 19322|284 241218|4 175106|31 41802|3 -PCAP- Joseph Paul "Joe" DiMaggio (b. 25 Nov 1914) hit in a record 56 consecutive games for the New York Yankees (AL) in 1941; he went to bat 223 times, with 91 hits, totaling 56 singles, 16 doubles, 4 triples and 15 home runs. (Photo: Popperfoto) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most consecutive hits Michael Franklin "Pinky" Higgins (1909-69) had 12 consecutive hits for the Boston Red Sox (AL) in a four-game span, 19-21 Jun 1938. This was equaled by Walter "Moose" Dropo (b. 30 Jan 1923) for the Detroit Tigers (AL), 14-15 Jul 1952. Joseph Paul ^ "Joe" DiMaggio (b. 25 Nov 1914) hit in a record 56 consecutive games for the New York Yankees (AL) in 1941; he went to bat 223 times, with 91 hits, totaling 56 singles, 16 doubles, 4 triples and 15 home runs. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Home runs and stolen bases T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Home runs and stolen bases 20 22 24 26 186942|2749 165386|2432 19050|280 241218|5 175106|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Home runs and stolen bases The only player to have hit 40 or more home runs and have 40 stolen bases in a season was Jose Canseco (b. 2 Jul 1964) for the Oakland Athletics (AL) in 1988. His totals were 42 and 40 respectively. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most stolen bases T \p8\D13\3911218 Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most stolen bases 20 23 25 27 187010|2750 165930|2440 29182|429 19798|291 8102|119 241218|6 175106|37 41802|4 -PCAP- Rickey Henderson of the Oakland Athletics successfully steals another base. Since passing Lou Brock's career record in 1991, he has continued to add to his total, passing the 1,000 mark early in the 1992 season. (Photo: Allsport USA/Otto Gruele) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most stolen bases On 1 May 1991, Rickey Henley Henderson (b. 25 Dec 1958) of the Oakland Athletics (AL) broke baseball's all-time record for stolen bases when he stole his 939th base, surpassing Lou Brock's mark. As of 31 May 1992, Henderson had extended his record ^ to 1,016 stolen bases. Henderson also holds the mark for most stolen bases in a season, which he set in 1982 when he stole 130 bases. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most walks T \p8\D13\3711238c Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most walks 20 22 24 26 187078|2751 166066|2442 29250|430 20070|295 241218|7 175106|39 41802|5 -PCAP- Babe Ruth (b. 6 Feb 1895, Baltimore, Maryland; d. 16 Aug 1948, New York), "The Sultan of Swat," holds the record for career walks, 2,056, and the single-season record, 170 in 1923. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most walks Babe Ruth holds the record for career walks, 2,056, and the single-season record, 170 in 1923. ^<n Two players share a record six walks for a single game: James E. "Jimmie" Foxx (1907-67) of the Boston Red Sox (AL) set the mark on 16 Jun 1938, and ^ Andre Thornton (b. 13 Aug 1949) of the Cleveland Indians (AL) tied the record on 2 May 1984 in a game that went 18 innings. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most strikeouts T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most strikeouts 20 22 24 26 187146|2752 165998|2441 19866|292 241218|8 175106|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most strikeouts The batter with the career strikeout record is Reginald Martinez "Reggie" Jackson (b. 18 May 1946), who struck out 2,597 times in 21 seasons with four teams. The season record is 189, by Bobby Lee Bonds (b. 15 Mar 1946), right fielder for the San ^ Francisco Giants in 1970. The longest run of games without striking out is 115, by Joseph Wheeler "Joe" Sewell (b. 9 Oct 1898) while playing third base for the Cleveland Indians (AL) in 1929. He had a record seven seasons batting at least 500 ^ times with less than ten strikeouts, and struck out only 114 times in his 14-year career. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most games won by a pitcher T \p8\D13\us381122 Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most games won by a pitcher 20 23 25 27 187214|2753 194286|2857 29318|431 19458|286 241218|9 206832|0 41802|6 -PCAP- "Cy" Young (1867-1955), had a record 511 wins and a record 750 complete games from a total of 906 games and 815 starts in his career. In his honor, the Cy Young Award is awarded annually (since 1956) to the outstanding pitcher in the major leagues. ^ (Photo: National Baseball Library, Cooperstown, NY) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most games won by a pitcher Denton True "Cy" Young (1867-1955) had a record 511 wins and a record 750 complete games from a total of 906 games and 815 starts in his career for the Cleveland Spiders (NL) 1890-98, the St Louis Cardinals (NL) 1899-1900, the Boston Red Sox (AL) ^ 1901-08, the Cleveland Indians (AL) 1909-11 and the Boston Braves (NL) 1911. He pitched a record total of 7,356 innings. The career record for most pitching appearances is 1,070, by James Hoyt Wilhelm (b. 26 Jul 1923) for a total of nine teams ^ between 1952 and 1969; he set the career record with 143 wins by a relief pitcher. The season's record is 106 appearances, by Michael Grant Marshall (b. 15 Jan 1943) for the Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) in 1974. ^<n ^<4 Most consecutive games ^>4 ^ Carl Owen Hubell (1903-88) pitched for the New York Giants (NL) to win 24 consecutive games, 16 in 1936 and eight in 1937. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most shutouts T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most shutouts 20 22 24 26 187282|2754 165862|2439 19730|290 241218|10 175106|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most shutouts The record for the most shut-outs in a career is 110, pitched by Walter Perry Johnson (1887-1946) in his 21-season career with the Washington Senators (AL), 1907-27. Donald Scott "Don" Drysdale (b. 23 Jul 1936) pitched six consecutive shutouts for ^ the Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) between 14 May and 4 Jun 1968. Orel Leonard Hershiser IV (b. 16 Sep 1958) pitched a record 59 consecutive shutout innings for the Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) from 30 Aug to 28 Sep 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most no-hitters T \p8\D13\3911219a Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most no-hitters 20 22 24 26 187350|2755 165726|2437 29386|432 19594|288 8034|118 241218|11 175106|34 41802|7 -PCAP- In a career that has spanned four decades, Nolan Ryan has set numerous major league records, the most notable being seven no-hitters and a career record 5,556 strikeouts as of 7 Jun 1992. (Photo: Allsport USA/D. Strohmeyer) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most no-hitters Nolan Ryan, playing for the Texas Rangers (AL) against the Toronto Blue Jays (AL), pitched his record seventh no-hitter on 1 May 1991. Ryan also holds the record for greatest number of walks, giving up 2,718 through 15 Jul 1992. John Samuel ^ "Johnny" Vander Meer (b. 2 Nov 1914) of the Cincinnati Reds (NL) is the only player in baseball history to have pitched consecutive no-hitters, 11-15 Jun 1938. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Perfect game T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Perfect game 20 22 24 26 187418|2756 34962|514 20206|297 241218|12 40936|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Perfect game ^<4 First ^>4 A perfect nine-inning game, in which the pitcher allowed the opposition no hits, no runs and did not allow a man to reach first base, was first achieved by John Lee Richmond (1857-1929) for Worcester, MA against Cleveland in the NL ^ on 12 Jun 1880. There have been 13 subsequent perfect games over nine innings, but no pitcher has achieved this feat more than once. On 26 May 1959 Harvey Haddix Jr. (b. 18 Sep 1925) for Pittsburgh pitched a perfect game for 12 innings against ^ Milwaukee in the National League, but lost in the 13th. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most saves T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most saves 20 22 24 26 187486|2757 165794|2438 19662|289 241218|13 175106|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most saves Robert Thomas "Bobby" Thigpen (b. 17 Jul 1963) saved a record 57 games for the Chicago White Sox (AL) in 1990. The career record for saves is 345 through 12 Jul 1992, by Jeffrey James "Jeff" Reardon (b. 1 Oct 1955) in his 13 seasons playing for the ^ New York Mets (NL), 1979-81; the Montreal Expos (NL), 1981-86; the Minnesota Twins (AL), 1987-89; and the Boston Red Sox (AL), 1990-92. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Youngest player T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Youngest player 20 22 24 26 187554|2758 261130|3840 20410|300 241218|14 275964|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Youngest player Frederick Joseph Chapman (1872-1957) pitched for Philadelphia in the American Association at 14 yr 239 days on 22 Jul 1887, but did not play again. ^<n The youngest major league player of all time was the Cincinnati Reds (AL) pitcher Joseph Henry ^ "Joe" Nuxhall (b. 30 Jul 1928), who played one game in Jun 1944, age 15 yr 314 days. He did not play again in the National League until 1952. The youngest player to play in a minor league game was Joe Louis Reliford (b. 29 Nov 1939), who played ^ for the Fitzgerald Pioneers against the Statesboro Pilots in the Georgia State League, age 12 yr 234 days on 19 Jul 1952. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Oldest player T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Oldest player 20 22 24 26 187622|2759 223458|3286 20138|296 241218|15 236192|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Oldest player Leroy Robert "Satchel" Paige (1906-82) pitched for the Kansas City A's (AL) at 59 yr 80 days on 25 Sep 1965. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): First father and son T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|First father and son 20 22 24 26 187690|2760 34894|513 18846|277 241218|16 40936|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): First father and son On 31 Aug, 1990, Ken Griffey, Sr. and Ken Griffey, Jr., of the Seattle Mariners (AL), became the first father and son to play for the same major league team at the same time. Griffey Sr., an 18-year veteran, was signed by Seattle on 29 Aug. In ^ 1989 the Griffeys had been the first father/son combination to play in the major leagues at the same time--Griffey Sr. played for the Cincinnati Reds (NL) during that season, while Griffey, Jr. was in his first season with the Mariners. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Shortest and tallest players T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Shortest and tallest players 20 22 24 26 187758|2761 240118|3531 20342|299 241218|17 253960|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Shortest and tallest players The shortest major league player was Eddie Gaedel, a 3 ft 7 in, 65 lb midget, who pinch-hit for the St Louis Browns (AL) ^I the Detroit Tigers (AL) on 19 Aug 1951. Wearing number 1/8, the batter with the smallest-ever major league strike ^ zone walked on four pitches. Following the game, major league rules were hastily rewritten to prevent the recurrence of such an affair. The tallest major leaguer of all time is Randy Johnson (b. 10 Sep 1963) of the Seattle Mariners (AL), a 6 ft ^ 10 in pitcher, who played in his first game for the Montreal Expos on 15 Sep 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most Valuable Player Award T \p8\D13\3911219c Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most Valuable Player Award 20 23 25 27 187826|2762 213054|3133 29454|433 20002|294 241218|18 226156|2 41802|8 -PCAP- Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra established two World Series records--most series played (14), and most base hits (71). He won the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award a record three times, in 1951, 1954-55. After retiring as a player, Berra went on to ^ coach the New York Mets and then to manage the New York Yankees. He is seen here in a familiar stance, disputing the umpire's call. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most Valuable Player Award The most selections in the annual vote (instituted in 1931) of the Baseball Writers' Association for Most Valuable Player of the Year (MVP) in the major leagues is three, won by: ^I : Stanley Frank "Stan" Musial (b. 21 Nov ^ 1920; St Louis), 1943, 1946, 1948; Roy Campanella (b. 19 Nov 1921; Brooklyn), 1951, 1953, 1955; Mike Schmidt (b. 27 Sep 1949; Philadelphia), 1980-81, 1986; ^I : James Emory "Jimmie" Foxx (1907-67; Philadelphia), 1932-33, ^ 1938; Joe DiMaggio (New York), 1939, 1941, 1947; Yogi Berra (New York), 1951, 1954-55; Mickey Mantle (b. 20 Oct 1931; New York), 1956-57, 1962. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Records (table) B \t\D02\1100811a \p8\D13\3711238a Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Records (table) 20 22 24 26 187894|2763 166134|2443 29522|434 20274|298 241218|19 175106|40 41802|9 -PCAP- Tyrus Raymond "Ty" Cobb (1886-1961), one of the greatest hitters of all time, holds the record for the highest batting average (.367) and the most runs scored (2,245). ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- *Through 7 Jun 1992 ^ -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Records (table) Baseball: Major League Records (Table) MAJOR LEAGUE RECORDS American League (AL) and National League (NL) CAREER BATTING RECORDS Batting average .367 Tyrus Raymond {Ty} Cobb (Detroit--AL, Philadelphia--AL) 1905--28 Runs scored 2,245 Ty Cobb ^ 1905--28 Runs batted in (RBI's) 2,297 Henry Louis {Hank} Aaron (Milwaukee, Atlanta--NL, Milwaukee--AL) 1954--76 Base hits 4,256 Peter Edward {Pete} Rose (Cincinnati--NL, Philadelphia--NL, Montreal--NL) 1963--86 Total bases 6,856 Hank Aaron ^ (Milwaukee, Atlanta--NL, Milwaukee--AL) 1954--76 SEASON BATTING RECORDS Batting average .438 Hugh Duffy (Boston--NL; 236 hits in 539 at-bats) 1894 modern record (1900--present) .424 Rogers Hornsby (St Louis--NL; 227 in 536 at-bats) 1924 ^ Runs scored 196 William Robert Hamilton (Philadelphia--NL; in 131 games) 1894 modern record (1900--present) 177 George Herman {Babe} Ruth (New York--AL; in 152 games) 1921 Runs batted in (RBI's) 190 Lewis Robert {Hack} Wilson (Chicago--NL; in ^ 155 games) 1930 Base hits 257 George Harold Sisler (St Louis--AL; 631 times at bat, 143 games) 1920 Singles 202 William H. {Wee Willie} Keeler (Baltimore--NL; in 128 games) 1898 modern record (1900--present) 198 Lloyd James Waner ^ (Pittsburgh--NL; in 150 games) 1927 Doubles 67 William Earl Webb (Boston--AL; in 151 games) 1931 Triples 36 John Owen Wilson (Pittsburgh--NL; in 152 games) 1912 Total bases 457 Babe Ruth (New York--AL); 85 singles, 44 doubles, 16 triples, 59 home ^ runs 1921 SINGLE-GAME BATTING RECORDS Runs batted in (RBI's) 12 James LeRoy Bottomley (St Louis--NL) v Brooklyn 16 Sep 1924 Base hits 9 John Henderson Burnett (Cleveland--AL; in 18 innings) 10 Jul 1932 Total bases 18 Joseph Wilbur {Joe} Adcock ^ (Milwaukee--AL); 1 double, 4 home runs 31 Jul 1954 CAREER PITCHING RECORDS Games won 511 Denton T. {Cy(clone)} Young (in 906 games; Cleveland, 1890--1911 St Louis, Boston--NL and Cleveland, Boston--AL) Shutouts 110 Walter Perry Johnson ^ (Washington--AL; in 802 games) 1907--27 Strikeouts *5,556 Lynn Nolan Ryan (New York--NL, California--AL, Houston--NL, Texas--AL) 1968--92 SEASON PITCHING RECORDS Games won 60 Charles Gardner {Old Hoss} Radbourn (Providence--NL; and 12 ^ losses) 1884 modern record(1900--present) 41 John Dwight {Jack} Chesbro (New York--AL) 1904 Shutouts 16 George Washington Bradley (St Louis--NL; in 64 games) 1876 modern record (1900--present) 16 Grover Cleveland {Pete} Alexander ^ (Philadelphia--NL; 48 games) 1916 Strikeouts 513 Matthew Aloysius Kilroy (Baltimore--AL) 1886 modern record (1900--present) 383 Lynn Nolan Ryan (California--AL) 1973 SINGLE-GAME PITCHING RECORDS Strikeouts (9 innings) 20 William Roger ^ Clemens (Boston--AL) v Seattle 29 Apr 1986 Strikeouts in extra innings 21 Thomas Edgar Cheney (Washington--AL) v Baltimore (16 innings) 12 Sep 1962 ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Cy Young Award T \p8\D13\3911219b Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Cy Young Award 20 22 24 26 187962|2764 215162|3164 29590|435 18778|276 241218|20 227712|11 41802|10 -PCAP- The only pitcher to have won the Cy Young award four times is Steve Carlton of the Philadelphia Phillies: 1972, 1977, 1980 and 1982. (Photo: Allsport USA/B. Schwartzman) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Cy Young Award ^<4 Most wins ^>4 In the competition for this prize, awarded annually from 1956 on to the outstanding pitcher in the major leagues, the most wins is four, by Stephen Norman "Steve" Carlton (b. 22 Dec 1944; Philadelphia Phillies), 1972, 1977, ^ 1980 and 1982. ^<n ^<4 Youngest ^>4 Dwight Eugene Gooden (b. 16 Nov 1964) of the New York Mets became the youngest pitcher to win the Cy Young Award in 1985 by unanimous vote of the 24 sportswriters who make the selection. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Longest and shortest games T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Longest and shortest games 20 22 24 26 188030|2765 129822|1909 19118|281 241218|21 139100|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Longest and shortest games The most innings in a major league game were 26, when the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) and the Boston Braves (NL) played to a 1-1 tie on 1 May 1920. The New York Giants (NL) beat the Philadelphia Phillies (NL), 6-1, in nine innings in 51 min on 28 Sep ^ 1919. (A minor league game, Atlanta ^I Mobile in the Southern Association on 19 Sep 1910, took 33 min [see below].) The Chicago White Sox (AL) played the longest ballgame in elapsed time--8 hours 6 min--beating the Milwaukee Brewers, ^ 7-6, in the 25th inning on 9 May 1984 in Chicago. The game started on Tuesday night and was still tied at 3-3 when the 1 A.M. curfew caused suspension until Wednesday night. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Longest game T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Longest game 20 22 24 26 188098|2766 129890|1910 19186|282 241218|22 139100|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Longest game The actual longest game was a minor league game in 1981 that lasted 33 innings. At the end of nine innings the score was tied, 1-1, with the Rochester (NY) Red Wings battling the home team Pawtucket (RI) Red Sox. At the end of 21 innings it was ^ tied 2-2, and at the end of 32 innings, the score was still 2-2, at which point the game was suspended. Two months later, play was resumed, and 18 minutes later, Pawtucket scored one run and won. The winning pitcher was the Red Sox's Bob Ojeda. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Highest attendance T \p8\D13\3911210 Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Highest attendance 20 23 25 27 188166|2767 75014|1103 29658|436 18914|278 241218|23 83818|0 41802|11 -PCAP- The Toronto Sky Dome is home to the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League. In the 1991 season, the Blue Jays attracted an aggregate attendance for their 80 regular-season home games of 4,001,527. Seen here is the opening ceremony of the 1991 ^ All-Star Game. (Photo: Ian Scott) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Highest attendance The all-time season record for attendance for both leagues is 56,888,512 in 1991. The record for an individual league is 32,117,588, for the American League in 1991, and this included an individual team record of 4,001,527 for the home games of the ^ Toronto Blue Jays. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (Major League): Most successful managers T Sports and Games|Baseball|Major League|Most successful managers 20 22 24 26 188234|2768 203942|2999 19934|293 241218|24 216674|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (Major League): Most successful managers Connie Mack (b. Cornelius Alexander McGillicuddy; 1862-1956) managed in the major leagues for a record 53 seasons and achieved a record 3,731 regular-season victories (and a record 3,948 losses)--139 wins and 134 losses for the Pittsburgh Pirates ^ (NL) 1894-96, and 3,592 wins and 3,814 losses for the Philadelphia Athletics (AL), a team he later owned, 1901-50. The most successful in the World Series was Charles Dillon "Casey" Stengel (1890-1975), who managed the New York Yankees (AL) to ^ seven wins in ten World Series, winning in 1949-53, 1956 and 1958, and losing in 1955, 1957 and 1960. Joseph Vincent "Joe" McCarthy (1887-1978) also coached the New York Yankees to seven wins, 1932, 1936-39, 1941, 1943, and his teams lost in 1929 ^ (Chicago) and 1942 (New York). He had the highest win percentage of managers who achieved at least 1,500 regular-season wins, with .614--2,126 wins and 1,335 losses in his 24-year career with the Chicago Cubs (NL) 1926-30, the New York Yankees ^ (AL) 1931-46, and the Boston Red Sox (AL) 1948-50, during which he never had an overall losing season. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (World Series): Origins T Sports and Games|Baseball|World Series|Origins 20 22 24 26 188302|2769 215298|3166 20682|304 242984|0 227712|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (World Series): Origins Played annually between the winners of the National League and the American League championships, the World Series was first staged unofficially in 1903, and officially from 1905. ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most wins is 22, by the New York Yankees ^ between 1923 and 1978, during a record 33 Series appearances after winning the American League titles between 1921 and 1981. The most National League wins is 19, by the Dodgers--Brooklyn 1890-1957, Los Angeles 1958-88. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (World Series): Records (table) B \t\D02\1100871a Sports and Games|Baseball|World Series|Records (table) 20 22 24 26 188370|2770 166202|2444 20750|305 242984|1 175106|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (World Series): Records (table) Baseball: World Series records (Table) WORLD SERIES RECORDS American League (AL), National League (NL) Most wins 22 New York Yankees--AL 1923--78 Most series played 14 Lawrence Peter {Yogi} Berra (New York Yankees--AL) 1947--63 Most series ^ played by pitcher 11 Edward Charles {Whitey} Ford (New York Yankees--AL) 1950--64 WORLD SERIES CAREER RECORDS Batting average .391 Louis Clark {Lou} Brock (St Louis Cardinals--NL; 1964--68 (min. 75 at-bats) 34 hits in 87 at-bats,3 ^ series) Runs scored 42 Mickey Charles Mantle (New York Yankees--AL) 1951--64 Runs batted in (RBI's) 40 Mickey Mantle (New York Yankees--AL) 1951--64 Base hits 71 Yogi Berra (New York Yankees--AL) 1947--63 Home runs 18 Mickey Mantle (New York ^ Yankees--AL) 1951--64 Victories pitching 10 Whitey Ford (New York Yankees--AL) 1950--64 Strikeouts 94 Whitey Ford (New York Yankees--AL) 1950--64 WORLD SERIES SINGLE-SERIES RECORDS Batting average .750 William Augustus {Billy} Hatcher ^ (Cincinnati Reds--NL; 1990 (4 or more games) 9 hits in 12 at-bats in four-game series) Runs scored 10 Reginald Martinez {Reggie} Jackson (New York Yankees--AL) 1977 Runs batted in (RBI's) 12 Robert Clinton {Bobby} Richardson (New York ^ Yankees--AL) 1960 Base hits (7-game series) 13 Bobby Richardson (New York Yankees--AL) 1960 13 Lou Brock (St Louis Cardinals--NL)1968 13 Martin {Marty} Barrett (Boston Red Sox--AL) 1986 Home runs 5 Reggie Jackson (New York Yankees--AL; in 20 ^ at-bats) 1977 Victories pitching 3 Christopher {Christy} Matthewson (New York Yankees--AL; 1905 in five-game series) 3 John Wesley {Jack} Coombs (Philadelphia A's--AL; 1910 in five-game series Ten other pitchers have won three ^ games in more than five games. Strikeouts 35 Robert {Bob} Gibson (St Louis Cardinals--NL; in 7 games) 1968 23 Sanford {Sandy} Koufax (Los Angeles Dodgers--NL; in 4 games) 1963 WORLD SERIES SINGLE-GAME RECORDS Home runs 3 Babe Ruth (New York ^ Yankees--AL) v St Louis Cardinals 6 Oct 1926 3 Babe Ruth (New York Yankees--AL) v St Louis Cardinals 9 Oct 1928 3 Reggie Jackson (New York Yankees--AL) 18 Oct 1977 v Los Angeles Dodgers Runs batted in (RBI's) in a game 6 Bobby ^ Richardson (New York Yankees--AL) 8 Oct 1960 v Pittsburgh Pirates Strikeouts by pitcher in a game 17 Bob Gibson (St Louis Cardinals--NL) v Detroit Tigers 2 Oct 1968 Perfect game (9 innings) Donald James {Don} Larson (New York Yankees--AL) ^ 8 Oct 1956 v Brooklyn Dodgers ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (World Series): Most Valuable Player T Sports and Games|Baseball|World Series|Most Valuable Player 20 22 24 26 188438|2771 213122|3134 20614|303 242984|2 226156|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (World Series): Most Valuable Player The only players to have won the award twice are Sandy Koufax (b. 30 Dec 1935) (Los Angeles, NL, 1963, 1965), Bob Gibson (b. 9 Nov 1935) (St Louis, NL, 1964, 1967) and Reggie Jackson (b. 18 May 1946) (Oakland, AL, 1973, New York, AL, 1977). ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (World Series): Highest attendance T Sports and Games|Baseball|World Series|Highest attendance 20 22 24 26 188506|2772 75082|1104 20546|302 242984|3 83818|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (World Series): Highest attendance The record attendance for a Series is 420,784, for the six games when the Los Angeles Dodgers beat the Chicago White Sox 4-2 between 1 and 8 Oct 1959. The single-game record is 92,706, for the fifth game of this series at the Memorial Coliseum, Los ^ Angeles on 6 Oct 1959. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (College): Origins T Sports and Games|Baseball|College Baseball|Origins 20 22 24 26 188574|2773 18302|269 243280|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (College): Origins Various forms of college baseball have been played throughout the 20th century; however, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) did not organize a championship until 1947 and did not begin to keep statistical records until 1957. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (College): NCAA Division I regular season T Sports and Games|Baseball|College Baseball|NCAA Division I regular season 20 22 24 26 188642|2774 165318|2431 18234|268 243280|1 175106|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (College): NCAA Division I regular season ^<4 Hitting records ^>4 The most career home runs was 100, by Pete Incaviglia for Oklahoma State in three seasons, 1983-85. The most career hits was 418, by Phil Stephenson for Wichita State in four seasons, 1979-82. ^<n ^<4 Pitching records ^ ^>4 Don Heinkel won 51 games for Wichita State in four seasons, 1979-82. Derek Tatsumo struck out 541 batters for the University of Hawaii in three seasons, 1977-79. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (College): World Series T Sports and Games|Baseball|College Baseball|World Series 20 22 24 26 188710|2775 215094|3163 18438|271 243280|2 227712|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (College): World Series The first College World Series was played in 1947 in Kalamazoo, MI. The University of California at Berkeley defeated Yale University in a best-of-three game series, 2-0. In 1949 the series format was changed to a championship game. Since 1950 the ^ College World Series has been played annually at Rosenblatt Stadium, Omaha, NE. ^<n ^<4 Most championships ^>4 The most wins in Division I is 11, by the University of Southern California (USC) in 1948, 1958, 1961, 1963, 1968, 1970-74 and 1978. ^ ^<n ^<4 Hitting records ^>4 The record for most home runs in a College World Series is four, shared by five players: Bud Hollowell (University of Southern California), 1963; Pete Incaviglia (Oklahoma State), 1983-85; Ed Sprague (Stanford ^ University), 1987-88; Gary Hymel (Louisiana State University), 1990-1991; and Lyle Mewton (Louisiana State University), 1990-91. ^<n Keith Moreland of the University of Texas holds the record for the most hits in a College World Series career, ^ with 23 hits in three series, 1973-75. ^<n ^<4 Pitching records ^>4 The record for most wins in the College World Series is four games, shared by nine players: Bruce Gardner (University of Southern California), 1958, 1960; Steve Arlin (Ohio ^ State), 1965-66; Bert Hooten (University of Texas at Austin), 1969-70; Steve Rogers (University of Tulsa), 1969, 1971; Russ McQueen (University of Southern California), 1972-73; Mark Bull (University of Southern California), 1973-74; Greg ^ Swindell (University of Texas), 1984-85; Kevin Sheary (University of Miami of Florida), 1984-85; Greg Brummett (Wichita State), 1988-89. ^<n Carl Thomas of the University of Arizona struck out 64 batters in three College World Series, 1954-56. ^ -END- -CTRL- Baseball (College): World Amateur Championships T Sports and Games|Baseball|College Baseball|World Amateur Championships 20 22 24 26 188778|2776 203874|2998 18370|270 243280|3 216674|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Baseball (College): World Amateur Championships ^<4 Most successful ^>4 In this contest, instituted in 1938, the most successful nation has been Cuba, with 19 wins between 1939 and 1988. Baseball has been a demonstration sport at six Olympic Games, and American teams have won the tournament ^ four times, 1912, 1956, 1964 and 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball: Origins T \c8\D02\3811237z Sports and Games|Basketball|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 188846|2777 35234|518 29726|437 22858|336 244012|0 40936|27 42658|0 -PCAP- (Top right) This building was the unlikely setting for the first ever game of basketball in mid-December 1891, in Springfield, MA. (Bottom left) The first basketball team, including Dr James A. Naismith (also at left), the inventor of the game. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball: Origins The game of "Pok-ta-Pok" was played in the 10th century B.C. by the Olmecs in Mexico, and closely resembled basketball in its concept. "Ollamalitzli" was a variation of this game played by the Aztecs in Mexico as late as the 16th century. If the ^ solid rubber ball was put through a fixed stone ring the player was entitled to the clothing of all the spectators. Modern basketball (which may have been based on the German game ^I ) was devised by the Canadian-born Dr James ^ Naismith (1861-1939) at the Training School of the International YMCA College in Springfield, MA in mid-December 1891. The first game played under modified rules was on 20 Jan 1892. The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) was founded in ^ 1932. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball: Highest score T Sports and Games|Basketball|General Records|Highest score 20 22 24 26 188914|2778 63386|932 20954|308 244012|1 71062|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball: Highest score In a senior international match, Iraq scored 251 points against Yemen (33) at New Delhi, India, in November 1982 at the Asian Games. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball: Largest attendance T Sports and Games|Basketball|General Records|Largest attendance 20 22 24 26 188982|2779 84466|1242 21090|310 244012|2 91334|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball: Largest attendance The largest crowd for a basketball game was 80,000 for the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup between AEK Athens (89) and Slavia Prague (82) at the Olympic stadium, Athens, Greece on 4 Apr 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball: Highest points T Sports and Games|Basketball|General Records|Highest points 20 22 24 26 189050|2780 63318|931 20886|307 244012|3 71062|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball: Highest points Mats Wermelin, 13 years old (Sweden), scored all 272 points in a 272-0 win in a regional boys' tournament in Stockholm, Sweden on 5 Feb 1974. ^<n The record score by a woman is 156 points by Marie Boyd (now Eichler) of Central High School, ^ Lonaconing, MD in a 163-3 defeat of Ursaline Academy, Cumbria on 25 Feb 1924. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball: Dribbling T Sports and Games|Basketball|General Records|Dribbling 20 22 24 26 189118|2781 130162|1914 20818|306 244012|4 139100|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball: Dribbling ^<4 Longest ^>4 Peter del Masto (USA) dribbled a basketball without "traveling" from near Lee to Provincetown, MA, a distance of 265.2 miles, from 12--25 Aug 1989. ^<n ^<4 Most balls ^>4 Bob Nickerson of Gallitzin, PA, Dave Davlin of Garland, ^ TX and Jeremy Kable of Highspire, PA have each successfully demonstrated the ability to dribble four basketballs simultaneously. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball: Longest goal T Sports and Games|Basketball|General Records|Longest goal 20 22 24 26 189186|2782 130230|1915 21158|311 244012|5 139100|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball: Longest goal Christopher Eddy (b. 13 Jul 1971) scored a field goal measured at 90 ft 2 1/4 in for Fairview High School ^I . Iroquois High School at Erie, PA on 25 Feb 1989. The shot was made as time expired in overtime and it won the game for Fairview, ^ 51-50. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball: Shooting speed T Sports and Games|Basketball|General Records|Shooting speed 20 22 24 26 189254|2783 46046|677 22926|337 690|10 244012|6 52992|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball: Shooting speed ^<4 Greatest ^>4 The greatest goal-shooting demonstration was by Ted St Martin of Jacksonville, FL who, on 25 Jun 1977, scored 2,036 consecutive free throws. Also at Jacksonville, he scored 175 out of 185 free throws in 10 min on 27 Jan 1990, ^ and 90 out of 97 attempts in five minutes on 24 Feb 1990. On 14 Dec 1990, Jeff Liles scored 224 out of 237 attempts in ten minutes at Southern Nazarene University, Bethany, OK. These speed records were both achieved with one ball and one ^ rebounder. ^<n In 24 hours Fred Newman scored 20,371 free throws from a total of 22,049 taken (92.39 percent) at Caltech, Pasadena, CA on 29-30 Sep 1990. ^<n Steve Bontrager (USA; b. 1 Mar 1959) of Polycell Kingston scored 21 points in one minute ^ from seven positions in a demonstration for the British Broadcasting Corporation's ^I TV program on 29 Oct 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball: Highest vertical dunk T Sports and Games|Basketball|General Records|Highest vertical dunk 20 22 24 26 189322|2784 63454|933 21022|309 244012|7 71062|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball: Highest vertical dunk Joey Johnson of San Pedro, CA successfully dunked a basketball at a rim height of 11 ft 7 in at the One-on-One Collegiate Challenge on 25 Jun 1990 at Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, NJ. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Origins T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Origins 20 22 24 26 189390|2785 35098|516 22042|324 244588|0 40936|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Origins The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) organized the first national tournament in the USA in 1897. The first professional league was the National Basketball League (NBL), founded in 1898, but this league only lasted two seasons. The American Basketball ^ League was formed in 1925, but it declined, and the NBL was refounded in 1937. This organization merged with the Basketball Association of America in 1949 to form the National Basketball Association (NBA). ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Records (table) B \t\D02\1101071a \c8\D02\3911223z Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|NBA records (table) 20 23 25 27 189458|2786 166542|2449 29794|438 22110|325 3954|58 244588|1 175106|46 42658|1 -PCAP- (Left) Magic Johnson holds the career record for most assists in regular season play, with 9,921, and in the playoffs, with 2,142. (Right) John Stockton of the Utah Jazz holds the NBA regular season record for assists, with 1,164. He also holds the ^ playoff series record for assists, with 115; and shares the playoffs record with Magic Johnson for single game assists, with 24. (Photos: Allsport USA and Utah Jazz) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Records (table) Basketball: NBA Records (Table) NBA RECORDS CAREER RECORDS Points 38,387 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers 1970--89 Field-goal percentage .599 Artis Gilmore: Chicago Bulls, San Antonio Spurs, Boston Celtics; min. ^ 2,000 field goals 1977--88 Free throws made 8,395 Moses Eugene Malone: Buffalo Braves, Houston Rockets, Philadelphia 76ers, Washington Bullets, Atlanta Hawks, Milwaukee Bucks 1976--92 Free-throw percentage .900 Rick Barry: San Francisco / ^ Golden State Warriors, Houston Rockets; 3,818 from 4,243 attempts (technically .89983) 1965--80 Field goals 15,837 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 1970--89 Rebounds 23,924 Wilt Chamberlain: Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors, Philadelphia ^ 76ers, Los Angeles Lakers 1960--73 Assists 9,921 Earvin {Magic} Johnson: Los Angeles Lakers 1980--91 Steals 2,275 Maurice Cheeks: Philadelphia 76ers, San Antonio Spurs, New York Knicks, Atlanta Hawks 1979--92 SEASON RECORDS Points 4,029 ^ Wilt Chamberlain: Philadelphia Warriors 1962 Field-goal percentage .727 Wilt Chamberlain: Los Angeles Lakers; 426 of 586 attempts 1972 Free throws made 840 Jerry West: Los Angeles Lakers; from 977 attempts 1966 Free-throw percentage .958 Calvin ^ Murphy: Houston Rockets; 206 of 215 attempts 1981 Field goals 1,597 Wilt Chamberlain: Philadelphia Warriors 1962 Rebounds 2,149 Wilt Chamberlain: Philadelphia Warriors 1961 Assists 1,164 John Stockton: Utah Jazz 1991 Steals 301 Alvin Robertson: ^ San Antonio Spurs 1986 SINGLE-GAME RECORDS Points 100 Wilt Chamberlain: Philadelphia Warriors v New York Knicks 2 Mar 1962 Field goals 36 Wilt Chamberlain 2 Mar 1962 Free throws made 28 Wilt Chamberlain 2 Mar 1962 28 Adrian Dantley: Utah Jazz ^ v Houston Rockets 5 Jan 1984 Rebounds 55 Wilt Chamberlain: Philadelphia Warriors v Boston Celtics 24 Nov 1960 Assists 30 Scott Skiles: Orlando Magic v Denver Nuggets 30 Dec 1990 Steals 11 Larry Kenon: San Antonio Spurs v Kansas City Kings 26 Dec ^ 1976 NBA PLAYOFF RECORDS Most games played 237 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers 1970--89 CAREER RECORDS Points 5,762 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (in 237 playoff games) 1970--89 Field goals 2,356 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 1970--89 ^ Free throws made 1,213 Jerry West: Los Angeles Lakers; from 1,507 attempts 1961--74 Assists 2,142 Magic Johnson: Los Angeles Lakers 1980--91 Rebounds 4,104 Bill Russell: Boston Celtics 1957--69 SERIES RECORDS Points 284 Elgin Baylor: Los ^ Angeles Lakers (v Boston Celtics); in 7 games 1962 Field goals 113 Wilt Chamberlain: San Francisco (v St Louis); in 6 games 1964 Free throws made 86 Jerry West: Los Angeles Lakers (v Baltimore); in 6 games 1965 Rebounds 220 Wilt Chamberlain: ^ Philadelphia 76ers (v Boston Celtics); in 7 games 1965 Assists 115 John Stockton: Utah Jazz (v Los Angeles Lakers); in 7 games 1988 SINGLE-GAME RECORDS Points 63 Michael Jordan: Chicago Bulls (v Boston Celtics); includes two overtime ^ periods 20 Apr 1986 61 Elgin Baylor: Los Angeles Lakers (v Boston Celtics) 14 Apr 1962 Field goals 24 Wilt Chamberlain: Philadelphia 76ers v Syracuse Nationals; in 42 attempts 14 Mar 1960 24 John Havlicek: Boston Celtics (v Atlanta Ha ^ wks); in 36 attempts 1 Apr 1973 24 Michael Jordan: Chicago Bulls(v Cleveland Cavaliers); in 45 attempts 1 May 1988 Free throws made 30 Bob Cousy: Boston Celtics (v Syracuse Nationals); includes four overtime periods and 32 ^ attempts 21 Mar 1953 23 Michael Jordan: Chicago Bulls (v New York Knicks); in 28 attempts 14 May 1989 Rebounds 41 Wilt Chamberlain: Philadelphia 76ers (v Boston Celtics) 5 Apr 1967 Assists 24 Magic Johnson: Los Angeles Lakers (v Phoenix ^ Suns)1 5 May 1984 24 John Stockton: Utah Jazz (v Los Angeles Lakers) 17 May 1988 ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Most championships T \p8\D13\3911220 Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Most championships 20 23 25 27 189526|2787 166338|2446 29862|439 21634|318 244588|2 175106|43 42658|2 -PCAP- The Boston Celtics have won the most NBA titles of any team, with 16. The picture shows the Celtics in action in the 1987 championships ^I the Los Angeles Lakers, who hold the record for greatest winning streak, from 5 Nov 1971 to 7 Jan ^ 1972. (Photo: Allsport USA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Most championships The Boston Celtics have won a record 16 NBA titles--1957, 1959-66, 1968-69, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984 and 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Individual scoring T \p8\D13\3811236a Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Individual scoring 20 23 25 27 189594|2788 200270|2945 29930|440 21430|315 2050|30 244588|3 213040|0 42658|3 -PCAP- Wilt Chamberlain has set NBA records for most points in a season, 4,029, and most points in a single game, 100. This game total included a record 36 field goals and 28 free throws (from 32 attempts) and a record 59 points in a half (the second). ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Individual scoring ^<4 Most points ^>4 Wilton Norman "Wilt" Chamberlain (b. 21 Aug 1936) set an NBA record with 100 points for Philadelphia ^I New York at Hershey, PA on 2 Mar 1962. This included a record 36 field goals and 28 free throws (from 32 ^ attempts) and a record 59 points in a half (the second). The free throws game record was equaled by Adrian Dantley (b. 28 Feb 1956) for Utah ^I Houston at Las Vegas on 5 Jan 1984. The most points scored in an NBA game in one quarter is ^ 33, in the second quarter, by George Gervin for San Antonio ^I New Orleans on 9 Apr 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Most games T \p8\D13\3811237a Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Most games 20 22 24 26 189662|2789 166406|2447 29998|441 21702|319 244588|4 175106|44 42658|4 -PCAP- Kareem Abdul-Jabbar took part in a record 1,560 NBA regular season games over 20 seasons for the Milwaukee Bucks, 1969-75, and the Los Angeles Lakers, 1975-89. He also holds the NBA career record for most points, 38,387. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Most games Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (formerly Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor) (b. 16 Apr 1947) took part in a record 1,560 NBA regular season games over 20 seasons, totaling 57,446 minutes played, for the Milwaukee Bucks, 1969-75, and the Los Angeles Lakers, 1975-89. He ^ also played a record 237 playoff games. The most successive games is 906, by Randy Smith for the Buffalo Braves, the San Diego Clippers, the Cleveland Cavaliers and the New York Knicks from 18 Feb 1972 to 13 Mar 1983. The record for most complete ^ games played in one season is 79, by Wilt Chamberlain for Philadelphia in 1962, when he was on court for a record 3,882 minutes. Chamberlain went through his entire career of 1,045 games without fouling out. On 21 Apr 1991 Moses Malone played his ^ 1,129th consecutive game without fouling out to the end of the 1991/92 season. In his career, Malone has played 1,246 games, fouling out on only five occasions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Most points T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Most points 20 22 24 26 189730|2790 200338|2946 21770|320 244588|5 213040|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Most points Kareem Abdul-Jabbar set NBA career records with 38,887 points, including 15,837 field goals, in regular-season games, and 5,762 points, including 2,356 field goals, in playoff games. The previous record holder, Wilt Chamberlain, had an average of ^ 30.1 points per game for his total of 31,419 for the Philadelphia Warriors 1959-62, the San Francisco 76ers 1962-65, the Philadelphia Warriors 1964-68 and the Los Angeles Lakers 1968-73. He scored 50 or more points in 118 games, including 45 ^ games in 1961/62 and 30 in 1962/63, to the next-best career total of 17. He set season records for points and scoring average with 4,029 at 50.1 per game, and also for field goals, 1,597, for Philadelphia in 1961/62. The highest career average ^ for players exceeding 10,000 points is 32.3 points per game, by Michael Jordan (b. 17 Feb 1963), 19,000 points in 589 games for the Chicago Bulls, 1984-92. Jordan also holds the career scoring average record for playoffs at 34.6, 3,184 points in ^ 92 games 1984-92. ^<n Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Milwaukee, Los Angeles) had a record nine seasons scoring more than 2,000 points: 1970-74, 1976-77, 1980-81; and 19 scoring more than 1,000, 1970-88. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Most steals T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Most steals 20 22 24 26 189798|2791 166474|2448 21838|321 244588|6 175106|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Most steals The most steals in an NBA game is 11, by Larry Kenon for San Antonio at Kansas City on 26 Dec 1976. Alvin Robertson (b. 22 Jul 1962) set season records for San Antonio in 1985/86 with 301 at a record average of 3.67 steals per game. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Most blocked shots T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Most blocked shots 20 22 24 26 189866|2792 166270|2445 21566|317 244588|7 175106|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Most blocked shots The record for most blocked shots in an NBA game is 17, by Elmore Smith for Los Angeles ^I Portland at Los Angeles on 28 Oct 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Most Valuable Player T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Most Valuable Player 20 22 24 26 189934|2793 213190|3135 21974|323 244588|8 226156|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Most Valuable Player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was elected the NBA's most valuable player a record six times, 1971-72, 1974, 1976-77 and 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Tallest player T \p8\D13\3811239 Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Tallest player 20 22 24 26 190002|2794 253174|3723 30066|442 22178|326 9394|138 244588|9 267614|4 42658|5 -PCAP- Tallest in NBA history is Manute Bol (Sudan; b. 16 Oct 1962) of the Washington Bullets, the Golden State Warriors, and the Philadelphia 76ers at 7 ft 6 1/2 in. He made his pro debut in 1985. (Photo: Farabolafoto/Milan) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Tallest player Tallest in NBA history has been Manute Bol (Sudan; b. 16 Oct 1962) of the Washington Bullets, Golden State Warriors and Philadelphia 76ers, at 7 ft 6 3/4 in. He made his pro debut in 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Youngest and oldest player T \p8\D14\us11235 Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Youngest and oldest player 20 22 24 26 190070|2795 223526|3287 30134|443 22246|327 244588|10 236192|14 42658|6 -PCAP- The oldest NBA regular player was Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who made his last appearance for the Los Angeles Lakers at age 42 yr 59 days in 1989. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Youngest and oldest player The youngest NBA player has been Bill Willoughby (b. 20 May 1957), who made his debut for the Atlanta Hawks on 23 Oct 1975 at 18 yr 156 days. The oldest NBA regular player was Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who made his last appearance for the Los Angeles ^ Lakers at age 42 yr 59 days in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Highest score T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Highest score 20 22 24 26 190138|2796 79774|1173 21362|314 244588|11 88626|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Highest score The highest aggregate score in an NBA match is 370, when the Detroit Pistons (186) beat the Denver Nuggets (184) at Denver, CO on 13 Dec 1983. Overtime was played after a 145-145 tie in regulation time. The record in regulation time is 318, when ^ the Denver Nuggets beat the San Antonio Spurs 163-155 at Denver on 11 Jan 1984. The most points in a half is 107, by the Phoenix Suns in the first half ^I the Denver Nuggets on 11 Nov 1990. The most points in a quarter is 58, in the ^ fourth quarter, by Buffalo ^I Boston on 20 Oct 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Greatest winning margin T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Greatest winning margin 20 22 24 26 190206|2797 45978|676 21226|312 244588|12 52992|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Greatest winning margin The greatest winning margin in an NBA game is 68 points, by which the Cleveland Cavaliers, 148, beat the Miami Heat, 80, on 17 Dec 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Longest winning streak T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Longest winning streak 20 22 24 26 190274|2798 130094|1913 21498|316 244588|13 139100|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Longest winning streak The Los Angeles Lakers won a record 33 NBA games in succession from 5 Nov 1971 to 7 Jan 1972, as during the 1971/72 season they won a record 69 games with 13 losses. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Highest attendance T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Highest attendance 20 22 24 26 190342|2799 75150|1105 21294|313 244588|14 83818|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Highest attendance The Minnesota Timberwolves set an NBA record for total attendance of 1,072,572 during the 1989/90 season, the Timberwolves' first in the league. The average crowd was 26,160 fans at the Metrodome in Minneapolis. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NBA): Most successful coaches T Sports and Games|Basketball|National Basketball Association|Most successful coaches 20 22 24 26 190410|2800 204010|3000 21906|322 244588|15 216674|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NBA): Most successful coaches The most successful coach in NBA history has been Arnold "Red" Auerbach (b. 1917) with 938 wins (1,037 including playoffs), with the Washington Capitols 1946-49, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks 1949-50, and the Boston Celtics 1950-66. He led the Boston ^ Celtics to a record nine NBA titles, including eight in succession in 1959-66. ^<n Pat Riley has won a record 108 playoff games, 102 with the Los Angeles Lakers (1981-90) and six with the New York Knicks (1992), to set the NBA all-time mark. ^<n ^ Richard "Dick" Motta has coached the most games, with 1,719 with the Chicago Bulls 1968-76, the Washington Bullets 1976-80, the Dallas Mavericks 1980-87 and the Sacramento Kings 1989-91. Motta's career totals are 856 wins and 863 losses. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NCAA): Origins T Sports and Games|Basketball|NCAA Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 190478|2801 206390|3035 22654|333 245724|0 219140|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NCAA): Origins ^<4 Most titles ^>4 In this competition, first held in 1939, the record for most Division I titles is 10, by the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 1964-65, 1967-73, 1975. ^<n ^<4 Most valuable player ^>4 The only player to have ^ been voted the most valuable player in the NCAA final three times has been Lew Alcindor of UCLA in 1967-69. He subsequently changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NCAA): Men's Division 1 records (table) B \t\D02\1101181a \p8\D14\3911224 Sports and Games|Basketball|NCAA Records|Men's Division 1 records (table) 20 22 24 26 190546|2802 166610|2450 30202|444 22450|330 245724|1 175106|47 42658|7 -PCAP- In 1992 Christian Laettner led Duke University to its second consecutive NCAA title. During the playoffs he set several NCAA tournament career records, among them: most points scored, 407, and most games played, 23. (Photo: Allsport/Phil Sears) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NCAA): Men's Division 1 records (table) Basketball: NCAA Men's Division 1 Records (Table) NCAA MEN'S DIVISION I RECORDS Through 1991/92 Season CAREER RECORDS Points 3,667 Peter {Pistol Pete} Maravich: Louisiana State 1968--70 Field goals 1,387 Pistol Pete Maravich: Louisiana State ^ 1968--70 Best percentage .685 Stephen Sheffler: Purdue 1987--90 Rebounds 2,243 Tom Gola: La Salle 1952--55 Assists 1,038 Chris Corchiani, North Carolina State 1988--91 SEASON RECORDS Points 1,381 Pistol Pete Maravich: Louisiana State 1970 ^ Field goals 522 Pistol Pete Maravich: Lousiana State 1970 (from 1,168 attempts) Best percentage .749 Steve Johnson: Oregon State 1981 Three-point goals 158 Darrin Fitzgerald: Butler (in 362 attempts) 1987 Free throws 355 Frank Selvy: Furman ^ (in 444 attempts) 1954 Best percentage .959 Craig Collins: Penn State 1985 Rebounds 734 Walt Dukes: Seton Hall (in 33 games) 1953 Assists 406 Mark Wade: Nevada--Las Vegas 1987 Blocked shots 207 David Robinson: Navy (in 35 games) 1986 GAME ^ RECORDS Points 100 Frank Selvy: Furman (v Newberry) 13 Feb 1954 Field goals 41 Frank Selvy: Furman 13 Feb 1954 Three-point goals 14 Dave Jamerson: Ohio (v Charleston) 21 Dec 1989 Free throws 30 Pistol Pete Maravich: Louisiana State 22 Dec 1969 ^ (v Oregon State) Rebounds 51 Bill Chambers: William and Mary (v Virginia) 14 Feb 1953 Assists 22 Tony Fairly: Baptist (v Armstrong State) 9 Feb 1987 22 Avery Johnson: Southern--B.R. 25 Jan 1988 (v Texas Southern) 22 Sherman Douglas: ^ Syracuse (v Providence) 28 Jan 1989 Blocked shots 14 David Robinson: Navy 4 Jan 1986 (v North Carolina--Wilmington) 14 Shawn Bradley: BYU (v Eastern Kentucky) 7 Dec 1990 ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NCAA): Most points T Sports and Games|Basketball|NCAA Records|Most points 20 22 24 26 190614|2803 200406|2947 22518|331 245724|2 213040|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NCAA): Most points The most points by an individual for an NCAA Division I team in a game is 100, by Frank Selvy for Furman ^I Newberry on 13 Feb 1954, including a record 41 field goals. Kevin Bradshaw scored 72 points for US International ^I ^ Loyola-Marymount, two Division I teams, on 5 Jan 1991. In Division II, Clarence "Bevo" Francis scored 113 points for Rio Grande ^I Hillsdale on 2 Feb 1954. ^<n ^<4 Career and season scoring ^>4 Peter "Pistol Pete" Maravich (1947-88) ^ set unmatched NCAA scoring records while at Louisiana State University: 1,138 points, an average 43.8 per game, in 1968; 1,148 at 44.2 per game in 1969; and the season record, 1,381 at 44.5 per game in 1970--the three highest season averages in ^ NCAA history, for a total 3,667 points in 83 games. Maravich scored a career record 1,387 field goals. The career field goal percentage record (minimum 400 scored) is 67.8 percent by Steve Johnson, 828 of 1,222 attempts for Oregon State, 1976-81. ^ In Division II competition, Travis Grant of Kentucky State scored a record 4,045 points in 121 games, 1969-72, and a season average record was set at 46.5 points by Clarence "Bevo" Francis, with 1,255 points in 27 games for Rio Grande in 1954. In ^ all collegiate competition, Philip Hutcheson of David Lipscomb University scored a record 4,106 points in his career, 1987-90. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NCAA): Highest score T Sports and Games|Basketball|NCAA Records|Highest score 20 22 24 26 190682|2804 79842|1174 22382|329 245724|3 88626|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NCAA): Highest score The NCAA aggregate record is 399 when Troy State (258) beat De Vry Institute, Atlanta (141) at Troy, AL on 12 Jan 1992. Troy's total was also the highest individual team score in a game. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NCAA): Most successful coaches T Sports and Games|Basketball|NCAA Records|Most successful coaches 20 22 24 26 190750|2805 166678|2451 22586|332 245724|4 175106|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NCAA): Most successful coaches The man to have coached most victories in NCAA Division I competition is Adolph Rupp (1901-77) at Kentucky, with 875 wins (and 190 losses), 1931-72. John Wooden (b. 1910) coached UCLA to all its ten NCAA titles. ^<n ^<4 Most games ^>4 Henry Iba ^ coached the most games, 1,105, with Northwest Missouri State 1930-33, Colorado 1934, and Oklahoma State 1935-70. Iba's career record was 767 wins and 338 losses. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (NCAA): Highest attendances T Sports and Games|Basketball|NCAA Records|Highest attendances 20 22 24 26 190818|2806 75218|1106 22314|328 245724|5 83818|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (NCAA): Highest attendances The highest paid attendance for a college game is 66,144, for Louisiana State's 82-80 victory over Georgetown at the Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, LA on 28 Jan 1989. ^<n ^<4 Women's ^>4 The record for a women's college game is 24,563, in ^ Knoxville, TN for a game between the University of Tennessee and the University of Texas on 9 Dec 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (Women's): Origins T Sports and Games|Basketball|Women's Basketball|Origins 20 22 24 26 190886|2807 35166|517 23266|342 246160|0 40936|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (Women's): Origins Senda Berenson, a physical education instructor at Smith College, and Clara Baer, an instructor at Sophie Newcomb Memorial College, are generally credited as the pioneers of women's basketball. In 1892, Berenson adapted James Naismith's rules to ^ make the game less physically demanding. Baer also adapted Naismith's game, and published her own set of rules in 1895; these became known as the Newcomb College rules. The game spread rapidly in the late 19th century, with the first women's ^ collegiate game being contested between California and Stanford on 4 Apr 1896. It was not until after World War II that women's basketball began to organize itself on a national level and bring its rules into line with the men's game. In 1969, ^ Carol Eckman, coach at West Chester University, PA organized the first national invitational tournament. Under the auspices of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), the national tournament was expanded, and in 1982 the ^ NCAA was invited to take over the tournament. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (Women's): NCAA Division 1 records (table) B \t\D02\1101231a \p8\D14\3811227 Sports and Games|Basketball|Women's Basketball|NCAA Division 1 records (table) 20 22 24 26 190954|2808 166814|2453 30270|445 23198|341 246160|1 175106|50 42658|8 -PCAP- Cheryl Miller shares the record for most points in an NCAA championship, with 27, for USL against Louisiana Tech in 1983. (Photo: Allsport/Alvin Chung) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (Women's): NCAA Division 1 records (table) Basketball: NCAA Women's Division 1 Records (Table) NCAA WOMEN'S DIVISION I CHAMPIONSHIP GAME RECORDS Through 1991/92 Season TEAM RECORDS Most championships 2 Louisiana Tech (1982, 1988), USC (1983--84), Tennessee (1987, 1989) First ^ championships Louisiana Tech v Cheyney State; 76--62 1982 Most points 97 Texas (v USC) 1986 Most field goals 40 Texas (v USC) 1986 Highest field-goal percentage .588 Texas (v USC; 40--68) 1986 Most 3-point field goals 11 Stanford (v Auburn) 1990 ^ Rebounds 57 Old Dominion (v Georgia) 1985 Assists (since 1985) 22 Texas (v USC) 1986 Blocked shots (since 1988) 7 Tennessee (v Auburn) 1989 Steals (since 1988) 12 Louisiana Tech (v Auburn) 1988 INDIVIDUAL RECORDS Most points 27 Cheryl Miller, ^ USC (v Louisiana Tech) 1983 27 Cynthia Cooper, USC (v Texas) 1987 27 Bridgette Gordon, Tennessee (v Auburn) 1989 Most field goals 12 Erica Westbrooks, Louisiana Tech (v Auburn) 1988 Highest field-goal percentage .889 Jennifer White, Louisiana ^ Tech (v USC; 8--9) 1983 Most 3-point field goals 6 Katy Steding, Stanford (v Auburn) 1990 (since 1988) Rebounds 20 Tracy Claxton, Old Dominion (v Georgia) 1985 Assists (since 1985) 10 Kamie Ethridge, Texas (v USC) 1986 10 Melissa McCray, ^ Tennessee (v Auburn) 1989 Blocked shots (since 1988) 5 Sheila Frost, Tennessee (v Auburn) 1989 Steals (since 1988) 6 Erica Westbrooks, Louisiana Tech (v Auburn) 1988 ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (Women's): Championships T Sports and Games|Basketball|Women's Basketball|Women's championships 20 22 24 26 191022|2809 206526|3037 22994|338 246160|2 219140|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (Women's): Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 In this competition, first held in 1982, the record for most Division I titles is three, by Tennessee, 1987, 1989 and 1991. The regular-season match aggregate record is 261, when St Joseph's (Indiana) beat North Kentucky ^ 131-130 on 27 Feb 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (Women's): Most successful coach T Sports and Games|Basketball|Women's Basketball|Most successful coach 20 22 24 26 191090|2810 204146|3002 23130|340 246160|3 216674|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (Women's): Most successful coach Jody Conradt of the University of Texas has won the most games in Women's NCAA Division I competition with 598 victories through the 1991/92 season. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (Women's): Most points T Sports and Games|Basketball|Women's Basketball|Most points 20 22 24 26 191158|2811 200474|2948 23062|339 246160|4 213040|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (Women's): Most points The women's record for most points scored in a college career is 4,061, by Pearl Moore. She scored 177 points in eight games for Anderson Junior College, Anderson, SC, and 3,884 points for Francis Marion College, Florence, SC, 1975-79. Francis ^ Marion was a member of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIWA) during Moore's career. The career points leader in NCAA Division I competition is Patricia Hoskins of Mississippi Valley State, with 3,122 points (1985-89). Two ^ players hold the record for most points scored a championship game, 28, in the 1991 game between Virginia and Tennessee: Dawn Staley (Virginia) and Dena Head (Tennessee). ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (Olympic Games): Most medals T \p8\D14\3811236b Sports and Games|Basketball|Olympic Games|Most medals 20 22 24 26 191226|2812 166746|2452 30338|446 22722|334 246526|0 175106|49 42658|9 -PCAP- Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls is one of the 3 members of the "Dream Team" to win a second gold medal, playing for the US at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (Olympic Games): Most medals Prior to the 1992 Olympic Games three men and two women had won two Olympic gold medals: Robert Albert "Bob" Kurland (b. 23 Dec 1924) in 1948 and 1952; William Marion "Bill" Houghland (b. 20 Jun 1930) in 1952 and 1956; Burdette Eliele Haldorson (b. ^ 12 Jan 1934) in 1956 and 1960; Anne Theresa Donovan (b. 1 Nov 1961) and Theresa Edwards, both in 1984 and 1988. ^<n Three members of the "Dream Team" won their second gold medals in 1992: Michael Jordan, Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullen. They join ^ the 5 other players with double championships. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (Olympic Games): Most titles T \p8\D14\391186gb Sports and Games|Basketball|Olympic Games|Most titles 20 22 24 26 191294|2813 206458|3036 30406|447 22790|335 246526|1 219140|5 42658|10 -PCAP- Michael Jordan scores for the US "Dream Team" at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. The "Dream Team," selected from the NBA, was the seventh US team to win gold. They won all their games, scoring over 100 points in eight of them. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (Olympic Games): Most titles The USA has won ten men's Olympic titles. From the time the sport was introduced to the Games in 1936 until 1972, the USA won 63 consecutive matches in the Olympic Games, until it lost 51-50 to the USSR in the disputed final match in Munich, ^ Germany. The USA won its 9th and 10th titles in 1984 and 1992. ^<n The women's title was won by the USSR in 1976 and 1980, and by the USA in 1984 and 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Basketball (World Championships): Most titles T Sports and Games|Basketball|World Championships|Most titles 20 22 24 26 191362|2814 206594|3038 23334|343 246682|0 219140|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Basketball (World Championships): Most titles The USSR has won most titles at both the men's World Championships (instituted 1950) with three (1967, 1974 and 1982) and women's (instituted 1953), with six (1959, 1964, 1967, 1971, 1975 and 1983). Yugoslavia has also won three men's world titles: ^ 1970, 1978 and 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Biathlon: Origins T \p8\D14\391115gb Sports and Games|Biathlon|General Records|Origins 20 23 25 27 191430|2815 35370|520 30474|448 24490|360 246854|0 40936|29 43444|0 -PCAP- The women's biathlon was first contested at the 1992 Games at Les Saisies, France. The first champion was Anfissa Restsova (CIS) in the 7.5 km on 11 February. Restsova had competed in the 1988 Games at Calgary in cross-country skiing, winning a ^ silver in the 20 km and gold in the 4 x 5 km relay. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Biathlon: Origins Biathlon reflects one of the earliest techniques of human survival; rock carvings in Roedoey, Norway dating to 3000 B.C. seem to depict hunters stalking their prey on skis. Biathlon as a modern sport evolved from military ski patrol maneuvers, ^ which tested the soldier's ability as a fast skier and accurate marksman. ^<n In 1958 the ^I (UIPMB) was formed as the international governing body of biathlon (consisting of ^ cross-country skiing and shooting) and modern pentathlon. Biathlon was included in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1960, and World Championships were first held in 1958. Since 1984 there has been a women's World Championship, and women's ^ biathlon was contested at the 1992 Olympics. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The 1960 Olympic Games at Squaw Valley, CA, introduced biathlon to this country. National championships were first held in 1965. The United States Modern Pentathlon and ^ Biathlon Association was established in 1971, but this body was split to create the US Modern Pentathlon Association in 1978. The current governing body of the sport is the United States Biathlon Association, founded in 1980 and based in Essex ^ Junction, VT. ^ -END- -CTRL- Biathlon: Most titles T \p8\D14\3711280a Sports and Games|Biathlon|General Records|Most titles 20 23 25 27 191498|2816 206662|3039 30542|449 24422|359 246854|1 219140|8 43444|1 -PCAP- Franz-Peter Rotsch (East Germany) is one of two men to have won a record two Olympic individual Biathlon titles, winning both the 10 km and 20 km titles in 1988. He equalled the record of Magnar Solberg (Norway) who had won in 1968 and 1972. ^ (Photo: Allsport/Gray Mortimore) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Biathlon: Most titles Frank Ullrich (East Germany; b. 24 Jan 1958) has won a record six individual world titles, four at 10 km, 1978-81, including the 1980 Olympics, and two at 20 km, 1982-83. Alexsandr Tikhonov was in ten winning Soviet relay teams, 1968-80 and won ^ four individual titles. The Biathlon World Cup (instituted 1979) was won four times by Frank Ullrich, 1978 and 1980-82. He was second in 1979 and third in 1983. ^<n ^<4 Olympic ^>4 Two Olympic individual titles have been won: by Magnar Solberg ^ (Norway; b. 4 Feb 1937), in 1968 and 1972; and Franz-Peter Rotsch (East Germany; b. 19 Apr 1964) at both 10 km and 20 km in 1988. The USSR has won all six 4 x 7.5 km relay titles, from 1968 to 1988. Aleksandr Ivanovich Tikhonov (b. 2 Jan 1947), ^ who was a member of the first four teams, also won a silver in the 1968 20 km. ^<n ^<4 United States National Championships ^>4 In this competition, first held in 1965 in Rosendale, NY, men's events have been staged annually. Women's events ^ were included in 1985. Lyle Nelson has won seven National Championships: five in the 10 km, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1985 and 1987; two in the 20 km, 1977 and 1985. Anna Sonnerup holds the women's record with five titles: two in the 10 km, 1986-87; two ^ in the 15 km, 1989 and 1991; and one in the 7.5 km in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Billiards: Origins T Sports and Games|Billiards|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 191566|2817 8102|119 25850|380 247166|0 13960|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Billiards: Origins The earliest recorded mention of billiards was in France in 1429, and Louis XI, King of France 1461-83, is reported to have had a billiard table. ^ -END- -CTRL- Billiards: Most titles T Sports and Games|Billiards|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 191634|2818 206798|3041 25782|379 247166|1 219140|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Billiards: Most titles The greatest number of World Championships (instituted 1870) won by one player is eight, by John Roberts Jr. (Great Britain; 1847-1919), in 1870 (twice), 1871, 1875 (twice), 1877 and 1885 (twice). The record for world amateur titles is four, by ^ Robert James Percival Marshall (Australia; b. 10 Apr 1910), in 1936, 1938, 1951 and 1962. ^ -END- -CTRL- Billiards: Youngest champion T Sports and Games|Billiards|General Records|Youngest champion 20 22 24 26 191702|2819 261266|3842 26054|383 247166|2 275964|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Billiards: Youngest champion The youngest winner of the world professional title is Mike Russell (b. 3 Jun 1969), age 20 yr 49 days, when he won at Leura, Australia on 23 Jul 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Billiards: Highest breaks T Sports and Games|Billiards|General Records|Highest breaks 20 22 24 26 191770|2820 63590|935 25714|378 247166|3 71062|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Billiards: Highest breaks Tom Reece (1873-1953) made an unfinished break of 499,135, including 249,152 cradle cannons (two points each) in 85 hr 49 min against Joe Chapman at Burroughes' Hall, Soho Square, London, Great Britain between 3 Jun and 6 Jul 1907. This was not ^ recognized, because press and public were not continuously present. ^<n The highest certified break made by the anchor cannon is 42,746, by William Cook (England) from 29 May to 7 Jun 1907. ^<n The official world record under the then balkline ^ rule is 1,784, by Joe Davis in the United Kingdom Championship on 29 May 1936. ^<n Walter Albert Lindrum (Australia; 1898-1960) made an official break of 4,137 in 2 hr 55 min against Joe Davis at Thurston's on 19-20 Jan 1932, before the balkline ^ rule was in force. ^<n Davis had an unofficial personal best of 2,502 (mostly pendulum cannons) in a match against Tom Newman (England; 1894-1943) in Manchester, Great Britain in 1930. ^<n The highest break recorded in amateur competition is ^ 1,149, by Michael Ferreira (India) at Calcutta, India on 15 Dec 1978. ^<n Under the more stringent "two pot" rule, restored on 1 Jan 1983, the highest break is Ferreira's 962 unfinished, in a tournament at Bombay, India on 29 Apr 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Billiards: Fastest century T Sports and Games|Billiards|General Records|Fastest century 20 22 24 26 191838|2821 19254|283 25646|377 247166|4 23878|35 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Billiards: Fastest century Walter Lindrum made an unofficial 100 break in 27.5 sec in Australia on 10 Oct 1952. His official record is 100 in 46.0 sec, set in Sydney, Australia in 1941. ^ -END- -CTRL- Billiards (Three Cushion): Origins T Sports and Games|Billiards|Three Cushion|Origins 20 22 24 26 191906|2822 25986|382 247532|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Billiards (Three Cushion): Origins This pocketless variation dates back to 1878. The world governing body, the ^I (UMB), was formed in 1928. ^ -END- -CTRL- Billiards (Three Cushion): Most titles T Sports and Games|Billiards|Three Cushion|Most titles 20 22 24 26 191974|2823 206730|3040 25918|381 247532|1 219140|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Billiards (Three Cushion): Most titles William F. "Willie" Hoppe (USA; 1887-1959) won 51 billiards championships in all forms, spanning the preand post-international era, from 1906 to 1952. ^<n ^<4 UMB ^>4 Raymond Ceulemans (Belgium; b. 12 Jul 1935) has won 20 world three-cushion ^ championships (1963-73, 1975-80, 1983, 1985 and 1991). ^ -END- -CTRL- Board Games: Biggest T Sports and Games|Board Games|General Records|Biggest 20 22 24 26 192042|2824 1098|16 29794|438 248194|0 7328|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Board Games: Biggest The world's biggest board game was a version of the game "Goose," and was organized by "Jong Nederland." It stretched for 2,090 ft and was played by 1,631 participants at Someren, Netherlands on 16 Sep 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Backgammon: Shortest game T Sports and Games|Board Games|Backgammon|Shortest game 20 22 24 26 192110|2825 239914|3528 16126|237 248280|0 253960|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Backgammon: Shortest game Alan Malcolm Beckerson (b. 21 Feb 1938) devised a game of just 16 throws in 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bingo: Origins T Sports and Games|Board Games|Bingo|Origins 20 22 24 26 192178|2826 26258|386 248366|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bingo: Origins Bingo is a lottery game which, under the name of keno, was developed in the 1880s from lotto, whose origin is thought to be the 17th-century Italian game ^I . The winner was the first to complete a random selection of numbers from 1 ^ to 90. The US version called Bingo differs in that the selection is from 1 to 75. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bingo: Largest house T Sports and Games|Board Games|Bingo|Largest house 20 22 24 26 192246|2827 84874|1248 26190|385 248366|1 91334|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bingo: Largest house The largest "house" in bingo sessions was 15,756, at the Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto on 19 Aug 1983. Staged by the Variety Club of Ontario Tent Number 28, there was total prize money of $Can250,000 with a record one-game payout of ^ $Can100,000. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bingo: Earliest and latest full house T Sports and Games|Board Games|Bingo|Earliest and latest full house 20 22 24 26 192314|2828 126218|1856 26122|384 248366|2 136672|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bingo: Earliest and latest full house A "full house" call occurred on the 15th number by Norman A. Wilson at Guide Post Working Men's Club, Bedlington, Great Britain on 22 Jun 1978; by Anne Wintle of Brynrethin, Great Britain, on a coach trip to Bath, Great Britain on 17 Aug 1982; and ^ by Shirley Lord at Kahibah Bowling Club, New South Wales, Australia on 24 Oct 1983. ^<n "House" was not called until the 86th number at the Hillsborough Working Men's Club, Sheffield, Great Britain on 11 Jan 1982. There were 32 winners. ^ -END- -CTRL- Checkers: Origins T Sports and Games|Board Games|Checkers|Origins 20 22 24 26 192382|2829 8782|129 44346|652 248592|0 13960|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Checkers: Origins Checkers, known as draughts in Europe, is believed to have originated on the French/Spanish border in the 12th century, when backgammon men were placed on a chessboard and moved as in the well-known game of the time, alquerque. The earliest book on ^ the game was by Antonio Torquemada of Valencia, Spain in 1547. ^ -END- -CTRL- Checkers: World champions T Sports and Games|Board Games|Checkers|World champions 20 22 24 26 192450|2830 207342|3049 44414|653 248592|1 219140|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Checkers: World champions ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Walter Hellman (USA; 1916-75) won a record eight world titles during his tenure as world champion, 1948-75. ^ -END- -CTRL- Checkers: Youngest and oldest champion T Sports and Games|Board Games|Checkers|Youngest and oldest champion 20 22 24 26 192518|2831 224886|3307 44482|654 248592|2 236192|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Checkers: Youngest and oldest champion Asa A. Long (b. 20 Aug 1904) became the youngest US national champion, at age 18 yr 64 days, when he won in Boston, MA on 23 Oct 1922. He became the oldest, age 79 yr 334 days, when he won his sixth title in Tupelo, MS on 21 Jul 1984. He was also ^ world champion from 1934 to 1938. ^ -END- -CTRL- Checkers: Most opponents T Sports and Games|Board Games|Checkers|Most opponents 20 22 24 26 192586|2832 168718|2481 44278|651 248592|3 175106|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Checkers: Most opponents Charles Walker played a record 229 games simultaneously, winning 227, drawing 1 and losing 1, at the International Checkers Hall of Fame, Petal, MS on 25 Jan 1992. ^<n The largest number of opponents played without a defeat or draw is 172, by Nate ^ Cohen of Portland, ME at Portland on 26 Jul 1981. This was not a simultaneous attempt, but consecutive play over a period of four hours. ^<n Newell W. Banks (1887-1977) played 140 games simultaneously, winning 133 and drawing seven, in Chicago, ^ IL in 1933. His total playing time was 145 min, thus averaging about one move per sec. In 1947 he played blindfolded for 4 hr per day for 45 consecutive days, winning 1,331 games, drawing 54 and losing only two, while playing six games at a time. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Checkers: Longest game T Sports and Games|Board Games|Checkers|Longest game 20 22 24 26 192654|2833 133698|1966 44210|650 248592|4 139100|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Checkers: Longest game In competition the prescribed rate of play is not less than 30 moves per hour, with the average game lasting about 90 min. In 1958 a game between Dr Marion Tinsley (USA) and Derek Oldbury (Great Britain) lasted 7 hr 30 min (played under the ^ 5-minutes-a-move rule). ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: Origins T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|Origins 20 22 24 26 192722|2834 225022|3309 45910|675 248958|0 13960|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: Origins The game of chess is believed to have originated in ancient India under the name ^I (literally "four-corps")--the name for the four traditional army divisions. The name ^I is derived from the Persian word ^I (a king or ruler). The earliest written reference is from the Middle Persian Chatrang Namak ( ^I A.D. 590-628). The oldest pieces identified as chess pieces were found at Nashipur, datable to ^I . A.D. 900. Chess reached ^ Britain ^I 1255. The ^I (FIDE) was established in 1924. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: World championships T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|World championships 20 22 24 26 192790|2835 168990|2485 46114|678 24830|365 248958|1 175106|82 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: World championships World champions have been officially recognized since 1886. The longest undisputed tenure was 26 yr 337 days, by Dr Emanuel Lasker (1868-1941) of Germany, from 1894 to 1921. ^<n The women's world championship title was held by Vera Francevna ^ Stevenson-Menchik (USSR, later Great Britain; 1906-44) from 1927 until her death, and was successfully defended a record seven times. ^<n The first American to be regarded as world champion was Paul Charles Morphy (1837-89) in 1858. ^<n ^<4 Team ^ ^>4 The USSR has won the biennial men's team title (Olympiad) a record 18 times between 1952 and 1990, with a win in 1992 by Russia. The women's title has been won 11 times by the USSR from its introduction in 1957 to 1986, with Georgia winning ^ in 1992. ^<n The USA has won the men's title five times: 1931, 1933, 1935, 1937 and 1976. ^<n ^<4 Youngest ^>4 Gary Kimovich Kasparov (USSR; b. 13 Apr 1963) won the title on 9 Nov 1985 at age 22 yr 210 days. Maya Grigoryevna Chiburdanidze ^ (USSR; b. 17 Jan 1961) won the women's title in 1978 when only 17. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 Wilhelm Steinitz (Austria, later USA; 1836-1900) was 58 yr 10 days when he lost his title to Lasker on 26 May 1894. ^<n ^<4 Most active ^>4 Anatoly ^ Yevgenyevich Karpov (USSR; b. 23 May 1951) in his tenure as champion, 1975-85, averaged 45.2 competitive games per year, played in 32 tournaments and finished first in 26. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: Youngest Grand Masters T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|Youngest Grand Masters 20 22 24 26 192858|2836 261878|3851 46182|679 248958|2 275964|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: Youngest Grand Masters The youngest individual to qualify as an International Grand Master is Judit Polgar (Hungary; b. 25 Jul 1976), aged 15 yr 148 days on 20 Dec 1991. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The youngest US Grand Master was Robert James "Bobby" Fischer (b. 9 Mar ^ 1943) in 1958. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: Youngest master T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|Youngest master 20 22 24 26 192926|2837 261946|3852 46250|680 248958|3 275964|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: Youngest master In August 1981, Stuart Rachels of Birmingham, AL became the youngest person in the history of the United States Chess Foundation to achieve a master rating, at the age of 11 yr 10 months. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: Highest rating T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|Highest rating 20 22 24 26 192994|2838 64746|952 45706|672 248958|4 71062|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: Highest rating The highest rating ever attained on the officially adopted Elo System is 2,800, by Gary Kasparov (USSR) at the end of 1989. ^<n The highest-rated woman player is Judit Polgar (Hungary; b. 25 Jul 1976), who is currently at 2,540 but has achieved a ^ peak rating of 2,555. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: Fewest games lost by a world champion T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|Fewest games lost by a world champion 20 22 24 26 193062|2839 32514|478 45638|671 248958|5 39994|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: Fewest games lost by a world champion Jose Raul Capablanca (Cuba; 1888-1942) lost only 34 games (out of 571) in his adult career, 1909-39. He was unbeaten from 10 Feb 1916 to 21 Mar 1924 (63 games) and was world champion 1921-27. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: US Championships T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|US Championships 20 22 24 26 193130|2840 215570|3170 46046|677 248958|6 227712|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: US Championships ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most wins since the US Championships became determined by match play competition in 1888 is eight, by Bobby Fischer, 1958-66. Fischer, world champion 1972-75, reached a rating on the Elo system of 2,785, the highest ever ^ until surpassed by Gary Kasparov in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: Most moves T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|Most moves 20 22 24 26 193198|2841 168854|2483 45774|673 248958|7 175106|80 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: Most moves The Master chess game with the most moves on record was one of 269 moves, when Ivan Nikolic drew with Goran Arsovic in a Belgrade, Yugoslavia tournament, on 17 Feb 1989. The game took a total of 20 hr 15 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: Slowest and longest games T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|Slowest and longest games 20 22 24 26 193266|2842 133834|1968 45978|676 248958|8 139100|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: Slowest and longest games The slowest reported moving (before time clocks were used) in an official event is reputed to have been by Louis Paulsen (Germany; 1833-91) against Paul Charles Morphy (USA; 1837-84) at the first American Chess Congress, NY on 29 Oct 1857. The game ^ ended in a draw on move 56 after 15 hours of play, of which Paulsen used ^I . 11 hours. ^<n Grand Master Friedrich Samisch (Germany; 1896-1975) ran out of the allotted time (2 hr 30 min for 45 moves) after only 12 moves, in Prague, ^ Czechoslovakia, in 1938. ^<n The slowest move played, since time clocks were introduced, was at Vigo, Spain in 1980 when Francisco R. Torres Trois (b. 3 Sep 1946) took 2 hr 20 min for his seventh move ^I Luis M.C.P. Santos (b. 30 Jun ^ 1955). ^ -END- -CTRL- Chess: Most opponents T Sports and Games|Board Games|Chess|Most opponents 20 22 24 26 193334|2843 168922|2484 45842|674 248958|9 175106|81 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Chess: Most opponents The record for most consecutive games played is 663, by Vlastimil Hort (Czechoslovakia, later Germany; b. 12 Jan 1944) over 32 1/2 hours at Porz, Germany on 5-6 Oct 1984. He played 60-120 opponents at a time, scoring over 80 percent wins and ^ averaging 30 moves per game. He also holds the record for most games played simultaneously, 201 during 550 consecutive games of which he only lost ten, in Seltjarnes, Iceland on 23-24 Apr 1977. ^<n Eric G. J. Knoppert (Netherlands; b. 20 Sep ^ 1959) played 500 games of ten-minute chess against opponents, averaging 2,002 on the Elo scale on 13-16 Sep 1985. He scored 413 points (1 for win, 1/2 for draw), a success rate of 82.6 percent. ^ -END- -CTRL- Monopoly: Origins T Sports and Games|Board Games|Monopoly|Origins 20 22 24 26 193402|2844 145258|2136 249674|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Monopoly: Origins Monopoly, a real-estate trading game, of which Parker Brothers has sold in excess of 85 million copies worldwide in 19 languages (the most recent in Russian), was devised by Charles Darrow (1889-1967) of Germantown, PA, in 1935. While unemployed as ^ a heating engineer during the Depression, he created the game using the street names of Atlantic City, NJ, where he spent his vacations. ^ -END- -CTRL- Monopoly: World Champions T Sports and Games|Board Games|Monopoly|World Champions 20 22 24 26 193470|2845 145326|2137 249674|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Monopoly: World Champions The current holder of the World Monopoly Championship trophy and medal is Ikuo Hiyakuta of Japan. He won the eighth World Monopoly Tournament (held every three years under the auspices of Parker Brothers) at the Park Lane Hotel, London, Great ^ Britain in 1988 after two days of grueling play. His prize was $15,140 and a personal computer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scrabble: Origins T Sports and Games|Board Games|Scrabble Crossword Game|Origins 20 22 24 26 193538|2846 195850|2880 249830|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scrabble: Origins The crossword game was invented by Alfred M. Butts in 1931 and was developed, refined and trademarked as Scrabble Crossword Game by James Brunot in 1948. ^ -END- -CTRL- Scrabble: Highest scores T Sports and Games|Board Games|Scrabble Crossword Game|Highest scores 20 22 24 26 193606|2847 81406|1197 195714|2878 249830|1 88626|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scrabble: Highest scores The highest competitive game score is 1,049 by Phil Appleby (b. 9 Dec 1957) in June 1989. His opponent scored 253, and the margin of victory, 796 points, is also a record. His score included a single turn of 374 for the word "OXIDIZERS." ^<n The ^ highest competitive single-turn score recorded, however, is 392, by Dr Saladin Karl Khoshnaw (of Kurdish origin) in Manchester, Great Britain in April 1982. He laid down "CAZIQUES," which means "native chiefs of West Indian aborigines." ^ -END- -CTRL- Scrabble: Most tournaments T Sports and Games|Board Games|Scrabble Crossword Game|Most tournaments 20 22 24 26 193674|2848 190002|2794 195782|2879 249830|2 175106|390 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Scrabble: Most tournaments Chuck Armstrong, a hospital worker from Saline, MI, has won the most tournaments--65 to the end of 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bobsledding: Origins T Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Bobsledding|Origins 20 22 24 26 193742|2849 224002|3294 29998|441 250282|0 236192|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bobsledding: Origins The oldest known sled is dated ^I 6500 B.C. and came from Heinola, Finland. The first known bobsled race took place at Davos, Switzerland in 1889. The International Federation of Bobsled and Luge was formed in 1923, followed by the ^ International Bobsled Federation in 1957. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation was founded in 1941 and is still the governing body for the sport in this country. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bobsledding: Most titles T \c8\D02\3911227z Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Bobsledding|Most titles 20 24 26 28 193810|2850 198434|2918 30610|450 29862|439 250282|1 211064|1 43600|0 -PCAP- (Left) The most successful nation in the four man bob World/Olympic Championships is Switzerland. Since it was first contested at the Olympic Games in 1924, they have won a record 19 times with their latest success being at the 1990 World ^ Championships. (Right) Switzerland has also won the Olympic two-man bobsled title a record three times. Seen here in action during their 1992 success are Gustav Weder (driver) and Donat Acklin. (Photos: Allsport/Pascal Rondeau and ^ Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bobsledding: Most titles The Olympic four-man bob title (instituted 1924) has been won five times by Switzerland (1924, 1936, 1956, 1972 and 1988). ^<n The Olympic two-man bob title (instituted 1932) has been won three times by Switzerland (1948, 1980 and 1992). ^<n The ^ most gold medals won by an individual is three, by Meinhard Nehmer (East Germany; b. 13 Jun 1941) and Bernhard Germeshausen (East Germany; b. 21 Aug 1951) in the 1976 two-man, 1976 and 1980 four-man events. ^<n The most medals won is six (two ^ gold, two silver, two bronze) by Eugenio Monti (Italy; b. 23 Jan 1928), 1956 to 1968. ^<n ^<4 World and Olympic ^>4 The world four-man bob title (instituted 1924) has been won 19 times by Switzerland (1924, 1936, 1939, 1947, 1954-57, 1971-73, ^ 1975, 1982-83, 1986-90), including their five Olympic victories. ^<n Italy won the two-man title 14 times (1954, 1956-63, 1966, 1968-69, 1971 and 1975). ^<n Eugenio Monti was a member of 11 world championship crews, eight two-man and three ^ four-man, in 1957-68. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Two American bobsledders have won two gold medals: driver William Mead Lindsley "Billy" Fiske III (1911-40) and crewman Clifford Barton Grey (1887-1941) in 1928 and 1932. At age 16 yr 260 days in ^ 1928, Fiske was America's youngest-ever Winter Games gold medalist. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bobsledding: Oldest gold medalist T Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Bobsledding|Oldest gold medalist 20 22 24 26 193878|2851 223934|3293 29930|440 250282|2 236192|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bobsledding: Oldest gold medalist The oldest age at which a gold medal has been won at any sport at the Winter Olympics is 49 yr 7 days, for James Jay O'Brien (USA; 1883-1940) at four-man bob in 1932. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lugeing: Origins T Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Lugeing|Origins 20 22 24 26 193946|2852 38770|570 122206|1797 250508|0 40936|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lugeing: Origins In lugeing the rider adopts a supine, as opposed to a sitting position. Official international competition began at Klosters, Switzerland in 1881. The first European championships were at Reichenberg, Germany in 1914 and the first World ^ Championships at Oslo, Norway in 1953. The International Luge Federation was formed in 1957. Lugeing became an Olympic sport in 1964. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lugeing: Most titles T Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Lugeing|Most titles 20 22 24 26 194014|2853 209314|3078 122138|1796 250508|1 219140|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lugeing: Most titles The most successful rider in the World Championships was Thomas Kohler (East Germany; b. 25 Jun 1940), who won the single-seater title in 1962, 1964 (Olympic), 1967 and shared the two-seater title in 1965, 1967 and 1968 (Olympic). Margit Schumann ^ (East Germany; b. 14 Sep 1952) has won five women's titles, 1973-75, 1976 (Olympic) and 1977. ^<n Steffi Walter (nee Martin [East Germany]; b. 17 Sep 1962) became the first rider to win two Olympic single-seater luge titles, with victories at the ^ women's event in 1984 and 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lugeing: US National Championships T Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Lugeing|US National Championships 20 22 24 26 194082|2854 209382|3079 122274|1798 250508|2 219140|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lugeing: US National Championships This competition was inaugurated in 1974. ^<n ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Frank Masley has won a record six men's championships, 1979, 1981-83 and 1987-88. Bonny Warner has won a record five women's titles, 1983-84, 1987-88 and 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lugeing: Fastest speed T Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Lugeing|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 194150|2855 24014|353 122070|1795 250508|3 23878|105 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lugeing: Fastest speed The fastest recorded photo-timed speed is 85.38 mph, by Asle Strand (Norway) at Tandadalens Linbana, Salen, Sweden on 1 May 1982. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The United States has participated in all Olympic luge events since the sport was ^ sanctioned for the 1964 Olympic Games, but there was no organized governing body for the sport in this country until 1979, when the United States Luge Association was formed. The only luge run in the United States accredited for international ^ competition is the refrigerated run used for the Lake Placid Olympics in 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tobogganing: Origins T Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Tobogganing|Origins 20 22 24 26 194218|2856 235290|3460 224546|3302 250804|0 236192|187 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tobogganing: Origins The word ^I comes from the Micmac American Indian word ^I The St Moritz Luge Club, Switzerland, founded in 1887, is the oldest toboggan club in the world. It is notable for being the home of the Cresta Run, which ^ dates from 1884, and for the introduction of the one-man skeleton racing toboggan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tobogganing: Cresta Run T \p8\D14\3811241 Sports and Games|Bobsled and Luge|Tobogganing|Cresta Run 20 23 25 27 194286|2857 220874|3248 30678|451 224478|3301 250804|1 227712|95 43600|1 -PCAP- This famous bobsled run dates from 1884 and is home to the oldest toboggan club in the world, the St Moritz. The picture shows the Shuttlecock Corner--a corner so infamous that one club has members who qualify by having fallen there. (Photo: ^ Allsport/P. Rondeau) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tobogganing: Cresta Run The course is 3,977 ft long with a drop of 514 ft, and the record is 50.91 sec (av. 53.26 mph) by Franco Gansser (Switzerland; b. 2 May 1945) on 22 Feb 1987. On 20 Jan 1991 Christian Bertschinger (Switzerland; b. 8 Feb 1964) set a record from ^ Junction (2,920 ft) of 41.45 sec. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The greatest number of wins in the Grand National (instituted in 1885) is eight, by the 1948 Olympic champion Nino Bibbia (Italy; b. 15 Mar 1922) in 1960-64, 1966, 1968 and 1973, and by ^ Franco Gansser in 1981, 1983-86, 1988-89 and 1991. The greatest number of wins in the Curzon Cup (instituted 1910) is eight, by Bibbia in 1950, 1957-58, 1960, 1962-64 and 1969. ^<n The only men to have won the four most important races (Curzon ^ Cup, Brabazon Trophy, Morgan Cup and Grand National) in one season are Bruno Bischofberger (1972), Paul Felder (1974), Nico Baracchi (1982), Franco Gansser (1988) and Christian Bertschinger (1992), all from Switzerland. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The ^ oldest person to have ridden the Cresta Run successfully is Robin Todhunter (Great Britain; b. 10 Mar 1903), aged 83 yr 329 days on 2 Feb 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling: Origins T Sports and Games|Bowling|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 194354|2858 35642|524 31562|464 251326|0 40936|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling: Origins The ancient German game of nine-pins ( ^I --"knock down pagans") was exported to the United States in the early 17th century. In 1841 the Connecticut State Legislature prohibited the game, and other states followed. Eventually a ^ tenth pin was added to evade the ban; but there is some evidence of ten pins being used in Suffolk, Great Britain about 200 years ago. ^<n The first body to standardize rules was the American Bowling Congress (ABC), established in New York City ^ on 9 Sep 1895. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling: World Championships T Sports and Games|Bowling|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 194422|2859 64134|943 32582|479 251326|1 71062|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling: World Championships The World ( ^I ) Championships were instituted for men in 1954 and for women in 1963. ^<n ^<4 Highest pinfall ^>4 The highest pinfall in the individual men's event is 5,963 (in 28 games) by Ed Luther ^ (USA) at Milwaukee, WI on 28 Aug 1971. ^<n For the current schedule of 24 games the men's record is 5,261 by Richard Clay "Rick" Steelsmith (b. 1 Jun 1964), and the women's record is 4,894 by Sandra Jo Shiery (USA), both at Helsinki, Finland in ^ June 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling: Highest scores T Sports and Games|Bowling|General Records|Highest scores 20 22 24 26 194490|2860 80182|1179 31426|462 251326|2 88626|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling: Highest scores The highest individual score for three sanctioned games (out of a possible 900) is 899, by Thomas Jordan (USA; b. 27 Oct 1966) at Union, NJ on 7 Mar 1989. He followed with a 299, setting a four-game series record of 1,198 pins. ^<n The record by a ^ woman is 864, by Jeanne Maiden (b. 10 Nov 1957) at Sodon, OH on 23 Nov 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling: Highest score---24 hours T Sports and Games|Bowling|General Records|Highest score---24 hours 20 22 24 26 194558|2861 80114|1178 31358|461 251326|3 88626|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling: Highest score---24 hours A team of six called the Brunswick Thursday Nite Stars, scored 209,072 at Brunswick Sharptown Lanes, Houston, TX on 20-21 Jun 1991. The highest individual total scored in 24 hours is 45,558 by Brian Larkin at Hollywood Bowl, Bolton, Great Britain ^ on 27-28 Mar 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling: Perfect scores T Sports and Games|Bowling|General Records|Perfect scores 20 22 24 26 194626|2862 35710|525 32242|474 251326|4 40936|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling: Perfect scores Les Schissler of Denver scored 300 in the Classic team event in 1967, and Ray Williams of Detroit scored 300 in regular team play in 1974, the first two perfect games bowled in team competition. In all, there have been only 160 perfect games in the ^ regular ABC tournament through 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling: Consecutive strikes, spares and splits T Sports and Games|Bowling|General Records|Consecutive strikes, spares and splits 20 22 24 26 194694|2863 167698|2466 31290|460 251326|5 175106|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling: Consecutive strikes, spares and splits The record for most consecutive strikes is 40, by Jeanne Maiden (See Perfect games.) Mabel Henry of Winchester, KY had 30 consecutive spares in the 1986/87 season. Shirley Tophigh of Las Vegas, NV holds the unenviable record of rolling 14 ^ consecutive splits in 1968/69. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling: Youngest and oldest 300 shooters T Sports and Games|Bowling|General Records|Youngest and oldest 300 shooters 20 22 24 26 194762|2864 224206|3297 32650|480 23878|351 251326|6 236192|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling: Youngest and oldest 300 shooters The youngest bowler to score 300 is said to be Richard Daff, Jr. of Crownsville, MD (b. 28 Aug 1978), who performed this feat at age 11, on 8 Apr 1990. The oldest bowler to score 300 is Leo Sites of Wichita, KS, who performed the feat on 10 Apr ^ 1985 at age 80. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling: Largest bowling center T Sports and Games|Bowling|General Records|Largest bowling center 20 22 24 26 194830|2865 86098|1266 31494|463 251326|7 91334|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling: Largest bowling center The Fukuyama Bowl, Osaka, Japan has 144 lanes. The Tokyo World Lanes Center, Japan, now closed, had 252 lanes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): Origins T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|Origins 20 22 24 26 194898|2866 31970|470 251902|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): Origins The PBA was founded in 1958 by Eddie Elias and is based in Akron, OH. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): Most titles T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|Most titles 20 22 24 26 194966|2867 206934|3043 31834|468 251902|1 219140|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): Most titles Earl Anthony (b. 27 Apr 1938) of Dublin, CA has won a lifetime total of 41 PBA titles. The record number of titles won in one PBA season is eight, by Mark Roth (b. 10 Apr 1951) of Lake Heights, NJ, in 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): Consecutive titles T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|Consecutive titles 20 22 24 26 195034|2868 31630|465 251902|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): Consecutive titles Only three bowlers have ever won three consecutive professional tournaments--Dick Weber (b. 23 Dec 1929) (three times), in 1959, 1960 and 1961; Johnny Petraglia (b. 3 Mar 1947) in 1971; and Mark Roth in 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): Perfect games T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|Perfect games 20 22 24 26 195102|2869 167562|2464 32038|471 251902|3 175106|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): Perfect games ^<4 Most ^>4 A total of 141 perfect (300-pin) games were bowled in PBA tournaments in 1990, the most ever for one year. ^<n Dick Weber rolled three perfect games in one tournament (Houston, TX) in 1965, as did Billy Hardwick (b. 25 Jul 1941) of ^ Louisville, KY (in the Japan Gold Cup competition) in 1968, John Wilcox (at Detroit, MI), in 1979, Norm Meyers of St Louis (at Peoria, IL) in 1979, Ray Shackelford of Hartwood, VA (at St Louis, MO) in 1982, Shawn Christensen of Denver (at Denver, ^ CO) in 1984, and Amleto Monacelli (b. 27 Aug 1961) of Venezuela (at Tucson, AZ) in 1989. ^<n Amleto Monacelli rolled seven perfect games on the 1989 tour, and Guppy Troup (b. 18 Jan 1950) of Savannah, GA, rolled six perfect games on the 1979 ^ tour. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): Triple Crown T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|Triple Crown 20 22 24 26 195170|2870 35574|523 32106|472 251902|4 40936|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): Triple Crown The United States Open, the PBA National Championship and the Firestone Tournament of Champions comprise the Triple Crown of men's professional bowling. No bowler has won each of the three titles in the same year, and only three have managed to win ^ all three during a career. ^<n ^<4 First ^>4 The first bowler to accumulate the three legs of the triple crown was Billy Hardwick: National Championship (1963); Firestone Tournament of Champions (1965); US Open (1969). Hardwick's feat was ^ matched by Johnny Petraglia: Firestone (1971); US Open (1977); National (1980); and by Pete Weber: Firestone (1987); US Open (1988); National (1989). ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): US Open T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|US Open 20 22 24 26 195238|2871 215502|3169 32174|473 251902|5 227712|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): US Open ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Since its inauguration in 1942, the most wins in this tournament is four, by two bowlers: Don Carter in 1953-54 and 1957-58, and Dick Weber in 1962-63 and 1965-66. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): National Championships T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|PBA National Championships 20 22 24 26 195306|2872 215434|3168 31902|469 251902|6 227712|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): National Championships ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Since its inauguration in 1960, the most wins in this tournament is six, by Earl Anthony in 1973-75 and 1981-83. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): Firestone Tournament of Champions T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|Firestone Tournament of Champions 20 22 24 26 195374|2873 215366|3167 31698|466 251902|7 227712|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): Firestone Tournament of Champions ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Since its inauguration in 1965, the most wins in this tournament is three, by Mike Durbin in 1972, 1982 and 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (PBA): Highest earners T Sports and Games|Bowling|Professional Bowlers Association (PBA)|Highest earners 20 22 24 26 195442|2874 64066|942 31766|467 251902|8 71062|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (PBA): Highest earners Marshall Holman (b. 29 Sep 1954) won a record $1,583,921 in PBA competitions through 31 May 1992. Earl Roderick Anthony (b. 27 Apr 1938) was the first to win $1 million. ^<n Mike Aulby (b. 25 Mar 1960) of Indianapolis, IN set a single-season ^ earnings mark of $298,237 in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (ABC): Highest score T Sports and Games|Bowling|American Bowling Congress (ABC)|Highest score 20 22 24 26 195510|2875 79910|1175 31154|458 252548|0 88626|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (ABC): Highest score The highest individual score for three games is 899, by Thomas Jordan at Union, NJ on 7 Mar 1989 (see Bowling--Highest scores). Highest three-game team score is 3,858, by Budweisers of St Louis on 12 Mar 1958. ^<n The highest season average ^ attained in sanctioned competition is 245.63, by Doug Vergouven of Harrisonville, MO in the 1989/90 season. ^<n The all-time ABC-sanctioned two-man single-game record is 600, held jointly by the teams of John Cotta (300) and Steve Larson (300) on ^ 1 May 1981, at the Manteca, CA, Bowling Association Tournament; Jeff Mraz and Dave Roney of Canton, OH on 8 Nov 1987 in the Ann Doubles Classic in Canton, OH; William Gruner and Dave Conway of Oceanside, CA on 27 Feb 1990; and Scott Williams and ^ Willie Hammar of Utica, NY on 7 Jan 1990. ^<n The two-man team series record is 1,655, by Thomas Jordon (899) and Ken Yorker, Jr. (856) in Union, NJ on 7 Mar 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (ABC): Perfect scores T Sports and Games|Bowling|American Bowling Congress (ABC)|Perfect scores 20 22 24 26 195578|2876 63998|941 31222|459 252548|1 71062|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (ABC): Perfect scores The highest number of sanctioned 300 games is 42, by Robert Learn, Jr. of Erie, PA. ^<n Two perfect games were rolled back-to-back ^I by Al Spotts of West Reading, PA on 14 Mar 1982 and again on 1 Feb 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (ABC Championships): Highest score T Sports and Games|Bowling|ABC Championships Tournament|Highest score 20 22 24 26 195646|2877 63930|940 30882|454 252704|0 71062|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (ABC Championships): Highest score Highest three-game series in the ABC Championships tournament in singles is 826, by Ed Deines of Ft Collins, CO in 1991. Best three-game total in any ABC event is 857, by Norm Duke of Albuquerque, NM in 1989. George Hall of Mundelein, IL holds the ^ record for a nine-game All-Events total with 2,227 (747-747-733) set in Wichita, KS in 1989. ^<n ABC Hall of Famers Fred Bujack of Detroit, MI, Bill Lillard of Houston, TX and Nelson Burton, Jr. of St Louis, MO have won the most championships, ^ with eight each. Bujack shared in three team and four team All-Events titles between 1949 and 1955, and also won the individual All-Events title in 1955. Lillard bowled with regular and team All-Events champions in 1955 and 1956 and with the ^ Classic team champions in 1962 and 1971, and won regular doubles and All-Events titles in 1956. Burton shared in three Classic team titles, two Classic doubles titles and has won Classic singles twice and Classic All-Events. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (ABC Championships): Highest doubles T Sports and Games|Bowling|ABC Championships Tournament|Highest doubles 20 22 24 26 195714|2878 63862|939 30814|453 252704|1 71062|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (ABC Championships): Highest doubles The ABC national tournament record of 561 was set in 1989 by Rick McCardy and Steve Mesmer of Redford, MI. The record score in a doubles series is 1,505, set in 1991 by Jimmy Johnson (784) of Columbus, OH and Dan Nadeau (721) of Las Vegas, NV. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (ABC Championships): Best finishes T Sports and Games|Bowling|ABC Championships Tournament|Best finishes 20 22 24 26 195782|2879 78|1 30746|452 252704|2 6246|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (ABC Championships): Best finishes Mike Newman of Buffalo, NY won the doubles, All-Events, and was on two winning teams in 1989 to tie Ed Lubanski of Detroit, MI and Bill Lillard of Houston, TX as the only men to win four ABC crowns in one year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (ABC Championships): Most appearances T Sports and Games|Bowling|ABC Championships Tournament|Most appearances 20 22 24 26 195850|2880 194354|2858 30950|455 252704|3 206832|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (ABC Championships): Most appearances Bill Doehrman of Fort Wayne, IN competed in 71 consecutive ABC tournaments, beginning in 1908. (No tournaments were held 1943-45.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (ABC Championships): Youngest and oldest winners T Sports and Games|Bowling|ABC Championships Tournament|Youngest and oldest winners 20 22 24 26 195918|2881 224070|3295 31086|457 252704|4 236192|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (ABC Championships): Youngest and oldest winners The youngest champion was Ronnie Knapp of New London, OH, who was a member of the 1963 Booster team champions when he was 16 years old. ^<n The oldest champion was Joe Detloff of Chicago, IL who, at the age of 72, was a winner in the 1965 Booster ^ team event. The oldest doubles team in ABC competition totaled 165 years in 1955: Jerry Ameling (83) and Joseph Lehnbeutter (82), both from St Louis, MO. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (ABC Championships): Strikes and spares T Sports and Games|Bowling|ABC Championships Tournament|Strikes and spares 20 22 24 26 195986|2882 167494|2463 31018|456 252704|5 175106|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (ABC Championships): Strikes and spares ^<4 Most in a row ^>4 In the greatest finish to win an ABC title, Ed Shay set a record of 12 strikes in a row in 1958, when he scored a perfect game for a total of 733 in singles. Most strikes in a row is 20, by Lou Veit of Milwaukee, WI in ^ 1977. The most spares in a row is 23, by Lt Hazen Sweet of Battle Creek, MI in 1950. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (WIBC): Highest scores T Sports and Games|Bowling|Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC)|Highest scores 20 22 24 26 196054|2883 80046|1177 32378|476 253140|0 88626|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (WIBC): Highest scores Patty Ann of Appleton, WI, had a record five-year composite average of 227 through the 1985/86 season. She also had the best one-season average, 232, in the 1983/84 season. ^<n The highest five-woman team score for a three-game series is 3,493, by ^ Lisa's Flowers and Gift Shop, Franklin, WI in the 1989/90 season. The highest game score by a five-woman team is 3,437, by Goebel Beer of Detroit, MI in the 1988/89 season. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (WIBC): Championship Tournament T Sports and Games|Bowling|Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC)|Championship Tournament 20 22 24 26 196122|2884 79978|1176 32310|475 253140|1 88626|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (WIBC): Championship Tournament ^<4 Highest scores ^>4 The highest score for a three-game series in the annual WIBC Championship Tournament is 773, by Debbie Kuhn of Baltimore, MD in the 1991 singles event. She also holds the record for highest All-Events score (nine games), ^ with 2,036 in 1991. ^<n The record for one game is 300, by Lori Gensch of Milwaukee, WI in the 1979 doubles event, by Rose Walsh of Pomona, CA in the 1986 singles event, and by Linda Kelly of Huber Heights, OH in the 1987 doubles event. ^<n ^<4 ^ Most championships ^>4 Dorothy Miller of Chicago, IL has won ten WIBC Championship Tournament events, the most by an individual. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (WIBC): Oldest and youngest T Sports and Games|Bowling|Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC)|Oldest and youngest players 20 22 24 26 196190|2885 224138|3296 32446|477 253140|2 236192|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (WIBC): Oldest and youngest Mary Covell of Chicago, IL participated in her 61st WIBC tournament in 1992. The oldest participant was Ethel Brunnick (b. 30 Aug 1887) of Santa Monica, CA, at age 99 in 1987. ^<n The youngest champion was Leila Wagner (b. 12 Jul 1960) of ^ Annapolis, MD, who was 18 when she was a member of the championship five-woman team in 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Bowling (WIBC): Perfect games T Sports and Games|Bowling|Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC)|Perfect games 20 22 24 26 196258|2886 167630|2465 32514|478 253140|3 175106|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Bowling (WIBC): Perfect games Jeanne Maiden of Tacoma, WA has rolled 20 perfect games to set the WIBC career record. She also set a record of 40 consecutive strikes in 1986 and rolled an 864 on games of 300-300-264. The most 300 games rolled in a career is 20, by Jeanne Maiden. ^ The oldest woman to bowl a perfect game (12 strikes in a row) was Helen Duval of Berkeley, CA, at age 65 in 1982. Of all the women who rolled a perfect game, the one with the lowest average was Diane Ponza of Santa Cruz, CA, who had a 112 average ^ in the 1977/78 season. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Origins T Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 196326|2887 35778|526 33398|491 253732|0 13960|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Origins Boxing with gloves was depicted on a fresco dated c. 1520 B.C. from the Isle of Thera, Greece. The earliest prize-ring code of rules was formulated in England on 16 Aug 1743 by the champion pugilist Jack Broughton (1704-89), who reigned from 1734 ^ to 1750. In 1867 boxing came under the Queensberry Rules, formulated for John Sholto Douglas, 8th Marquess of Queensberry (1844-1900). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 New York was the first state to legalize boxing in the United States, in 1896. ^ Today professional boxing is regulated in each state by athletic or boxing commissions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Longest fights T Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Longest fights 20 22 24 26 196394|2888 131454|1933 33058|486 253732|1 139100|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Longest fights The longest recorded fight with gloves was between Andy Bowen of New Orleans (1867-94) and Jack Burke at New Orleans, LA on 6-7 Apr 1893. It lasted 110 rounds, 7 hr 19 min (9:15 P.M.-4:34 A.M.), and was declared a no-contest (later changed to a ^ draw). Bowen won an 85-round bout on 31 May 1893. ^<n The longest bare-knuckle fight was 6 hr 15 min, between James Kelly and Jack Smith at Fiery Creek, Dalesford, Victoria, Australia on 3 Dec 1855. ^<n The greatest number of rounds was 276, in 4 ^ hr 30 min, when Jack Jones beat Patsy Tunney in Cheshire, Great Britain in 1825. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Shortest fights T Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Shortest fights 20 22 24 26 196462|2889 240730|3540 33466|492 253732|2 253960|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Shortest fights There is a distinction between the quickest knockout and the shortest fight. A knockout in 10 1/2 sec (including a 10 sec count) occurred on 23 Sep 1946, when Al Couture struck Ralph Walton while the latter was adjusting a gum shield in his corner ^ at Lewiston, ME. If the time was accurately recorded it is clear that Couture must have been more than halfway across the ring from his own corner at the opening bell. ^<n The shortest fight on record appears to have been one in a Golden Gloves ^ tournament at Minneapolis, MN on 4 Nov 1947, when Mike Collins floored Pat Brownson with the first punch and the contest was stopped, without a count, 4 sec after the opening bell. ^<n The shortest world title fight was 45 sec, when Lloyd ^ Honeyghan (Great Britain; b. 22 Apr 1960) beat Gene Hatcher (USA) in an IBF welterweight bout at Marbella, Spain on 30 Aug 1987. Some sources also quote the Al McCoy (1894-1966) first-round knockout of George Chip in a middleweight contest on 7 ^ Apr 1914 as being in 45 sec. ^<n The shortest-ever heavyweight world title fight was the James J. Jeffries (1875-1953)--Jack Finnegan bout at Detroit, MI on 6 Apr 1900, won by Jeffries in 55 sec. ^<n Eugene Brown, on his professional debut, ^ knocked out Ian Bockes at Leicester, Great Britain, on 13 Mar 1989. The fight was officially stopped after ten seconds of the first round. Bockes got up after a count of six, but the referee stopped the contest. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Tallest T Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Tallest 20 22 24 26 196530|2890 253446|3727 33534|493 253732|3 267614|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Tallest The tallest boxer to fight professionally was Gogea Mitu (b. 1914) of Romania, in 1935. He was 7 ft 4 in and weighed 327 lb. John Rankin, who won a fight in New Orleans, LA in November 1967, was reputedly also 7 ft 4 in. Jim Culley, "The Tipperary ^ Giant," who fought as a boxer and wrestled in the 1940s, is also reputed to have been 7 ft 4 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Most fights without loss T \p8\D14\3711246 Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Most fights without loss 20 22 24 26 196598|2891 168038|2471 30746|452 33194|488 253732|4 175106|68 43756|0 -PCAP- Julio Cesar Chavez (Mexico), the current WBC and IBF super lightweight world champion, is undefeated since turning professional--a total of 69 fights to March 1990. (Photo: Allsport/Holly Stein) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Most fights without loss Edward Henry "Harry" Greb (USA; 1894-1926) was unbeaten in a sequence of 178 bouts, but these included 117 "no decision," of which five were unofficial losses, in 1916-23. ^<n Of boxers with complete records, Packey McFarland (USA; 1888-1936) had ^ 97 fights (5 draws) in 1905-15 without a defeat. ^<n Pedro Carrasco (Spain; b. 7 Nov 1943) won 83 consecutive fights from 22 April 1964 to 3 Sep 1970, drew once and had a further nine wins before his loss to Armando Ramos in a WBC lightweight ^ contest on 18 Feb 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Most knockouts T Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Most knockouts 20 22 24 26 196666|2892 168174|2473 33330|490 253732|5 175106|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Most knockouts The greatest number of finishes classed as "knockouts" in a career (1936-63) is 145 (129 in professional bouts), by Archie Moore (USA; b. Archibald Lee Wright, 13 Dec 1913 or 1916). ^<n The record for consecutive KO's is 44, by Lamar Clark (USA; b. ^ 1 Dec 1934) from 1958 to 11 Jan 1960. He knocked out six in one night (five in the first round) at Bingham, UT on 1 Dec 1958. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Most knockdowns in title fight T Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Most knockdowns in title fight 20 22 24 26 196734|2893 168106|2472 33262|489 253732|6 175106|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Most knockdowns in title fight Vic Toweel (South Africa; b. 12 Jan 1929) knocked down Danny O'Sullivan of London, Great Britain 14 times in ten rounds in their world bantamweight fight at Johannesburg, South Africa on 2 Dec 1950, before the latter retired. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Longest-lived boxer T \p8\D14\3811243 Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Longest-lived boxer 20 23 25 27 196802|2894 158314|2328 30814|453 33126|487 253732|7 169792|0 43756|1 -PCAP- Jack Sharkey (b. Joseph Paul Cukoschay, 26 Oct 1902) is the longest-lived world heavyweight champion, surpassing the previous record of 87 yr 341 days held by Jack Dempsey (1895-1983), on 3 Oct 1990. Sharkey won the title on 21 Jun 1932, defeating ^ Max Schmeling on points, but lost in his first defense to the "Ambling Alp," Primo Carnera, on 29 Jun 1933. (Photo: Hulton Picture Library) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Longest-lived boxer Jack Sharkey (b. Joseph Paul Cukoschay, 26 Oct 1902), champion from 21 Jun 1932 to 29 Jun 1933, surpassed the previous record of 87 yr 341 days held by Jack Dempsey (1895--1983) on 3 Oct 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing: Attendances T \p8\D14\3811242 Sports and Games|Boxing|General Records|Attendances 20 23 25 27 196870|2895 245490|3610 30882|454 32990|485 758|11 253732|8 258628|18 43756|2 -PCAP- Muhammad Ali (left) and Leon Spinks (right) square off during their WBA World Heavyweight title fight at the Superdome, New Orleans on 15 Sep 1978. The fight attracted a crowd of 63,350, the largest ever for an indoor fight. Ali won on points and ^ regained the world title for a record second time. (Photo: Allsport USA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing: Attendances ^<4 Greatest ^>4 The greatest paid attendance at any boxing match was 120,757 (with a ringside price of $27.50) for the Gene T. Tunney ^I Jack D. Dempsey world heavyweight title fight at the Sesquicentennial Stadium, Philadelphia, PA on ^ 23 Sep 1926. ^<n The indoor record is 63,350, at the Muhammad Ali ^I Leon Spinks (b. 11 Jul 1953) fight in the Superdome, New Orleans, LA on 15 Sep 1978. ^<n The highest nonpaying attendance is 135,132, at the Tony Zale ^I Billy ^ Pryor fight at Juneau Park, Milwaukee, WI on 16 Aug 1941. ^<n ^<4 Smallest ^>4 The smallest attendance at a world heavyweight title fight was 2,434, at the Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali) ^I Sonny Liston fight at Lewiston, ME on 25 May ^ 1965. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Earliest title fight T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Earliest title fight 20 22 24 26 196938|2896 8306|122 34282|504 254378|0 13960|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Earliest title fight Long accepted as the first world heavyweight title fight, with gloves and 3-min rounds, was that between John Lawrence Sullivan (1858-1918) and James John "Gentleman Jim" Corbett (1866-1933) in New Orleans, LA on 7 Sep 1892. Corbett won in 21 ^ rounds. However, the fight between Sullivan, then the world bare-knuckle champion, and Dominick F. McCafferey in Chester Park, Cincinnati, OH on 29 Aug 1885 was staged under Queensberry Rules with the boxers wearing gloves over six rounds. The ^ referee, Billy Tait, left the ring without giving a verdict, but when asked two days later said that Sullivan had won. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Reign T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Reign 20 22 24 26 197006|2897 131386|1932 34622|509 254378|1 139100|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Reign ^<4 Longest ^>4 Joe Louis (USA; b. Joseph Louis Barrow, 1914-81) was champion for 11 years 252 days, from 22 Jun 1937, when he knocked out James Joseph Braddock in the eighth round at Chicago, IL, until announcing his retirement on 1 Mar 1949. ^ During his reign Louis made a record 25 defenses of his title. ^<n ^<4 Shortest ^>4 The shortest reigns were 83 days for WBA champion James "Bonecrusher" Smith (USA; b. 3 Apr 1955), 13 Dec 1986 to 7 Mar 1987, and for Ken Norton (USA; b. 9 Aug ^ 1945), recognized by the WBC as champion from 18 Mar-9 Jun 1978. Tony Tucker (USA; b. 28 Dec 1958) was IBF champion for 64 days, 30 May-2 Aug 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Most recaptures T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Most recaptures 20 22 24 26 197074|2898 167970|2470 34486|507 254378|2 175106|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Most recaptures Muhammad Ali is the only man to have regained the heavyweight championship twice. Ali first won the title on 25 Feb 1964, defeating Sonny Liston. He defeated George Foreman on 30 Oct 1974, after having been stripped of the title by the world boxing ^ authorities on 28 Apr 1967. He won the WBA title from Leon Spinks on 15 Sep 1978, having previously lost to him on 15 Feb 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Undefeated T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Undefeated 20 22 24 26 197142|2899 34826|512 254378|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Undefeated Rocky Marciano (USA; b. Rocco Francis Marchegiano, 1923-69) is the only world champion at any weight to have won every fight of his entire professional career from 17 Mar 1947 to 21 Sep 1955 (he announced his retirement on 27 Apr 1956); 43 of his ^ 49 fights were by knockouts or stoppages. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Oldest T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Oldest 20 22 24 26 197210|2900 224410|3300 34554|508 254378|4 236192|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Oldest "Jersey Joe" Walcott (USA; b. Arnold Raymond Cream, 31 Jan 1914) was 37 yr 168 days when he knocked out Ezzard Mack Charles (1921-75) on 18 Jul 1951 in Pittsburgh, PA. He was also the oldest holder, at 38 yr 236 days, losing his title to Rocky ^ Marciano on 23 Sep 1952. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Youngest T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Youngest 20 22 24 26 197278|2901 261674|3848 34894|513 254378|5 275964|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Youngest Mike Tyson (USA) was 20 yr 144 days when he beat Trevor Berbick (USA) to win the WBC version at Las Vegas, NV on 22 Nov 1986. He added the WBA title when he beat James "Bonecrusher" Smith on 7 Mar 1987 at 20 yr 249 days. He became universal ^ champion on 2 Aug 1987 when he beat Tony Tucker (USA) for the IBF title. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Tallest T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Tallest 20 22 24 26 197346|2902 253378|3726 34758|511 254378|6 267614|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Tallest There is uncertainty as to the tallest world champion. Ernest Terrell (USA; b. 4 Apr 1939), WBA champion 1965-67, was reported to be 6 ft 6 in. Slightly higher figures had been given for earlier champions, but, according to measurements by the ^ physical education director of the Hemingway Gymnasium, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Primo Carnera was 6 ft 5.4 in, although widely reported and believed to be up to 6 ft 8 1/2 in. Jess Willard (1881-1968), who won the title in 1915, often ^ stated to be 6 ft 6 1/4 in, was in fact 6 ft 5 1/4 in. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Shortest T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Shortest 20 22 24 26 197414|2903 240662|3539 34690|510 254378|7 253960|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Shortest Tommy Burns, world heavyweight champion from 23 Feb 1906 to 26 Dec 1908, stood 5 ft 7 in and weighed between 168-180 lb. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Lightest T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Lightest 20 22 24 26 197482|2904 127918|1881 34418|506 254378|8 138174|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Lightest Robert James "Bob" Fitzsimmons (1863-1917) from Great Britain weighed 167 lb when he won the title by knocking out James J. Corbett at Carson City, NV on 17 Mar 1897. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Heaviest T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Heavyweight|Heaviest 20 22 24 26 197550|2905 58218|856 34350|505 254378|9 65726|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Heavyweight): Heaviest Primo Carnera (Italy; 1906-67), the "Ambling Alp," who won the title from Jack Sharkey in New York City on 29 Jun 1933, scaled 260 1/2 lb for this fight, but his peak weight was 270 lb. He had an expanded chest measurement of 54 in and the longest ^ reach at 85 1/2 in (fingertip to fingertip). ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Reign T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Reign 20 22 24 26 197618|2906 131318|1931 34146|502 255094|0 139100|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Reign ^<4 Longest ^>4 The Joe Louis heavyweight duration record of 11 yr 252 days stands for all divisions. ^<n ^<4 Shortest ^>4 Tony Canzoneri (USA; 1908-59) was world light-welterweight champion for 33 days, 21 May to 23 Jun 1933, the shortest ^ period for a boxer to have won and lost the world title in the ring. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Youngest T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Youngest 20 22 24 26 197686|2907 261606|3847 34214|503 255094|1 275964|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Youngest Wilfred Benitez (b. New York, 12 Sep 1958) of Puerto Rico was 17 yr 176 days when he won the WBA light-welterweight title in San Juan, Puerto Rico on 6 Mar 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Oldest T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Oldest 20 22 24 26 197754|2908 224342|3299 34078|501 255094|2 236192|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Oldest Archie Moore, who was recognized as a light-heavyweight champion up to 10 Feb 1962 when his title was removed, was then believed to be between 45 and 48 years old. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Longest career T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Longest career 20 22 24 26 197822|2909 131182|1929 33738|496 255094|3 139100|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Longest career Bob Fitzsimmons had a career of over 31 years, from 1883 to 1914. He had his last world title bout on 20 Dec 1905 at the age of 42 yr 208 days. Jack Johnson (USA; 1878-1946) also had a career of over 31 years, from 1897-1928. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Longest fight T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Longest fight 20 22 24 26 197890|2910 131250|1930 33806|497 18914|278 255094|4 139100|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Longest fight The longest world title fight (under Queensberry Rules) was that between the lightweights Joe Gans (1874-1910), of the USA, and Oscar Matthew "Battling" Nelson (1882-1954), the "Durable Dane," at Goldfield, NV on 3 Sep 1906. It was terminated in ^ the 42nd round when Gans was declared the winner on a foul. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Most different weights T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Most different weights 20 22 24 26 197958|2911 167766|2467 33874|498 255094|5 175106|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Most different weights The first to have won world titles at four weight categories was Thomas Hearns (USA; b. 18 Oct 1958), WBA welterweight in 1980, WBC super-welterweight in 1982, WBC light-heavyweight in 1987 and WBC middleweight in 1987. He added a fifth weight ^ division when he won the supermiddleweight title recognized by the newly created World Boxing Organization (WBO) on 4 Nov 1988, and he won the WBA light-heavyweight title on 3 Jun 1991. ^<n Sugar Ray Leonard (USA; b. 17 May 1956) has also claimed ^ world titles in five weight categories. Having previously won the WBC welterweight in 1979 and 1980, WBA junior middleweight in 1981 and WBC middleweight in 1987, he beat Donny Lalonde (Canada) on 7 Nov 1988, for both the WBC light-heavyweight ^ and super-middleweight titles. However, despite the fact that the WBC sanctioned the fight, it is against their rules to contest two divisions in one fight. Therefore, although Leonard won, he had to relinquish one of the titles. ^<n The only man ^ to hold world titles at three weights ^I was Henry "Homicide Hank" Armstrong (USA; 1912-88), at featherweight, lightweight and welterweight from August to December 1938. It is argued, however, that Barney Ross (b. Barney ^ David Rosofsky [USA]; 1909-67) held the lightweight, junior-welterweight and welterweight titles simultaneously, from 28 May to 17 Sep 1934, although there is some dispute as to when he relinquished his lightweight title. In recent years there ^ has been a proliferation of weight categories and governing bodies, but Armstrong was undisputed world champion at widely differing weights, which makes his achievement all the more remarkable. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Most recaptures T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Most recaptures 20 22 24 26 198026|2912 167834|2468 33942|499 255094|6 175106|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Most recaptures The only boxer to win a world title five times at one weight is "Sugar Ray" Robinson (USA; b. Walker Smith Jr., 1921-89), who beat Carmen Basilio (USA) in Chicago Stadium, IL on 25 Mar 1958 to regain the world middleweight title for the fourth ^ time. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Most title bouts T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Most title bouts 20 22 24 26 198094|2913 167902|2469 34010|500 255094|7 175106|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Most title bouts The record number of title bouts in a career is 37, of which 18 ended in "no decision," by three-time world welterweight champion Jack Britton (USA; 1885-1962) in 1915-22. The record containing no "no decision" contests is 27 (all heavyweight), by ^ Joe Louis between 1937-50. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Greatest weight difference T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Greatest weight difference 20 22 24 26 198162|2914 46318|681 33670|495 255094|8 52992|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Greatest weight difference When Primo Carnera (Italy), 270 lb, fought Tommy Loughran (USA), 184 lb, for the world heavyweight title at Miami, FL on 1 Mar 1934, there was a weight difference of 86 lb between the two fighters. Carnera won the fight on points. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (World Champions): Greatest {tonnage} T Sports and Games|Boxing|World Champions (Any Weight)|Greatest {tonnage} 20 22 24 26 198230|2915 46386|682 33602|494 255094|9 52992|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (World Champions): Greatest {tonnage} The greatest "tonnage" recorded in any fight is 700 lb, when Claude "Humphrey" McBride (Oklahoma), 340 lb, knocked out Jimmy Black (Houston, TX), 360 lb, in the third round at Oklahoma City, OK on 1 Jun 1971. ^<n The greatest "tonnage" in a world ^ title fight was 488 3/4 lb, when Carnera, then 259 1/2 lb, fought Paolino Uzcudun (Spain), 229 1/4 lb, in Rome, Italy on 22 Oct 1933. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (Amateur): Olympic titles T Sports and Games|Boxing|Amateur|Olympic titles 20 22 24 26 198298|2916 198502|2919 32854|483 255810|0 211064|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (Amateur): Olympic titles ^<4 Most medals ^>4 Only two boxers have won three Olympic gold medals: southpaw Laszlo Papp (Hungary; b. 25 Mar 1926), middleweight winner 1948, light-middleweight winner 1952 and 1956; and Teofilo Stevenson (Cuba; b. 23 Mar 1952), heavyweight ^ winner 1972, 1976 and 1980. ^<n The only man to win two titles in one Olympic celebration was Oliver L.Kirk (USA), who won both bantam and featherweight titles in St Louis, MO in 1904, but he needed only one bout in each class. ^<n ^<4 Youngest ^ champion ^>4 A record that will stand forever is that of the youngest Olympic boxing champion: Jackie Fields (ne Finkelstein [USA]; b. 9 Feb 1908), who won the 1924 featherweight title at age 16 yrs 162 days. The minimum age for Olympic boxing ^ competitors is now 17. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (Amateur): Oldest gold medalist T Sports and Games|Boxing|Amateur|Oldest gold medalist 20 22 24 26 198366|2917 224274|3298 32786|482 255810|1 236192|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (Amateur): Oldest gold medalist Richard Kenneth Gunn (Great Britain; 1871-1961) won the Olympic featherweight gold medal on 27 Oct 1908 in London, Great Britain at the age of 37 yr 254 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (Amateur): World Championships T \p8\D14\3911231a Sports and Games|Boxing|Amateur|World Championships 20 23 25 27 198434|2918 207070|3045 30950|455 32922|484 255810|2 219140|14 43756|3 -PCAP- Three Cuban boxers have won a record three amateur World Championships, although only one has won them within the same weight division. Felix Savon, seen here in action during the 1986 Championships, won the heavyweight title in 1986, 1989 and ^ 1991. (Photo: Allsport/Mike Powell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (Amateur): World Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Three boxers have won three world titles (instituted 1974): Teofilo Stevenson (Cuba), heavyweight winner 1974, 1978 and super-heavyweight winner 1986; Adolfo Horta (Cuba; b. 3 Oct 1957), bantam winner 1978, feather winner ^ 1982 and lightweight winner 1986; and Felix Savon (Cuba), heavyweight winner 1986, 1989 and 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Boxing (Amateur): Most US titles T Sports and Games|Boxing|Amateur|Most US titles 20 22 24 26 198502|2919 207002|3044 32718|481 255810|3 219140|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Boxing (Amateur): Most US titles US Amateur Championships were first staged in 1888. The most titles won is five, by middleweight W. Rodenbach, 1900-04. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Origins T \p8\D14\3911231b Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Origins 20 23 25 27 198570|2920 224614|3303 31018|456 39654|583 256192|0 236192|30 44052|0 -PCAP- Seen here is action from the 1991 World Championships at Ljubljana, Slovenia. World Championships in canoe slalom have been held biennially since 1949, and the sport returned to the Olympic program in Barcelona, having been contested in 1972 at ^ Munich. (Photo: Allsport USA/Dan Smith) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Origins The acknowledged pioneer of canoeing as a modern sport was John Macgregor (1825-92), a British attorney, who founded the Canoe Club in Surrey, Great Britain on 26 Jul 1866. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The oldest club in the United States is the ^ New York Canoe Club, founded at St George, Staten Island, NY in 1871. The American Canoe Association was formed on 3 Aug 1880. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Most titles T \p8\D14\3811236 Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 198638|2921 207138|3046 31086|457 39518|581 256192|1 219140|15 44052|1 -PCAP- Greg Barton, gold medalist at K1 and K2 100 meter races in 1988, is the only American to win two Olympic gold medals at canoeing. (Photo: Allsport USA/Mike Powell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Most titles ^<4 Olympics ^>4 Gert Fredriksson (Sweden; b. 21 Nov 1919) won a record six Olympic gold medals, 1948-60. He added a silver and a bronze for a record eight medals. ^<n Birgit Schmidt (Germany) won a record four gold medals, 1980-92. ^<n The most ^ gold medals at one Games is three, by Vladimir Parfenovich (USSR; b. 2 Dec 1958) in 1980 and by Ian Ferguson (New Zealand; b. 20 Jul 1952) in 1984. ^<n ^<4 World ^>4 Including the Olympic Games, a women's record 22 titles have been won by ^ Birgit Schmidt, 1978-88. ^<n The men's record is 13, by Gert Fredriksson, 1948-60, Rudiger Helm (East Germany; b. 6 Oct 1956), 1976-83, and Ivan Patzaichin (Romania; b. 26 Nov 1949), 1968-84. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The only American ^ canoeist to have won two Olympic gold medals is Gregory Mark Barton (b. 2 Dec 1959), who won at K1 and K2 1,000 m events in 1988. He also has a US record three medals, as he took bronze at K1 1,000 m in 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Most US titles T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Most US titles 20 22 24 26 198706|2922 207206|3047 39586|582 256192|2 219140|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Most US titles Marcia Ingram Jones Smoke (b. 18 Jul 1941) won 35 US national titles between 1962 and 1981, as well as 24 North American Championships and three gold medals at the 1967 Pan-American Games. The men's record is 33 US titles, by Ernest Riedel (b. 13 ^ Jul 1901) between 1930 and 1948, mostly at kayak events. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Fastest speed T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 198774|2923 19730|290 39042|574 256192|3 23878|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Fastest speed The Hungarian four-man kayak Olympic champions in 1988 at Seoul, South Korea covered 1,000 m in 2 min 58.54 sec in a heat. This represents an average speed of 12.53 mph. In this same race the Norwegian four achieved a 250 m split of 42.08 sec ^ between 500 m and 750 m for a speed of 13.29 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Longest journey T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Longest journey 20 22 24 26 198842|2924 132814|1953 39382|579 256192|4 139100|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Longest journey Father and son Dana and Donald Starkell paddled from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada by ocean and river to Belem, Brazil, a distance of 12,181 miles, from 1 Jun 1980 to 1 May 1982. All portages were human-powered. ^<n Without portages or aid of any ^ kind, the longest is one of 6,102 miles, by Richard H. Grant and Ernest "Moose" Lassy, circumnavigating the eastern USA via Chicago, New Orleans, Miami, New York City and the Great Lakes from 22 Sep 1930 to 15 Aug 1931. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Longest race T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Longest race 20 22 24 26 198910|2925 132882|1954 39450|580 256192|5 139100|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Longest race The Canadian Government Centennial Voyageur Canoe Pageant and Race from Rocky Mountain House, Alberta to the Expo 67 site at Montreal, Quebec was 3,283 miles. Ten canoes represented Canadian provinces and territories. The winner of the race, which ^ took from 24 May to 4 Sep 1967, was the Province of Manitoba canoe ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Greatest lifetime distance T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Greatest lifetime distance 20 22 24 26 198978|2926 53730|790 39178|576 256192|6 61634|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Greatest lifetime distance Fritz Lindner of Berlin, Germany, totaled 64,278 miles of canoeing from 1928 to 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Greatest distance in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Greatest distance in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 199046|2927 53662|789 39110|575 256192|7 61634|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Greatest distance in 24 hours Zdzislaw Szubski paddled 157.1 miles in a Jaguar K1 canoe on the Vistula River, Wlocklawek to Gdansk, Poland, on 11-12 Sep 1987. ^<n ^<4 Flat water ^>4 Marinda Hartzenberg (South Africa) paddled, without benefit of current, 137.13 miles on Loch ^ Logan, Bloemfontein, South Africa on 31 Dec 1990-1 Jan 1991. ^<n ^<4 Open sea ^>4 Randy Fine (USA) paddled 120.6 miles along the Florida coast on 26-27 Jun 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Eskimo rolls T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Eskimo rolls 20 22 24 26 199114|2928 168378|2476 38974|573 256192|8 175106|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Eskimo rolls Ray Hudspith (b. 18 Apr 1960) achieved 1,000 rolls in 34 min 43 sec at the Elswick Pool, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Great Britain on 20 Mar 1987. He completed 100 rolls in 3 min 7.25 sec at Killingworth Leisure Center, Great Britain on 3 Mar 1991. ^<n ^ Randy Fine (USA) completed 1,796 continuous rolls at Biscayne Bay, Miami, FL on 8 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: {Hand rolls} T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|{Hand rolls} 20 22 24 26 199182|2929 168446|2477 39246|577 256192|9 175106|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: {Hand rolls} Colin Brian Hill (b. 16 Aug 1970) achieved 1,000 rolls in 31 min 55.62 sec at Consett, County Durham, Great Britain on 12 Mar 1987. He also achieved 100 rolls in 2 min 39.2 sec in London, Great Britain on 22 Feb 1987. He completed 3,700 continuous ^ rolls at Durham City Swimming Baths, Great Britain on 1 May 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Canoeing: Largest raft T Sports and Games|Canoeing|General Records|Largest raft 20 22 24 26 199250|2930 87186|1282 39314|578 256192|10 91334|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Canoeing: Largest raft A raft of 568 kayaks and canoes, organized by the Nottinghamshire County Scout Council with the help of scouts from other counties, was held together by hands only, while free floating for 30 seconds on the River Trent, Nottingham, Great Britain on ^ 30 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Card Games: Perfect deals T Sports and Games|Card Games|General Records|Perfect deals 20 22 24 26 199318|2931 64474|948 40198|591 257204|0 71062|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Card Games: Perfect deals ^<4 Highest odds ^>4 The mathematical odds against dealing 13 cards of one suit are 158,753,389,899 to 1, while the odds against a named player receiving a "perfect hand" consisting of all 13 spades are 635,013,559,599 to 1. The odds against ^ each of the four players' receiving a complete suit (a "perfect deal") are 2,235,197,406,895,366,368,301,559,999 to 1. ^ -END- -CTRL- Contract Bridge: Origins T Sports and Games|Card Games|Contract Bridge|Origins 20 22 24 26 199386|2932 36050|530 53934|793 257290|0 40936|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Contract Bridge: Origins Bridge (a corruption of ^I , a now-obsolete Russian word whose meanings include "declarer") is thought either to be of Levantine origin, similar games having been played there in the early 1870s, or to have come from India. ^<n ^ Auction bridge (highest bidder names trump) was invented ^I 1902. The contract principle, present in several games (notably the French game ^I , ^I 1917), was first introduced to bridge by Harold Stirling ^ Vanderbilt (USA; 1884-1970) on 1 Nov 1925 during a Caribbean voyage aboard the SS ^I It became a worldwide craze after the USA ^I Great Britain challenge match between Romanian-born Ely Culbertson (USA; 1891-1955) and Lt ^ Col Walter Thomas More Buller (Great Britain; 1887-1938) at Almack's Club, London, Great Britain in September 1930. The USA won the 200-hand match by 4,845 points. ^ -END- -CTRL- Contract Bridge: Biggest tournament T Sports and Games|Card Games|Contract Bridge|Biggest tournament 20 22 24 26 199454|2933 1370|20 53662|789 257290|1 7328|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Contract Bridge: Biggest tournament The Epson World Bridge Championship, held on 7 Jun 1991, was contested by almost 90,000 players playing the same hands at centers in 95 countries. ^ -END- -CTRL- Contract Bridge: Most world titles T Sports and Games|Card Games|Contract Bridge|Most world titles 20 22 24 26 199522|2934 207410|3050 53866|792 257290|2 219140|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Contract Bridge: Most world titles The World Championship (Bermuda Bowl) has been won a record 13 times by Italy's Blue Team ( ^I ), 1957-59, 1961-63, 1965-67, 1969, 1973-75, and by the USA, 1950-51, 1953-54, 1970-71, 1976-77, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987. Italy ^ also won the team Olympiad in 1964, 1968 and 1972 and the US won in 1988. Giorgio Belladonna (b. 7 Jun 1923) was on all the Italian winning teams. ^<n The USA has a record six wins in the women's world championship for the Venice Trophy, 1974, ^ 1976, 1978, 1987, 1989 and 1991, and three women's wins at the World Team Olympiad, 1976, 1980 and 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Contract Bridge: Most world championship hands T Sports and Games|Card Games|Contract Bridge|Most world championship hands 20 22 24 26 199590|2935 169602|2494 53798|791 257290|3 175106|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Contract Bridge: Most world championship hands In the 1989 Bermuda Bowl in Perth, Australia, Marcel Branco and Gabriel Chagas, both of Brazil, played a record 752 out of a possible 784 boards. ^ -END- -CTRL- Contract Bridge: Most Master Points T Sports and Games|Card Games|Contract Bridge|Most Master Points 20 22 24 26 199658|2936 200542|2949 53730|790 257290|4 213040|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Contract Bridge: Most Master Points In the latest ranking list based on Master Points awarded by the World Bridge Federation during the last ten years, the leading players in the world are ^I Robert Hamman (b. 1938) of Dallas, TX, with 597 points, and ^I ^ Sandra Landy (Great Britain), with 284. ^<n The all-time leading Master Point winner was Giorgio Belladonna (Italy) with 1,821 1/4 points. The world's leading woman player was Jacqui Mitchell (USA), with 347 points. ^ -END- -CTRL- Contract Bridge: Possible auctions T Sports and Games|Card Games|Contract Bridge|Possible auctions 20 22 24 26 199726|2937 169670|2495 54002|794 257290|5 175106|92 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Contract Bridge: Possible auctions The number of possible auctions with North as dealer is 128,745,650,347,030,683,120,231,926,111,609,371,363,122,697,557. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cribbage: Origins T Sports and Games|Card Games|Cribbage|Origins 20 22 24 26 199794|2938 54886|807 257726|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cribbage: Origins The invention of the game (once spelled cribbidge) is credited to the English dramatist Sir John Suckling (1609-42). ^ -END- -CTRL- Cribbage: Rare hands T Sports and Games|Card Games|Cribbage|Rare hands 20 22 24 26 199862|2939 236650|3480 54954|808 257726|1 250310|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cribbage: Rare hands Four maximum 29-point hands have been achieved by William E. Johnson of Waltham, MA, 1974-81, and by Mrs Mary Matheson of Springhill, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1974-85. Paul Nault of Athol, MA had two such hands within eight games in a tournament on 19 ^ Mar 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cribbage: Most points in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Card Games|Cribbage|Most points in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 199930|2940 200610|2950 54818|806 257726|2 213040|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cribbage: Most points in 24 hours The most points scored by a team of four, playing singles in two pairs, is 111,201, by Christine and Elizabeth Gill, Jeanette MacGrath and Donald Ward at Grannie's Healin' Hame, Embo, Great Britain on 2-3 May 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket: Origins T \p8\D14\3911233 Sports and Games|Cricket|General Records|Origins 20 23 25 27 199998|2941 36186|532 31154|458 55566|817 258178|0 13960|29 44208|0 -PCAP- Seen here during their vital partnership of 139 in the 1992 World Cup final are Imran Khan (left) and Javed Miandad of Pakistan. Both players hold the record for having appeared in all five World Cup tournaments and having played a record 28 games. ^ Imran has taken a record 34 wickets in World Cup matches and Javed has a record aggregate of 1,029 runs. (Photo: Allsport/Adrian Murrell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket: Origins Cricket originated in England in the Middle Ages. It is impossible to pinpoint its exact origin; however, historians believe that the modern game developed in the mid-16th century. The earliest surviving scorecard is from a match played between ^ England and Kent, Great Britain on 18 Jun 1744. The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787 and, until 1968, was the world governing body for the sport. The International Cricket Conference (ICC) is responsible for international (Test) ^ cricket, while the MCC remains responsible for the laws of cricket. The first international match was played between Canada and the USA in 1844. Fifteen years later those countries were host to the first English touring team. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket: First-class records T Sports and Games|Cricket|General Records|First-class records 20 22 24 26 200066|2942 170010|2500 55022|809 258178|1 175106|97 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket: First-class records ^<4 Career ^>4 The most runs scored in a career is 61,237, by Sir John Berry "Jack" Hobbs (1882-1963) for Surrey and England, 1905-34. The most wickets taken by an individual is 4,187, by Wilfred Rhodes (1877-1973) for Yorkshire and England, ^ 1898-1930. The most dismissals by a wicket-keeper is 1,649, by Robert William Taylor (b. 17 Jul 1941) for Derbyshire and England, 1960-88. The most catches by a fielder is 1,018, by Frank Edward Woolley (1887-1978) for Kent and England, 1906-38. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (Test): Origins T \p8\D14\3711251A Sports and Games|Cricket|Test Cricket|Origins 20 22 24 26 200134|2943 36118|531 31222|459 55702|819 258334|0 40936|40 44208|1 -PCAP- The greatest number of people to attend a Test match is about 394,000 for the six days of the match between India and England at Eden Gardens, Calcutta on 1-6 Jan 1982. (Photo: Allsport/Adrian Murrell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (Test): Origins The first match, now considered as a Test, was played at Melbourne, Australia on 15-19 Mar 1877 between Australia and England. Neither side was representative of its country, and indeed such was the case for many matches, now accepted as Tests, ^ played over the next 50 years or so. Eight nations have played Test cricket: Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka and West Indies. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (Test): Career records T \p8\D14\3711250 Sports and Games|Cricket|Test Cricket|Career records 20 22 24 26 200202|2944 169942|2499 31290|460 55634|818 258334|1 175106|96 44208|2 -PCAP- Imran Khan is only the second player to score a century and take ten wickets in a Test match, scoring 117 and taking 11-180 against India at Faisalabad on 3-8 Jan 1983. (Photo: Allsport/Adrian Murrell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (Test): Career records The most runs scored by an individual is 10,122, by Sunil Manohar Gavaskar (India; b. 10 Jul 1949) in 125 Tests, 1971-87. The most wickets taken by a bowler is 431, by Sir Richard John Hadlee (New Zealand; b. 3 Jul 1951) in 86 Tests, 1973-90. The ^ most dismissals by a wicket-keeper is 355, by Rodney William Marsh (Australia; b. 11 Nov 1947), in 96 Tests, 1970-84. The most catches by a fielder is 135, by Allan Robert Border (Australia; b. 27 Jul 1955) in 130 Tests, 1978-92. ^<n The best ^ all-round Test career record is that of Ian Terence Botham (b. 24 Nov 1955) with 5,200 runs, 383 wickets and 120 catches in 102 matches for England, 1977-92. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (National Championships): Australia T Sports and Games|Cricket|National Cricket Championships|Australia 20 22 24 26 200270|2945 215638|3171 55090|810 258490|0 227712|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (National Championships): Australia The premier event in Australia is the Sheffield Shield, an interstate competition contested since 1891-92. New South Wales has won the title a record 40 times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (National Championships): England T Sports and Games|Cricket|National Cricket Championships|England 20 22 24 26 200338|2946 215706|3172 55158|811 258490|1 227712|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (National Championships): England The major championship in England is the County Championships, an intercounty competition officially recognized since 1890. Yorkshire has won the title a record 30 times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (National Championships): India T Sports and Games|Cricket|National Cricket Championships|India 20 22 24 26 200406|2947 215774|3173 55226|812 258490|2 227712|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (National Championships): India The Ranji Trophy is India's premier cricket competition. Established in 1934 in memory of K. S. Ranjitsinhji, it is contested on a zonal basis, culminating in a playoff competition. Bombay has won the tournament a record 30 times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (National Championships): New Zealand T Sports and Games|Cricket|National Cricket Championships|New Zealand 20 22 24 26 200474|2948 215842|3174 55294|813 258490|3 227712|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (National Championships): New Zealand Since 1975, the major championship in New Zealand has been the Shell Trophy. Otago, Wellington and Auckland have each won the competition four times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (National Championships): Pakistan T Sports and Games|Cricket|National Cricket Championships|Pakistan 20 22 24 26 200542|2949 215910|3175 55362|814 258490|4 227712|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (National Championships): Pakistan Pakistan's national championship is the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, established in 1953. Karachi has won the trophy a record seven times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (National Championships): South Africa T Sports and Games|Cricket|National Cricket Championships|South Africa 20 22 24 26 200610|2950 215978|3176 55430|815 258490|5 227712|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (National Championships): South Africa The Currie Cup, donated by Sir Donald Currie, was first contested in 1889. Transvaal has won the competition a record 28 times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cricket (National Championships): West Indies T Sports and Games|Cricket|National Cricket Championships|West Indies 20 22 24 26 200678|2951 216046|3177 55498|816 258490|6 227712|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cricket (National Championships): West Indies The Red Stripe Cup, established in 1966, is the premier prize played for by the association of Caribbean islands (plus Guyana) that form the West Indies Cricket League. Barbados has won the competition a record 13 times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Croquet: Origins T Sports and Games|Croquet|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 200746|2952 36254|533 57946|852 259082|0 40936|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Croquet: Origins Its exact origins are obscure, but croquet is probably derived from the French game ^I , first mentioned in the 12th century. A game resembling croquet, possibly of foreign origin, was played in Ireland in the 1830s, and was ^ introduced to England. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Although croquet had been played in the United States for a number of years, a national body was not established until the formation of the United States Croquet Association (USCA) in 1976. The ^ first United States Championship was played in 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Croquet: International trophy T Sports and Games|Croquet|General Records|International trophy 20 22 24 26 200814|2953 216114|3178 57878|851 259082|1 227712|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Croquet: International trophy The MacRobertson Shield (instituted 1925 and held every three years) has been won a record eight times by Great Britain, in 1925, 1937, 1956, 1963, 1969, 1974, 1982 and 1990. The United States will compete for the first time in 1993 with Australia, ^ New Zealand and the UK/Ireland teams. ^<n A record seven appearances have been made by John G. Prince (New Zealand), in 1963, 1969, 1975, 1979, 1982, 1986 and 1990; on his debut he was the youngest-ever international, at 17 yr 190 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Croquet: USCA National Championships T Sports and Games|Croquet|General Records|USCA National Championships 20 22 24 26 200882|2954 216182|3179 58014|853 259082|2 227712|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Croquet: USCA National Championships J. Archie Peck has won the singles title a record four times, 1977, 1979-80 and 1982. Ted Prentis has won the doubles title four times with three different partners, 1978, 1980-81 and 1988. The teams of Ted Prentis and Ned Prentis (1980-81), Dana ^ Dribben and Ray Bell (1985-86), and Reid Fleming and Debbie Cornelius (1990-91) have each won the doubles title twice. Fleming also won doubles in 1989 with Wayne Rodoni, so Fleming won three times, although with two different partners. The New ^ York Croquet Club has won a record six National Club Championships, 1980-83, 1986 and 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cross-country Running: Origins T Sports and Games|Cross-Country Running|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 200950|2955 9326|137 58286|857 259394|0 13960|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cross-country Running: Origins The earliest recorded international cross-country race took place over 9 miles 18 yd from Ville d'Avray, outside Paris, France on 20 Mar 1898 between England and France (England won by 21 points to 69). ^ -END- -CTRL- Cross-country Running: World Championships T \p8\D14\us381123 Sports and Games|Cross-Country Running|General Records|World Championships 20 23 25 27 201018|2956 47474|698 31358|461 58422|859 259394|1 52992|35 44434|0 -PCAP- In 1991 Kenya uniquely won all four cross-country running competitions--men and women, senior and junior--in the World Championships in Antwerp, Belgium, and Ethiopia came in second in all of them. The photo on the right shows action in the senior ^ race, in which Africans, including eight Kenyans, took all of the first 13 places. In the junior race the first 16 runners were African. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cross-country Running: World Championships The inaugural International Cross-Country Championships took place at the Hamilton Park Racecourse, Great Britain on 28 Mar 1903. ^<n The greatest margin of victory is 56 sec or 390 yd by John "Jack" Thomas Holden (England; b. 13 Mar 1907) at Ayr ^ Racecourse, Strathclyde, Great Britain on 24 Mar 1934. ^<n Since 1973 the events have been official World Championships under the auspices of the International Amateur Athletic Federation. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The USA has never won the ^ men's team race, but Craig Steven Virgin (b. 2 Aug 1955) won the individual race twice, 1980-81. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cross-country Running: Most wins T \p8\D14\3911234 Sports and Games|Cross-Country Running|General Records|Most wins 20 22 24 26 201086|2957 216250|3180 31426|462 58218|856 13338|196 259394|2 227712|27 44434|1 -PCAP- John Ngugi (Kenya) is seen here in action at Stavanger, Norway in 1989 when he won his fourth world cross-country championship. Three years later, he succeeded for a record fifth time, winning in Boston, MA. (Photo: Allsport/Gray Mortimore) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cross-country Running: Most wins The greatest number of team victories has been by England, with 45 for men, 11 for junior men and seven for women. The USA and the USSR each have a record eight women's team victories. ^<n The greatest team domination was by Kenya at Auckland, New ^ Zealand on 26 Mar 1988. Their senior men's team finished eight men in the first nine, with a low score of 23 (six to score), and their junior men's team set a record low score, 11 (four to score) with six in the first seven. ^<n The greatest ^ number of men's individual victories is five, by John Ngugi (Kenya; b. 10 May 1962), 1986-89 and 1992. The women's race has been won five times by Doris Brown-Heritage (USA; b. 17 Sep 1942), 1967-71; and by Grete Waitz (nee Andersen [Norway]; b. ^ 1 Oct 1953), 1978-81 and 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cross-country Running: US Championships T Sports and Games|Cross-Country Running|General Records|US Championships 20 22 24 26 201154|2958 216318|3181 58354|858 259394|3 227712|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cross-country Running: US Championships In this competition, first staged in 1890, the most wins in the men's race is eight, by Patrick Ralph Porter (b. 31 May 1959), 1982-89. The women's championship was first contested in 1972, and the most wins is five, by Lynn A. Jennings (b. 1 Jul ^ 1960), 1985, 1987-90. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cross-country Running: Most appearances T Sports and Games|Cross-Country Running|General Records|Most appearances 20 22 24 26 201222|2959 194422|2859 58150|855 259394|4 206832|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cross-country Running: Most appearances Marcel van de Wattyne (Belgium; b. 7 Jul 1924) ran in a record 20 races, 1946-65. The women's record is 16, by Jean Lochhead (Wales; b. 24 Dec 1946), 1967-79, 1981, 1983-84. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cross-country Running: Largest field T Sports and Games|Cross-Country Running|General Records|Largest field 20 22 24 26 201290|2960 91878|1351 58082|854 259394|5 91334|142 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cross-country Running: Largest field The largest recorded field in any cross-country race was 11,763 starters (10,810 finished), in the 18.6-mile Lidingoloppet, near Stockholm, Sweden on 3 Oct 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: Origins T \c8\D02\3811252z Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|Origins 20 23 25 27 201358|2961 36322|534 31494|463 59646|877 259916|0 13960|32 44590|0 -PCAP- Curling has been a demonstration sport at the Olympic Games of 1924, 1932, 1936 (when a specialized German version of the game was played), 1964 and 1988. In 1988 Canada won the women's title, defeating Sweden in the final. (Photos: Allsport ^ USA/Leah) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: Origins Although a 15th-century bronze figure in the Florence Museum appears to be holding a curling stone, the earliest illustration of the sport was in one of the Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel's winter scenes ^I 1560. The game was probably ^ introduced into Scotland by Flemings in the 15th century. The earliest documented club is Muthill, Great Britain, formed in 1739. Organized administration began in 1838, with the formation in Edinburgh, Great Britain of the Grand (later Royal) ^ Caledonian Curling Club, the international legislative body until the foundation of the International Curling Federation in 1966, which was renamed the World Curling Federation in 1991. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The USA won the first Gordon ^ International Medal series of matches, between Canada and the United States, at Montreal in 1884. In 1832, Orchard Lake Curling Club, MI, was founded, the first in the United States. The oldest club in continuous existence in the USA is Milwaukee ^ Curling Club, WI, formed circa 1850. Regional curling associations governed the sport in the USA until 1947, when the United States Women's Curling Association was formed, followed in 1958 by the Men's Curling Association. In 1986, the United ^ States Curling Association was formed and is the current governing body for the sport. In Canada, the Dominion Curling Association was formed in 1935, renamed the Canadian Curling Association in 1968. Curling has been a demonstration sport at the ^ Olympic Games of 1924, 1932, 1964 and 1988. A specialized German version of the game was demonstrated in 1936. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: Most titles T Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 201426|2962 207478|3051 59578|876 259916|1 219140|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: Most titles Canada has won the men's World Championships (instituted 1959) 20 times, 1959-64, 1966, 1968-72, 1980, 1982-83, 1985-87, 1989-90. ^<n The most Strathcona Cup (instituted 1903) wins is seven, by Canada (1903, 1909, 1912, 1923, 1938, 1957, 1965) ^ against Scotland. ^<n The most women's World Championships (instituted 1979) is six, by Canada (1980, 1984-87, 1989). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The US has won the men's world title four times, with Bud Somerville skip on the first two winning ^ teams, 1965 and 1974. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: US National Championships T Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|US National Championships 20 22 24 26 201494|2963 170146|2502 59850|880 259916|2 175106|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: US National Championships ^<4 Men ^>4 In this competition, first held in 1957, two curlers have been skips on five championship teams: Bud Somerville (Superior Curling Club, WI in 1965, 1968-69, 1974, 1981), and Bruce Roberts (Hibbing Curling Club, MN in 1966-67, ^ 1976-77, 1984). Bill Strum of the Superior Curling Club has been a member of five title teams, in 1965, 1967, 1969, 1974 and 1978. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 In this competition, first held in 1977, Nancy Langley, Seattle, WA has been the skip of a ^ record four championship teams, 1979, 1981, 1983 and 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: The Labatt Brier T Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|The Labatt Brier 20 22 24 26 201562|2964 216386|3182 59782|879 259916|3 227712|29 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: The Labatt Brier The Brier is the Canadian Men's Curling championship. The competition was first held at the Granite Club, Toronto in 1927. Sponsored by Macdonald Tobacco Inc., it was known as the Macdonald Brier; since 1980 Labatt Brewery has sponsored the event. ^ The most wins is 22, by Manitoba (1928-32, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1940, 1942, 1947, 1949, 1952-53, 1956, 1965, 1970-72, 1979, 1981, 1984). Ernie Richardson (Saskatchewan) has been winning skip a record four times (1959-60, 1962-63). His brothers ^ Arnold and Sam Richardson were also members of each championship team. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: {Perfect} game T Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|{Perfect} game 20 22 24 26 201630|2965 59714|878 259916|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: {Perfect} game Stu Beagle, of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, played a perfect game (48 points) against Nova Scotia in the Canadian Championships (Brier) at Fort William (now Thunder Bay), Ontario on 8 Mar 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: Fastest game T Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|Fastest game 20 22 24 26 201698|2966 20682|304 59306|872 259916|5 23878|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: Fastest game Eight curlers from the Burlington Golf and Country Club curled an eight-end game in 47 min 24 sec, with time penalties of 5 min 30 sec, at Burlington, Ontario, Canada on 4 Apr 1986, following rules agreed on with the Ontario Curling Association. ^ The time is taken from when the first rock crosses the near hogline until the game's last rock comes to a complete stop. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: Largest bonspiel T Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|Largest bonspiel 20 22 24 26 201766|2967 92286|1357 59374|873 259916|6 91334|148 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: Largest bonspiel The largest bonspiel (curling tournament) in the world is the Manitoba Curling Association Bonspiel, held annually in Winnipeg, Canada. In 1988 there were 1,424 teams of four men, a total of 5,696 curlers, using 187 sheets of curling ice. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: Largest rink T Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|Largest rink 20 22 24 26 201834|2968 92354|1358 59442|874 259916|7 91334|149 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: Largest rink The world's largest curling rink was the Big Four Curling Rink, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, opened in 1959 and closed in 1990. Ninety-six teams and 384 players are accommodated on two floors, each with 24 sheets of ice. ^ -END- -CTRL- Curling: Longest throw T Sports and Games|Curling|General Records|Longest throw 20 22 24 26 201902|2969 134854|1983 59510|875 259916|8 139100|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Curling: Longest throw The longest throw of a curling stone was a distance of 576 ft 4 in, by Eddie Kulbacki (Canada) at Park Lake, Neepawa, Manitoba, Canada on 29 Jan 1989. The attempt took place on a specially prepared sheet of curling ice on frozen Park Lake, a record ^ 1,200 ft long. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Origins T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 201970|2970 36390|535 60734|893 260718|0 13960|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Origins The earliest recorded bicycle race was a velocipede race over 1.24 miles at the Parc de St Cloud, Paris, France on 31 May 1868, won by Dr James Moore (Great Britain; 1847-1935) (later Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^ The first recorded cycle race in the United States took place in September 1883 when G. M. Hendrie beat W.G. Rowe in a road race. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: World records (table) B \t\D02\1102911a \p8\D14\391169GB Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|World records (table) 20 22 24 28 202038|2971 21090|310 31562|464 60938|896 260718|1 23878|62 44676|0 -PCAP- The current record holder for the men's indoor 5 km is Francis Moreau (France) with a time of 5 min 40.617 sec (an average speed of 32.83 mph) at Stuttgart, Germany on 17 Aug 1991. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are recognized by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) for both professionals and amateurs on open-air and indoor tracks for a variety of distances at unpaced flying and standing starts and for motor-paced. In this list only the best are ^ shown, with an asterisk * to signify those records set by a professional rather than an amateur. Many of the open-air venues, such as La Paz, Colorado Springs, Cali and Mexico City, are at high altitude. The UCI recognizes separate world records ^ for the classic one-hour event at venues below 600 meters. These are: MEN: 49.80193 km, Francesco Moser on 3 Oct 1986; WOMEN: 43.58789 km, Jeannie Longo on 30 Sep 1986, both at Milan, Italy. ^ -TEXT- Cycling: World records (table) Cycling: World Records (Table) WORLD RECORDS OPEN-AIR TRACKS MEN DISTANCE hr:min:sec NAME AND COUNTRY VENUE DATE Unpaced standing start 1 km 1:02.091 Maic Malchow (East Germany) Colorado Springs, CO 28 Aug 1986 4 km 4:31.160 Gintautas Umaras ^ (USSR) Seoul, South Korea 18 Sep 1987 5 km 5:44.700 Gregor Braun (West Germany)* La Paz, Bolivia 12 Jan 1986 10 km 11:39.720 Francesco Moser (Italy)* Mexico City, Mexico 19 Jan 1984 20 km 23:21.592 Francesco Moser (Italy)* Mexico City, Mexico 23 ^ Jan 1984 100 km 2:09:11.312 Kent Bostick (USA) Colorado Springs, CO 13 Oct 1989 1 hour 51.151 km Francesco Moser (Italy)* Mexico City, Mexico 23 Jan 1984 Unpaced flying start 200 meters 10.118 Michael Hu[um]bner (East Germany) Colorado Springs, ^ CO 27 Aug 1986 500 meters 26.993 Rory O'Reilly (USA) Colorado Springs, CO 23 Nov 1985 1 km 58.269 Dominguez Rueda Efrain (Colombia)* La Paz, Bolivia 13 Dec 1986 Motor-paced 50 km 35:21.108 Aleksandr Romanov (USSR) Tbilisi, USSR 6 May 1987 100 ^ km 1:10:29.420 Giovanni Renosto (Italy) Bassano del Grappa, Italy 16 Sep 1988 1 hour 85.067 km Giovanni Renosto (Italy) Bassano del Grappa, Italy 16 Sep 1988 WOMEN Unpaced standing start 1 km 1:13.899 Zhou Lingmei (China) Beijing, China 27 Sep ^ 1990 3 km 3:38.190 Jeannie Longo (France) Mexico City, Mexico 5 Oct 1989 5 km 6:14.135 Jeannie Longo (France) Mexico City, Mexico 27 Sep 1989 10 km 12:59.435 Jeannie Longo (France) Mexico City, Mexico 1 Oct 1989 20 km 25:59.883 Jeannie Longo ^ (France) Mexico City, Mexico 1 Oct 1989 100 km 2:28:26.259 Francesca Galli (Italy) Milan, Italy 26 Oct 1987 1 hour 46.35270 km Jeannie Longo (France) Mexico City, Mexico 1 Oct 1989 Unpaced flying start 200 meters 11.383 Isabelle Gautheron ^ (France) Colorado Springs, CO 16 Aug 1986 500 meters 30.59 Isabelle Gautheron (France) Cali, Colombia 14 Sep 1986 1 km 1:10.463 Erika Salumyae (USSR) Tashkent, USSR 15 May 1984 INDOOR TRACKS MEN Unpaced standing start 1 km :02.576 Aleksandr ^ Kirichenko (USSR) Moscow, USSR 2 Aug 1989 4 km 4:28.900 Vyachselav Yekimov (USSR) Moscow, USSR 20 Sep 1986 5 km 5:40.617 Francis Moreau (France) Stuttgart, Germany 17 Aug 1991 10 km 11:31.968 Vyacheslav Yekimov (USSR) Moscow, USSR 7 Jan 1989 20 ^ km 23:14.553 Vyacheslav Yekimov (USSR) Moscow, USSR 3 Feb 1989 100 km 2:10:08.287 Beat Meister (Switzerland) Stuttgart, West Germany 22 Sep 1989 4 km team 4:08.66 Germany Stuttgart, Germany Aug 1991 (Michael Glo[um]ckner, Jens Lehmann, ^ Stefan Steinway, Andreas Walzer) 1 hour 50.644 km Francesco Moser (Italy) Stuttgart, West Germany 21 May 1988 Unpaced flying start 200 meters 10.099 Vladimir Adamashvili (USSR) Moscow, USSR 6 Aug 1990 500 meters 26.649 Aleksandr Kirichenko ^ (USSR) Moscow, USSR 29 Oct 1988 1 km 57.260 Aleksandr Kirichenko (USSR) Moscow, USSR 25 Apr 1989 Motor-paced 50 km 32:56.746 Aleksandr Romanov (USSR) Moscow, USSR 21 Feb 1987 100 km 1:05:58.031 Aleksandr Romanov (USSR) Moscow, USSR 21 Feb 1987 1 ^ hour 91.131 km Aleksandr Romanov (USSR) Moscow, USSR 21 Feb 1987 WOMEN Unpaced standing start 1 km 1:11.708 Isabelle Nicoloso (France) Bordeaux, France 17 Nov 1991 3 km 3:41.290 Jeaie Longo (France) Grenoble, France 4 Nov 1991 5 km 6:17.608 Jean ^ Jeannie Longo (France) Grenoble, France 1 Nov 1991 10 km 12:54.26 Jeannie Longo (France) Paris, France 19 Oct 1989 20 km 26:51.222 Jeannie Longo (France) Moscow, USSR 29 Oct 1989 100 km 2:24:57.618 Tea Vikstedt-Nyman (Finland) Moscow, USSR 30 Oct ^ 1990 1 hour 45.016 km Jeannie Longo (France) Moscow, USSR 29 Oct 1989 Unpaced flying start 200 meters 11.164 Galina Yenyukhina (USSR) Moscow, USSR 6 Aug 1990 500 meters 29.655 Erika Salumyae (USSR) Moscow, USSR 6 Aug 1987 1 km 1:05.232 Erika ^ Salumyae (USSR) Moscow, USSR 30 May 1987 LONG DISTANCE BESTS (unpaced) 24 hr 830.79 km Michael L. Secrest (USA) Montreal, Canada 13--14 Mar 1985 1,000 km 32 hr 4 min Herman de Munck (Belgium) Keerbergen, Belgium 23--24 Sep 1983 1,000 miles ^ 51:12:32 Herman de Munck (Belgium) Keerbergen, Belgium 23--25 Sep 1983 ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Fastest speed T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 202106|2972 20954|308 60394|888 260718|2 23878|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Fastest speed The fastest speed ever achieved on a bicycle is 152.284 mph, by John Howard (USA) behind a windshield at Bonneville Salt Flats, UT on 20 Jul 1985. It should be noted that considerable help was provided by the slipstreaming effect of the lead ^ vehicle. ^<n The 24 hr record behind pace is 1,216.8 miles, by Michael Secrest at Phoenix International Raceway, AZ on 26-27 Apr 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Most titles T \c8\D02\391133gz Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Most titles 20 24 26 28 202174|2973 207546|3052 31630|465 60666|892 260718|3 219140|21 44676|1 -PCAP- (Left) Rebecca Twigg holds the record for the most world titles by a US cyclist with four, at the pursuit in 1982, 1984-85 and 1987. Here she is in action in the 1984 Olympic road race, where she took the silver medal behind teammate Connie ^ Carpenter-Phinney. (Right) Jeannie Longo (France) (b. 31 Oct 1958) is the current holder of a remarkable 11 cycling world records, both indoors and out. Here she can be seen during her record-breaking ride in the indoor 10 km at Paris, France on ^ 19 Oct 1989. (Photos: Allsport USA/Steve or Mike Powell and Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Most titles ^<4 Olympic ^>4 The most gold medals won is three, by Paul Masson (France; 1874-1945) in 1896, Francisco Verri (Italy; 1885-1945) in 1906, and Robert Charpentier (France; 1916-66) in 1936. Daniel Morelon (France) won two in 1968, and a third in ^ 1972; he also won a silver in 1976 and a bronze in 1964. In the "unofficial" 1904 cycling program, Marcus Latimer Hurley (USA; 1885-1941) won four events. ^<n Burton Cecil Down (1885-1929) won a record six medals at the 1904 Games, two gold, ^ three silver and one bronze. The only American woman to win a cycling gold medal is Helen Constance "Connie" Carpenter-Phinney (b. 26 Feb 1957), who won the individual road race in 1984. She became the first woman to compete in the winter and ^ summer Olympics, as she had competed as a speed skater in 1972. ^<n ^<4 World ^>4 World Championships are contested annually. They were first staged for amateurs in 1893 and for professionals in 1895. ^<n The most wins at a particular event is ^ ten, by Koichi Nakano (Japan; b. 14 Nov 1955), professional sprint 1977-86. ^<n The most wins at a men's amateur event is seven, by Daniel Morelon (France; b. 28 Jul 1944), sprint 1966-67, 1969-71, 1973, 1975; and by Leon Meredith (Great Britain; ^ 1882-1930), 100 km motor paced 1904-05, 1907-09, 1911, 1913. ^<n The most women's titles is eight, by Jeannie Longo (France; b. 31 Oct 1958), pursuit 1986 and 1988-89; road 1985-87 and 1989; and points 1989. ^<n The most world titles won by a US ^ cyclist is four, at women's 3 kilometers pursuit by Rebecca Twigg (b. 26 Mar 1963), 1982, 1984-85 and 1987. The most successful man has been Greg LeMond (b. 26 Jun 1960), winner of the individual road race in 1983 and 1989. ^<n ^<4 United States ^ ^>4 National cycling championships have been held annually since 1899. Women's events were first included in 1937. ^<n Leonard Nitx has won the most titles, 16: five pursuit (1976 and 1980-83); eight team pursuit (1980-84, 1986 and 1988-89); ^ two 1-km time-trial (1982 and 1984); and one criterium (1986). Connie Carpenter has won 11 titles in women's events: four road race (1976-77, 1979 and 1981); three pursuit (1976-77 and 1979); two criterium (1982-83); and two points (1981-82). ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Tour de France T \c8\D02\3711254z Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Tour de France 20 23 25 27 202242|2974 21022|309 31698|466 60870|895 260718|4 227712|31 44676|2 -PCAP- (Left) Wearing the distinctive yellow jersey, Eddy Merckx (Belguim) (b. 17 Jun 1945) leads the Tour de France. Merckx is one of three men to have won this famous race a record five times, winning in 1969-72 and 1974. (Right) Jeannie Longo (France) ^ has won the women's Tour de France a record four times, and also holds numerous world records, both indoors and out. (Photos: Allsport and Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Tour de France The world's premiere stage race was first contested in 1903. Held over a three-week period, the longest race ever staged was over 3,596 miles in 1926. The greatest number of wins in the Tour de France is five, by Jacques Anquetil (France; ^ 1934-1987), 1957, 1961-64; Eddy Merckx (Belgium; b. 17 Jun 1945), 1969-72 and 1974; and Bernard Hinault (France; b. 14 Nov 1954), 1978-79, 1981-82 and 1985. Greg LeMond (USA; b. 26 Jun 1960) became the first American winner in 1986, and returned ^ from serious injury to win again in 1989 and 1990. ^<n The closest race ever was in 1989, when after 2,030 miles over 23 days (1-23 July) Greg LeMond, who completed the Tour in 87 hr 38 min 35 sec, beat Laurent Fignon (France; b. 12 Aug 1960) in ^ Paris, France by only 8 sec. ^<n The fastest average speed was 24.547 mph by Miguel Indurain (Spain; b. 16 Jul 1964) in 1992. ^<n The longest-ever stage was the 486 km from Les Sables d'Olonne to Bayonne in 1919. The most participants was 210 ^ starters in 1986. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 The inaugural women's Tour de France was staged in 1984. Jeannie Longo (France) has won the event a record four times, 1987-90. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Six-day races T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Six-day races 20 22 24 26 202310|2975 216454|3183 60802|894 260718|5 227712|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Six-day races The most wins in six-day races is 88 out of 233 events, by Patrick Sercu (Belgium; b. 27 Jun 1944), 1964-83. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Longest one-day race T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Longest one-day race 20 22 24 26 202378|2976 134922|1984 60598|891 260718|6 139100|94 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Longest one-day race The longest single-day "massed start" road race is the 342-385 mile Bordeaux-Paris, France event. Paced over all or part of the route, the highest average speed was 29.32 mph, by Herman van Springel (Belgium; b. 14 Aug 1943) for 363.1 miles in 13 ^ hr 35 min 18 sec, in 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Cross-America T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Cross-America 20 22 24 26 202446|2977 20750|305 60054|883 260718|7 23878|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Cross-America The trans-America solo record recognized by the Ultra-Marathon Cycling Association for men is 8 days 8 hr 45 min, by Paul Selon at age 35 from Costa, CA to New York, in the 1989 Race Across AMerica. Selon won the race while wearing a plastic neck ^ brace. The women's record is 9 days 9 hr 9 min, by Susan Notorangelo at age 35, also in the 1989 Race Across AMerica. She clipped 16 hr 55 min off the previous women's record. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Cross-Canada T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Cross-Canada 20 22 24 26 202514|2978 20818|306 60122|884 260718|8 23878|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Cross-Canada The trans-Canada record is 13 days 9 hr 6 min, by William "Bill" Narasnek of Lively, Ontario, 3,751 miles from Vancouver, British Columbia to Halifax, Nova Scotia on 5-18 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Endurance T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Endurance 20 22 24 26 202582|2979 47610|700 60258|886 260718|9 52992|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Endurance Thomas Edward Godwin (Great Britain; 1912-75), cycling every day during the 365 days of 1939, covered 75,065 miles, or an average of 205.65 miles per day. He then completed 100,000 miles in 500 days to 14 May 1940. ^<n Jay Aldous and Matt DeWaal ^ cycled 14,290 miles on an around-the-world trip from Place Monument, Salt Lake City, UT in 106 days, from 2 Apr-16 Jul 1984. ^<n Nicholas Mark Sanders (b. 26 Nov 1957) of Glossop, Great Britain circumnavigated the world (13,035 road miles) in 78 ^ days 3 hr 30 min between 5 Jul and 21 Sep 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Cycle touring T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Cycle touring 20 22 24 26 202650|2980 170214|2503 60190|885 1030|15 260718|10 175106|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Cycle touring ^<4 Greatest mileage ^>4 The greatest mileage amassed in a cycle tour was more than 402,000 miles, by the itinerant lecturer Walter Stolle (b. Sudetenland, 1926) from 24 Jan 1959 to 12 Dec 1976. Starting from Romford, Great Britain, he visited ^ 159 countries. From 1922 to 25 Dec 1973, Tommy Chambers (1903-84) of Glasgow, Great Britain rode a verified total of 799,405 miles. ^<n Visiting every continent, John W. Hathaway (b. Great Britain, 13 Jan 1925) of Vancouver, British Columbia, ^ Canada covered 50,600 miles from 10 Nov 1974 to 6 Oct 1976. Veronica and Colin Scargill, of Bedford, Great Britain, traveled 18,020 miles around-the-world on a tandem, 25 Feb 1974-27 Aug 1975. ^<n Daniel Buettner, Bret Anderson, Martin Engel and ^ Anne Knabe cycled the length of the Americas, from Prudhoe Bay, AK to the Beagle Channel, Ushuaia, Argentina from 8 Aug 1986 to 13 Jun 1987. They cycled a total distance of 15,266 miles. ^<n Ronald and Sandra Slaughter hold the US record for ^ tandem bicycling, having traveled 18,077.5 miles around the world from 30 Dec 1989 to 28 Jul 1991. ^<n ^<4 Most participants ^>4 The most participants in a bicycle tour were 31,678, in the 56-mile London-to-Brighton Bike Ride (Great Britain) ^ on 19 Jun 1988. However, it is estimated that 40,000 cyclists took part in the 44-mile Tour de l'Ile de Montreal in June 1991. The most participants in a tour in excess of 1,000 km is 2,037 (from 2,157 starters) for the Australian Bicentennial ^ Caltex Bike Ride from Melbourne to Sydney, from 26 Nov-10 Dec 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Highest altitude T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Highest altitude 20 22 24 26 202718|2981 65426|962 60530|890 260718|11 71062|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Highest altitude Canadians Bruce Bell, Philip Whelan and Suzanne MacFadyen cycled at an altitude of 22,834 ft on the peak of Mt Aconcagua, Argentina on 25 Jan 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Greatest distance in one hour T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Greatest distance in one hour 20 22 24 26 202786|2982 54002|794 60462|889 260718|12 61634|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Greatest distance in one hour The greatest distance covered in one hour is 76 miles 504 yd by Leon Vanderstuyft (Belgium; 1890-1964) on the Montlhery Motor Circuit, France, on 30 Sep 1928, achieved from a standing start paced by a motorcycle. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cycling: Fastest rollercycling speed T Sports and Games|Cycling|General Records|Fastest rollercycling speed 20 22 24 26 202854|2983 20886|307 60326|887 260718|13 23878|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cycling: Fastest rollercycling speed James Baker (USA) achieved a record speed of 153.2 mph at El Con Mall, Tucson, AZ on 28 Jan 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Cyclo-cross: Most titles T Sports and Games|Cycling|Cyclo-cross|Most titles 20 22 24 26 202922|2984 207614|3053 61006|897 261714|0 219140|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Cyclo-cross: Most titles The greatest number of World Championships (instituted 1950) has been won by Eric de Vlaeminck (Belgium; b. 23 Aug 1945), with the Amateur and Open in 1966 and six Professional titles in 1968-73. ^ -END- -CTRL- Darts: Origins T Sports and Games|Darts|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 202990|2985 36526|537 62638|921 261886|0 40936|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Darts: Origins Darts can be dated from the use by archers of heavily weighted ten-inch throwing arrows for self-defense in close-quarters fighting. The "dartes" were used in Ireland in the 16th century, and darts was played on the ^I by the ^ Pilgrims in 1620. The modern game dates from 1896, when Brian Gamlin of Bury, Lancashire, Great Britain is credited with inventing the present numbering system on the board. The first recorded highest possible score of 180 was achieved by John ^ Reader at the Highbury Tavern in Sussex, Great Britain in 1902. ^ -END- -CTRL- Darts: Most titles T Sports and Games|Darts|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 203058|2986 207682|3054 62570|920 261886|1 219140|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Darts: Most titles Eric Bristow (Great Britain; b. 25 Apr 1957) has the most wins in the World Masters Championship (instituted 1974) with five, 1977, 1979, 1981 and 1983-84; the most in the World Professional Championship (instituted 1978) with five, 1980-81 and ^ 1984-86; and the most in the World Cup Singles (instituted 1977) with four, 1983, 1985, 1987 and 1989. ^<n John Lowe (Great Britain; b. 21 Jul 1945) is the only man besides Eric Bristow to have won each of the four major titles: World Masters, ^ 1976 and 1980; World Professional, 1979 and 1987; World Cup Singles, 1981; and ^I , 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Darts: Record prize T Sports and Games|Darts|General Records|Record prize 20 22 24 26 203126|2987 36594|538 62706|922 261886|2 40936|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Darts: Record prize John Lowe won 102,000 pounds ( ^I $175,000) for achieving the first 501 scored with the minimum nine darts in a major event, on 13 Oct 1984 at Slough, Great Britain in the quarter-finals of the World Match-play Championships. His darts ^ were six successive treble 20s, treble 17, treble 18 and double 18. ^ -END- -CTRL- Darts: Fewest darts T Sports and Games|Darts|General Records|Fewest darts 20 22 24 26 203194|2988 32718|481 62502|919 261886|3 39994|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Darts: Fewest darts Scores of 201 in four darts, 301 in six darts, 401 in seven darts and 501 in nine darts have been achieved on various occasions. ^<n The lowest number of darts thrown for a score of 1,001 is 19, by Cliff Inglis (b. 27 May 1935) (160, 180, 140, 180, ^ 121, 180, 40) at the Bromfield Men's Club, Devon, Great Britain on 11 Nov 1975; and by Jocky Wilson (Great Britain) (140, 140, 180, 180, 180, 131, Bull) at The London Pride, Bletchley, Great Britain on 23 Mar 1989. ^<n A score of 2,001 in 52 ^ darts was achieved by Alan Evans (Great Britain; b. 14 Jun 1949) at Ferndale, Great Britain on 3 Sep 1976. A score of 3,001 in 73 darts was thrown by Tony Benson at the Plough Inn, Gorton, Great Britain on 12 Jul 1986. Linda Batten (b. 26 Nov ^ 1954) set a women's 3,001 record of 117 darts at the Old Wheatsheaf, London, Great Britain on 2 Apr 1986. A score of 100,001 was achieved in 3,732 darts by Alan Downie of Stornoway, Great Britain on 21 Nov 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Darts: Speed records T Sports and Games|Darts|General Records|Speed records 20 22 24 26 203262|2989 21294|313 62774|923 261886|4 23878|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Darts: Speed records The fastest time taken to complete three games of 301, finishing on doubles, is 1 min 47 sec, by Keith Deller on British Broadcasting Corporation's ^I TV program on 22 Oct 1985. ^<n The record time for going around the board ^ clockwise in "doubles" at arm's length is 9.2 sec, by Dennis Gower at the Millers Arms, Hastings, Great Britain on 12 Oct 1975, and 14.5 sec in numerical order by Jim Pike (1903-60) at the Craven Club, Newmarket, Great Britain in Mar 1944. ^<n ^ The record for this feat at the 9-ft throwing distance, retrieving own darts, is 2 min 13 sec by Bill Duddy (b. 29 Sep 1932) at The Plough, London, Great Britain on 29 Oct 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Darts: Fewest T Sports and Games|Darts|General Records|Fewest 20 22 24 26 203330|2990 32650|480 62434|918 261886|5 39994|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Darts: Fewest Roy Edwin Blowes (Canada; b. 8 Oct 1930) was the first person to achieve a 501 in nine darts, "double-on, double-off," at the Widgeons Pub, Calgary, Canada on 9 Mar 1987. His scores were: bull, treble 20, treble 17, five treble 20s and a double 20 ^ to finish. ^ -END- -CTRL- Show Jumping: Origins T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Show Jumping|Origins 20 22 24 26 203398|2991 15514|228 199250|2930 262618|0 13960|121 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Show Jumping: Origins Evidence of horse riding dates from a Persian engraving dated ^I . 3000 B.C. Pignatelli's academy of horsemanship at Naples dates from the 16th century. The earliest jumping competition was at the Agricultural Hall, London, in 1869. ^ Equestrian events have been included in the Olympic Games since 1912. The world governing body is the ^I (FEI), founded in Brussels, Belgium in 1921. ^ -END- -CTRL- Show Jumping: Olympic Games T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Show Jumping|Olympic Games 20 22 24 26 203466|2992 199250|2930 199182|2929 262618|1 211064|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Show Jumping: Olympic Games The most Olympic gold medals won by a rider is five, by Hans Gunter Winkler (West Germany; b. 24 Jul 1926), four team wins in 1956, 1960, 1964 and 1972 and the individual Grand Prix in 1956. He also won team silver in 1976 and team bronze in 1968, ^ for a record seven medals overall. ^<n The most team wins in the Prix des Nations is six, by Germany in 1936, 1956, 1960, 1964 and as West Germany in 1972 and 1988. ^<n The lowest score obtained by a winner is no faults, by Frantisek Ventura ^ (Czechoslovakia; 1895-1969) on Eliot, 1928, and Alwin Schockemohle (West Germany; b. 29 May 1937) on Warwick Rex, 1976. ^<n Pierre Jonqueres d'Oriola (France; b. 1 Feb 1920) uniquely won the individual gold medal twice, in 1952 and 1964. ^<n ^<4 ^ United States ^>4 Two US riders have won individual gold medals: William "Bill" Clark Steinkraus (b. 12 Oct 1925) won in 1968 and also won two silver and a bronze medal, 1952-68; and Joseph Halpin "Joe" Fargis (b. 4 Feb 1948) won both ^ individual and team gold medals in 1984 as well as team silver in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Show Jumping: World Championships T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Show Jumping|World Championships 20 22 24 26 203534|2993 219786|3232 199386|2932 262618|2 227712|79 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Show Jumping: World Championships The men's World Championships (instituted 1953) have been won twice by Hans-Gunter Winkler (1954-55) and Raimondo d'Inzeo (Italy; b. 8 Feb 1925) (1956 and 1960). ^<n The women's title (1965-74) was won twice by Jane "Janou" Tissot (nee Lefebvre ^ [France]; b. Saigon, 14 May 1945) on Rocket (1970 and 1974). ^ -END- -CTRL- Show Jumping: President's Cup T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Show Jumping|President's Cup 20 22 24 26 203602|2994 219718|3231 199318|2931 262618|3 227712|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Show Jumping: President's Cup The world team championship (instituted 1965) has been won a record 14 times by Great Britain, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1972-74, 1977-79, 1983, 1985-86, 1989 and 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Show Jumping: World Cup T \p8\D14\3811255 Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Show Jumping|World Cup 20 23 25 27 203670|2995 219854|3233 31766|467 199454|2933 262618|4 227712|80 44902|0 -PCAP- Since it was instituted in 1979, there have been three double winners, and the most recent is John Whitaker (Great Britain; b. 5 Aug 1955) in 1990 and 1991. Here he is seen in action during the 1990 World Championships in Stockholm. (Photo: ^ Pressens Bild Ab/S. Norling) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Show Jumping: World Cup In this competition, instituted in 1979, double winners have included Conrad Homfeld (USA; b. 25 Dec 1951), 1980 and 1985; Ian Millar (Canada; b. 6 Jan 1947), 1988 and 1989; and John Whitaker (Great Britain; b. 5 Aug 1955), 1990-91. ^ -END- -CTRL- Show Jumping: Jumping records T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Show Jumping|Jumping records 20 22 24 26 203738|2996 150698|2216 199114|2928 262618|5 139100|326 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Show Jumping: Jumping records The official ^I records are: high jump, 8 ft 1 1/4 in, by Huaso, ridden by Capt. Alberto Larraguibel Morales (Chile) at Vina del Mar, Santiago, Chile on 5 Feb 1949; long jump over water, 27 ft 6 3/4 in, by ^ Something, ridden by Andre Ferreira (South Africa) at Johannesburg, South Africa on 25 Apr 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Three-day Event: Olympics and World Championships T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Three-day Event|Olympic Games and World Championships 20 22 24 26 203806|2997 199658|2936 223798|3291 263054|0 211064|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Three-day Event: Olympics and World Championships Charles Ferdinand Pahud de Mortanges (Netherlands; 1896-1971) won a record four Olympic gold medals--team 1924 and 1928, individual (riding Marcroix) 1928 and 1932; he also won a team silver medal in 1932. ^<n Bruce Oram Davidson (USA; b. 13 Dec ^ 1949) is the only rider to have won two world titles (instituted 1966), on Irish Cap in 1974 and Might Tango in 1978. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The most medals won for the USA is six, by John Michael Plumb (b. 28 Mar 1940): team gold 1976 and ^ 1984, and four silver medals, team 1964, 1968 and 1972, and individual 1976. Edmund Sloane "Tad" Coffin (b. 9 May 1955) is the one US rider to have won both team and individual gold medals in 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dressage: Olympics and World Championships T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Dressage|Olympic Games and World Championships 20 22 24 26 203874|2998 198638|2921 67534|993 263140|0 211064|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dressage: Olympics and World Championships Germany (West Germany 1968-90) has won a record seven team gold medals, 1928, 1936, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984 and 1988, and has the most team wins, six, at the World Championships (instituted 1966). Dr Reiner Klimke (West Germany; b. 14 Jan 1936) has ^ won a record six Olympic golds (team 1964-88, individual, 1984). He won individual bronze in 1976, for a record seven medals overall, and is the only rider to have won two world titles, on Mehmed in 1974 and on Ahlerich in 1982. Henri St Cyr ^ (Sweden; 1904-79) won a record two individual Olympic gold medals, in 1952 and 1956. ^ -END- -CTRL- Dressage: World Cup T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Dressage|World Cup 20 22 24 26 203942|2999 207886|3057 67602|994 263140|1 219140|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Dressage: World Cup Instituted in 1986, this competition has had only one double winner: Christine Stuckelberger (Switzerland; b. 22 May 1947) on Gauguin de Lully in 1987-88. ^ -END- -CTRL- Carriage Driving: World Championships T Sports and Games|Equestrian Sports|Carriage Driving|World Championships 20 22 24 26 204010|3000 207274|3048 41014|603 263296|0 219140|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Carriage Driving: World Championships World Championships were first held in 1972. Three team titles have been won by Great Britain, 1972, 1974, and 1980; by Hungary, 1976, 1978 and 1984; and by the Netherlands, 1982, 1986 and 1988. ^<n Two individual titles have been won by Gyorgy ^ Bardos (Hungary), 1978 and 1980, and by Tjeerd Velstra (Netherlands), 1982 and 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fencing: Origins T Sports and Games|Fencing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 204078|3001 36934|543 79434|1168 263468|0 40936|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fencing: Origins Fencing (fighting with single sticks) was practiced as a sport, or as a part of a religious ceremony, in Egypt as early as ^I . 1360 B.C. The modern foil was introduced in France as a practice weapon for the short court sword in the ^ mid-17th century. In the late 19th century the epee was developed in France and the light fencing sabre in Italy. ^<n Fencing was included in the first Olympic Games of the modern era at Athens in 1896. The ^I (FIE), the world governing body, was founded in Paris, France, in 1913. The first European Championships were held in 1921 and were expanded into World Championships in 1935. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 In the United States the ^ Amateur Fencers League of America (AFLA) was founded on 22 Apr 1891 in New York City. This group assumed supervision of the sport in the United States. In June 1981 the AFLA changed its name to the United States Fencing Association (USFA). ^ -END- -CTRL- Fencing: Most titles T \p8\D14\3911209 Sports and Games|Fencing|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 204146|3002 207954|3058 31834|468 79298|1166 263468|1 219140|27 44988|0 -PCAP- Anja Fichtel (Germany), three-time world fencing champion, is shown in action (left) during the 1990 World Championship final. (Photo: Karina Hoskyns) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fencing: Most titles ^<4 World ^>4 The greatest number of individual world titles won is five, by Aleksandr Romankov (USSR; b. 7 Nov 1953), at foil 1974, 1977, 1979, 1982 and 1983, but Christian d'Oriola (France) won four world foil titles, 1947, 1949, 1953-54, as ^ well as two individual Olympic titles (1952 and 1956). ^<n Five women foilists have won three world titles: Helene Mayer (Germany; 1910-53), 1929, 1931, 1937; Ilona Schacherer-Elek (Hungary; 1907-88), 1934-35, 1951; Ellen Muller-Preis (Austria; ^ b. 6 May 1912), 1947, 1949-50; Cornelia Hanisch (West Germany; b. 12 Jun 1952), 1979, 1981, 1985; and Anja Fichtel (West Germany; b. 17 Aug 1968), 1986, 1988 and 1990. Of these only Ilona Schacherer-Elek also won two individual Olympic titles ^ (1936 and 1948). The longest time span for winning an individual world or Olympic title is 20 years, by Aladar Gerevich (Hungary; b. 16 Mar 1910) at sabre, 1935-55. Gerevich also had a 28-year span for winning Olympic team gold medals. ^<n ^<4 ^ Olympic ^>4 The most individual Olympic gold medals won is three, by Ramon Fonst (Cuba; 1883-1959) in 1900 and 1904 (two); and by Nedo Nadi (Italy; 1894-1952) in 1912 and 1920 (two). Nadi also won three team gold medals in 1920, making five ^ gold medals at one celebration, the record for fencing and a record for any sport at that time. ^<n Edoardo Mangiarotti (Italy; b. 7 Apr 1919), with six gold, five silver and two bronze, holds the record of 13 Olympic medals in fencing. He won ^ them for foil and epee from 1936 to 1960. ^<n The most gold medals won by a woman is four (one individual, three team) by Yelena Dmitryevna Novikova (nee Byelova [USSR]; b. 28 Jul 1947) from 1968 to 1976, and the women's record for all medals is ^ seven (two gold, three silver, two bronze) by Ildiko Sagi (formerly Ujlaki, nee Retjo [Hungary]; b. 11 May 1937) from 1960 to 1976. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The only US Olympic champion was Albertson Van Zo Post (1866-1938), who won the men's ^ single sticks and team foil (with two Cubans) at the 1904 Games. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fencing: US National Championships T \p8\D14\us381124 Sports and Games|Fencing|General Records|US National Championships 20 22 24 26 204214|3003 208090|3060 31902|469 79502|1169 263468|2 219140|29 44988|1 -PCAP- Peter Westbrook won a record 12 US fencing titles at sabre between 1974 and 1989. (Photo: Allsport USA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fencing: US National Championships The most US titles won at one weapon is 12 at sabre, by Peter J. Westbrook, in 1974, 1975, 1979-86, 1988 and 1989. The women's record is 10 at foil, by Janice Lee York Romary in 1950-51, 1956-57, 1960-61, 1964-66 and 1968. ^<n The most men's ^ individual foil championships won is seven, by Michael Marx in 1977, 1979, 1982, 1985-87 and 1990. L. G. Nunes won the most epee championships, with six--1917, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928 and 1932. Vincent Bradford won a record number of women's epee ^ championships with four in 1982-84 and 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fencing: NCAA Championships Division I T Sports and Games|Fencing|General Records|NCAA Championships Division I 20 22 24 26 204282|3004 208022|3059 79366|1167 263468|3 219140|28 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fencing: NCAA Championships Division I ^<4 Men ^>4 Since this competition was inaugurated in 1941, two teams have won 12 titles: New York University (1947, 1954, 1957, 1960-61, 1966-67, 1970-71, 1973-74, 1976); and Columbia University (1951-52, 1954-55, 1964-65, 1968, 1971, 1987-89, ^ 1992). The longest consecutive title streak is four wins by Wayne State (MI), 1982-85. ^<n Michael Lofton, New York University, has won the most titles in a career, with four victories in the sabre, 1984-87. Abraham Balk, New York University, is ^ the only man to win two individual titles in one year, 1947 (foil and epee). ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 Since this competition was inaugurated in 1982, Wayne State (MI) has won the most titles: three (1982, 1988-89). ^<n Caitlin Bilodeaux ^ (Columbia-Barnard) and Molly Sullivan (Notre Dame) have both won the individual title twice--Bilodeaux in 1985 and 1987; Sullivan in 1986 and 1988. ^<n In 1990, the NCAA team competition was combined for the first time. Penn State won both the ^ 1990 and 1991 titles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey: Origins T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 204350|3005 37138|546 80318|1181 263990|0 40936|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey: Origins A representation of two players with curved snagging sticks apparently in an orthodox "bully" position was found in Tomb No. 17 at Beni Hasan, Egypt, and has been dated to ^I . 2050 B.C. The modern game evolved in London, Great Britain in ^ the 1870s. ^<n The ^I was formed on 7 Jan 1924. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The sport was introduced to the United States in 1921 by a British teacher, Constance M.K. Applebee. The Field Hockey ^ Association of America (FHAA) was founded in 1928 by Henry Greer. The first game was staged between the Germantown Cricket Club and the Westchester Field Hockey Club, also in 1928. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey: Most Olympic medals T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|General Records|Most Olympic medals 20 22 24 26 204418|3006 198706|2922 80250|1180 263990|1 211064|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey: Most Olympic medals India was Olympic champion from the reintroduction of Olympic hockey in 1928 until 1960, when Pakistan beat India 1-0 in Rome. India had its eighth win in 1980. Of the six Indians who have won three Olympic team gold medals, two have also won a ^ silver medal--Leslie Walter Claudius (b. 25 Mar 1927), in 1948, 1952, 1956 and 1960 (silver), and Udham Singh (b. 4 Aug 1928), in 1952, 1956, 1964 and 1960 (silver). ^<n A women's tournament was added in 1980, when Zimbabwe was the winner. The ^ Netherlands won in 1984 and Australia in 1988. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 US men won the bronze medal in 1932, but only three teams played that year; US women won the bronze in 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey: Champions' Trophy T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|General Records|Champions' Trophy 20 22 24 26 204486|3007 216658|3186 79706|1172 263990|2 227712|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey: Champions' Trophy In this competition, first held in 1978 and contested annually since 1980 by the top six men's teams in the world, the most wins is five, by Australia, 1983--85, 1989--90. The first women's Champions' Trophy was won by the Netherlands in 1987. ^ South Korea won in 1989 and Australia in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey: World Cup T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|General Records|World Cup 20 22 24 26 204554|3008 216726|3187 80658|1186 263990|3 227712|34 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey: World Cup The World Cup for men was first held in 1971, and for women in 1974. The most wins are: (men) three by Pakistan, 1971, 1978 and 1982; (women) five by the Netherlands, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1986 and 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey: Fastest goal T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|General Records|Fastest goal 20 22 24 26 204622|3009 21974|323 79774|1173 263990|4 23878|75 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey: Fastest goal The fastest goal in an international field hockey game was scored by John French 7 sec after the bully-off for England ^I . West Germany at Nottingham, Great Britain on 25 Apr 1971. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey: Highest attendance T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|General Records|Highest attendance 20 22 24 26 204690|3010 75286|1107 79842|1174 263990|5 83818|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey: Highest attendance The highest attendance was 65,165 for the match between England and the USA at Wembley, London, Great Britain on 11 Mar 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Men): First international T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Men|First international 20 22 24 26 204758|3011 37002|544 79978|1176 264426|0 40936|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Men): First international The first international match was the Wales ^I Ireland match at Rhyl, Clwyd, Great Britain on 26 Jan 1895. Ireland won 3-0. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Men): Highest international score T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Men|Highest international score 20 22 24 26 204826|3012 80318|1181 80114|1178 264426|1 88626|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Men): Highest international score The highest score was achieved when India defeated the USA 24-1 at Los Angeles, CA in the 1932 Olympic Games. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Men): Most international appearances T \p8\D14\3711271 Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Men|Most international appearances 20 22 24 26 204894|3013 194490|2860 31970|470 80182|1179 264426|2 206832|3 45144|0 -PCAP- Heiner Dopp (b. 27 Jun 1956) has represented West Germany a record 281 times, between 1975 and 1989, both indoors and out. (Photo: Allsport/Simon Bruty) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Men): Most international appearances Heiner Dopp (b. 27 Jun 1956) represented West Germany 286 times between 1975 and 1990, indoors and out. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Men): Greatest scoring feats T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Men|Greatest scoring feats 20 22 24 26 204962|3014 48222|709 80046|1177 264426|3 52992|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Men): Greatest scoring feats The greatest number of goals scored in international hockey is 267, by Paul Litjens (Netherlands; b. 9 Nov 1947) in 177 games. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Men): Best goalkeeping T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Men|Best goalkeeping 20 22 24 26 205030|3015 350|5 79910|1175 264426|4 6246|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Men): Best goalkeeping Richard James Allen (India; b. 4 Jun 1902) did not concede a goal during the 1928 Olympic tournament and gave up a total of only three in 1936. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Women): Origins T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Women|Origins 20 22 24 26 205098|3016 37070|545 80590|1185 264792|0 40936|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Women): Origins The first national association was the Irish Ladies' Hockey Union, founded in 1894. The first international match was an England ^I Ireland game in Dublin in 1896. Ireland won 2-0. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Women): Most international appearances T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Women|Most international appearances 20 22 24 26 205166|3017 194558|2861 80454|1183 264792|1 206832|4 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Women): Most international appearances Valerie Robinson made a record 144 appearances for England, 1963-84. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Sheryl Johnson has made a record 137 appearances for the USA from 1978 to 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Women): Highest scores T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Women|Highest scores 20 22 24 26 205234|3018 80386|1182 80386|1182 264792|2 88626|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Women): Highest scores The highest score in an international match was when England beat France 23-0 at Merton, London, Great Britain on 3 Feb 1923. ^ -END- -CTRL- Field Hockey (Women): NCAA Division I T Sports and Games|Field Hockey|Women|NCAA Division I 20 22 24 26 205302|3019 208158|3061 80522|1184 264792|3 219140|30 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Field Hockey (Women): NCAA Division I In this competition, inaugurated in 1981, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA has won the most championships with six titles: 1982-84, 1988 and 1990-91. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fishing: Oldest existing club T Sports and Games|Fishing|General Records|Oldest existing club 20 22 24 26 205370|3020 227062|3339 84398|1241 265174|0 236192|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fishing: Oldest existing club The Ellem Fishing Club was formed by a number of Edinburgh and Berwickshire gentlemen in Scotland in 1829. Its first annual general meeting was held on 29 Apr 1830. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fishing: Largest single catch T Sports and Games|Fishing|General Records|Largest single catch 20 22 24 26 205438|3021 97522|1434 84194|1238 16874|248 265174|1 91334|225 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fishing: Largest single catch The largest officially ratified fish ever caught on a rod was a man-eating great white shark ( ^I ) weighing 2,664 lb and measuring 16 ft 10 in long, caught on a 130 lb test line by Alf Dean at Denial Bay, near Ceduna, ^ South Australia on 21 Apr 1959. A great white shark weighing 3,388 lb was caught by Clive Green off Albany, Western Australia on 26 Apr 1976 but will remain unratified, as whale meat was used as bait. ^<n In June 1978 a great white shark ^ measuring 20 ft 4 in in length and weighing over 5,000 lb was harpooned and landed by fishermen in the harbor of San Miguel, Azores. ^<n The largest marine animal killed by ^I harpoon was a blue whale 97 ft in length, by Archer ^ Davidson in Twofold Bay, New South Wales, Australia in 1910. Its tail flukes measured 20 ft across and its jawbone 23 ft 4 in. ^<n The largest fish ever taken underwater was an 804 lb giant black grouper or jewfish by Don Pinder of the Miami ^ Triton Club, FL in 1955. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fishing: World Freshwater Championships T Sports and Games|Fishing|General Records|World Freshwater Championships 20 22 24 26 205506|3022 173614|2553 84466|1242 265174|2 175106|150 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fishing: World Freshwater Championships ^I (CIPS) championships were inaugurated as European championships in 1953 and recognized as world championships in 1957. ^<n ^<4 Most titles ^>4 France won the European title in 1956 ^ and 12 world titles between 1959 and 1990. Robert Tesse (France) took the individual title a record three times, 1959-60 and 1965. ^<n ^<4 Greatest weight ^>4 The record weight (team) is 76.52 lb in 3 hr by West Germany on the Neckar at ^ Mannheim, Germany on 21 Sep 1980. The individual record is 37.45 lb by Wolf-Rudiger Kremkus (West Germany) at Mannheim on 20 Sep 1980. ^<n ^<4 Most fish caught ^>4 The most fish caught is 652, by Jacques Isenbaert (Belgium) at Danaujvaros, ^ Hungary on 27 Aug 1967. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fishing: World records (table) B \t\D02\1103441a Sports and Games|Fishing|General Records|World records (table) 20 22 24 26 205574|3023 59170|870 84534|1243 265174|3 65726|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- A selection of All-Tackle records ratified by the International Game Fish Association as of 1 Jan 1992 ^ -TEXT- Fishing: World records (table) Fishing: World Records (Table) WORLD RECORDS---FRESHWATER AND SALTWATER SPECIES WEIGHT CAUGHT BY LOCATION DATE lb oz ARAWANA 10 2 Gilberto Fernandes Puraquequara Lake, Amazon, Brazil 3 Feb 1990 BARRACUDA, BLACKFIN 15 0 Alejandron Caniz ^ Puerto Quetzal, Guatemala 29 Oct 1988 BARRACUDA, GREAT 83 0 K. J. W. Hackett Lagos, Nigeria 13 Jan 1952 BARRACUDA, MEXICAN 21 0 E. Greg Kent Phantom Isle, Costa Rica 27 Mar 1987 BASS, GIANT SEA 536 8 James D. McAdam, Jr. Anacapa Island, CA 20 ^ Aug 1968 BASS, LARGEMOUTH 22 4 George W. Perry Montgomery Lake, GA 2 Jun 1932 BASS, SMALLMOUTH 11 15 David L. Hayes Dale Hollow Lake, KY 9 Jul 1955 BASS, STRIPED 78 8 Albert R. McReynolds Atlantic City, NJ 21 Sep 1982 BASS, STRIPED ^ (landlocked) 66 0 Theordore Furnish O'Neill Forebay, Los Ramos, CA 29 Jun 1988 BASS, WHITEROCK 24 3 David N. Lambert Lessville Lake, VA 12 May 1989 BLUEFISH 31 12 James M. Hussey Hatteras, NC 30 Jan 1972 BONEFISH 19 0 Brian W. Batchelor ^ Zululand, South Africa 26 May 1962 CARP 75 1 Leo van der Gugten Lac de St. Cassien, France 21 May 1987 CATFISH, BLUE 97 0 Edward B. Elliot Missouri River, SD 16 Sep 1959 COD, ATLANTIC 98 12 Alphonse J. Bielevich Isle of Shoals, NH 8 Jun 1969 ^ CONGER 102 8 Raymond E. Stewart Plymouth, Great Britain 18 Jul 1983 FLOUNDER, SUMMER 22 7 Charles Nappi Montauk, NY 15 Sep 1975 GROUPER, BLACK 112 6 Donald W. Bone Dry Tortugas, FL 27 Jan 1990 HALIBUT (Pacific) 356 8 Gregory C. Olsen Juneau, AK ^ 8 Nov 1986 MARLIN, BLACK 1,560 0 Alfred C. Glassell, Jr Cabo Blanco, Peru 4 Aug 1953 MARLIN, BLUE (Atlantic) 1,282 0 Larry Martin St Thomas, Virgin Islands 6 Aug 1977 MARLIN, BLUE (Pacific) 1,376 0 Jay Wm de Beaubien Kaaiwi Point, Kona ^ Coast, HI 31 May 1982 MARLIN, STRIPED 494 0 Bill Boniface Tutukaka, New Zealand 16 Jan 1986 MARLIN, WHITE 181 14 Evandro Luiz Coser Vitoria, Brazil 8 Dec 1979 MUSKELLUNGE 69 15 Arthur Lawton St Lawrence River, NY 22 Sep 1957 PERCH, NILE 152 1 ^ Kurt M. Fenster Tende Bay, Entebbe, Uganda 4 Jun 1989 PIKE, NORTHERN 55 1 Lothar Louis Lake of Grefeern, Germany 16 Oct 1986 SAILFISH (Atlantic) 128 1 Harm Steyn Luanda, Angola 27 Mar 1974 SAILFISH (Pacific) 221 0 C. W. Stewart Santa Cruz ^ Island, Ecuador 12 Feb 1947 SALMON, CHINOOK 97 4 Les Anderson Kenia River, AK 17 May 1985 SALMON, COHO 33 4 Jerry Lifton Pulaski, NY 27 Sep 1989 SHARK, BLUE 437 0 Peter Hyde Catherine Bay, NSW, Australia 2 Oct 1976 SHARK, HAMMERHEAD 991 0 ^ Allen Ogle Sarasota, FL 30 May 1982 SHARK, MAKO 1,115 0 Patrick Guillanton Black River, Mauritius 16 Nov 1988 SHARK, TIGER 1,780 0 Walter Maxwell Cherry Grove, SC 14 Jun 1964 SHARK, WHITE 2,664 0 Alfred Dean Ceduna, South Australia 1 Oct ^ 1985 STINGRAY 294 0 Iain Foulger River Gambia, The Gambia 4 Nov 1988 STURGEON, WHITE 468 0 Joey Pallotta III Benicia, CA 9 Jul 1983 SWORDFISH 1,182 0 L. Marron Iquique, Chile 17 May 1953 TARPON 283 4 Yvon Viktor Sebag Sherbo Islands, Sierra ^ Leone 16 Apr 1991 TROUT, BROWN 35 15 Eugenio Cavaglia Nahuel Huapi, Argentina 16 Dec 1952 TROUT, LAKE 66 8 Rodney Harbeck Great Bear Lake, NWT, Canada 19 Jul 1991 TUNA, BIGEYE (Pacific) 435 0 Russel V. A. Lee Cabo Blanco, Peru 17 Apr 1957 TUNA, ^ UNA, BIGEYE (Atlantic) 375 8 Cecil Browne Ocean City, MD 26 Apr 1977 TUNA, BLUEFIN 1,496 0 Ken Fraser Aulds Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada 26 Oct 1979 WAHOO 155 8 William Bourne San Salvador, Bahamas 3 Apr 1990 WALLEYE 25 0 Mabry Harper Old ^ Hickory Lake, TN 1 Apr 1960 ^ -END- -CTRL- Fishing: Fly fishing championships T Sports and Games|Fishing|General Records|Fly fishing championships 20 22 24 26 205642|3024 208294|3063 84058|1236 265174|4 219140|32 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fishing: Fly fishing championships World fly fishing championships were inaugurated by the CIPS in 1981. The most team titles is four, by Italy, 1982-84, 1986. The most individual titles is two, by Brian Leadbetter (Great Britain), 1987 and 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fishing: Longest cast T Sports and Games|Fishing|General Records|Longest cast 20 22 24 26 205710|3025 137302|2019 84262|1239 265174|5 139100|129 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fishing: Longest cast The longest freshwater cast ratified under ICF (International Casting Federation) rules is 574 ft 2 in, by Walter Kummerow (Germany), for the Bait Distance Double-Handed 30 g event held at Lenzerheide, Switzerland in the 1968 Championships. ^<n At ^ the currently contested weight of 17.7 g, known as 18 g Bait Distance, the longest Double-Handed cast is 457 ft 1/2 in, by Kevin Carriero (USA) at Toronto, Ontario, Canada on 24 Jul 1984. ^<n The longest Fly Distance Double-Handed cast is 319 ft ^ 1 in, by Wolfgang Feige (Germany) at Toronto, Ontario, Canada on 23 Jul 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fishing: Longest fight T Sports and Games|Fishing|General Records|Longest fight 20 22 24 26 205778|3026 137370|2020 84330|1240 265174|6 139100|130 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fishing: Longest fight The longest recorded individual fight with a fish is 37 hr by Bob Ploeger (USA) with a King salmon on 12-13 Jul 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Fishing: IGFA world records T Sports and Games|Fishing|General Records|IGFA world records 20 22 24 26 205846|3027 59102|869 84126|1237 265174|7 65726|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Fishing: IGFA world records The International Game Fish Association (IGFA) recognizes world records for game fish--both freshwater and saltwater--for a large number of species of fish. Its thousands of categories include all-tackle, various line classes and tippet classes for ^ fly fishing. New records recognized by the IGFA reached an annual peak of 1,074 in 1984. ^<n The heaviest freshwater category recognized by the IGFA is for the sturgeon, record weight 468 lb, caught by Joey Pallotta III on 9 Jul 1983 off Benicia, ^ CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football: Origins T Sports and Games|Football|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 205914|3028 37410|550 90382|1329 266116|0 40936|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football: Origins On 6 Nov 1869, Princeton and Rutgers Universities staged what is generally regarded as the first intercollegiate football game at New Brunswick, NJ. In Oct 1873 the Intercollegiate Football Association (comprising Columbia, Princeton, Rutgers and ^ Yale) was formed, with the purpose of standardizing rules. At this point football was a modified version of soccer. The first significant move towards today's style of play came when Harvard accepted an invitation to play McGill University ^ (Montreal, Canada) in a series of three challenge matches, the first being in May 1874, under modified rugby rules. Walter Camp (1859-1925) is credited with organizing the basic format of the current game. Between 1880 and 1906, Camp sponsored ^ the concepts of scrimmage lines, 11-man teams, reduction in field size, "downs" and yards to gain and a new scoring system. In 1902 the first Rose Bowl game was played in Pasadena, CA, and has been played there continuously since 1916. ^<n The ^ first professional game was played on 31 Aug 1895 at Latrobe, PA, Latrobe YMCA defeating Jeanette Athletic Club 12-0. In 1920 the American Professional Football Association (APFA) was formed in Canton, OH. This organization was reorganized a ^ number of times and in 1922 was renamed the National Football League (NFL). In 1944 the All-America Conference League was established, but eventually merged with the NFL in 1949. In 1959 the American Football League (AFL) was formed and competed ^ with the NFL until a merger was agreed on in 1966, which led to the creation of the Super Bowl game, first played in January 1967. In 1970 the AFL and the NFL merged to form the present NFL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most championships T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most championships 20 22 24 26 205982|3029 174566|2567 89226|1312 266202|0 175106|164 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most championships The Green Bay Packers have won a record 11 NFL titles, 1929-31, 1936, 1939, 1944, 1961-62, 1965-67. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most consecutive wins T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most consecutive wins 20 22 24 26 206050|3030 216998|3191 89362|1314 266202|1 227712|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most consecutive wins The Chicago Bears have won 18 consecutive games twice, in 1933-34 and 1941-42. This was matched by the Miami Dolphins in 1972-73 and by the San Francisco 49ers in 1989-90. The most consecutive games without defeat is 25, by the Canton Bulldogs (22 ^ wins and 3 ties) in 1921-23. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most games played T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most games played 20 22 24 26 206118|3031 174770|2570 89498|1316 266202|2 175106|167 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most games played George Frederick Blanda (b. 17 Sep 1927) played in a record 340 games in a record 26 seasons in the NFL, for the Chicago Bears (1948-58), the Baltimore Colts (1950), the Houston Oilers (1960-66), and the Oakland Raiders (1967-75). ^<n The most ^ consecutive games played is 282, by Jim Marshall for the Cleveland Browns (1960) and the Minnesota Vikings (1961-79). ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Longest run from scrimmage T \p8\D14\3811222b Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Longest run from scrimmage 20 22 24 26 206186|3032 138322|2034 32038|471 89158|1311 266202|3 139100|144 45230|0 -PCAP- Tony Dorsett (b. 7 Apr 1954) scored on a touchdown run of 99 yd for the Dallas Cowboys ^I . the Minnesota Vikings on 3 Jan 1983. (Photo: Allsport USA/Stewart) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Longest run from scrimmage Anthony Drew "Tony" Dorsett (b. 7 Apr 1954) completed a touchdown after a run of 99 yards for the Dallas Cowboys ^I the Minnesota Vikings on 3 Jan 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Longest field goal T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Longest field goal 20 22 24 26 206254|3033 138118|2031 88954|1308 266202|4 139100|141 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Longest field goal 63 yards by Thomas John "Tom" Dempsey (b. 12 Jan 1947) for the New Orleans Saints ^I the Detroit Lions, 8 Nov 1970. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Longest pass completion T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Longest pass completion 20 22 24 26 206322|3034 138186|2032 89022|1309 266202|5 139100|142 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Longest pass completion Pass completions for a touchdown of 99 yards were achieved by: Frank Filchok (to Andy Farkas), Washington Redskins ^I Pittsburgh Steelers, 15 Oct 1939; George Izo (to Bobby Mitchell), Washington Redskins ^I Cleveland Browns, 15 ^ Sep 1963; Karl Sweetan (to Pat Studstill), Detroit Lions ^I Baltimore Colts, 16 Oct 1966; Sonny Jurgensen (to Gerry Allen), Washington Redskins ^I Chicago Bears, 15 Sep 1968; Jim Plunkett (to Cliff Branch), Los Angeles Raiders ^ ^I Washington Redskins, 2 Oct 1983; Ron Jaworski (to Mike Quick), Philadelphia Eagles ^I Atlanta Falcons, 10 Nov 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Longest punt T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Longest punt 20 22 24 26 206390|3035 138254|2033 89090|1310 3070|45 266202|6 139100|143 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Longest punt 98 yards by Steve O'Neal for the New York Jets ^I the Denver Broncos, 21 Sep 1969. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Punting T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Punting 20 22 24 26 206458|3036 175518|2581 90314|1328 266202|7 175106|178 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Punting ^<4 Career ^>4 1,154, Dave Jennings (New York Giants, New York Jets), 1974-87. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 114, Bob Parsons (Chicago Bears), 1981. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 15, John Teltschik (Philadelphia Eagles v New York Giants), 6 Dec 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most consecutive games T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most consecutive games 20 22 24 26 206526|3037 174634|2568 89294|1313 266202|8 175106|165 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most consecutive games ^<4 Scoring ^>4 181, by Jim Breech for the Oakland Raiders, 1979, and the Cincinnati Bengals, 1980-91. ^<n ^<4 Scoring touchdowns ^>4 18, by Lenny Moore for the Baltimore Colts, 1963-65. ^<n ^<4 Pass receptions ^>4 177, by Steve Largent ^ for the Seattle Seahawks, 1977-89. ^<n ^<4 Field goals ^>4 24, by Kevin Butler for the Chicago Bears, 1988-89. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most points T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most points 20 22 24 26 206594|3038 175110|2575 89838|1321 266202|9 175106|172 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most points ^<4 Career ^>4 2,002, George Blanda (Chicago Bears, Baltimore Colts, Houston Oilers, Oakland Raiders), 1949-75. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 176, Paul Hornung (Green Bay Packers), 1960. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 40, Ernie Nevers (Chicago Cardinals), 28 Nov ^ 1929. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most touchdowns T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most touchdowns 20 22 24 26 206662|3039 175246|2577 90042|1324 266202|10 175106|174 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most touchdowns ^<4 Career ^>4 126, Jim Brown (Cleveland Browns), 1957-65. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 24, John Riggins (Washington Redskins), 1983. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 6, Ernie Nevers (Chicago Cardinals), 28 Nov 1929; William "Dub" Jones (Cleveland Browns), 25 Nov ^ 1951; Gale Sayers (Chicago Bears), 12 Dec 1965. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most yards gained rushing T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most yards gained rushing 20 22 24 26 206730|3040 175450|2580 90246|1327 266202|11 175106|177 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most yards gained rushing ^<4 Career ^>4 16,726, Walter Payton (Chicago Bears), 1975-87. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 2,105, Eric Dickerson (Los Angeles Rams), 1984. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 275, Walter Payton (Chicago Bears), 20 Nov 1977. Highest career average 5.22 yds per game ^ (2,359 yds from 12,312 attempts), Jim Brown (Cleveland Browns), 1957-65. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most yards gained receiving T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most yards gained receiving 20 22 24 26 206798|3041 175382|2579 90178|1326 266202|12 175106|176 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most yards gained receiving ^<4 Career ^>4 13,089, Steve Largent (Seattle Seahawks), 1976-89. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 1,746, Charley Hennigan (Houston Oilers), 1961. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 336, Willie "Flipper" Anderson (Los Angeles Rams), 26 Nov 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most yards gained passing T \p8\D14\3811222c Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most yards gained passing 20 23 25 27 206866|3042 175314|2578 32106|472 90110|1325 266202|13 175106|175 45230|1 -PCAP- Despite completing a Super Bowl record 29 passes, quarterback Dan Marino of the Miami Dolphins still ended up on the losing side against the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XIX at Stanford, CA on 20 Jan 1985. He holds the record for the most ^ yards gained passing in a season, with a total of 5,084 yards. (Photo: Allsport USA/Duffy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most yards gained passing ^<4 Career ^>4 47,003, Fran Tarkenton (Minnesota Vikings, New York Giants), 1961-78. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 5,084, Dan Marino (Miami Dolphins), 1984. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 554, Norm Van Brocklin (Los Angeles Rams), 28 Sep 1951. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most passing attempts T \p8\D14\3911240 Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most passing attempts 20 22 24 26 206934|3043 175042|2574 32174|473 89770|1320 266202|14 175106|171 45230|2 -PCAP- Warren Moon of the Houston Oilers completed a record 404 passes from a record 655 attempts in the 1991 NFL season. (Photo: Allsport USA/Briam Masck) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most passing attempts ^<4 Career ^>4 6,467, Fran Tarkenton (Minnesota Vikings, New York Giants), 1961-78. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 655, Warren Moon (Houston Oilers), 1991. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 68, George Blanda (Houston Oilers), 1 Nov 1964. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most passes completed T \p8\D14\3811222a Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most passes completed 20 23 25 27 207002|3044 174974|2573 32242|474 89702|1319 214|3 266202|15 175106|170 45230|3 -PCAP- In a 17-year career with the Minnesota Vikings and the New York Giants, Fran Tarkenton passed for an NFL record total of 47,003 yards. Not surprisingly, he also holds the record for the greatest number of passes completed, 3,686. (Photo: Sports ^ Illustrated) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most passes completed ^<4 Career ^>4 3,686, Fran Tarkenton (Minnesota Vikings, New York Giants), 1961-78. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 404, Warren Moon (Houston Oilers), 1991. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 42 (from 59 attempts), Richard Todd (New York Jets), 21 Sep 1980. ^<n ^<4 ^ Consecutive ^>4 22, Joe Montana (San Francisco 49ers), 29 Nov 1987 ^I Cleveland Browns (5); 6 Dec 1987 ^I Green Bay Packers (17). ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most pass receptions T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most pass receptions 20 22 24 26 207070|3045 174906|2572 89634|1318 266202|16 175106|169 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most pass receptions ^<4 Career ^>4 819, Steve Largent (Seattle Seahawks), 1976-89. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 106, Art Monk (Washington Redskins), 1984. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 18, Tom Fears (Los Angeles Rams), 3 Dec 1950. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most field goals T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most field goals 20 22 24 26 207138|3046 174702|2569 89430|1315 266202|17 175106|166 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most field goals ^<4 Career ^>4 373, Jan Stenerud (Kansas City Chiefs, Green Bay Packers, Minnesota Vikings), 1967-85. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 35, Ali Haji-Sheikh (New York Giants), 1983. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 7, Jim Bakken (St Louis Cardinals), 24 Sep 1967; Rich ^ Karlis (Minnesota Vikings), 5 Nov 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most sacks T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most sacks 20 22 24 26 207206|3047 175178|2576 89906|1322 266202|18 175106|173 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most sacks ^<4 Career ^>4 121.5, Lawrence Taylor (New York Giants), 1982-91. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 22, Mark Gastineau (New York Jets), 1984. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 7, Derrick Thomas (Kansas City Chiefs ^I Seattle Seahawks), 11 Nov 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most interceptions T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most interceptions 20 22 24 26 207274|3048 174838|2571 89566|1317 266202|19 175106|168 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most interceptions ^<4 Career ^>4 81, Paul Krause (Washington Redskins; Minnesota Vikings), 1964-79. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 14, Dick "Night Train" Lane (Los Angeles Rams), 1952. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 4; 16 players have achieved this feat. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Greatest comeback T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Greatest comeback 20 22 24 26 207342|3049 48494|713 88886|1307 266202|20 52992|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Greatest comeback On 7 Dec, 1980, the San Francisco 49ers, playing at home, trailed the New Orleans Saints 35-7 at halftime. In the 2nd half, the 49ers, led by Joe Montana, scored 31 unanswered points to win the game 38-35. The 49ers had overcome a deficit of 28 ^ points, the largest in NFL history. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NFL): Most successful coaches T Sports and Games|Football|National Football League (NFL) Records|Most successful coaches 20 22 24 26 207410|3050 204486|3007 89974|1323 266202|21 216674|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NFL): Most successful coaches The winningest coach in NFL history was George Stanley Halas (1895-1983), whose Chicago Bears teams won 325 games (and 7 NFL titles) to 151 losses and 31 ties while he was coach in 1920-29, 1933-42, 1946-55 and 1958-67. The highest winning ^ percentage was .740 percent, achieved by Vincent Thomas "Vince" Lombardi (1913-70): 105 wins, 35 losses and 6 ties with the Green Bay Packers, 1959-67, and the Washington Redskins, 1969. ^<n ^<4 Most seasons ^>4 40, George Halas, with the ^ Decatur/Chicago Staleys/Chicago Bears (1920-29, 1933-42, 1946-55, 1958-67). ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (Super Bowl): Origins T Sports and Games|Football|The Super Bowl|Origins 20 22 24 26 207478|3051 217066|3192 90654|1333 267758|0 227712|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (Super Bowl): Origins The Super Bowl was first held in 1967 between the winners of the NFL and AFL championships. Since 1970 it has been contested by the winners of the National and American Conferences of the NFL. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most wins is four, by the ^ Pittsburgh Steelers in 1974-75, 1978-79, coached by Chuck Noll on each occasion, and by the San Francisco 49ers in 1981, 1984, 1988 and 1989, coached by Bill Walsh (1981, 1984, 1988) and George Seifert (1989). ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (Super Bowl): Most appearances T Sports and Games|Football|The Super Bowl|Most appearances 20 22 24 26 207546|3052 194626|2862 90518|1331 267758|1 206832|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (Super Bowl): Most appearances The most Super Bowl appearances is five, by the Dallas Cowboys (2 wins, 3 losses), 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977-78, and by the Miami Dolphins (2 wins, 3 losses), 1971-73, 1982, 1984. ^<n The most appearances by a player is also five, shared by seven ^ players: Marv Fleming (Green Bay Packers 1966-67, Miami Dolphins 1971-73); Larry Cole (Dallas Cowboys 1970-71, 1975, 1977-78); Cliff Harris (Dallas Cowboys 1970-71, 1975, 1977-78); D. D. Lewis (Dallas Cowboys 1970-71, 1975, 1977-1978); Preston ^ Pearson (Baltimore Colts 1968, Pittsburgh Steelers 1974, Dallas Cowboys 1975, 1977-78); Charlie Waters (Dallas Cowboys 1970-71, 1975, 1977-1978); Rayfield Wright (Dallas Cowboys 1970-71, 1975, 1977-78). ^<n Don Shula has coached six Super Bowls ^ to set the all-time mark: Baltimore Colts, 1968; Miami Dolphins, 1971-73, 1982, 1984. He won two games and lost four. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (Super Bowl): Highest scores T \p8\D14\3711225 Sports and Games|Football|The Super Bowl|Highest scores 20 23 25 27 207614|3053 80454|1183 32310|475 90450|1330 267758|2 88626|12 45230|4 -PCAP- Joe Montana hands off to Roger Craig during San Francisco 49ers' 55-10 rout of the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXIV. It was the highest team score and margin of victory in the history of Super Bowl and secured San Francisco's record-equalling ^ fourth success. (Photo: Allsport/Rick Stewart) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (Super Bowl): Highest scores The highest aggregate score was 66 points, when the Pittsburgh Steelers beat the Dallas Cowboys 35-31 on 21 Jan 1979. The highest team score and record victory margin was when the San Francisco 49ers beat the Denver Broncos 55-10 in New Orleans, LA ^ on 28 Jan 1990. In their 42-10 victory over the Denver Broncos on 31 Jan 1988, the Washington Redskins scored a record 35 points in the second quarter. The narrowest margin of victory was one point, when the New York Giants defeated the Buffalo ^ Bills 20-19 on 27 Jan 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (Super Bowl): Most valuable player T Sports and Games|Football|The Super Bowl|Most valuable player 20 22 24 26 207682|3054 213734|3143 90586|1332 267758|3 226156|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (Super Bowl): Most valuable player Joseph C. "Joe" Montana, Jr. (b. 11 Jun 1956), quarterback of the San Francisco 49ers, has been voted the Super Bowl MVP on a record three occasions: Super Bowl XVI, XIX, and XXIV. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Origins T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Origins 20 22 24 26 207750|3055 37274|548 88818|1306 268054|0 40936|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Origins At the turn of the 20th century, football's popularity was rising rapidly; however, with the increased participation came a rise in serious injuries and even some deaths. In December 1905, 13 universities outlined a plan to establish an ^ organization to standardize playing rules. On 28 Dec, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS) was founded in New York City with 62 charter members. The IAAUS was renamed the National Collegiate Athletic Assocation ^ (NCAA) in 1910 and first began to keep statistics for football in 1937. The oldest collegiate series still contested is that between Yale and Princeton, first played in November 1873, three years before the formation of the Intercollegiate ^ Football Association. The first Rose Bowl game was held in Pasadena, CA on 1 Jan 1902, when Michigan beat Stanford 49-0. The National Collegiate Athletic Association began classifying college teams into Divisions I, II and III in 1973. Five years ^ later Division I was subdivided into 1-A and 1-AA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Career Records T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Career Records 20 22 24 26 207818|3056 174498|2566 87458|1286 268054|1 175106|163 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Career Records ^<4 Divisions 1-A, 1-AA, II and III ^>4 ^<n ^<4 Points scored ^>4 474, Joe Dudek, Plymouth State (Div. III), 1982-85. ^<n ^<4 Rushing (yards) ^>4 6,320, Johnny Bailey, Texas A&I (Div. II), 1986-89. ^<n ^<4 Passing (yards) ^>4 15,031, Ty ^ Detmer, Brigham Young (Div I-A), 1988-91. ^<n ^<4 Receptions (yards) ^>4 4,693, Jerry Rice, Mississippi Valley (Div. 1-AA), 1981-84. ^<n ^<4 Receptions (most) ^>4 301, Jerry Rice, Mississippi Valley (Div. 1-AA), 1981-84. ^<n ^<4 Field ^ goals (game) ^>4 8, Goran Lingmerth, Northern Arizona (Div. 1-AA). Booting 8 out of 8 kicks, Lingmerth set the record on 25 Oct 1986 ^I Idaho. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Longest plays T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Longest plays 20 22 24 26 207886|3057 137982|2029 88614|1303 268054|2 139100|139 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Longest plays ^<4 Run from scrimmage ^>4 99 yards by four players: Gale Sayers (Kansas ^I Nebraska), 1963; Max Anderson (Arizona State ^I Wyoming), 1967; Ralph Thompson (West Texas State ^I Wichita State), 1970; Kelsey Finch ^ (Tennessee ^I Florida), 1977. ^<n ^<4 Field goal ^>4 67 yards by three players: Russell Erxleben (Texas ^I Rice), 1977; Steve Little (Arkansas ^I Texas), 1977; Joe Williams (Wichita State ^I Southern ^ Illinois), 1978. Ove Johansson kicked a 69-yard field goal for Abilene Christian University ^I East Texas State on 16 Oct 1976, but this was in an NAIA game. ^<n ^<4 Pass completion ^>4 99 yards on eight occasions by seven players: ^ Fred Owens (to Jack Ford), Portland ^I St. Mary's, CA, 1947; Bo Burris (to Warren McVea), Houston ^I Washington State, 1966; Colin Clapton (to Eddie Jenkins), Holy Cross ^I Boston U, 1970; Terry Peel (to Robert Ford), ^ Houston ^I Syracuse, 1970; Terry Peel (to Robert Ford), Houston ^I San Diego State, 1972; Chris Collingsworth (to Derrick Gaffney), Florida ^I Rice, 1977; Scott Ankrom (to James Maness), TCU ^I Rice, 1984; Gino ^ Torretta (to Horace Copeland), Miami ^I Arkansas, 1991. ^<n ^<4 Punt ^>4 99 yards by Pat Brady, Nevada-Reno ^I Loyola, CA in 1950. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Highest score T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Highest score 20 22 24 26 207954|3058 200746|2952 88546|1302 19798|291 268054|3 213040|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Highest score The most points ever scored in a college game is 222, by Georgia Tech ^I Cumberland College (0) of Lebanon, TN on 7 Oct 1916. Tech set records for 63 points in a quarter, 32 touchdowns, and 30 points after touch-down in this game. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Longest streak T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Longest streak 20 22 24 26 208022|3059 138050|2030 88682|1304 268054|4 139100|140 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Longest streak The University of Oklahoma won 47 successive games from 1953 to 1957, when they were beaten 7-0 by Notre Dame. The longest unbeaten streak is 63 (59 won, 4 tied) by Washington from 1907 to 1917, ended by a 27-0 loss to California. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Most successful coaches T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Most successful coaches 20 22 24 26 208090|3060 204418|3006 88750|1305 268054|5 216674|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Most successful coaches In Division 1-A competition, Paul "Bear" Bryant (1913-83) won more games than any other coach, with 323 wins over 38 years: Maryland 1945, Kentucky 1946-53, Texas A&M 1954-57 and Alabama 1958-82. He led Alabama to five national titles and 15 bowl ^ wins, including 7 Sugar Bowls. The best win percentage in Division 1-A was 0.881, by Knute Rockne (1888-1931), with 105 wins, 12 losses and 5 ties, 12,847 points for and 667 against, at Notre Dame 1918-30. In overall NCAA competition, Eddie ^ Robinson, Grambling (Division 1-AA) holds the mark for most victories, with 371 through 1991. In overall NCAA competition, Mark Duffner compiled a .917 record (60 wins, 5 losses and one tie) in six seasons with Holy Cross (Div. I-AA), 1987-91. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Highest attendances T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Highest attendances 20 22 24 26 208158|3061 75354|1108 88478|1301 268054|6 83818|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Highest attendances The highest attendances at college football games were estimated crowds of 120,000 at Soldier Field, Chicago, IL on 26 Nov 1927 when Notre Dame beat Southern California 7-6, and on 13 Oct 1928 when Notre Dame beat Navy 7-0. The highest average ^ attendance for home games is 105,588 for the six games played by Michigan in 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Champions T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|National College Football Champions 20 22 24 26 208226|3062 216862|3189 87526|1287 268054|7 227712|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Champions The most wins in the national journalists' poll, established in 1936, to determine the college team of the year is eight by Notre Dame, 1943, 1946-47, 1949, 1966, 1973, 1977 and 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Bowl games T \c8\D02\3911242z Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Bowl games 20 23 25 27 208294|3063 216794|3188 32378|476 87390|1285 268054|8 227712|35 45230|5 -PCAP- The oldest college bowl game is the Rose Bowl, which was first played on 1 Jan 1902 at Tournament Park, Pasadena, CA, when Michigan beat Stanford 49-0. The bowl has been won most times by the University of Southern California (USC), 19. (Photos: ^ Allsport/Mike Powell/Tim Defrisco) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Bowl games ^<4 Oldest ^>4 The oldest college bowl game is the Rose Bowl. It was first played on 1 Jan 1902 at Tournament Park, Pasadena, CA, when Michigan beat Stanford 49-0. The second game did not take place until 1916, and the game has been played ^ continuously since. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The University of Southern California (USC) has a record 19 wins in the Rose Bowl. The University of Alabama has made a record 44 bowl appearances and had 24 wins. Most wins in the other "big four" ^ bowl games: Orange Bowl: 11, Oklahoma; Sugar Bowl: 7, Alabama; Cotton Bowl: 9, Texas. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA): Heisman Memorial Trophy T Sports and Games|Football|College Football (NCAA)|Heisman Memorial Trophy 20 22 24 26 208362|3064 216930|3190 88410|1300 268054|9 227712|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA): Heisman Memorial Trophy This award has been given annually since 1935 by the Downtown Athletic Club of New York to the top college football player as determined by a poll of journalists. It was originally called the D.A.C. Trophy but the name was changed in 1936. Its full ^ title is the John W. Heisman Memorial Trophy and it is named after the first athletic director of the Downtown Athletic Club. ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The only double winner has been Archie Griffin of Ohio State, 1974-75. The University of Notre Dame ^ has had more Heisman Trophy winners than any other school, with seven selections. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most points T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most points 20 22 24 26 208430|3065 200678|2951 87934|1293 268770|0 213040|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most points ^<4 Game ^>4 48, Howard Griffith (Illinois ^I Southern Illinois; 8 touchdowns), 22 Sep 1990 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 234, Barry Sanders (Oklahoma State; 39 touchdowns in 11 games), 1988 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 423, Roman Anderson (Houston; ^ 70 field goals, 213 point-after-touchdowns), 1988-91 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Highest total yardage T \p8\D14\us381125 Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Highest total yardage 20 23 25 27 208498|3066 66786|982 32446|477 87594|1288 268770|1 71062|61 45230|6 -PCAP- The picture shows David Klingler (jersey no. 7), in record-breaking form for the University of Houston. In 1990, Klingler established records for game and season total yardage, the game record for yards gained passing, game and season records for ^ pass completions, and game and season records for touchdown passes. (Photo: Arthur Hale) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Highest total yardage ^<4 Game ^>4 732, David Klingler (Houston ^I Arizona State; 716 passing, 16 rushing), 1 Dec 1990 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 5,221, David Klingler (Houston; 5,140 passing, 81 rushing), 1990 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 14,665, Ty Detmer (Brigham ^ Young; 15,031 passing, -366 rushing), 1988-91 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most yards gained rushing T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most yards gained rushing 20 22 24 26 208566|3067 174430|2565 88342|1299 268770|2 175106|162 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most yards gained rushing ^<4 Game ^>4 396, Tony Sands (Kansas ^I Missouri), 23 Nov 1991 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 2,628, Barry Sanders (Oklahoma State; 344 rushes in 11 games, record av. 238.9), 1988 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 6,082, Tony Dorset (Pittsburgh; 1,074 ^ rushes,) 1973-76 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most yards gained passing T \p8\D15\3911242a Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most yards gained passing 20 23 25 27 208634|3068 174294|2563 32514|478 88206|1297 268770|3 175106|160 45230|7 -PCAP- Ty Detmer holds NCAA career records for most yards gained passing, 15,031; most pass completions, 958; most touchdown passes, 121; and most total yardage, 14,665. Here he is seen in action for Brigham Young in 1990, the year he won the Heisman ^ Memorial Trophy as the top college football player. (Photo: Allsport/Mike Powell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most yards gained passing ^<4 Game ^>4 716, David Klingler (Houston v Arizona State), 1 Dec 1990 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 5,188, Ty Detmer (Brigham Young), 1990 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 15,031, Ty Detmer (Brigham Young; completed 958 of 1,530), 1988-91 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most pass completions T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most pass completions 20 22 24 26 208702|3069 173886|2557 87730|1290 268770|4 175106|154 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most pass completions ^<4 Game ^>4 48, David Klingler (Houston ^I SMU), 20 Oct 1990 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 374, David Klingler (Houston), 1990 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 958, Ty Detmer (Brigham Young; 1,530 attempts), 1988-91 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most touchdown passes T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most touchdown passes 20 22 24 26 208770|3070 174090|2560 88002|1294 268770|5 175106|157 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most touchdown passes ^<4 Game ^>4 11, David Klingler (Houston ^I Eastern Washington), 17 Nov 1990 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 54, David Klingler (Houston), 1990 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 121, Ty Detmer (Brigham Young), 1988-91 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most pass receptions T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most pass receptions 20 22 24 26 208838|3071 174022|2559 87866|1292 268770|6 175106|156 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most pass receptions ^<4 Game ^>4 22, Jay Miller (Brigham Young ^I New Mexico; 263 yards), 3 Nov 1973 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 142, Emmanuel Hazard (Houston), 1969 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 263, Terance Mathis (New Mexico), 1985-87, 1989 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most yards gained receiving T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most yards gained receiving 20 22 24 26 208906|3072 174362|2564 88274|1298 268770|7 175106|161 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most yards gained receiving ^<4 Game ^>4 349, Chuck Hughes (UTEP ^I North Texas; caught 10), 18 Sep 1965 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 1,779, Howard Twilley (Tulsa; caught 134 in 10 games), 1965 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 4,254, Terance Mathis (New Mexico), 1985-87, 1989 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most pass interceptions T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most pass interceptions 20 22 24 26 208974|3073 173954|2558 87798|1291 268770|8 175106|155 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most pass interceptions ^<4 Game ^>4 5, Dan Rebsch (Miami [Ohio] ^I Western Michigan; 88 yards; three others with less yards), 4 Nov 1972 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 14, Al Worley (Washington; 130 yards, in 10 games), 1968 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 29, Al Brosky ^ (Illinois; 356 yards, 27 games), 1950-52 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most touchdowns (receiving) T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most touchdowns (receiving) 20 22 24 26 209042|3074 174226|2562 88138|1296 268770|9 175106|159 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most touchdowns (receiving) ^<4 Game ^>4 6, Tim Delaney (San Diego State ^I New Mexico State), 15 Nov 1969 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 22, Emmanuel Hazard (Houston), 1989 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 38, Clarkston Hines (Duke), 1986-89 ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most field goals T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most field goals 20 22 24 26 209110|3075 173818|2556 87662|1289 268770|10 175106|153 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most field goals ^<4 Game ^>4 7, Mike Prindle (West Michigan ^I Marshall), 29 Sep 1984. 7, Dale Klein (Nebraska ^I Missouri), 19 Oct 1985. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 29, John Lee (UCLA), 1984. ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 80, Jeff Jaeger (Washington), ^ 1983-86. ^<n ^<4 Consecutive ^>4 30, Chuck Nelson (Washington), 1981-82. ^ -END- -CTRL- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most touchdowns T Sports and Games|Football|NCAA Division 1-A Individual Records|Most touchdowns 20 22 24 26 209178|3076 174158|2561 88070|1295 268770|11 175106|158 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Football (NCAA Division 1-A): Most touchdowns ^<4 Game ^>4 8, Howard Griffith (Illinois ^I Southern Illinois), 22 Sep 1990 ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 39, Barry Sanders (Oklahoma State), 1988 ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 65, Anthony Thompson (Indiana) 1986-89 ^ -END- -CTRL- Gaelic Football: Origins T Sports and Games|Gaelic Football|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 209246|3077 10346|152 91742|1349 269712|0 13960|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gaelic Football: Origins The game developed from inter-parish "free for alls," with no time limit, specific playing area, or rules. The earliest reported match was Meath ^I Louth, at Slane, Ireland in 1712. Standardization came with the formation of the Gaelic ^ Athletic Association in Thurles, Ireland on 1 Nov 1884. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gaelic Football: All-Ireland Championships T \p8\D15\3711262 Sports and Games|Gaelic Football|General Records|All-Ireland Championships 20 23 25 27 209314|3078 175790|2585 32582|479 91606|1347 269712|1 175106|182 45806|0 -PCAP- Gaelic football's principal championship is the All-Ireland Championship which is held annually on the third Sunday in September for the Sam Maguire Trophy. The most successful side is Kerry (shown here in action against Dublin who are in blue) who ^ have won a record 30 times between 1903 and 1986. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gaelic Football: All-Ireland Championships ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The greatest number of All-Ireland Championships won by one team is 30, by Ciarraidhe (Kerry) between 1903 and 1986. The greatest number of successive wins is four, by Wexford (1915-18) and Kerry twice (1929-32, 1978-81). ^<n ^ ^<4 Most finals ^>4 The most finals contested by an individual is ten, including eight wins by the Kerry players Pat Spillane, Paudie O'Shea and Denis Moran, 1975-76, 1978-82, 1984-86. ^<n ^<4 Highest scores ^>4 The highest team score in a ^ final was when Dublin, 27 (5 goals, 12 points), beat Armagh, Great Britain, 15 (3 goals, 6 points), on 25 Sep 1977. The highest combined score was 45 points, when Cork (26) beat Galway (19) in 1973. A goal equals three points. ^<n The highest ^ individual score in an All-Ireland final has been 2 goals, 6 points by Jimmy Keaveney (Dublin) ^I Armagh, Great Britain, in 1977, and by Michael Sheehy (Kerry) ^I Dublin in 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gaelic Football: Largest crowd T Sports and Games|Gaelic Football|General Records|Largest crowd 20 22 24 26 209382|3079 99562|1464 91674|1348 269712|2 91334|255 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gaelic Football: Largest crowd The record crowd was 90,556 for the Down ^I Offaly final at Croke Park, Dublin in 1961. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Origins T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 209450|3080 37546|552 94802|1394 270444|0 40936|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Origins The Chinese Nationalist Golf Association claims the game is of Chinese origin ( ^I --the ball-hitting game) in the third or second century B.C. There were official ordinances prohibiting a ball game with clubs in Belgium and Holland ^ from 1360. Gutta percha balls succeeded feather balls in 1848, and by 1902 were in turn succeeded by rubber-cored balls, invented in 1899 by Coburn Haskell (USA). Steel shafts were authorized in the United States in 1925. ^<n ^<4 United States ^ ^>4 The first evidence of golf in the United States is that the game was played in Charleston, NC and in Virginia, in the mid-18th century. The first club organized for the playing of golf in North America was in Canada, when the Royal Montreal ^ Golf Club was formed on Nov 4 1873. The United States Golf Association (USGA) was founded in 1894 as the governing body of golf in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Oldest club T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Oldest club 20 22 24 26 209518|3081 227810|3350 94734|1393 270444|1 236192|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Oldest club The oldest club of which there is written evidence is the Gentlemen Golfers (now the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers) formed in March 1744--ten years prior to the institution of the Royal and Ancient Club of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. ^ However, the Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh, Great Britain claims to have been founded in 1735. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Two golf clubs claim to be the first established in the United States: the Foxberg Golf Club, Clarion Co., PA ^ (1887) and St Andrews Golf Club of Yonkers, NY (1888). ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Highest course T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Highest course 20 22 24 26 209586|3082 67126|987 93374|1373 270444|2 71062|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Highest course The Tuctu Golf Club in Morococha, Peru, is 14,335 ft above sea level at its lowest point. Golf has, however, been played in Tibet at an altitude of over 16,000 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Longest course T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Longest course 20 22 24 26 209654|3083 138662|2039 94122|1384 23266|342 270444|3 139100|149 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Longest course The world's longest course is the par-77 8,325 yd International Golf Club in Bolton, MA from the "Tiger" tees, remodeled in 1969 by Robert Trent Jones. ^<n Floyd Satterlee Rood used the entire United States as a course, when he played from the ^ Pacific surf to the Atlantic surf from 14 Sep 1963 to 3 Oct 1964 in 114,737 strokes. He lost 3,511 balls on the 3,397.7 mile trail. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Lowest course T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Lowest course 20 22 24 26 209722|3084 160014|2353 94394|1388 270444|4 170594|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Lowest course The Furnace Creek course in Death Valley, CA is 220 ft below sea level. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Longest drives T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Longest drives 20 22 24 26 209790|3085 138730|2040 94190|1385 270444|5 139100|150 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Longest drives In officially regulated long driving contests over level ground the greatest distance recorded is 437 yd 2 ft 4 in by Jack L. Hamm (USA), at an altitude of 5,280 ft, on 25 Oct 1989 in Denver, CO. The longest recorded drive in a regulated ^ competition at sea level is 411 yd by Cary B. Schuman (USA) at the Navy Marine Golf Course, Oahu, HI on 7 May 1989. ^<n On an airport runway, Kelly Murray (Canada) drove a Wilson Ultra 432 ball 684.8 yd at Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, ^ Canada on 25 Sep 1990. ^<n The women's record is held by Helen Dobson (Great Britain), who drove a Titleist Pinnacle 531 yd at RAF Honnington, Suffolk, Great Britain on 31 Oct 1987. ^<n The longest recorded drive on an ordinary course is one of ^ 515 yd by Michael Hoke Austin (b. 17 Feb 1910) of Los Angeles, CA, in the US National Seniors Open Championship at Las Vegas, NV on 25 Sep 1974. Austin, 6 ft 2 in tall and weighing 210 lb, drove the ball to within a yard of the green on the par-4 ^ 450-yd fifth hole of the Winterwood Course and it rolled 65 yd past the flagstick. He was aided by an estimated 35 mph tailwind. ^<n A drive of 2,640 yd (1 1/2 miles) across ice was achieved by an Australian meteorologist named Nils Lied at ^ Mawson Base, Antarctica in 1962. ^<n On the moon the energy expended on a mundane 300 yd drive would achieve, craters permitting, a distance of 1 mile. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Longest putt T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Longest putt 20 22 24 26 209858|3086 138866|2042 94326|1387 270444|6 139100|152 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Longest putt The longest recorded holed putt in a major tournament was one of 86 ft on the vast 13th green at the Augusta National, GA by Cary Middlecoff (USA; b. 6 Jan 1921) in the 1955 Masters Tournament. ^<n Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones, Jr. (1902- 71) was ^ reputed to have sunk a putt in excess of 100 ft at the fifth green in the first round of the 1927 Open at St Andrews. ^<n Bob Cook (USA) sank a putt measured at 140 ft 2 3/4 in on the 18th at St Andrews in the International Fourball Pro Am ^ Tournament on 1 Oct 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Longest hole T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Longest hole 20 22 24 26 209926|3087 138798|2041 94258|1386 270444|7 139100|151 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Longest hole The longest hole in the world is the 7th hole (par-7) of the Sano Course, Satsuki Golf Club, Japan, which measures 909 yd. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Largest green T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Largest green 20 22 24 26 209994|3088 100106|1472 94054|1383 270444|8 91334|263 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Largest green Probably the largest green in the world is that of the par-6 695 yd fifth hole at International Golf Club, Bolton, MA with an area greater than 28,000 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Most shots for one hole T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Most shots for one hole 20 22 24 26 210062|3089 176470|2595 94598|1391 270444|9 175106|192 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Most shots for one hole A woman player in the qualifying round of the Shawnee Invitational for Ladies at Shawnee-on-Delaware, PA, ^I . 1912, took 166 strokes for the short 130 yd 16th hole. Her tee shot went into the Binniekill River and the ball floated. She put ^ out in a boat with her helpful but statistically minded husband at the oars. She eventually beached the ball 1 1/2 miles downstream but was not yet out of the woods. She had to play through one on the home run. ^<n Ray Ainsley of Ojai, CA took 19 ^ strokes for the par-4 16th hole during the second round of the US Open at Cherry Hills Country Club, Denver, CO on 10 Jun 1938. Most of the strokes were used in trying to extricate the ball from a brook. ^<n Hans Merell of Mogadore, OH took 19 ^ strokes on the par-3 16th (222 yd) during the third round of the Bing Crosby National Tournament at Cypress Point Club, Del Monte, CA on 17 Jan 1959. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: World one-club record T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|World one-club record 20 22 24 26 210130|3090 96706|1422 270444|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: World one-club record Thad Daber (USA), with a 6-iron, played the 6,037 yd Lochmore Golf Club course, Cary, NC in 70 to win the 1987 World One-club Championship. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Highest shot on Earth T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Highest shot on Earth 20 22 24 26 210198|3091 67194|988 93442|1374 270444|11 71062|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Highest shot on Earth Ian Evans (Canada) played a shot from near the Independencia refuge hut on Mt Aconcagua (20,341), Argentina on 1 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Most balls hit in one hour T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Most balls hit in one hour 20 22 24 26 210266|3092 176334|2593 94462|1389 270444|12 175106|190 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Most balls hit in one hour The most balls driven in one hour, over 100 yds and into a target area, is 1,536, by Noel Hunt at Shrigley Hall, Pott Shrigley, Great Britain on 2 May 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Biggest bunker T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Biggest bunker 20 22 24 26 210334|3093 1710|25 93306|1372 270444|13 7328|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Biggest bunker The world's biggest bunker is Hell's Half Acre on the 585 yd seventh hole of the Pine Valley course, Clementon, NJ, built in 1912 and generally regarded as the world's most trying course. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Throwing a golf ball T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Throwing a golf ball 20 22 24 26 210402|3094 163278|2401 96638|1421 270444|14 174040|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Throwing a golf ball The lowest recorded score for throwing a golf ball around 18 holes (over 6,000 yd) is 82, by Joe Flynn (USA), 21, at the 6,228 yd Port Royal course, Bermuda on 27 Mar 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Most wins in a single event T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Most wins in a single event 20 22 24 26 210470|3095 218222|3209 94666|1392 270444|15 227712|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Most wins in a single event Sam Snead won a record eight times at the Greater Greensboro Open--1938, 1946, 1949-50, 1955-56, 1960 and 1965. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Richest prize T \p8\D15\3811265 Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Richest prize 20 23 25 27 210538|3096 239234|3518 32650|480 95686|1407 270444|16 253352|0 45892|0 -PCAP- Ian Woosnam (Wales) received $1 million, the greatest first place prize money ever won, as the first winner of the Sun City Challenge in Bophuthatswana, South Africa in 1987. In 1991 Woosnam attained number 1 in the Sony rankings and confirmed his ^ position by immediately winning his first major, the Masters. (Photo: Allsport/S. Munday) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Richest prize The greatest first place prize money ever won is $1 million, awarded annually from 1987 to 1991 to the winners of the Sun City Challenge, Bophuthatswana, South Africa. Ian Woosnam (Wales) was the first winner. The greatest total prize money is ^ $2.55 million (including a $525,000 first prize) for the Johnnie Walker World Championship at Tryall Golf Course, Montego Bay, Jamaica on 19-22 Dec 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Youngest and oldest national champions T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Youngest and oldest national champions 20 22 24 26 210606|3097 227878|3351 96774|1423 270444|17 236192|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Youngest and oldest national champions Thuashni Selvaratnam (b. 9 Jun 1976) won the 1989 Sri Lankan Ladies Amateur Open Golf Championship, aged 12 yr 324 days, at Nuwara Eliya GC on 29 Apr 1989. Maria Teresa "Isa" Goldschmid (nee Bevione; b. 15 Oct 1925) won the Italian Women's ^ Championship, aged 50 yr 200 days, at Oligata, Rome on 2 May 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf: Most club championships T Sports and Games|Golf|General Records|Most club championships 20 22 24 26 210674|3098 176402|2594 94530|1390 270444|18 175106|191 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf: Most club championships Helen Gray has been ladies champion at Tormorden Golf Course, Great Britain 37 times between 1952 and 1991. Bernard Charles Cusack (b. 24 Jan 1920) was men's champion 34 times, including 33 consecutively, at the Narembeen Golf Course, Western ^ Australia, between 1943 and 1982. ^<n At different clubs, Peter Toogood (Australia; b. 11 Apr 1930) has won 35 championships in Tasmania. At different clubs in the United States, Frances Miles-Maslon Hirsh (USA) was ladies champion 44 times ^ between 1951-90. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Lowest nine holes T Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Lowest nine holes 20 22 24 26 210742|3099 159946|2352 96026|1412 271790|0 170594|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Lowest nine holes Nine holes in 25 (4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 4, 2) was recorded by A. J. "Bill" Burke in a round in 57 (32+25) on the 6,389 yd par-71 Normandie course at St Louis, MO on 20 May 1970. ^<n The professional tournament record is 27, by Mike Souchak (USA; b. ^ 10 May 1927) for the second nine (par-35), first round of the 1955 Texas Open (see Lowest 72 holes); Andy North (USA; b. 9 Mar 1950), for the second nine (par-34), first round, 1975 B.C. Open at En-Joie Golf Club, Endicott, NY; Jose Maria ^ Canizares (Spain; b. 18 Feb 1947), for the first nine, third round, in the 1978 Swiss Open on the 6,811 yd Crans Golf Club, Crans-sur-Seine; and Robert Lee (Great Britain; b. 12 Oct 1961), for the first nine, first round, in the Monte Carlo Open ^ on the 6,249 yd Mont Agel course on 28 Jun 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Lowest 18 holes T \p8\D15\3911244 Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Lowest 18 holes 20 23 25 27 210810|3100 163074|2398 32718|481 95822|1409 1778|26 271790|1 174040|10 45892|1 -PCAP- The lowest 18-hole total in a PGA Tour competition is 59, which has been achieved twice. The second player to shoot 59 was Chip Beck, in the third round of the Las Vegas Invitational, on the 72-par 6,979 yd Sunrise GC course, Las Vegas, NV on 11 ^ Oct 1991. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Lowest 18 holes ^<4 Men ^>4 At least four players have played a long course (over 6,561 yd) in a score of 58, most recently Monte Carlo Money (USA; b. 3 Dec 1954), at the par-72, 6,607 yd Las Vegas Municipal Golf Club, NV on 11 Mar 1981. ^<n Alfred Edward Smith ^ (1903-85) scored 55 (15 under par 70) on his 18-hole home course of 4,248 yd on 1 Jan 1936, scoring 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3=29 out, and 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 5, 4, 1=26 in. ^<n The PGA tournament record for 18 holes is 59 (30+29), by Al Geiberger ^ (b. 1 Sep 1937) in the second round of the Danny Thomas Classic, on the 72-par 7,249 yd Colonial Golf Club course, Memphis, TN on 10 Jun 1977, and by Chip Beck in the third round of the Las Vegas Invitational, on the 72-par 6,979 yd Sunrise Golf ^ Club course, Las Vegas, NV on 11 Oct 1991. ^<n Other golfers to have recorded 59 over 18 holes in major non-PGA tournaments include: Samuel Jackson "Sam" Snead (USA; b. 27 May 1912), at the Sam Snead Festival (third round) at White Sulphur ^ Springs, WV on 16 May 1959; Gary Player (South Africa; b. 1 Nov 1935), in the second round of the Brazilian Open in Rio de Janeiro on 29 Nov 1974; David Jagger (Great Britain; b. 9 Jun 1949) in a Pro-Am tournament prior to the 1973 Nigerian Open ^ at Ikoyi Golf Club, Lagos; and Miguel Martin (Spain) in the Argentine Southern Championship at Mar del Plata on 27 Feb 1987. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 The lowest recorded score on an 18-hole course (over 5,600 yd) for a woman is 62 (30+32) by Mary ^ Kathryn "Mickey" Wright (USA; b. 14 Feb 1935) on the Hogan Park Course (par-71, 6,286 yd) at Midland, TX, in November 1964; Vicki Fergon at the 1984 San Jose Classic, San Jose, CA; Janice Arnold (New Zealand) (31+31) on the Coventry Golf Course ^ (5,815 yd) on 24 Sep 1990; and Laura Davies (Great Britain) (32 + 30) at the Rail Golf Club, Springfield, IL on 31 Aug 1991. ^<n Wanda Morgan (b. 22 Mar 1910) recorded a score of 60 (31+29) on the Westgate and Birchington Golf Club course, Kent, ^ Great Britain, over 18 holes (5,002 yd) on 11 Jul 1929. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Lowest 36 holes T Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Lowest 36 holes 20 22 24 26 210878|3101 163142|2399 95890|1410 271790|2 174040|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Lowest 36 holes The record for 36 holes is 122 (59+63), by Sam Snead in the 1959 Sam Snead Festival on 16-17 May 1959. ^<n Horton Smith (1908-63), twice US Masters Champion, scored 121 (63+58) on a short course on 21 Dec 1928 (see Lowest 72 holes). ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Lowest 72 holes T Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Lowest 72 holes 20 22 24 26 210946|3102 163210|2400 95958|1411 271790|3 174040|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Lowest 72 holes The lowest recorded score on a first class course is 255 (29 under par), by Leonard Peter Tupling (Great Britain; b. 6 Apr 1950) in the Nigerian Open at Ikoyi Golf Club, Lagos in February 1981, made up of 63, 66, 62 and 64 (average 63.75 per ^ round). ^<n The lowest 72 holes in a PGA tour event is 257 (60, 68, 64, 65), by Mike Souchak in the 1955 Texas Open at San Antonio. ^<n The 72 holes record on the European tour is 258 (64, 69, 60, 65) by David Llewellyn (Wales; b. 18 Nov 1951) in ^ the Biarritz Open on 1-3 Apr 1988. This was equaled by Ian Woosnam (Wales; b. 2 Mar 1958) (66, 67, 65, 60) in the Monte Carlo Open on 4-7 Jul 1990. ^<n Trish Johnson scored 242 (64, 60, 60, 58; 21 under par) in the Bloor Homes Eastleigh Classic ^ at the Fleming Park Course (4,402 yd) at Eastleigh, Great Britain on 22-25 Jul 1987. ^<n Horton Smith scored 245 (63, 58, 61 and 63) for 72 holes on the 4,700 yd course (par-64) at Catalina Country Club, CA to win the Catalina Open on 21-23 Dec ^ 1928. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Most shots under par T Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Most shots under par 20 22 24 26 211014|3103 176266|2592 96230|1415 271790|4 175106|189 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Most shots under par 31, by two players--Andrew Magee and D.A. Weibring--at the 90-hole 1991 Las Vegas Invitational, 9-13 Oct 1991. Magee won the tournament in a playoff. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Fastest rounds T Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Fastest rounds 20 22 24 26 211082|3104 22518|331 95754|1408 271790|5 23878|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Fastest rounds ^<4 Individual ^>4 With such variations in lengths of courses, speed records, even for rounds under par, are of little comparative value. The fastest round played with the golf ball coming to rest before each new stroke is 27 min 9 sec, by James ^ Carvill (b. 13 Oct 1965) at Warrenpoint Golf Course, County Down, Northern Ireland (18 holes, 6,154 yd) on 18 Jun 1987. ^<n ^<4 Team ^>4 Forty-eight players completed the 18-hole 7,108 yd Kyalami course, near Johannesburg, South Africa in 9 ^ min 51 sec on 23 Feb 1988, using only one ball. They scored 73! ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Slowest rounds T Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Slowest rounds 20 22 24 26 211150|3105 243858|3586 96298|1416 271790|6 257632|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Slowest rounds The slowest stroke-play tournament round was one of 6 hr 45 min, taken by South Africa in the first round of the 1972 World Cup at the Royal Melbourne Golf Club, Australia. This was a four-ball medal round; everything holed out. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Most holes in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Most holes in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 211218|3106 176130|2590 96094|1413 271790|7 175106|187 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Most holes in 24 hours ^<4 On foot ^>4 Ian Colston, 35, played 22 rounds plus five holes (401 holes in all) at Bendigo Golf Club, Victoria, Australia (par-73, 6,061 yd) on 27-28 Nov 1971. ^<n ^<4 Using golf carts ^>4 David Cavalier played 846 holes at Arrowhead ^ Country Club, North Canton, OH (9 holes, 3,013 yd) on 6-7 Aug 1990. ^<n Eric Freeman played 429 holes in 12 hours on the 6,231 yd course at Glen Head Country Club, New York City on 29 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Scores: Most holes played in a week T Sports and Games|Golf|Scores|Most holes played in a week 20 22 24 26 211286|3107 176198|2591 96162|1414 271790|8 175106|188 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Scores: Most holes played in a week Steve Hylton played 1,128 holes at the Mason Rudolph Golf Club (6,060 yd), Clarksville, TN from 25-31 Aug 1980. Using a golf cart for transport, Colin Young completed 1,260 holes at Patshull Park Golf Club (6,412 yd), Pattingham, Shropshire from ^ 2-9 Jul 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Men): Grand Slam T \p8\D15\3811264a Sports and Games|Golf|Men's Championship Records|Grand Slam 20 22 24 26 211354|3108 208430|3065 32786|482 94938|1396 272436|0 219140|34 45892|2 -PCAP- Jack Nicklaus (b. 21 Jan 1940) has won the most grand slam events, also known as the majors, with 18 professional titles (6 Masters, 4 US Opens, 3 British Opens and 5 PGA Championships). (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Men): Grand Slam In 1930 Bobby Jones won the United States and British Opens and the United States and British Amateur Championships. These four victories were christened the Grand Slam of golf. In 1960 the professional Grand Slam (the Masters, US Open, British ^ Open and Professional Golfers Association [PGA] Championships) gained recognition when Arnold Palmer won the first two legs, the Masters and the US Open. However, he did not complete the set of victories, and the Grand Slam has still not been ^ attained. Ben Hogan came closest to succeeding in 1951, when he won the first three legs, but he could not return to the United States from Britain in time for the PGA Championship. ^<n The four grand slam events are also known as "the majors." ^ Jack Nicklaus (b. 21 Jan 1940) has won the most major championships with 18 professional titles (6 Masters, 4 US Opens, 3 British Opens and 5 PGA Championships). Additionally, Nicklaus has won two US Amateur titles, which are often included in ^ calculating major championship victories. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Men): The Masters T Sports and Games|Golf|Men's Championship Records|The Masters 20 22 24 26 211422|3109 162598|2391 95142|1399 272436|1 174040|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Men): The Masters (played on the 6,980 yd Augusta National Golf Course, GA, first in 1934) ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Jack Nicklaus has won six green jackets (1963, 1965-66, 1972, 1975, 1986). Two players have won consecutive Masters: Jack Nicklaus (1965-66) and Nick ^ Faldo (Great Britain; 1989-90). ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 The lowest score for any round is 63, by Nicholas Raymond Leige Price (Zimbabwe; b. 28 Jan 1957) in 1986. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total aggregate ^>4 271, by: Jack Nicklaus (67, 71, 64, 69) in ^ 1965, and Raymond Loran Floyd (65, 66, 70, 70) in 1976. ^<n ^<4 Oldest and youngest winners ^>4 The oldest winner of the Masters was Jack Nicklaus, age 46 years 81 days in 1986. Severiano Ballesteros (Spain) was the youngest player to win the ^ Masters, at 23 years 2 days in 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Men): US Open T \p8\D15\us11259 Sports and Games|Golf|Men's Championship Records|US Open 20 22 24 26 211490|3110 162666|2392 32854|483 95210|1400 272436|2 174040|4 45892|3 -PCAP- Hale Irwin (US; b. 3 Jun 1945) at 45 year 15 days, became the oldest winner of the US Open when he beat Mike Donald (US) at the 19th hole in the playoff at Medinah, IL on 18 Jun 1990. (Photo: Allsport/Steve Munday) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Men): US Open The US Open was inaugurated in 1895. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Four players have won the title four times: Willie Anderson (1901, 1903-05), Bobby Jones (1923, 1926, 1929-30), Ben Hogan (1948, 1950-51, 1953) and Jack Nicklaus (1962, 1967, 1972, ^ 1980). The only player to gain three successive titles was Willie Anderson, from 1903 to 1905. ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 The lowest score for any round is 63, by Johnny Miller (b. 29 Apr 1947) on the 6,921 yd par-71 Oakmont Country Club, PA on ^ 17 Jun 1973; by Jack Nicklaus and Tom Weiskopf (USA; b. 9 Nov 1942), both on 12 Jun 1980 at Baltusrol Country Club, Springfield, NJ. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total aggregate ^>4 272 (63, 71, 70, 68) by Jack Nicklaus on the lower course (7,015 yd) at ^ Baltusrol Country Club, 12-15 Jun 1980. ^<n ^<4 Oldest and youngest winners ^>4 The oldest US Open champion was Hale Irwin (b. 3 Jun 1945), at 45 yr 15 days on 18 Jun 1990. The youngest winner of the Open was John J. McDermott at 19 years 317 ^ days in 1911; this is also the record for the youngest winner of any PGA event in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Men): British Open T Sports and Games|Golf|Men's Championship Records|British Open 20 22 24 26 211558|3111 162462|2389 94870|1395 272436|3 174040|1 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Men): British Open The British Open was inaugurated in 1860 at Prestwick, Strathclyde, Scotland. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Harry Vardon won a record six titles, in 1896, 1898-99, 1908, 1911 and 1914. Tom Morris, Jr. is the only player to win four successive British ^ Opens, from 1868 to 1872 (the event was not held in 1871). ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 The lowest score for the first nine holes is 28, by Denis Durnian (b. 30 Jun 1950), at Royal Birkdale, Southport, Great Britain in the second round on 15 Jul ^ 1983. The lowest score for any round is 63, by Mark Stephen Hayes (USA; b. 12 Jul 1949) at Turnberry, Strathclyde, Scotland, on 7 Jul 1977; Isao Aoki (Japan; b. 31 Aug 1942), at Muirfield, Lothian, Scotland on 19 Jul 1980; Gregory John Norman ^ (Australia; b. 10 Feb 1955), at Turnberry, on 18 Jul 1986; Paul Broadhurst (Great Britain; b. 14 Aug 1965) at St Andrews, Fife, Scotland on 21 Jul 1990 ; and Joseph Martin "Jodie" Mudd (USA; b. 23 Apr 1960) at Royal Birkdale on 21 Jul 1991. ^<n ^ Nick Faldo completed the first 36 holes at Muirfield, Lothian, Great Britain in 130 strokes (66, 64) on 16-17 Jul 1992. Faldo added a third round of 69 to equal the 54-hole record of 199. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total aggregate ^>4 268 (68, 70, 65, 65) ^ by Thomas Sturges Watson (USA; b. 4 Sep 1949) at Turnberry, in July 1977. ^<n ^<4 Youngest and oldest winners ^>4 The youngest winner of the British Open was Tom Morris, Jr. (1851-75) at Prestwick, Strathclyde, Scotland, in 1868 at the age of ^ 17 yr 249 days. The oldest British Open champion was "Old Tom" Morris (1821-1908), age 46 yr 99 days when he won at Prestwick in 1867. The oldest this century has been the 1967 champion, Roberto de Vicenzo (Argentina) at 44 yr 93 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Men): PGA Championships T \p8\D15\3911245 Sports and Games|Golf|Men's Championship Records|Professional Golfers Association (PGA) 20 23 25 27 211626|3112 162530|2390 32922|484 95006|1397 272436|4 174040|2 45892|4 -PCAP- Raymond Floyd (b. 4 Sep 1942) shares the record for the lowest championship score for any round (63) with Bruce Crampton (Australia). He also holds the record for lowest aggregate score for the Masters, with 271 in 1976. He continues to press for ^ honors in the majors, notably being runner-up in the Masters in 1990 (seen here) and 1992. (Photo: Allsport/David Cannon) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Men): PGA Championships ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Two players have won the title five times: Walter Hagen (1921, 1924-27) and Jack Nicklaus (1963, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1980). Walter Hagen won a record four consecutive titles from 1924 to 1927. ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 The ^ lowest score for any round is 63, by Bruce Crampton (Australia; b. 28 Sep 1935) at Firestone Country Club, Akron, OH in 1975; and by Raymond Loran Floyd (b. 4 Sep 1942) at Southern Hills, Tulsa, OK in 1982. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total aggregate ^>4 ^ 271, by Bobby Nicholls (64, 71, 69, 67) at Columbus Country Club, OH in 1964. ^<n ^<4 Oldest and youngest winners ^>4 The oldest winner of the PGA was Julius Boros (USA; b. 3 Mar 1920) at the age of 48 years 110 days in 1968. Eugene "Gene" ^ Sarazen (USA; b. 27 Feb 1902) was the youngest PGA winner in 1922 at the age of 20 years 170 days. ^<n ^<4 Fastest round ^>4 At the 1977 Heritage Classic at Hilton Head, SC, Gary McCord and Bill Mallon played their fourth round of golf in 1 hr ^ 27 min, still the fastest time ever played on the PGA tour. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Men): PGA Tour (table) B \t\D02\1104143a Sports and Games|Golf|Men's Championship Records|PGA tour all-time scoring records (table) 20 22 24 26 211694|3113 159810|2350 95074|1398 272436|5 170594|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- * All records listed are for 72-hole tournaments. ^ -TEXT- Golf Records (Men): PGA Tour (table) Golf: PGA Tour All-Time Scoring records (Table) PGA TOUR ALL-TIME SCORING RECORDS* Lowest score (9 holes) 27 Mike Souchak, Texas Open (back nine) 1955 27 Andy North, B.C. Open (back nine) 1975 Lowest score (18 holes) 59 Al Geiberger, Danny ^ Thomas Memphis Classic (2nd round) 1977 59 Chip Beck, Las Vegas Invitational (3rd round) 1991 Lowest score (36 holes) 125 Ron Streck, Texas Open (3rd and 4th rounds) 1988 125 Blaine McCallister, Hardee's Golf Classic (2nd and 3rd rounds) 1988 ^ Lowest score (54 holes) 189 Chandler Harper, Texas Open (2nd, 3rd and 4th rounds) 1954 Lowest score (72 holes) 257 Mike Souchak, Texas Open 1955 Most shots under par 27 Ben Hogan, Portland Invitational 1945 27 Mike Souchak, Texas Open 1955 Most ^ birdies in a row 8 Bob Goalby, St Petersburg Open (4th round) 1961 8 Fuzzy Zoeller, Quad Cities Open (1st round) 1976 8 Dewey Arnette, Buick Open (1st round) 1987 Fewest putts (18 holes) 18 Sam Trahan, IVB-Philadelphia Golf Classic (4th round) ^ 1979 18 Mike McGee, Federal Express St Jude Classic (1st round) 1987 18 Kenny Knox, MCI Heritage Classic (1st round) 1989 18 Andy North, Anheuser Busch Golf Classic (2nd round) 1990 Fewest putts (72 holes) 93 Kenny Knox, MCI Heritage Classic ^ 1989 Source: PGA Tour ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Women): Grand Slam T Sports and Games|Golf|Women's Championship Records|Grand Slam 20 22 24 26 211762|3114 217950|3205 95346|1402 272872|0 227712|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Women): Grand Slam The Grand Slam of women's golf has consisted of four tournaments since 1955. From 1955-66, the US Open, Ladies Professional Golfers Association (LPGA) Championship, Western Open and Titleholders Championship served as the "majors." From 1967 to ^ 1982 the Grand Slam events changed, as first the Western Open (1967) and then the Titleholders Championship (1972) were discontinued. ^<n Since 1983, the US Open, LPGA Championship, du Maurier Classic and Nabisco Dinah Shore have been the major ^ events. Patty Berg has won 15 professional Grand Slam events: US Open (1), Titleholders (7), Western Open (7); the latter two are now defunct. She also won one US Amateur title. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Women): US Open T Sports and Games|Golf|Women's Championship Records|US Open 20 22 24 26 211830|3115 163006|2397 95618|1406 272872|1 174040|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Women): US Open This competition was first held in 1946 at Spokane, WA at match-play, but at 72 holes of stroke-play annually on different courses from 1947. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most wins is four, by Elizabeth Earle "Betsy" Rawls (b. 4 May 1928), 1951, ^ 1953, 1957 and 1960, and by Mickey Wright (b. 14 Feb 1935), in 1958-59, 1961 and 1964. The biggest margin of victory is 14 strokes, by Mae Louise Suggs (b. 7 Sep 1923) with an aggregate of 291 in 1949. ^<n ^<4 Consecutive wins ^>4 Five players ^ have won twice: Mickey Wright (1958-59); Donna Caponi (1969-70); Susie Berning (1972-73); Hollis Stacy (1977-78); Betsy King (1989-90). ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 The record for the lowest round is 65, by Sally Little (South Africa; b. 12 Oct ^ 1951) in the fourth round in 1978, and by Judy Dickinson (b. 4 Mar 1950) in the third round in 1985. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total aggregate ^>4 The lowest 72 holes aggregate is 279, by Pat Bradley (b. 24 Mar 1951) in 1981. ^<n ^<4 Oldest and youngest ^ winners ^>4 The oldest winner has been Fay Crocker, at 40 yrs 11 months in 1955, and the youngest Catherine Lacoste (France; b. 27 Jun 1945) at 22 yrs 5 days in 1967. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Women): LPGA Championships T \p8\D15\3711267b Sports and Games|Golf|Women's Championship Records|Ladies Professional Golfers Association (LPGA) 20 23 25 27 211898|3116 162802|2394 32990|485 95414|1403 272872|2 174040|6 45892|5 -PCAP- Betsy King holds the record for the lowest four-round total in an LPGA Championship event with 267 (68, 66, 67, 66) in the Mazda LPGA Championship in 1992. She won by 11 strokes and was 17 under-par, both LPGA Championship records. (Photo: ^ Allsport/Scott Halleran) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Women): LPGA Championships It was inaugurated in 1955 at Orchard Ridge Country Club, Fort Wayne, IN; since 1987 it has been officially called the Mazda LPGA Championship. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 four, Mickey Wright in 1958, 1960-61 and 1963. ^<n ^<4 Consecutive wins ^>4 ^ Two, by two players: Mickey Wright (1960-61); Patty Sheehan (1983-84). ^<n ^<4 Lowest scores ^>4 The lowest score for 18 holes is 63, by Patty Sheehan at the Jack Nicklaus Sports Center at Kings Island, OH in 1984. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total ^ aggregate ^>4 The lowest score for 72 holes is 267, by Betsy King at the Bethesda Country Club, MD in 1992. ^<n ^<4 Lowest four-round total ^>4 The lowest four-round total in an LPGA Championship event is 267 (68, 66, 67, 66) by Betsy King ^ in the Mazda LPGA Championship on the par-71 6,272 yd Bethesda Country Club course, Bethesda, MD on 14-17 May 1992. She won by 11 strokes and was 17 under-par, both LPGA Championship records. ^<n ^<4 Youngest winner ^>4 The youngest tour event ^ winner was Marlene Hagge (b. 16 Feb 1934), who won the 1952 Sarasota Open at the age of 18 yr 14 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Women): LPGA Tour T Sports and Games|Golf|Women's Championship Records|LPGA Tour 20 22 24 26 211966|3117 162870|2395 95482|1404 272872|3 174040|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Women): LPGA Tour In 1944, three women golfers, Hope Seignious, Betty Hicks and Ellen Griffin, launched the Women's Professional Golf Association (WPGA). By 1947 the WPGA was unable to sustain the tour at the level that was hoped, and it seemed certain that women's ^ professional golf would fade away. However, Wilson Sporting Goods stepped in, overhauled the tour and called it the Ladies Professional Golf Association. In 1950 the LPGA received its official charter. ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 The lowest score ^ for 18 holes is 62, by Mickey Wright on the Hogan Park course, Midland, TX in the first round of the 1964 Tall City Open, as did Vicki Fergon (b. 29 Sep 1955) at Almaden Golf & Country Club in the second round of the 1984 San Jose Classic, and ^ Laura Davies (Great Britain; b. 5 Oct 1963) in the first round of the 1991 Rail Charity Golf Classic. The lowest score for 36 holes is 129 (64 + 65), by Judy Dickinson at Pasadena Yacht & Country Club, St Petersburg, FL in the 1985 S&H Golf ^ Classic. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total aggregate ^>4 Betsy King (b. 13 Aug 1955) scored 267 (68, 66, 67, 66) at Bethesda Country Club, MD in the 1992 Mazda LPGA Championship. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Women): Du Maurier Classic T Sports and Games|Golf|Women's Championship Records|Du Maurier Classic 20 22 24 26 212034|3118 159878|2351 95278|1401 272872|4 170594|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Women): Du Maurier Classic The Du Maurier Classic was inaugurated in 1973 at the Royal Montreal Golf Club, Montreal, Canada. It was formerly called La Canadienne (1973) and the Peter Jackson Classic (1974-83). ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Pat Bradley holds the record for most ^ wins, with three titles won in 1980, 1985-86. ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 The lowest score for 18 holes is 64, by JoAnne Carner at the St Georges Country Club, Canada in 1978. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total aggregate ^>4 Pat Bradley and Ayako Okamoto ^ share the record for the lowest score for 72 holes, 276, at the Board of Trade Country Club, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1986. Cathy Johnson matched Bradley and Okamoto in 1990 at Westmount Golf and Country Club, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf Records (Women): Nabisco Dinah Shore T Sports and Games|Golf|Women's Championship Records|Nabisco Dinah Shore 20 22 24 26 212102|3119 162938|2396 95550|1405 272872|5 174040|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf Records (Women): Nabisco Dinah Shore (inaugurated 1972, Mission Hills Country Club, Rancho Mirage, CA, the permanent site) ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most wins is three, by Amy Alcott (1983, 1988 and 1991). ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 Nancy Lopez holds the record for the lowest ^ score for 18 holes, 64, in 1981. ^<n ^<4 Lowest total aggregate ^>4 The lowest score for 72 holes is 273, by Amy Alcott in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Team Competitions): Ryder Cup T Sports and Games|Golf|Team Competitions|Ryder Cup 20 22 24 26 212170|3120 217406|3197 96434|1418 273308|0 227712|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Team Competitions): Ryder Cup The biennial Ryder Cup professional match between the USA and Europe (British Isles or Great Britain prior to 1979) was instituted in 1927. The USA has won 22 to 5 (with 2 ties) to 1991. ^<n Arnold Palmer has won the most Ryder Cup matches, with 22 ^ out of 32 played, with two halved and 8 lost, in six contests from 1963 to 1973. Christy O'Connor, Sr. (Ireland; b. 21 Dec 1924) played in a record ten contests, 1955-73. The most contests and matches for the USA is 8 and 37 (with 20 wins) by ^ Billy Casper (b. 24 Jun 1931). ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Team Competitions): World Cup T Sports and Games|Golf|Team Competitions|World Cup (formerly Canada Cup) 20 22 24 26 212238|3121 162394|2388 96570|1420 273308|1 174040|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Team Competitions): World Cup ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The World Cup (instituted as the Canada Cup in 1953) has been won most often by the USA, with 17 victories between 1955 and 1988. The only men to have been on six winning teams have been Arnold Palmer (b. 10 Sep 1929; 1960, ^ 1962-64, 1966-67) and Jack Nicklaus (1963-64, 1966-67, 1971 and 1973). Only Nicklaus has taken the individual title three times (1963-64, 1971). ^<n ^<4 Lowest score ^>4 The lowest aggregate score for 144 holes is 544, by Australia, Bruce ^ Devlin (b. 10 Oct 1937) and Anthony David Graham (b. 23 May 1946), at San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina from 12-15 Nov 1970. The lowest individual score was 269, by Roberto de Vicenzo (Argentina; b. 14 Apr 1923), also in 1970. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Team Competitions): Walker Cup T Sports and Games|Golf|Team Competitions|Walker Cup 20 22 24 26 212306|3122 217474|3198 96502|1419 273308|2 227712|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Team Competitions): Walker Cup The series was instituted in 1921 (for the Walker Cup since 1922 and now held biennially). The USA has won 29 matches, Great Britain and Ireland three (in 1938, 1971 and 1989), and the 1965 match was tied. ^<n Jay Sigel (USA; b. 13 Nov 1943) has ^ won a record 16 matches, with five halved and eight lost, 1977-91. Joseph Boynton Carr (Great Britain & Ireland; b. 18 Feb 1922) played in ten contests, 1947-67. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Team Competitions): Curtis Cup T Sports and Games|Golf|Team Competitions|Curtis Cup 20 22 24 26 212374|3123 217338|3196 96366|1417 273308|3 227712|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Team Competitions): Curtis Cup The biennial ladies' Curtis Cup match between the USA and Great Britain and Ireland was first held in 1932. The USA has won 20 matches to 1992, Great Britain and Ireland five (1952, 1956, 1986 and 1988, 1992), and two matches have been tied. ^<n ^ Mary McKenna (Great Britain and Ireland; b. 29 Apr 1949) played in a record ninth match in 1986, when for the first time she was on the winning team. Carole Semple Thompson (USA) has won a record 12 games in 7 matches, 1974-92. Anne Sander (nee ^ Quast, later Decker, Welts; b. 31 Aug 1937) played in a US record eighth match in 1990, when at 52 years 332 days she became the oldest-ever player in the series. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Individual Records): Highest earnings T \p8\D15\3711267a Sports and Games|Golf|Individual Records|Highest earnings 20 23 25 27 212442|3124 175994|2588 33058|486 93782|1379 273604|0 175106|185 45892|6 -PCAP- By the summer of 1990 three men had earnings from PGA golf in excess of $5 million. First to achieve this figure was Jack Nicklaus. He was followed by Tom Watson and both were passed in 1989 by Tom Kite, pictured here in action during the US ^ Masters. (Photo: Allsport/David Cannon) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Individual Records): Highest earnings ^<4 PGA and LPGA circuits ^>4 The all-time top professional money-winner is Tom Kite (USA; b. 9 Dec 1949) with $7,164,440, to 15 Jun 1992. He also holds the earnings record for a year on the US PGA circuit, $1,395,278 in 1989. The record career ^ earnings for a woman is by Pat Bradley (b. 24 Mar 1951), with $4,294,838 to 15 Jun 1992. The season's record is $863,578, by Beth Daniel in 1990. ^<n ^<4 Most times leading money winner ^>4 Jack Nicklaus has been the leading money winner eight ^ times--1964-65, 1967, 1971-1973, 1975-76. Kathy Whitworth won eight times--1965-68, 1970-73. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Individual Records): Most tournament wins T \p8\D15\3811256 Sports and Games|Golf|Individual Records|Most tournament wins 20 22 24 26 212510|3125 217202|3194 33126|487 93918|1381 273604|1 227712|41 45892|7 -PCAP- Between and May and June 1978 Nancy Lopez won a record five successive LPGA tournaments. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Individual Records): Most tournament wins John Byron Nelson (USA; b. 4 Feb 1912) won a record 18 tournaments (plus one unofficial) in one year, including a record 11 consecutively from 8 Mar to 4 Aug 1945. ^<n The LPGA record is 13, by Mickey Wright (1963). She also holds the record for ^ most wins in scheduled events, with four between August and September 1962 and between May and June 1963, a record matched by Kathrynne "Kathy" Ann Whitworth (b. 27 Sep 1939) between March and April 1969. ^<n Sam Snead, who turned professional in ^ 1934, won 84 official PGA tour events, 1936-65. The ladies' PGA record is 88, by Kathy Whitworth from 1962 to 1985. ^<n ^<4 Consecutive wins ^>4 Four, by two players: Mickey Wright (1962); Kathy Whitworth (1969). ^<n ^<4 Successive wins ^>4 ^ Between May and June 1978, Nancy Lopez won all five tournaments that she entered; however, these events did not follow each other and are therefore not considered consecutive tournament victories. ^<n ^<4 Oldest winner ^>4 Sam Snead won a PGA ^ tournament at the age of 52 years 312 days at the 1965 Greater Greensboro Open. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Individual Records): Greatest winning margin T Sports and Games|Golf|Individual Records|Greatest winning margin 20 22 24 26 212578|3126 48698|716 93714|1378 273604|2 52992|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Individual Records): Greatest winning margin The greatest margin of victory in a professional tournament is 21 strokes, by Jerry Pate (USA; b. 16 Sep 1953), who won the Colombian Open with 262, from 10-13 Dec 1981. ^<n Cecilia Leitch won the Canadian Ladies' Open Championship in 1921 by the ^ biggest margin for a national title, 17 up and 15 to play. ^<n Willie Smith won the US Open in 1899 by 11 strokes, with a score of 315. Jack Nicklaus won the US Masters in 1965 with a nine-stroke margin, scoring 271. ^<n Arthur D'Arcy "Bobby" ^ Locke (South Africa; 1917-87) achieved the greatest winning margin in a PGA tour event by 16 strokes in the Chicago Victory National Championship in 1948. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Individual Records): NCAA Championships T Sports and Games|Golf|Individual Records|NCAA Championships 20 22 24 26 212646|3127 217270|3195 93986|1382 273604|3 227712|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Individual Records): NCAA Championships ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Two golfers have won three NCAA titles: Ben Daniel Crenshaw (b. 11 Jan 1952) of the University of Texas in 1971-73, tying with Tom Kite in 1972; and Phil Mickelson of the Arizona State University in 1989-90, 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Individual Records): Largest tournament T Sports and Games|Golf|Individual Records|Largest tournament 20 22 24 26 212714|3128 100038|1471 93850|1380 273604|4 91334|262 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Individual Records): Largest tournament The Volkswagen Grand Prix Open Amateur Championship in the United Kingdom attracted a record 321,778 (206,820 men and 114,958 women) competitors in 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Holes in One): Longest T Sports and Games|Golf|Holes in One|Longest 20 22 24 26 212782|3129 138594|2038 93578|1376 273970|0 139100|148 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Holes in One): Longest The longest straight hole ever holed in one shot was, appropriately, the tenth (447 yd) at Miracle Hills Golf Course, Omaha, NE, by Robert Mitera (b. 1944) on 7 Oct 1965. Mitera stood 5 ft 6 in tall and weighed 165 lb. He was a two-handicap player ^ who normally drove 245 yd. A 50 mph gust carried his shot over a 290 yd drop-off. ^<n The longest "dog-leg" hole achieved in one shot is the 480 yd fifth at Hope Country Club, AR by L. Bruce on 15 Nov 1962. ^<n The women's record is 393 yd, by ^ Marie Robie on the first hole of the Furnace Brook Golf Club, Wollaston, MA on 4 Sep 1949. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Holes in One): Consecutive T Sports and Games|Golf|Holes in One|Consecutive 20 22 24 26 212850|3130 37478|551 93510|1375 273970|1 40936|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Holes in One): Consecutive There are at least 19 cases of "aces" being achieved in two consecutive holes, of which the greatest was Norman L. Manley's unique "double albatross" on the par-4 330 yd seventh and par-4 290 yd eighth holes on the Del Valle Country Club course, ^ Saugus, CA on 2 Sep 1964. ^<n The first woman to record consecutive "aces" was Sue Prell, on the 13th and 14th holes at Chatswood Golf Club, Sydney, Australia on 29 May 1977. ^<n The closest to achieving three consecutive holes in one were Dr ^ Joseph Boydstone on the third, fourth and ninth at Bakersfield Golf Club, CA, on 10 Oct 1962; and the Rev Harold Snider (b. 4 Jul 1900), who aced the 8th, 13th and 14th holes of the par-3 Ironwood course in Arizona on 9 Jun 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Golf (Holes in One): Youngest and oldest T \p8\D15\3711268 Sports and Games|Golf|Holes in One|Youngest and oldest 20 22 24 26 212918|3131 227334|3343 33194|488 93646|1377 273970|2 236192|70 45892|8 -PCAP- Mark Alexander was a mere six years old when he "aced" the sixth at the Chessington Golf Centre, Great Britain on 17 Sep 1989. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Golf (Holes in One): Youngest and oldest The youngest golfer recorded to have shot a hole-in-one is Coby Orr (5 years) of Littleton, CO on the 103 yd fifth at the Riverside Golf Course, San Antonio, TX in 1975. British golfer Mark Alexander (6 years) achieved a hole-in-one over the ^ slightly longer 109 yd sixth at the Chessington Golf Centre, Greater London in 1989. ^<n The youngest American woman to score an ace was Mrs Shirley Kunde (nee Caley) in Aug 1943, at age 13. ^<n The oldest golfers to have performed this feat are: ^ ^I 99 yr 244 days, Otto Bucher (Switzerland; b. 12 May 1885) on the 130 yd 12th at La Manga Golf Club, Spain on 13 Jan 1985; ^I 95 yr 257 days, Erna Ross (b. 9 Sep 1890) on the 112 yd 17th at The Everglades Club, Palm ^ Beach, FL on 23 Apr 1986. ^<n The oldest player to score his age is C. Arthur Thompson (1869-1975) of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, who scored 103, on the Uplands course of 6,215 yd in 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Greyhound Racing: Origins T Sports and Games|Greyhound Racing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 212986|3132 228014|3353 97522|1434 274282|0 236192|80 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Greyhound Racing: Origins The first greyhound meeting was staged at Hendon, London, Great Britain, with a railed hare operated by a windlass, in September 1876. Modern greyhound racing originated with the perfecting of the mechanical hare by Owen Patrick Smith at ^ Emeryville, CA, in 1919. St Petersburg Kennel Club, located in St Petersburg, FL, which opened on 3 Jan 1925, is the oldest greyhound track in the world still in operation on its original site. ^ -END- -CTRL- Greyhound Racing: Derby T Sports and Games|Greyhound Racing|General Records|Derby 20 22 24 26 213054|3133 218290|3210 97114|1428 274282|1 227712|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Greyhound Racing: Derby ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Two greyhounds have won the American Derby twice, at Taunton, MA: Real Huntsman in 1950-51, and Dutch Bahama in 1984-85. ^ -END- -CTRL- Greyhound Racing: Fastest greyhound T Sports and Games|Greyhound Racing|General Records|Fastest greyhound 20 22 24 26 213122|3134 22654|333 97182|1429 274282|2 23878|85 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Greyhound Racing: Fastest greyhound The fastest speed at which any greyhound has been timed is 41.72 mph (410 yd in 20.1 sec) by The Shoe on the then-straightaway track at Richmond, New South Wales, Australia on 25 Apr 1968. It is estimated that he covered the last 100 yd in 4.5 sec ^ or at 45.45 mph. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Tiki's Ace ran a distance of 5/16 mile in 29.61 sec in Naples, Ft Myers, FL in 1988. The fastest 3/8 mile time was 36.43 sec by P's Rambling in Hollywood, FL in 1987. Old Bill Drozd ran a 7/16 mile ^ track in 42.83 sec in Tucson, AZ in 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Greyhound Racing: Most wins T Sports and Games|Greyhound Racing|General Records|Most wins 20 22 24 26 213190|3135 218358|3211 97454|1433 274282|3 227712|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Greyhound Racing: Most wins The most career wins is 143, by the American greyhound JR's Ripper of Multnomah, Fairview, OR and Tuscon, AZ in 1982-86. The most wins in a year is 61, by Indy Ann in Mexico and the United States in 1966. ^<n The most consecutive victories is 32 in ^ Great Britain, by Ballyregan Bob, owned by Cliff Kevern and trained by George Curtis, from 25 Aug 1984 to 9 Dec 1986, including 16 track record times. His race wins were by an average of more than nine lengths. ^<n Joe Dump of Greenetrack, Eutaw, ^ AL holds the US record, with 31 consecutive wins from 18 Nov 1978 to 1 Jun 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Greyhound Racing: Highest earnings T Sports and Games|Greyhound Racing|General Records|Highest earnings 20 22 24 26 213258|3136 75694|1113 97250|1430 274282|4 84324|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Greyhound Racing: Highest earnings The career earnings record is held by Homespun Rowdy with $297,000 in the United States, 1984-87. ^<n The richest first prize for a greyhound race is $125,000, won by Ben G Speedboat in the Great Greyhound Race of Champions at Seabrook, NH on 23 ^ Aug 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Greyhound Racing: Most stakes victories T Sports and Games|Greyhound Racing|General Records|Most stakes victories 20 22 24 26 213326|3137 176538|2596 97386|1432 274282|5 175106|193 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Greyhound Racing: Most stakes victories Real Huntsman achieved ten wins in 1949-51, including the American Derby twice. ^ -END- -CTRL- Greyhound Racing: Longest odds T Sports and Games|Greyhound Racing|General Records|Longest odds 20 22 24 26 213394|3138 138934|2043 97318|1431 274282|6 139100|153 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Greyhound Racing: Longest odds Apollo Prince won at odds of 250-1 at Sandown Greyhound Race Course, Springvale, Victoria, Australia on 14 Nov 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Origins T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 213462|3139 37682|554 98746|1452 274944|0 40936|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Origins A primitive form of gymnastics was practiced in ancient Greece and Rome during the period of the ancient Olympic Games (776 B.C. to A.D. 393) but Johann Friedrich Simon was the first teacher of modern gymnastics, at Basedow's School, Dessau, ^ Germany in 1776. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: World Championships T \c8\D02\3911248z Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|World Championships 20 23 25 27 213530|3140 208770|3070 33262|489 99018|1456 274944|1 219140|39 46538|0 -PCAP- (Right) The first world gymnastics championships at individual events were held in 1992. Kim Zmeskal (USA), who had won the all-around gymnastics world title in 1991, became the first woman to win two gold medals--on the beam and (here) in the ^ floor exercise. (Left) Kurt Thomas is the most successful American at the world championships, with three gold medals. (Photos: Allsport USA/Tony Duffy and Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: World Championships ^<4 Women ^>4 The greatest number of titles won in the World Championships (including Olympic Games) is 12 individual wins and five team, by Larisa Semyonovna Latynina (USSR; b. 27 Dec 1934) between 1956 and 1964. Kim Zmeskal was the first ^ American woman to win an all-around world championship, on 13 Sep 1991. ^<n The USSR won the team title on 20 occasions (eleven world and nine Olympic). ^<n ^<4 Men ^>4 Boris Anfiyanovich Shakhlin (USSR; b. 27 Jan 1932) won ten individual ^ titles between 1954 and 1964. He also had three team wins. ^<n The USSR won the team title a record 12 times (eight World Championships, four Olympics) between 1952 and 1991. ^<n The most successful US gymnast has been Kurt Bittereaux Thomas (b. ^ 29 Mar 1952), who won three gold medals: floor exercises 1978 and 1979, horizontal bar 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Youngest champions T \p8\D15\3811266 Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Youngest champions 20 22 24 26 213598|3141 263374|3873 33330|490 99154|1458 274944|2 275964|37 46538|1 -PCAP- Andre Dobre (Romania) (b. 6 Nov 1972) won the women's overall world title at 14 yr 352 days on 23 Oct 1987. Here she is seen in action on the balance beam for which she also won the individual title in 1987. (Photo: Allsport USA/Martin) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Youngest champions Aurelia Dobre (Romania; b. 6 Nov 1972) won the women's overall world title at age 14 yr 352 days on 23 Oct 1987. Daniela Silivas (Romania) revealed in 1990 that she was born on 9 May 1971, a year later than previously claimed, so that she was age ^ 14 yr 185 days when she won the gold medal for balance beam on 10 Nov 1985. ^<n The youngest male world champion was Dmitriy Bilozerchev (USSR; b. 17 Dec 1966), at 16 yr 315 days at Budapest, Hungary on 28 Oct 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Olympics T \p8\D15\391185gb Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Olympics 20 22 24 26 213666|3142 198842|2924 33398|491 98678|1451 274944|3 211064|7 46538|2 -PCAP- Belarussian Vitaly Scherbo of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) won a record six gymnastics gold medals (team, combined, rings, horse, vault and parallel bars) at the 1992 Barcelona games. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Olympics ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Japan has won the men's team title most often (in 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972 and 1976). The USSR won the women's title nine times (1952-80, 1988). ^<n ^<4 Most medals ^>4 The most men's individual gold medals is six, by: Boris ^ Shakhlin, one in 1956, four (two shared) in 1960 and one in 1964; and Nikolay Yefimovich Andrianov (USSR; b. 14 Oct 1952), one in 1972, four in 1976 and one in 1980. ^<n Vera Caslavska-Odlozil (Czechoslovakia; b. 3 May 1942) has won the most ^ individual gold medals, with seven, three in 1964 and four (one shared) in 1968. ^<n Larisa Latynina won six individual gold medals and was on three winning teams from 1956-64, earning nine gold medals. She also won five silver and four bronze, ^ 18 in all--an Olympic record. ^<n The most medals for a male gymnast is 15, by Nikolay Andrianov (USSR), seven gold, five silver and three bronze, from 1972-80. ^<n Aleksandr Nikolaivich Dityatin (USSR; b. 7 Aug 1957) is the only man to win a ^ medal in all eight categories in the same Games, with three gold, four silver and one bronze at Moscow in 1980. ^<n Vitaly Shcherbo (Unified Team) won six gold medals at Barcelona in 1992, the most by any gymnast at one Games. His victories came ^ in the team event, all-around, pommel horse, rings, vault and parallel bars. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The best US performances were in the 1904 Games, when there was only limited foreign participation. Anton Heida (b. 1878) won five gold ^ medals and a silver, and George Eyser (b. 1871), who had a wooden leg, won three gold, two silver and a bronze medal. ^<n Mary Lou Retton (b. 24 Jan 1968) won a women's record five medals in 1984, gold at all-around, two silver and two bronze. ^ ^<n The most medals won by a US male gymnast since 1904 is four, by Mitchell Jay "Mitch" Gaylord (b. 10 Mar 1961), a team gold and a silver and two bronze in individual events in 1984, when both Bart Conner (b. 28 Mar 1958) and Peter Glen Vidmar ^ (b. 3 Jun 1961) won two gold medals. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Youngest international T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Youngest international 20 22 24 26 213734|3143 263442|3874 99222|1459 274944|4 275964|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Youngest international Pasakevi "Voula" Kouna (b. 6 Dec 1971) was age 9 yr 299 days at the start of the Balkan Games at Serres, Greece on 1 Oct 1981, when she represented Greece. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Highest score T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Highest score 20 22 24 26 213802|3144 67262|989 98406|1447 274944|5 71062|68 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Highest score Nadia Comaneci (Romania; b. 12 Nov 1961) was the first to achieve a perfect score (10.00) in the Olympics, and achieved seven in all at Montreal, Canada in July 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: World Cup T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|World Cup 20 22 24 26 213870|3145 208838|3071 99086|1457 274944|6 219140|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: World Cup ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Gymnasts who have won two World Cup (instituted 1975) overall titles are three men: Nikolay Andrianov, Aleksandr Dityatin and Li Ning (China; b. 8 Sep 1963), and one woman: Maria Yevgenyevna Filatova (USSR; b. 19 Jul 1961). ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: US Championships T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|US Championships 20 22 24 26 213938|3146 208702|3069 98950|1455 274944|7 219140|38 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: US Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Alfred A. Jochim (1902-81) won a record seven men's all-around US titles, 1925-30 and 1933, and a total of 34 at all exercises, between 1923 and 1934. ^<n The women's record is six all-around, 1945-46 and 1949-52, and 39 at ^ all exercises, including 11 in succession at balance beam, 1941-51, by Clara Marie Schroth Lomady (b. 5 Oct 1920). ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: McDonald's American Cup T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|McDonald's American Cup 20 22 24 26 214006|3147 218426|3212 98474|1448 274944|8 227712|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: McDonald's American Cup The American Cup was created by the USGF in 1976. It has been called the McDonald's American Cup since 1980. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Mary Lou Retton has won the title three times (1983-85), more than any other woman gymnast. Kurt Thomas has also ^ won three consecutive times (1978-80), making him champion of the men's division. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: NCAA Championships T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|NCAA Championships 20 22 24 26 214074|3148 208566|3067 98610|1450 274944|9 219140|36 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: NCAA Championships ^<4 Men ^>4 The men's competition was first held in 1932. The most team championships won is nine, by two colleges: University of Illinois, 1939-42, 1950, 1955-56, 1958, 1989; Pennslyvania State University, 1948, 1953-54, 1957, 1959-61, 1965, ^ 1976. ^<n The most individual titles in a career is seven, by two gymnasts: Joe Giallombardo, University of Illinois, tumbling, 1938-40, all-around title, 1938-40, and floor exercise, 1938; Jim Hartung, University of Nebraska, all-around title, ^ 1980-81, rings, 1980-82, and parallel bar, 1981-82. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 The women's competition was first held in 1982. The most team championships is six, by University of Utah, 1982-86 and 1990. ^<n The most individual titles in a career is ^ four, by three gymnasts: Kelly Garrison-Steves, University of Oklahoma, all-around title, 1987-88, balance beam, 1988, uneven bars, 1988; Kim Hamilton, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), floor exercise, 1987-89, and vault, 1989; ^ Penney Hauschild, University of Alabama, all-around title, 1985-86; uneven bars, 1985; and floor exercise, 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Modern rhythmic gymnastics T \p8\D15\3911249 Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Modern rhythmic gymnastics 20 23 25 27 214142|3149 208498|3066 33466|492 98542|1449 2186|32 274944|10 219140|35 46538|3 -PCAP- At the 1988 Olympic Games, Marina Lobach (USSR; b. 26 Jun 1970) won the rhythmic gymnastic title with perfect scores in all six disciplines. The exercises, which are all performed on the floor, are free, ball, rope, hoop, clubs and, as seen here, ^ the ribbon. (Photo: Allsport/Roger Labrosse) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Modern rhythmic gymnastics ^<4 Most titles ^>4 The most overall individual world titles in modern rhythmic gymnastics is three, by Maria Gigova (Bulgaria) in 1969, 1971 and 1973 (shared). ^<n Bulgaria has a record seven team titles, in 1969, 1971, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987 ^ and 1989 (shared). Bianka Panova (b. 27 May 1960) of Bulgaria won all four apparatus gold medals, all with maximum scores, and won a team gold in 1987. ^<n Marina Lobach (USSR; b. 26 Jun 1970) won the 1988 Olympic title with perfect scores for ^ all events. Lilia Ignatova (Bulgaria) has won both of the individual World Cup titles that have been held, in 1983 and 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Aerobics display T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Aerobics display 20 22 24 26 214210|3150 100378|1476 98270|1445 274944|11 91334|267 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Aerobics display ^<4 Largest ^>4 The now-discontinued Czechoslovak Spartakiad featured gymnastics displays by about 180,000 participants. Held at the Strahov Stadium, Prague until 1989, the competition drew 200,000 spectators for each of the four days. On the ^ 15-acre infield there were markers for 13,824 gymnasts at a time. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Somersaults T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Somersaults 20 22 24 26 214278|3151 176742|2599 98814|1453 3818|56 274944|12 175106|196 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Somersaults Ashrita Furman performed 8,341 forward rolls in 10 hr 30 min over 12 miles 390 yards from Lexington to Charleston, MA on 30 Apr 1986. ^<n Shigeru Iwasaki (b. 1960) somersaulted backwards 54.68 yd in 10.8 sec at Tokyo, Japan on 30 Mar 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Club swinging T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Club swinging 20 22 24 26 214346|3152 176674|2598 98338|1446 274944|13 175106|195 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Club swinging Albert Rayner set a world record of 17,512 revolutions (4.9 per sec) in 60 min at Wakefield, Great Britain on 27 Jul 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Gymnastics: Static wall sitting T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|General Records|Static wall sitting 20 22 24 26 214414|3153 139070|2045 98882|1454 274944|14 139100|155 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Gymnastics: Static wall sitting Paddy Doyle stayed in an unsupported sitting position against a wall for 4 hr 40 min at The Magnet Center, Erdington, Great Britain on 18 Apr 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Most chins T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Most chins 20 22 24 26 214482|3154 172050|2530 77598|1141 276010|0 175106|127 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Most chins ^<4 Consecutive ^>4 370, by Lee Chin-yong (South Korea; b. 15 Aug 1925) at Backyon Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea on 14 May 1988. ^<n ^<4 One arm (consecutive) ^>4 22 (from a ring), by Robert Chisnall (b. 9 Dec 1952) at Queen's University, ^ Kingston, Ontario, Canada on 3 Dec 1982. (Also 18 two-finger chins, 12 one-finger chins). ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Most parallel bar dips T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Most parallel bar dips 20 22 24 26 214550|3155 172186|2532 77734|1143 276010|1 175106|129 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Most parallel bar dips ^<4 In 1 hour ^>4 3,726, by Kim Yang-ki (South Korea) at the Rivera Hotel, Seoul, South Korea on 28 Nov 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Most push-ups T \p8\D15\3711269 Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Most push-ups 20 22 24 26 214618|3156 172254|2533 33534|493 77802|1144 1166|17 276010|2 175106|130 46538|4 -PCAP- Paddy Doyle (Great Britain) has set numerous stamina records in gymnastics, most notably the most push-ups in a year. His versatility is also illustrated by being the current record holder in static wall sit and squat thrusts. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Most push-ups ^<4 In 24 hours ^>4 40,401, by Paul Lynch (Great Britain) at the NatWest Tower, London, Great Britain on 18-19 Jul 1992. ^<n ^<4 One arm in 5 hours ^>4 7,683, by John Decker (Great Britain) at Congleton Cricket Club, Cheshire, Great Britain ^ on 16 Jun 1991. ^<n ^<4 Fingertip in 5 hours ^>4 7,011, by Kim Yang-ki at the Swiss Guard Hotel, Seoul, South Korea on 30 Aug 1990. ^<n ^<4 One finger (consecutive) ^>4 124, by Paul Lynch at the Hippodrome, London, Great Britain on 21 Apr ^ 1992. ^<n ^<4 In 1 year ^>4 Paddy Doyle achieved a documented 1,500,230 push-ups from October 1988 to October 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Most sit-ups T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Most sit-ups 20 22 24 26 214686|3157 172322|2534 77870|1145 276010|3 175106|131 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Most sit-ups ^<4 In 24 hours ^>4 65,001, by Marc Scriven (Great Britain) at St John's Sports Centre, Worcester, Great Britain on 21--22 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Most leg lifts T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Most leg lifts 20 22 24 26 214754|3158 172118|2531 77666|1142 276010|4 175106|128 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Most leg lifts ^<4 In 12 hours ^>4 41,788, by Lou Scripa, Jr. at Jack La Lanne's American Health & Fitness Spa, Sacramento, CA on 2 Dec 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Most squats T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Most squats 20 22 24 26 214822|3159 172458|2536 78006|1147 276010|5 175106|133 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Most squats ^<4 In 1 hour ^>4 3,196, by Bhupinder Singh Negi at Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India on 26 May 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Most squat thrusts T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Most squat thrusts 20 22 24 26 214890|3160 172390|2535 77938|1146 276010|6 175106|132 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Most squat thrusts ^<4 In 1 hour ^>4 2,998, by Paul Wai Man Chung at the Chung Sze Kung Fu (HK) Association, Kowloon, Hong Kong on 14 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Most burpees T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Most burpees 20 22 24 26 214958|3161 171982|2529 77530|1140 276010|7 175106|126 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Most burpees ^<4 In 1 hour ^>4 1,771, by Patrick Doherty at Salford Quays, Manchester, Great Britain on 25 Oct 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Exercises: Pummel horse double circles T Sports and Games|Gymnastics|Exercises|Pummel horse double circles 20 22 24 26 215026|3162 172526|2537 78074|1148 276010|8 175106|134 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Speed and stamina records are accepted for the most repetitions of these activities within the given time span. ^ -TEXT- Exercises: Pummel horse double circles ^<4 Most consecutive ^>4 75, by Lee Thomas (Great Britain) on British Broadcasting Corporation, on 12 Dec 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Harness Racing: Origins T Sports and Games|Harness Racing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 215094|3163 37750|555 100854|1483 276742|0 40936|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Harness Racing: Origins Trotting races were held in Valkenburg, Netherlands in 1554. In Great Britain the trotting gait (the simultaneous use of the diagonally opposite legs) was known in the 16th century. The sulky first appeared in 1829. Pacers thrust out their fore and ^ hind legs simultaneously on one side. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The sport became very popular in the United States in the 19th century, and the National Trotting Association was founded, originally as the National Association for the Promotion ^ of the Interests of the Trotting Turf, in 1870. It brought needed controls to a sport which had been threatened by gambling corruption. ^ -END- -CTRL- Harness Racing: Most successful driver T Sports and Games|Harness Racing|General Records|Most successful driver 20 22 24 26 215162|3164 204554|3008 100786|1482 276742|1 216674|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Harness Racing: Most successful driver The most successful sulky driver in North American harness racing history has been Herve Filion (b. 1 Feb 1940) of Quebec, Canada, who had achieved 13,510 wins and prize earnings of $76,323,494 through 25 May 1992, including a record 814 wins in a ^ year, 1989. ^<n John D. Campbell (USA; b. 8 Apr 1955) has the highest career earnings, $102,830,916 through 3 Jun 1992. This includes a season record of $11,622,778 in 1990, when he won 543 races. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Mile records (table) B \t\D03\1104542a Sports and Games|Harness Racing|General Records|Mile records (table) 20 22 24 26 215230|3165 23198|341 104934|1543 276742|2 23878|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Mile records (table) Horse Racing: Harness Racing Mile Records (Table) HARNESS RACING MILE RECORDS TROTTING HORSE (DRIVER) PLACE DATE World1:52 1/5 Mack Lobell (John Campbell) Springfield, IL 21 Aug 1987 PACING World1:48 2/5 Matt's Scooter (Michel Lachance) ^ Lexington, KY 23 Sep 1988 Race1:49 2/5 Artsplace (Catello Manzi) East Rutherford, NJ 20 Jun 1992 ^ -END- -CTRL- Harness Racing: Hambletonian T Sports and Games|Harness Racing|General Records|Hambletonian 20 22 24 26 215298|3166 176810|2600 100582|1479 276742|3 175106|197 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Harness Racing: Hambletonian The most famous trotting race in North America, the Hambletonian Stakes, run annually for three-year-olds, was first staged at Syracuse, NY in 1926. The race is named after the great sire Hambletonian, born in 1849, from whom almost all harness ^ horses trace their pedigree. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The race record time is 1 min 53 3/5 sec, by Mack Lobell, driven by John Campbell in 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Harness Racing: Little Brown Jug T Sports and Games|Harness Racing|General Records|Little Brown Jug 20 22 24 26 215366|3167 22858|336 100718|1481 276742|4 23878|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Harness Racing: Little Brown Jug Pacing's three-year-old classic has been held annually at Delaware, OH from 1946. The name honors a great 19th century pacer. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The race record time is 1 min 52 1/5 sec by Nihilator, driven by Bill O'Donnell in 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Harness Racing: Greatest winnings T Sports and Games|Harness Racing|General Records|Greatest winnings 20 22 24 26 215434|3168 48902|719 100514|1478 276742|5 52992|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Harness Racing: Greatest winnings For any harness horse the record amount is $4,408,857, by the trotter Ourasi (France), who won 32 races to the end of 1990. The greatest amount won by a pacer is $3,225,653, by Nihilator, who won 35 of 38 races in 1984--85. ^<n The single-season ^ records are $2,217,222 by the pacer Precious Bunny in 1991, and $1,610,608 by the trotter Prakas in 1985. ^<n The largest-ever purse was $2,161,000, for the Woodrow Wilson two-year-old race over one mile at The Meadowlands, East Rutherford, NJ on ^ 16 Aug 1984. Of this sum a record $1,080,500 went to the winner, Nihilator, driven by William O'Donnell (b. 4 May 1948). ^ -END- -CTRL- Harness Racing: Highest prices T Sports and Games|Harness Racing|General Records|Highest prices 20 22 24 26 215502|3169 77938|1146 100650|1480 276742|6 85040|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Harness Racing: Highest prices The highest prices paid were $19.2 million for Nihilator (a pacer), who was syndicated by Wall Street Stable and Almahurst Stud Farm in 1984; and $6 million for Mack Lobell (a trotter) by John Erik Magnusson of Vislanda, Sweden in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey: Origins T Sports and Games|Hockey|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 215570|3170 38090|560 103302|1519 277614|0 40936|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey: Origins There is pictorial evidence that a hockey-like game ( ^I ) was played on ice in the early 16th century in the Netherlands. The game was probably first played in North America on 25 Dec 1855 at Kingston, Ontario, Canada, but Halifax also ^ lays claim to priority. The International Ice Hockey Federation was founded in 1908. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Origins T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Origins 20 22 24 26 215638|3171 37954|558 103098|1516 277700|0 40936|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Origins The National Hockey League (NHL) was founded on 22 Nov 1917 in Montreal, Canada following the collapse of the National Hockey Association of Canada (NHA). Four teams formed the original league: the Montreal Canadiens, the Montreal Wanderers, the ^ Ottawa Senators and the Quebec Bulldogs. The Toronto Arenas were admitted as a fifth team, but the Bulldogs were unable to operate, and the league began as a four-team competition. The first NHL game was played on 19 Dec 1917. The NHL is now ^ comprised of 21 teams, seven from Canada and 14 from the United States, divided into two divisions within two conferences: Adams and Patrick Divisions in the Wales Conference; Norris and Smythe Divisions in the Campbell Conference. At the end of ^ the regular season, 16 teams compete in the Stanley Cup playoffs to decide the NHL championship. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Team records T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Team records 20 22 24 26 215706|3172 177490|2610 103234|1518 277700|1 175106|207 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Team records The Montreal Canadiens won a record 60 games and 132 points (with 12 ties) in 80 games played in 1976/77; their eight losses were also a record, the least ever in a season of 70 or more games. The highest percentage of wins in a season was .875, ^ achieved by the Boston Bruins, with 30 wins in 44 games in 1929/30. ^<n The longest undefeated run during a season, 35 games (25 wins and ten ties), was established by the Philadelphia Flyers from 14 Oct 1979 to 6 Jan 1980. ^<n The New York ^ Islanders won 15 consecutive games from 21 Jan-20 Feb 1982. ^<n The most goals scored in a season is 446, by the Edmonton Oilers in 1983/84, when they also achieved a record 1,182 points. ^<n The most shutouts in a season is 22, in 1928/29 by the ^ Montreal Canadiens, in just 44 games, all by George Hainsworth, who also achieved a record low for goals against percentage of .98 that season. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most games played T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most games played 20 22 24 26 215774|3173 177286|2607 102622|1509 277700|2 175106|204 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most games played Gordon "Gordie" Howe (Canada; b. 31 Mar 1928) played in a record 1,767 NHL regular-season games (and 157 playoff games) over a record 26 seasons, from 1946 to 1971, for the Detroit Red Wings and in 1979/80 for the Hartford Whalers. He also played ^ 419 games (and 78 playoff games) for the Houston Aeros and for the New England Whalers in the World Hockey Association from 1973 to 1979, for a grand total of 2,421 professional hockey games. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most consecutive games played T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most consecutive games played 20 22 24 26 215842|3174 177150|2605 102418|1506 277700|3 175106|202 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most consecutive games played A record of 962 consecutive games played was achieved by Doug Jarvis for the Montreal Canadiens, the Washington Capitals and the Hartford Whalers from 8 Oct 1975-5 Apr 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Fastest goals T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Fastest goals 20 22 24 26 215910|3175 23062|339 102214|1503 277700|4 23878|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Fastest goals The fastest goal was after 4 sec by Joseph Antoine Claude Provost (b. 17 Sep 1933; Montreal Canadiens) ^I Boston Bruins in the second period at Montreal on 9 Nov 1957, and by Denis Joseph Savard (b. 4 Feb 1961; Chicago Black Hawks) ^I Hartford Whalers in the third period at Chicago on 12 Jan 1986. From the opening whistle, the fastest is 5 sec, by Doug Smail (b. 2 Sep 1957; Winnipeg Jets) ^I St Louis Blues at Winnipeg on 20 Dec 1981, and by Bryan John Trottier ^ (b. 17 Jul 1956; New York Islanders) ^I Boston Bruins at Boston on 22 Mar 1984. Bill Mosienko (b. 2 Nov 1921; Chicago Black Hawks) scored three goals in 21 sec ^I New York Rangers on 23 Mar 1952. Toronto scored eight goals in 4 ^ min 52 sec ^I New York Americans on 19 Mar 1938. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most goals T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most goals 20 22 24 26 215978|3176 177354|2608 102690|1510 277700|5 175106|205 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most goals ^<4 Team ^>4 The NHL record is 21 goals, when the Montreal Canadiens beat Toronto St Patrick's, 14-7, at Montreal on 10 Jan 1920, and the Edmonton Oilers beat the Chicago Black Hawks, 12-9, at Chicago on 11 Dec 1985. The NHL single team record ^ is 16, by the Montreal Canadiens ^I the Quebec Bulldogs (3), at Quebec City on 3 Nov 1920. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most goals and points T \p8\D15\3711276a Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most goals and points 20 22 24 26 216046|3177 177422|2609 33602|494 102758|1511 277700|6 175106|206 46904|0 -PCAP- Wayne Gretzky holds the NHL record for assists, 1,514, and points, 2,263. He also holds the record for the most goals scored in a season, 92, and the most hat tricks (three or more goals in a game) with 49. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most goals and points ^<4 Career ^>4 The North American career record for goals is 1,071 (including a record 801 in the NHL) by Gordie Howe (Detroit Red Wings, Houston Aeros, New England Whalers and Hartford Whalers) from 16 Oct 1946 in 32 seasons ending in 1979/80. ^ He took 2,204 games to achieve the 1,000th goal, but Robert Marvin "Bobby" Hull (Great Britain; b. 3 Jan 1939; Chicago Black Hawks and Winnipeg Jets) scored his 1,000th in 1,600 games on 12 Mar 1978. ^<n Wayne Gretzky (Edmonton Oilers 1979-88, ^ Los Angeles Kings 1988-92) holds the NHL record for assists, 1,514, and points, 2,263. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 The most goals scored in a season in the NHL is 92, in the 1981/82 season by Wayne Gretzky (b. 26 Jan 1961) for the Edmonton Oilers. He ^ scored a record 215 points, including a record 163 assists, in 1985/86. ^<n ^<4 Game ^>4 The most goals in an NHL game is seven, by Michael Joseph "Joe" Malone (b. 28 Feb 1890) in Quebec's 10-6 win over Toronto St. Patricks at Quebec City on ^ 31 Jan 1920. ^<n The most assists in an NHL game is seven, by William "Billy" Taylor (b. 3 May 1919) for Detroit, 10-6 Chicago on 16 Mar 1947, and three by Wayne Gretzky for Edmonton, 8-2 ^I Washington on 15 Feb 1980, 12-9 ^I ^ Chicago on 11 Dec 1985, and 8-2 ^I Quebec on 14 Feb 1986. ^<n The record number of assists in one period is five, by Dale Hawerchuk, for the Winnipeg Jets ^I the Los Angeles Kings on 6 Mar 1984. ^<n ^<4 Consecutive games ^>4 ^ Harry Broadbent scored in 16 consecutive games for Ottawa in the 1921/22 season. ^<n ^<4 Most hat tricks ^>4 The most hat tricks (three or more goals in a game) in a career is 49, by Wayne Gretzky through the 1991/92 season for the Edmonton ^ Oilers and the Los Angeles Kings. Wayne Gretzky also holds the record for most hat tricks in a season, ten, in both the 1982 and 1984 seasons for the Oilers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Longest game T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Longest game 20 22 24 26 216114|3178 139546|2052 102350|1505 277700|7 139100|162 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Longest game The longest game was 2 hr 56 min 30 sec (playing time) when the Detroit Red Wings beat the Montreal Maroons 1--0 in the sixth period of overtime at the Forum, Montreal, at 2:25 A.M. on 25 Mar 1936. Norm Smith, the Red Wings goaltender, turned aside ^ 92 shots for the NHL's longest single shutout. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most consecutive scoring T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most consecutive scoring 20 22 24 26 216182|3179 177218|2606 102554|1508 277700|8 175106|203 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most consecutive scoring Mike Bossy (New York Islanders) scored at least 50 goals in nine consecutive seasons from 1977/78 through 1985/86. Wayne Gretzky (Edmonton Oilers, Los Angeles Kings) has also scored at least 50 goals in one season nine times, but his longest streak ^ is eight seasons. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most points in one game T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most points in one game 20 22 24 26 216250|3180 200950|2955 102826|1512 277700|9 213040|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most points in one game The North American major league record for most points scored in one game is ten, by Jim Harrison (b. 9 Jul 1947; three goals, seven assists) for Alberta, later Edmonton Oilers in a World Hockey Association match at Edmonton on 30 Jan 1973; and by ^ Darryl Sittler (b. 18 Sep 1950; six goals, four assists) for the Toronto Maple Leafs ^I the Boston Bruins in an NHL game at Toronto on 7 Feb 1976. ^<n ^<4 Period ^>4 The most points in one period is six, by Bryan Trottier, three goals ^ and three assists in the second period, for the New York Islanders ^I the New York Rangers (9-4) on 23 Dec 1978. Nine players have a record four goals in one period. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most consecutive points T \p8\D15\3711276b Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most consecutive points 20 22 24 26 216318|3181 200814|2953 33670|495 102486|1507 277700|10 213040|8 46904|1 -PCAP- The most consecutive games scoring points was 51, by Wayne Gretzky from 5 Oct 1983-27 Jan 1984 for the Edmonton Oilers. Gretzky played for the Edmonton Oilers for nine years in the NHL before joining the L. A. Kings. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most consecutive points The most consecutive games scoring points was 51, by Wayne Gretzky from 5 Oct 1983-27 Jan 1984 for the Edmonton Oilers. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Goaltending T \p8\D15\3811272 Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Goaltending 20 23 25 27 216386|3182 177082|2604 33738|496 102282|1504 277700|11 175106|201 46904|2 -PCAP- Bernie Parent of the Philadelphia Flyers achieved a record 47 wins in a season, with 13 losses and 12 ties, in 1973/74. The Flyers went on to win the Stanley Cup, with Parent being awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy for most valuable player in the ^ playoffs. The Flyers repeated their success the following year, as did Parent, making him one of only three players to win the Trophy twice. (Photo: Sports Illustrated/Tony Triolo) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Goaltending ^<4 Career ^>4 Terrance "Terry" Gordon Sawchuk (1929-70) played a record 971 games as a goaltender, for the Detroit Red Wings, the Boston Bruins, the Toronto Maple Leafs, the Los Angeles Kings and the New York Rangers, from 1949 to 1970. He ^ achieved a record 435 wins (to 337 losses, and 188 ties). Jacques Joseph Ormar Plante (1929-86), with 434 NHL wins, surpassed Sawchuk's figure by adding 15 wins in his one season in the WHA, for a total of 449 in 868 games. ^<n ^<4 Season ^>4 ^ Bernie Parent (b. 3 Apr 1945) achieved a record 47 wins in a season, with 13 losses and 12 ties, for Philadelphia in 1973/74. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most successful goaltending T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most successful goaltending 20 22 24 26 216454|3183 204758|3011 103030|1515 277700|12 216674|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most successful goaltending The most shutouts played by a goaltender in an NHL career is 103, by Terry Sawchuck of Detroit, Boston, Toronto, Los Angeles and New York Rangers, between 1949 and 1970. Gerry Cheevers (b. 2 Dec 1940; Boston Bruins) went a record 32 successive ^ games without a defeat in 1971/72. George Hainsworth completed 22 shutouts for the Montreal Canadiens in 1928/29. Alex Connell played 461 min 29 sec without conceding a goal for Ottawa in the 1928/29 season. Roy Worters saved 70 shots for the ^ Pittsburgh Pirates ^I the New York Americans on 24 Dec 1925. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most successful defensemen T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most successful defensemen 20 22 24 26 216522|3184 204690|3010 102962|1514 277700|13 216674|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most successful defensemen Paul Coffey (Edmonton Oilers 1980-87, Pittsburgh Penguins 1988-91, Los Angeles Kings 1992) set records for most goals (318), assists (796) and points (1,114) by a defensemen. He scored a record 48 goals in 1985/86. Bobby Orr (Boston Bruins) holds ^ the single-season marks for assists (102) and points (139), both of which were set in 1970/71. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Player awards T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Player awards 20 22 24 26 216590|3185 218630|3215 103166|1517 277700|14 227712|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Player awards The Hart Trophy, awarded annually starting with the 1923/24 season by the Professional Hockey Writers Association as the Most Valuable Player award of the NHL, has been won a record nine times by Wayne Gretzky, 1980-87, 1989. Gretzky has also won ^ the Art Ross Trophy a record nine times, 1981-87 and 1990-91; this has been awarded annually since 1947/48 to the NHL season's leading scorer. Bobby Orr of Boston won the James Norris Memorial Trophy, awarded annually starting with the 1953/54 ^ season to the league's leading defenseman, a record eight times, 1968-75. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (NHL): Most successful coaches T Sports and Games|Hockey|National Hockey League (NHL)|Most successful coaches 20 22 24 26 216658|3186 204622|3009 102894|1513 277700|15 216674|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (NHL): Most successful coaches Scotty Bowman holds the records for most victories and highest winning percentage by an NHL coach. He won 778 games (110, St Louis Blues 1967-71; 419, Montreal Canadiens 1971-79; 210, Buffalo Sabres 1979-87; 39, Pittsburgh Pengiuns, 1991-92). His ^ career record is 778 wins, 359 losses, 219 ties for a record .655 winning percentage. Dick Irvine has coached a record 1,437 games with three teams: Chicago Blackhawks (1930-31; 1955-56); Toronto Maple Leafs (1931-40); Montreal Canadiens ^ (1940-55). Irvin's career record was 690 wins, 521 losses, 226 ties. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Origins T \p8\D15\3911252E Sports and Games|Hockey|Stanley Cup|Origins 20 23 25 27 216726|3187 139614|2053 33806|497 103710|1525 278836|0 139100|163 46904|3 -PCAP- The 1992-93 National Hockey League (NHL) season marked the 100th anniversary of the Stanley Cup, currently the oldest competition in North American professional sports. The cup is named for Frederick Arthur, Lord Stanley of Preston, who donated the ^ trophy in 1893 for the presentation to the amateur hockey champions of Canada. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Origins The top NHL teams compete annually for the Stanley Cup, which was first presented in 1893 by Lord Stanley of Preston, then Governor-General of Canada. The longest Stanley Cup final game was settled after 115 min 13 sec, in the third period of ^ overtime, when the Edmonton Oilers beat the Boston Bruins 3-2 on 15 May 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Most games played T \p8\D15\3911251 Sports and Games|Hockey|Stanley Cup|Most games played 20 22 24 26 216794|3188 177626|2612 33874|498 103438|1521 278836|1 175106|209 46904|4 -PCAP- Larry Robinson has played in 227 Stanley Cup playoff games for the Montreal Canadiens (1973-89) and the Los Angeles Kings (1990-92). (Photo: Allsport/Mike Powell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Most games played Larry Robinson has played in 227 Stanley Cup playoff games for the Montreal Canadiens (1973-89) and the Los Angeles Kings (1990-92). ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Scoring records T \p8\D15\us381126 Sports and Games|Hockey|Stanley Cup|Scoring records 20 22 24 26 216862|3189 201018|2956 33942|499 103778|1526 278836|2 213040|11 46904|5 -PCAP- Mario Lemieux (Pittsburgh Penguins) shares the record for most goals scored in a Stanley Cup game, with 5, and most points (8--5 goals and 3 assists). (Photo: Allsport USA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Scoring records Wayne Gretzky (the Edmonton Oilers and the Los Angeles Kings) has scored a record 306 points in Stanley Cup games, a record 95 goals and a record 211 assists. Gretzky scored a playoff record 47 points (16 goals, record 31 assists) in 1985. The most ^ goals in a season is 19, by Reggie Leach for Philadelphia in 1976 and by Jari Kurri (Finland; b. 18 May 1960) for Edmonton in 1985. ^<n Five goals in a Stanley Cup game were scored by Maurice Richard (b. 14 Aug 1924) in Montreal's 5-1 win over ^ the Toronto Maple Leafs on 23 Mar 1944; by Darryl Glen Sittler (b. 18 Sep 1950) for Toronto's 8-5 victory over Philadelphia on 22 Apr 1976; by Reggie Leach for Philadelphia's 6-3 victory over the Boston Bruins on 6 May 1976; and by Mario Lemieux ^ (b. 1965) for the Pittsburgh Penguins' 10-7 victory over Philadelphia on 25 Apr 1989. Reggie Leach (Philadelphia) scored at least one goal in nine consecutive playoff games in 1976. The streak started on 17 Apr ^I the Toronto Maple ^ Leafs, and ended on 9 May when he was shut out by the Montreal Canadiens. Overall, Leach scored 14 goals during his record-setting run. ^<n A record six assists in a game were achieved by Mikko Leinonen (Finland; b. 15 Jul 1955) for the New York ^ Rangers in their 7-3 victory over Philadelphia on 8 Apr 1982, and by Wayne Gretzky for Edmonton's 13-3 victory over Los Angeles on 9 Apr 1987, when his team set a Stanley Cup game record of 13 goals. The most points in a game is eight, by Patrik ^ Sundstrom (Sweden; b. 14 Dec 1961), three goals and five assists, for the New Jersey Devils (10) ^I the Washington Capitals (4) on 22 Apr 1988, and by Mario Lemieux, five goals and three assists, for the Pittsburgh Penguins (10) ^I the Philadelphia Flyers (7) on 25 Apr 1989. ^<n ^<4 Point-scoring streak ^>4 Bryan Trottier (New York Islanders) scored a point in 27 playoff games over three seasons (1980-82), scoring 16 goals and 26 assists for 42 points. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Most successful defensemen T \p8\D15\3911252C Sports and Games|Hockey|Stanley Cup|Most successful defensemen 20 23 25 27 216930|3190 204894|3013 34010|500 103574|1523 278836|3 216674|17 46904|6 -PCAP- An offensive-minded defenseman, Paul Coffey holds several Stanley Cup defenseman scoring records, including most points in a season 37; most goals in a season, 12; most assists in a season, 25; and the most points in a game, 6. (Photo: Allsport) ^ ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Most successful defensemen During his career with the Edmonton Oilers, 1980-87, Paul Coffey set marks for the most points in a playoff game (6) and in a season (37)---both set in 1985. Also in 1985, Coffey set the record for most goals by a defenseman in a playoff season ^ with 12 in 18 games. The record for most goals in a game by a defenseman is three, shared by five players: Bobby Orr (Boston Bruins ^I Montreal Canadiens, 11 Apr 1971); Dick Redmond (Chicago Blackhawks ^I St. Louis Blues, 4 Apr ^ 1973); Denis Potvin (New York Islanders ^I Edmonton Oilers, 17 Apr 1981); Paul Reinhart twice (Calgary Flames ^I Edmonton Oilers, 14 Apr 1983; ^I Vancouver Canucks, 8 Apr 1984); Doug Halward (Vancouver Canucks ^I Calgary Flames, 7 Apr 1984). ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Most valuable player T Sports and Games|Hockey|Stanley Cup|Most valuable player 20 22 24 26 216998|3191 213870|3145 103642|1524 278836|4 226156|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Most valuable player The Conn Smythe Trophy for the most valuable player in the playoffs has been awarded annually since 1965. The only players to win it twice have been Bobby Orr, 1970 and 1972; Bernie Parent (Philadelphia), 1974 and 1975; and Wayne Gretzky ^ (Edmonton), 1985 and 1988. Henri Richard played on a record 11 winning teams for the Montreal Canadiens between 1956 and 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Goaltending T \p8\D15\3911252G Sports and Games|Hockey|Stanley Cup|Goaltending 20 22 24 26 217066|3192 177558|2611 34078|501 103370|1520 278836|5 175106|208 46904|7 -PCAP- A fiesty goaltender, Billy Smith anchored the New York Islanders championship teams of the early 1980s. He holds the goaltending records for most career playoff games, 132, and most career playoff minutes. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Goaltending ^<4 Most shutouts ^>4 Jacques Plante holds the record for most shutouts in a playoff career, with 14, with the Montreal Canadiens (1953--63) and the St Louis Blues (1969--1970). ^<n ^<4 Most victories ^>4 The record for most victories in a ^ playoff career is 88, by Billy Smith for the New York Islanders (1975--88). ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Most successful coaches T \p8\D15\3911252F Sports and Games|Hockey|Stanley Cup|Most successful coaches 20 23 25 27 217134|3193 204826|3012 34146|502 103506|1522 278836|6 216674|16 46904|8 -PCAP- Scotty Bowman has coached more playoff games (207) and won more playoff games (130) than any other coach in Stanley Cup history. During his career Bowman has coached six championship teams--the Montreal Canadiens 1973, 1976-79; and the Pittsburgh ^ Penguins, 1992. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (Stanley Cup): Most successful coaches "Toe" Blake coached the Montreal Canadiens to eight championships (1956-60, 1965-66, 1968), the most of any coach. Scotty Bowman holds the record for most playoff wins at 130: (26, St Louis Blues, 1967-71; 70, Montreal Canadiens, 1971-79; 18, ^ Buffalo Sabres, 1979-87; 16, Pittsburgh Penguins, 1991-92). ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey (Minor Leagues): Fastest goals T \p8\D15\3811274a Sports and Games|Hockey|Minor Leagues|Fastest goals 20 23 25 27 217202|3194 22994|338 34214|503 102146|1502 279342|0 23878|90 46904|9 -PCAP- Three goals in ten seconds was achieved by Jorgen Palmgren Erichsen for Frisk ^I Holmen in a junior league match in Norway on 17 Mar 1991. Erichsen can be seen here with the players who assisted him (from right): Bjorn Erik Mosknes, John ^ Are Harstad-Evjen, Andres Bastiansen and Eric Thuv. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey (Minor Leagues): Fastest goals In minor leagues, Per Olsen scored two seconds after the start of the match for Rungsted against Odense in the Danish First Division at Horsholm, Denmark on 14 Jan 1990. Three goals in 10 seconds was achieved by Jorgen Palmgren Erichsen for Frisk ^ ^I . Holmen in a junior league match in Norway on 17 Mar 1991. The Skara Ishockeyclubb, Sweden, scored three goals in 11 seconds against Orebro IK at Skara on 18 Oct 1981. The Vernon Cougars scored five goals in 56 seconds against the ^ Salmon Arm Aces at Vernon, British Columbia, Canada on 6 Aug 1982. The Kamloops Knights of Columbus scored seven goals in 2 min 22 sec ^I the Prince George Vikings on 25 Jan 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hockey: World Championships and Olympics T \p8\D15\3911253a Sports and Games|Hockey|World Championships and Olympic Games|Records 20 23 25 27 217270|3195 139682|2054 34282|504 103846|1527 279428|0 139100|164 46904|10 -PCAP- Seen here is action from the 1992 Olympic ice hockey final between the all-Russian team (competing under the title of the Unified Team of the National Olympic Committees of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan), and Canada. The ^ Russians won 3-1 to add to the seven titles previously won by the former USSR. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hockey: World Championships and Olympics World Championships were first held for amateurs in 1920 in conjunction with the Olympic Games, which were also considered world championships up to 1968. Since 1976, the World Championships have been open to professionals. ^<n ^<4 Most titles ^>4 ^ The USSR won 22 world titles between 1954 and 1990, including the Olympic titles of 1956, 1964 and 1968. It has a record eight Olympic titles with a further five in 1972, 1976, 1984, 1988 and 1992 (as the CIS, with all players Russian). ^<n ^ ^<4 Longest career ^>4 The longest Olympic career is that of Richard Torriani (Switzerland; 1911-88) from 1928 to 1948. ^<n ^<4 Most medals ^>4 The most gold medals won by any player is three, achieved by Soviet players Vitaliy Semyenovich ^ Davydov, Anatoliy Vasilyevich Firsov, Viktor Grigoryevich Kuzkin and Aleksandr Pavlovich Ragulin in 1964, 1968 and 1972, and by Vladislav Aleksandrovich Tretyak in 1972, 1976 and 1984. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 The first two world championships were ^ won by Canada, in 1990 and 1992. ^<n ^<4 Most goals ^>4 The greatest number of goals recorded in a world championship match was when Australia beat New Zealand 58-0 at Perth on 15 Mar 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Origins T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 217338|3196 38158|561 105410|1550 279880|0 40936|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Origins Horsemanship was an important part of the Hittite culture of Anatolia, Turkey dating from 1400 B.C. The 33rd ancient Olympic Games of 648 B.C. in Greece featured horse racing. Horse races can be traced in England from the third century. The first ^ sweepstakes race was originated by the 12th Earl of Derby at his estate in Epsom in 1780. The Epsom Derby is still run today, and is the classic race of the English flat racing season. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Horses were introduced to the ^ North American continent from Spain by Cortez in 1519. In colonial America, horse racing was common. Colonel Richard Nicholls, commander of English forces in New York, is believed to have staged the first organized race at Salisbury Plain, Long ^ Island, NY in 1665. Thoroughbred racing was first staged at Saratoga Springs, NY in 1863. The first Jockey Club to be founded was at Charleston, SC in 1734. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Highest prizes T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|General Records|Highest prizes 20 22 24 26 217406|3197 67466|992 104866|1542 279880|1 71062|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Highest prizes The highest prize money won for a day's racing is $10 million, for the Breeders' Cup series of seven races staged annually since 1984. Included each year is a record $3 million for the Breeders' Cup Classic. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Breeders' Cup T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|General Records|Breeders' Cup 20 22 24 26 217474|3198 218766|3217 104594|1538 279880|2 227712|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Breeders' Cup ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Two jockeys have won the most Breeders' Cup races: Laffit Pincay, Jr. with six from 1985 to 1990, and Pat Day with six from 1984 to 1991. The trainer with the most wins is D. Wayne Lukas, with ten. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Perfect card T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|General Records|Perfect card 20 22 24 26 217542|3199 105478|1551 279880|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Perfect card The only recorded instance of a racing correspondent forecasting ten out of ten winners on a race card was at Delaware Park, Wilmington, DE on 28 Jul 1974, by Charles Lamb of the ^I . ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Biggest payout T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|General Records|Biggest payout 20 22 24 26 217610|3200 1778|26 104458|1536 279880|4 7328|11 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Biggest payout Anthony A. Speelman and Nicholas John Cowan (both Great Britain) won $1,627,084.40, after federal income tax of $406,768.00 was withheld, on a $64 nine-horse accumulator at Santa Anita racetrack, CA on 19 Apr 1987. Their first seven selections won ^ and the payout was for a jackpot, accumulated over 24 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Triple Crown records (table) B \t\D03\1104921a Sports and Games|Horse Racing|General Records|Triple Crown records (table) 20 22 24 26 217678|3201 100854|1483 105546|1552 279880|5 175106|214 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Triple Crown records (table) Horse Racing: Triple Crown Records (Table) MAJOR TRIPLE CROWN RECORDS RACE RECORD MOST WINS LARGEST (INSTITUTED) TIME JOCKEY TRAINER OWNER FIELD Kentucky Derby (1875) 1 min 59.4 sec 5--Eddie Arcaro 1938, 41, 6--Ben Jones 1938, 41, 8--Calumet ^ Farm 1941, 44, 23 (1974) 1 1/4 miles Secretariat 1973 45, 48, 52 44, 48, 49, 52 48, 49, 52, 57, 58, 68 Churchill Downs, Louisville, KY 5--Bill Hartack 1957, 60, 62, 64, 69 Preakness Stakes (1873) 1 min 53.2 sec 6--Eddie ^ Arcaro 1941, 48, 7--Robert Wyndham Walden 5--George Lorillard 1878, 79, 18 (1928) 1 mile 1 1/2 furlongs Tank's Prospect 1985 50, 51, 55, 57 1875, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88 80, 81, 82 Pimlico, Baltimore, MD Belmont Stakes (1867) 2 min ^ 24.0 sec 6--Jimmy McLaughlin 1882, 8--James Rowe Sr 1883, 84, 5--Dwyer Bros 1883, 84, 86, 15 (1983) 1 1/2 miles Secretariat 1973 83, 84, 86, 87, 88 1901, 04, 07, 08, 10, 13 87, 88 Belmont Park, New York (By a record 31 lengths) ^ 6--Eddie Arcaro 1941, 42, 45, 5--James R. Keene 1901, 04, 48, 52, 55 07, 08, 10 5--William Woodward Sr (Belair Stud) 1930, 32, 35, 36, 39 ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Famous international races (table) B \t\D03\1104922a \p8\D15\3711274a Sports and Games|Horse Racing|General Records|Famous international races (table) 20 23 25 27 217746|3202 100786|1482 34350|505 104662|1539 279880|6 175106|213 47690|0 -PCAP- Mr. Frisk (left) ridden by Marcus Armytage, leads the field of the 1990 Grand National and went on to win the race in record time, beating the record of Red Rum by 14 seconds. Three weeks later horse and rider completed a unique double, winning the ^ Whitbread Gold Cup. (Allsport/John Nicholson) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Famous international races (table) Horse Racing: Famous International Race Records (Table) FAMOUS INTERNATIONAL RACE RECORDS RACE RECORD MOST WINS LARGEST (INSTITUTED) TIME JOCKEY TRAINER OWNER FIELD Derby (1780) 2 min 33.8 sec 9--Lester Piggott 1954, 57, 60, 7--Robert Robson ^ 1793, 1802, 5--3rd Earl of Egremont 1782, 34 (1862) 1 1/2 miles Mahmoud 1936 68, 70, 72, 76, 77, 83 09, 10, 15, 17, 23 1804, 05, 07, 26 Epsom Downs, Great Britain 2 min 33.84 sec 7--John Porter 1868, 82, 83, 5--HH Aga Khan III 1930, ^ 35, Kahyasi 1988 86, 90, 91, 99 36, 48, 52 (Electronically timed) 7--Fred Darling 1922, 25, 26, 31, 38, 40, 41 Prix de l'Arc 2 min 26.3 sec 4--Jacques Doyasbe[gr]re 1942, 4--Charles Semblat 1942, 44, 6--Marcel Boussac 1936, ^ 37, 42, 30 (1967) de Triomphe (1920) Trempolino 1987 44, 50, 51 46, 49 44, 46, 49 1 mile 864 yd 4--Fre[ac]de[ac]ric {Freddy} Head 4--Alec Head 1952, 59, 76, 81 Longchamp, France 1966, 72, 76, 79 4--Franc[ced]ois Mathet 1950, ^ 4--Yves Saint-Martin 1970, 74, 51, 70, 82 82, 84 4--Pat Eddery 1980, 85, 86, 87 VRC Melbourne Cup (1861) 3 min 16.3 sec 4--Bobby Lewis 1902, 15, 19, 27 9--Bart Cummings 1965, 66, 67, 4--Etienne de Mestre 1861, 62, 39 (1890) 1 mile ^ 1739 yd Kingston Rule 1990 4--Harry White 1974, 75, 78, 79 74, 75, 77, 79, 90, 91 67, 78 Flemington, Victoria, Australia Grand National (1839) 8 min 47.8 sec 5--George Stevens 1856, 63, 64, 4--Fred Rimell 1956, 61, 70, 76 3--James ^ Machell 1873, 74, 76 66 (1929) 4 1/2 miles Mr Frisk 1990 69, 70 3--Sir Charles Assheton-Smith Aintree, Liverpool, Great Britain 1893, 1912, 13 3--Noel Le Mare 1973, 74, 77 ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Most successful horses T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Horses|Most successful 20 22 24 26 217814|3203 139818|2056 105002|1544 280386|0 139100|166 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Most successful horses The horse with the best win-loss record was Kincsem, a Hungarian mare foaled in 1874, who was unbeaten in 54 races (1876-79) throughout Europe, including the Goodwood Cup of 1878. ^<n ^<4 Longest winning sequence ^>4 Camarero, foaled in 1951, ^ was undefeated in 56 races in Puerto Rico from 19 Apr 1953 to his first defeat on 17 Aug 1955 (in his career to 1956, he won 73 of 77 races). ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 Crossbar (foaled 1935) won 197 of his 325 races in Puerto Rico, 1937-47. Lenoxbar ^ (foaled 1935) won 46 races in one year, 1940, in Puerto Rico from 56 starts. ^<n The most career wins in the United States is 89, by Kingston in 138 starts, 1886-94. This included 33 in stakes races, but the horse with the most wins in stakes ^ races in the USA is Exterminator (foaled 1915), with 34 between 1918 and 1923. John Henry (foaled 1975) won a record 25 graded stakes races, including 16 at Grade 1, 1978-84. On his retirement in 1984, his career prize money was $6,597,947, ^ nearly twice as much as the next best. Of 83 races he won 39, was second 15 times and third 9 times. ^<n ^<4 Same race ^>4 Doctor Syntax (foaled 1811) won the Preston Gold Cup on seven successive occasions, 1815-21. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Triple Crown winners T \p8\D15\3811268 Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Horses|Triple Crown winners 20 22 24 26 217882|3204 218902|3219 34418|506 105614|1553 280386|1 227712|66 47690|1 -PCAP- Affirmed at the Kentucky Derby in 1978, when he became the eleventh (and last to date) winner of the Triple Crown. This feat was first achieved by Sir Barton in 1919. Affirmed was ridden by Steve Cauthen. (Photo: Sports Illustrated) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Triple Crown winners The Triple Crown (Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes) has been achieved 11 times, most recently by Affirmed in 1978. Eddie Arcaro is the only jockey to board two Triple Crown winners, Whirlaway in 1941 and Citation in 1948. Two ^ trainers have schooled two Triple Crown winners: James Fitzsimmons, Gallant Fox in 1930 and Omaha in 1935; Ben A. Jones, Whirlaway in 1941 and Citation in 1948. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Greatest winnings T \p8\D15\3911254 Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Horses|Greatest winnings 20 23 25 27 217950|3205 48970|720 34486|507 104730|1540 280386|2 52992|57 47690|2 -PCAP- The most successful horse in a single season, in money won, is Sunday Silence (seen here with the green noseband) in 1989. He won over $4.5 million from a mere nine races (seven wins), and this figure includes a $1 million bonus for his ^ performances in the Triple Crown races (winning the Preakness Stakes and the Kentucky Derby, and coming in second in the Belmont Stakes). (Photo Allsport USA/Ken Levine) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Greatest winnings The career earnings record is $6,679,242, by the 1987 Kentucky Derby winner Alysheba (foaled 1984), from 1986-88. Alysheba's career record was 11 wins, 8 seconds and 2 thirds from 26 races. The most prize money earned in a year is $4,578,454, by ^ Sunday Silence (foaled 1986) in the USA in 1989. His total included $1,350,000 from the Breeders' Cup Classic and a $1 million bonus for the best record in the Triple Crown races: he won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and was second in ^ the Belmont Stakes. The leading money-winning mare is Dance Smartly (foaled 1988) with $3,083,455 in North America, 1990-91. The one-race record is $2.6 million, by Spend A Buck (foaled 1982), for the Jersey Derby, Garden State Park, NJ on 27 May ^ 1985, of which $2 million was a bonus for having previously won the Kentucky Derby and two preparatory races at Garden State Park. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: World speed records T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Horses|World speed records 20 22 24 26 218018|3206 23334|343 105682|1554 280386|3 23878|95 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: World speed records The fastest race speed recorded is 43.26 mph, by Big Racket, 20.8 sec for 1/4 mile, at Mexico City, Mexico on 5 Feb 1945. The four-year-old carried 114 lb. The record for 1 1/2 miles is 37.82 mph by three-year-old Hawkster (carrying 121 lb) at ^ Santa Anita Park, Arcadia, CA on 14 Oct 1989, with a time of 2 min 22.8 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Highest priced horse T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Horses|Highest price 20 22 24 26 218086|3207 78006|1147 104798|1541 280386|4 85040|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Highest priced horse The most paid for a yearling is $13.1 million on 23 Jul 1985 at Keeneland, KY by Robert Sangster and partners for Seattle Dancer. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Oldest winning horses T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Horses|Oldest winners 20 22 24 26 218154|3208 228286|3357 105342|1549 280386|5 236192|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Oldest winning horses The oldest horses to win on the flat have been the 18-year-olds Revenge, at Shrewsbury, Great Britain on 23 Sep 1790; Marksman, at Ashford, Great Britain, on 4 Sep 1826; and Jorrocks, at Bathurst, Australia on 28 Feb 1851. At the same age Wild ^ Aster won three hurdle races in six days in March 1919 and Sonny Somers won two steeplechases in February 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Biggest weight T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Horses|Biggest weight 20 22 24 26 218222|3209 1846|27 104526|1537 280386|6 7328|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Biggest weight The biggest weight ever carried is 420 lb, by both Mr Maynard's mare and Mr Baker's horse in a match won by the former over a mile at York, Great Britain on 21 May 1788. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Most successful jockeys T \p8\D15\3811269a Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Jockeys|Most successful 20 24 26 28 218290|3210 205030|3015 34554|508 105070|1545 280892|0 216674|19 47690|3 -PCAP- Alysheba (9) vainly pursues Ferdinand, ridden by Willie Shoemaker, the world record holder for the most wins by a jockey, in the 1987 Breeders' Cup Classic. Shoemaker rode a record 8,833 winners out of 40,350 mounts from his first ride on 19 Mar ^ 1949 and first winner on 20 Apr 1949 to his retirement on 3 Feb 1990. Despite losing by a nose in the world's richest race, Alysheba returned the following year to win and add $1,350,000 to his career winnings. In his three-year career he only ^ won 11 races (including the 1987 Kentucky Derby) but accumulated record winnings of $6,679,242. (Photos: Allsport USA/Merlino) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Most successful jockeys Billie Lee "Willie" Shoemaker (USA; b. weighing 2 1/2 lb, 19 Aug 1931, whose racing weight was 97 lb at 4 ft 11 in), rode a record 8,833 winners out of 40,350 mounts from his first ride on 19 Mar 1949 and first winner on 20 Apr 1949 to his ^ retirement on 3 Feb 1990. Laffit Pincay, Jr. (USA; b. 29 Dec 1946) has earned a career record $165,452,089 from 1964 to May 1992. ^<n The most races won by a jockey in a year is 597, in 2,312 rides, by Kent Jason Desormeaux (USA; b. 27 Feb 1970) ^ in 1989. The greatest amount won in a year is 2,356,280,400 yen ( ^I $16,250,000) by Yutaka Take (Japan; b. 1969) in Japan in 1990. The greatest amount won in the United States in a year is $14,877,298, by Jose Adeon Santos (USA; b. 26 ^ Apr 1961, Chile) in 1988. Pat Day (USA) rode a season record 60 stakes race winners in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Most wins by jockeys T \p8\D16\3711273a Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Jockeys|Most wins 20 22 24 26 218358|3211 218834|3218 34622|509 105274|1548 280892|1 227712|65 47690|4 -PCAP- Several jockeys have won a record eight races at a single meeting. The most recent and most notable was Pat Day, who achieved his successes from only nine rides. (Allsport/Mike Powell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Most wins by jockeys The most winners ridden in one day is nine, by Chris Wiley Antley (USA; b. 6 Jan 1966) on 31 Oct 1987. They consisted of four in the afternoon at Aqueduct, NY and five in the evening at The Meadowlands, NJ. ^<n ^<4 One card ^>4 The most winners ^ ridden on one card is eight, by six riders, most recently (and in fewest rides) by Pat Day, in only nine rides at Arlington, IL on 13 Sep 1989. ^<n ^<4 Consecutive ^>4 The longest winning streak is 12, by: Sir Gordon Richards (Great Britain; ^ 1904-86); one race at Nottingham, Great Britain on 3 October, six out of six at Chepstow on 4 October, and the first five races next day at Chepstow, in 1933; and Pieter Stroebel at Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), 7 Jun-7 Jul 1958. ^ ^<n The longest consecutive winning streak for an American jockey is nine races, by Albert Adams (USA) at Marlboro Racetrack, MD over three days, 10-12 Sep 1930. He won the last two races on 10 September, all six races on 11 September and the ^ first race on 12 September. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Most successful trainers T \p8\D16\3811269b Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Trainers|Most successful 20 23 25 27 218426|3212 205166|3017 34690|510 105206|1547 281048|0 216674|21 47690|5 -PCAP- The greatest amount won in a year is $17,842,358 by Darrell Wayne Lukas (USA; b. 2 Sep 1935) in 1988. Notable winners in that year trained by Lukas were Winning Colors in the Kentucky Derby and Is It True, Gulch and Open Mind in the Breeders' Cup ^ series. In 1990 he completed eight successive years as champion trainer. (Photo: Allsport USA/Levine) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Most successful trainers Jack Charles Van Berg (USA; b. 7 Jun 1936) has the greatest number of wins in a year, 496 in 1976. The career record is 5,750, by Dale Baird (USA; b. 17 Apr 1935) from 1962 to 1991. The greatest amount won in a year is $17,842,358, by Darrell Wayne ^ Lukas (USA; b. 2 Sep 1935) in 1988. ^<n The only trainer to saddle the first five finishers in a classic race is Michael William Dickinson (Great Britain; b. 3 Feb 1950), in the Cheltenham Gold Cup on 17 Mar 1983; he won a record 12 races in one ^ day, 27 Dec 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Horse Racing: Most successful owners T Sports and Games|Horse Racing|Owners|Most successful 20 22 24 26 218494|3213 205098|3016 105138|1546 281134|0 216674|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Horse Racing: Most successful owners The most lifetime wins by an owner is 4,775, by Marion H. Van Berg (1895-1971), in North America, in 35 years. The most wins in a year is 494, by Dan R. Lasater (USA) in 1974. The greatest amount won in a year is $6,881,902, by Sam-Son Farms ^ (Canada) in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hurling: Origins T Sports and Games|Hurling|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 218562|3214 38226|562 107586|1582 281306|0 40936|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hurling: Origins A game of very ancient origin, hurling was included in the Tailteann Games (instituted 1829 B.C.). It only became standardized with the formation of the Gaelic Athletic Association in Thurles, Ireland on 1 Nov 1884. The Irish Hurling Union was ^ formed in 1879. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hurling: Most titles T \p8\D16\3711274 Sports and Games|Hurling|General Records|Most titles 20 23 25 27 218630|3215 209042|3074 34758|511 107518|1581 281306|1 219140|43 48126|0 -PCAP- The culmination of the hurling season is the All-Ireland Final which is annually contested on the first Sunday of September, at Dublin's Croke Park with the winner receiving the McCarthy Cup. The picture shows action from the 1986 Final when Cork ^ won for the 26th time, beating Offaly. (Allsport/David Cannon) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hurling: Most titles ^<4 All-Ireland ^>4 The greatest number of All-Ireland Championships won by one team is 27, by Cork, between 1890 and 1990. The greatest number of successive wins is four, by Cork (1941-44). ^ -END- -CTRL- Hurling: Most appearances T Sports and Games|Hurling|General Records|Most appearances 20 22 24 26 218698|3216 194694|2863 107450|1580 281306|2 206832|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hurling: Most appearances The most appearances in All-Ireland finals is ten, shared by Christy Ring (Cork and Munster) and John Doyle (Tipperary). They also share the record of All-Ireland medals, won with eight each. Ring's appearances on the winning side were in 1941-44, ^ 1946 and 1952-54, while Doyle's were in 1949-51, 1958, 1961-62 and 1964-65. Ring also played in a record 22 interprovincial finals (1942-63), and was on the winning side 18 times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hurling: Highest and lowest scores T Sports and Games|Hurling|General Records|Highest and lowest scores 20 22 24 26 218766|3217 163346|2402 107314|1578 281306|3 174040|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hurling: Highest and lowest scores The highest score in an All-Ireland final (60 min) was in 1989, when Tipperary, 41 (4 goals, 29 points) beat Antrim (3 goals, 9 points). The record aggregate score was when Cork, 39 (6 goals, 21 points), defeated Wexford, 25 (5 goals, 10 points), ^ in the 80-minute final of 1970. A goal equals three points. The highest recorded individual score was by Nick Rackard (Wexford), who scored 7 goals and 7 points against Antrim in the 1954 All-Ireland semifinal. The lowest score in an All-Ireland ^ final was when Tipperary (1 goal, 1 point) beat Galway (zero) in the first championship at Birr in 1887. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hurling: Largest crowd T Sports and Games|Hurling|General Records|Largest crowd 20 22 24 26 218834|3218 101466|1492 107382|1579 281306|4 91334|283 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hurling: Largest crowd The largest crowd was 84,865 for the All-Ireland final between Cork and Wexford at Croke Park, Dublin in 1954. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ice Skating: Origins T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 218902|3219 10890|160 108334|1593 281898|0 13960|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ice Skating: Origins The earliest reference to ice skating is in early Scandinavian literature referring to the second century, although its origins are believed, on archaeological evidence, to be ten centuries earlier than that. The earliest English account of ice ^ skating in 1180 refers to skates made of bone. The earliest skating club was the Edinburgh Skating Club, formed in 1742. ^<n The first recorded race was from Wisbech to Whittlesey, Great Britain in 1763. The first artificial rink in the world was ^ opened in London, Great Britain on 7 Dec 1842, although the surface was not of ice. The first artificial ice rink was called the Glaciarium and was opened in London, Great Britain on 7 Jan 1876. ^<n The International Skating Union was founded at ^ Scheveningen, Netherlands in 1892. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ice Skating: Largest rink T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|General Records|Largest rink 20 22 24 26 218970|3220 101602|1494 108266|1592 281898|1 91334|285 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ice Skating: Largest rink The world's largest indoor ice rink is in the Moscow Olympic arena, which has an ice area of 86,800 sq ft. The five rinks at Fujikyu Highland Skating Center in Japan total 285,243 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ice Skating: Barrel jumping T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|General Records|Barrel jumping 20 22 24 26 219038|3221 54342|799 108130|1590 962|14 281898|2 61634|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ice Skating: Barrel jumping ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 The official distance record is 29 ft 5 in over 18 barrels, by Yvon Jolin at Terrebonne, Quebec, Canada on 25 Jan 1981. The women's record is 20 ft 4 1/4 in over 11 barrels, by Janet Hainstock in Wyandotle, MI on 15 Mar ^ 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ice Skating: Greatest distance T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|General Records|Greatest distance 20 22 24 26 219106|3222 54410|800 108198|1591 281898|3 61634|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ice Skating: Greatest distance Robin John Cousins (Great Britain; b. 17 Aug 1957) achieved 19 ft 1 in in an axel jump and 18 ft with a back flip at Richmond Ice Rink, Surrey, Great Britain on 16 Nov 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Figure Skating: Origins T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Figure Skating|Origins 20 22 24 26 219174|3223 37206|547 80930|1190 282194|0 40936|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Figure Skating: Origins In North America, the first national body was the Amateur Association of Canada, founded on 30 Nov 1887. The Skating Club of the USA was founded in Philadelphia in 1887. Jackson Haines, a New Yorker, is regarded as the pioneer of the modern concept ^ of figure skating, a composite of skating and dancing. Although his ideas were not initially favored in the United States, Haines moved to Europe in the mid-1860s, where his international style of figure skating was warmly received and promoted. ^ The sport functioned informally in the United States until 1921, when the United States Figure Skating Assocation (USFSA) was formed to oversee skating in this country--a role it still performs. ^ -END- -CTRL- Figure Skating: Most titles T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Figure Skating|Most titles 20 22 24 26 219242|3224 198774|2923 80862|1189 282194|1 211064|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Figure Skating: Most titles ^<4 Olympic ^>4 The most Olympic gold medals won by a figure skater is three: by Gillis Grafstrom (Sweden; 1893-1938) in 1920, 1924 and 1928 (also silver medal in 1932); by Sonja Henie (Norway; 1912-69) in 1928, 1932 and 1936; and by Irina ^ Konstantinovna Rodnina (USSR; b. 12 Sep 1949) with two different partners in the pairs in 1972, 1976 and 1980. ^<n ^<4 World ^>4 The greatest number of men's individual world figure skating titles (instituted 1896) is ten, by Ulrich Salchow ^ (Sweden; 1877-1949) in 1901-05 and 1907-11. The women's record (instituted 1906) is also ten individual titles, by Sonja Henie between 1927 and 1936. Irina Rodnina won ten pairs titles (instituted 1908), four with Aleksey Nikolayevich Ulanov (b. ^ 4 Nov 1947), 1969-72, and six with her husband Aleksandr Gennadyevich Zaitsev (b. 16 Jun 1952), 1973-78. The most ice dance titles (instituted 1952) won is six, by Lyudmila Alekseyevna Pakhomova (1946-86) and her husband Aleksandr Georgiyevich ^ Gorshkov (USSR; b. 8 Oct 1946), 1970-74 and 1976. They also won the first-ever Olympic ice dance title in 1976. ^<n Richard Totten "Dick" Button (b. 18 Jul 1929) set US records with two Olympic gold medals, 1948 and 1952, and five world titles, ^ 1948-52. Five women's world titles were won by Carol Elizabeth Heise (b. 20 Jan 1940), 1956-60, as well as the 1960 Olympic gold. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The US Championships were first held in 1914. The most titles won by an individual is ^ nine, by Maribel Y. Vinson (1911-61), 1928-33 and 1935-37. She also won six pairs titles, and her aggregate of 15 titles is equaled by Therese Blanchard (nee Weld; 1893-1978), who won six individual and nine pairs titles between 1914 and 1927. ^ The men's individual record is seven, by Roger Turner, 1928-34, and by Dick Button, 1946-52. At age 16 in 1946, Button was the youngest-ever winner. ^ -END- -CTRL- Figure Skating: Triple Crown T \p8\D16\3911256 Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Figure Skating|Triple Crown 20 22 24 26 219310|3225 172798|2541 34826|512 80998|1191 282194|2 175106|138 48212|0 -PCAP- Katarina Witt, with wins in 1984 and 1988, became the third skater to win the "Grand Slam" of World, Olympic and European titles twice. She followed Karl Schafer and Sonja Henie in 1932 and 1936. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Figure Skating: Triple Crown Karl Schafer (Austria; 1909-76) and Sonja Henie achieved double "Grand Slams," both in the years 1932 and 1936. This feat was repeated by Katarina Witt (East Germany; b. 3 Dec 1965) in 1984 and 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Figure Skating: Highest marks T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Figure Skating|Highest marks 20 22 24 26 219378|3226 66514|978 80726|1187 282194|3 71062|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Figure Skating: Highest marks The highest tally of maximum six marks awarded in an international championship was 29, to Jayne Torvill (Great Britain; b. 7 Oct 1957) and Christopher Dean (Great Britain; 27 Jul 1958) in the World Ice Dance Championships at Ottawa, Canada on ^ 22-24 Mar 1984. This comprised seven in the compulsory dances, a perfect set of nine for presentation in the set pattern dance, and 13 in the free dance, including another perfect set from all nine judges for artistic presentation. They ^ previously gained a perfect set of nine sixes for artistic presentation in the free dance at the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland and at the 1984 Winter Olympic Games in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. In their career Torvill and Dean received ^ a record total of 136 sixes. ^<n The most by a soloist is seven: by Donald George Jackson (Canada; b. 2 Apr 1940) in the World Men's Championship at Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1962; and by Midori Ito (Japan; b. 13 Aug 1969) in the World Women's ^ Championships at Paris, France in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Figure Skating: Most mid-air rotations T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Figure Skating|Most mid-air rotations 20 22 24 26 219446|3227 172730|2540 80794|1188 282194|4 175106|137 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Figure Skating: Most mid-air rotations Kurt Browning (Canada; b. 18 Jun 1966) was the first to achieve a quadruple jump in competition--a toe loop--in the World Championships at Budapest, Hungary on 25 Mar 1988. The first woman to do so was Suruya Bonaly (France; b. 15 Dec 1973) in the ^ Women's World Championships at Munich, Germany on 16 Mar 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Speed Skating: Men's world records (table) B \t\D03\1105151a \c8\D02\3911258z Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Speed Skating|Men's world records (table) 20 24 26 28 219514|3228 29454|433 34894|513 208090|3060 282560|0 23878|185 48212|1 -PCAP- (Left) Bonnie Blair (USA), holder of the 500 m speed skating record, is shown here with her two gold medals, won at Albertville, France in the 1992 Winter Olympics. (Right) Johann Olav Koss (Norway) currently holds three speed skating records at ^ the longer distances of 3,000, 5,000 and 10,000 m. The records set in the last two distances were at Heerenveen, Netherlands during the 1991 World Championships, when he won the title with a record score. Here he is seen in action at the 1992 ^ Olympics, when he won gold in the 1,500 m. (Photos: Allsport/Mike Powell and Allsport/Shaun Botterill) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- * Record not officially recognized for this distance. **Set at high altitude.. *Unofficial **Set at high altitude. ^ -TEXT- Speed Skating: Men's world records (table) Ice skating: Speed Skating Records (Table) SPEED SKATING WORLD RECORDS MEN METERS min:sec NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE 500 36.45 Uwe-Jens Mey (East Germany) Calgary, Canada 14 Feb 1988 36.23 * Nick Thometz (USA) Medeo, USSR 26 Mar 1987 ^ 1,000 1:12.58 ** Pavel Pegov (USSR) Medeo, USSR 25 Nov 1983 1:12.58 Igor Zhelozovskiy (USSR) Heerenveen, Netherlands 25 Feb 1989 1:12.05 * Nick Thometz (USA) Medeo, USSR 27 Mar 1987 1,500 1:52.06 Andre[ac] Hoffmann (East Germany) Calgary, ^ Canada 20 Feb 1988 3,000 3:57.52 Johann Olav Koss (Norway) Heerenveen, Netherlands 13 Mar 1990 3:56.65 * Sergey Martyuk (USSR) Medeo, USSR 11 Mar 1977 5,000 6:41.73 Johann-Olav Koss (2Norway) Heerenveen, Netherlands 9 Feb 1991 10,000 13:43.54 ^ Johann-Olav Koss (2Norway) Heerenveen, Netherlands 10 Feb 1991 WORLD RECORDS---SHORT TRACK MEN 500 43.43 Mark Lackie (Canada) Denver, CO 3 Apr 1992 1,000 1:28.47 Mike McMillen (New Zealand) Denver, CO 4 Apr 1992 1,500 2:22.77 Andrew ^ Nicholson (New Zealand) Nobeyama, Japan 7 Apr 1992 3,000 5:04.24 Tatsuyoshi Ishihara (Japan) Amsterdam, Netherlands 17 Mar 1985 5,000 relay 7:14.02 South Korea Albertville, France 18 Feb 1992 ^ -END- -CTRL- Speed Skating: Women's world records (table) B \t\D03\1105152a Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Speed Skating|Women's world records (table) 20 22 24 26 219582|3229 29522|434 208430|3065 282560|1 23878|186 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- * Record not officially recognized for this distance. **Set at high altitude. *Unofficial **Set at high altitude. ^ -TEXT- Speed Skating: Women's world records (table) Ice skating: Speed Skating Records (Table) SPEED SKATING WORLD RECORDS WOMEN 500 39.10 Bonnie Blair (USA) Calgary, Canada 22 Feb 1988 1,000 1:17.65 Christa Rothenburger (now Luding) Calgary, Canada 26 Feb 1988 (East Germany) 1,500 1:59.30 ^ ** Karin Kania (East Germany) Medeo, USSR 22 Mar 1986 3,000 4:10.80 Gunda Kleeman (Germany) Calgary, Canada 9 Dec 1990 5,000 7:14.13 Yvonne van Gennip (Netherlands) Calgary, Canada 28 Feb 1988 10,000 * 15:25.25 Yvonne van Gennip (Netherlands) ^ Heerenveen, Netherlands 19 Mar 1988 WORLD RECORDS---SHORT TRACK WOMEN 500 46.72 Sylvie Daigle (Canada) Albertville, France 16 Nov 1991 1,000 1:38.93 Yulia Vlaxova Denver, CO 4 Apr 1992 1,500 2:28.26 Eden Donatelli (Canada) Seoul, South ^ Korea 31 Mar 1991 3,000 5:18.33 Maria-Rosa Candido (Italy) Budapest, Hungary 17 Jan 1988 3,000 relay 4:36.42 Canada Albertville, France 18 Feb 1992 ^ -END- -CTRL- Speed Skating: Most Olympic titles T \p8\D16\3811282 Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Speed Skating|Most Olympic titles 20 22 24 26 219650|3230 199386|2932 34962|514 208158|3061 282560|2 211064|15 48212|2 -PCAP- The most individual gold medals won at a single Olympic celebration is five by Eric Arthur Heiden (USA) (b. 14 Jun 1958) when he won all the speed skating events at Lake Placid, New York, in 1980. (Photo: Allsport USA/Duffy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Speed Skating: Most Olympic titles The most Olympic gold medals won in speed skating is six, by Lidiya Pavlovna Skoblikova (USSR; b. 8 Mar 1939) in 1960 (two) and 1964 (four). The men's record is by Clas Thunberg (Finland; 1893-1973) with five gold (including one tied), and also one ^ silver and one tied bronze, in 1924 and 1928. Eric Arthur Heiden (USA; b. 14 Jun 1958) also won five gold medals, uniquely at one Games at Lake Placid, NY in 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Speed Skating: Most world titles T \p8\D16\3811274b Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Speed Skating|Most world titles 20 23 25 27 219718|3231 211286|3107 35030|515 208226|3062 282560|3 219140|76 48212|3 -PCAP- Karin Kania (nee Enke [Germany]); b. 20 Jun 1961) has won a record five overall speed skating World Championships, in 1982, 1984, 1986--88. She has also won a record six overall titles at the World Sprint Championships, 1980--81, 1983--84, ^ 1986--87. (Photo: Allsport USA/Loubat) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Speed Skating: Most world titles The greatest number of world overall titles (instituted 1893) won by any skater is five---by Oscar Mathisen (Norway; 1888-1954) in 1908-09 and 1912-14; and by Clas Thunberg in 1923, 1925, 1928-29 and 1931. The most titles won in the women's events ^ (instituted 1936) is five, by Karin Kania (nee Enke [East Germany], b. 20 Jun 1961) in 1982, 1984, 1986-88. Kania also won a record six overall titles at the World Sprint Championships, 1980-81, 1983-84, 1986-1987. A record five men's sprint ^ overall titles have been won by Igor Zhelezovskiy (USSR), 1985-86, 1989 and 1991-92. ^<n The record score achieved for the world overall title is 157.396 points, by Johann-Olav Koss (Norway) at Heerenveen, Netherlands on 9-10 Feb 1991. The record ^ low women's score is 171.630 points, by Jacqueline Borner (East Germany) at Calgary, Canada on 10-11 Feb 1990. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Eric Heiden won a US record three overall world titles, 1977-79. His sister Elizabeth Lee "Beth" Heiden ^ (b. 27 Sep 1959) became the only US women's overall champion in 1979. She completed a unique double championship when in the following year she became the first American woman to win the cycling road race world title. Later, at the University of ^ Vermont, she took up cross-country skiing, and won the NCCA title. ^ -END- -CTRL- Speed Skating: Short-track T \p8\D16\3911259 Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Speed Skating|Short-track 20 23 25 27 219786|3232 205846|3027 35098|516 208294|3063 282560|4 216674|31 48212|4 -PCAP- For the first time, at the 1992 Olympics, short-track speed skating was a full medal sport, and such was the level of competition that world records were set in three of the four events. The most successful skater was Kim Ki-hoon (South Korea), who ^ won the 1,000 m (as seen here) in a then world record time of 1 min 30.76 sec and was a member of the winning 5,000 m relay team. (Photo: Allsport/Chris Cole) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Speed Skating: Short-track The most successful skater in the World Short-track Championships (instituted 1978) has been Sylvie Daigle (Canada; b. 1 Dec 1962), women's overall champion in 1979, 1983 and 1989-90. ^ -END- -CTRL- Speed Skating: Longest race T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Speed Skating|Longest race 20 22 24 26 219854|3233 152058|2236 208022|3059 282560|5 139100|346 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Speed Skating: Longest race The "Elfstedentocht" ("Tour of the Eleven Towns"), which originated in the 17th century, was held in the Netherlands from 1909-63, and again in 1985 and 1986, covering 200 km (124 miles 483 yd). As the weather does not permit an annual race in the ^ Netherlands, alternative "Elfstedentocht" take place at suitable venues. These venues have included Lake Vesijarvi, near Lahti, Finland; Ottawa River, Canada; and Lake Weissensee, Austria. The record time for 200 km is: ^I 5 hr 40 ^ min 37 sec, by Dries van Wijhe (Netherlands); and ^I 5 hr 48 min 8 sec, by Alida Pasveer (Netherlands), both at Lake Weissensee (altitude 3,609 ft), Austria on 11 Feb 1989. Jan-Roelof Kruithof (Netherlands) won the race eight ^ times--1974, 1976-77, 1979-83. An estimated 16,000 skaters took part in 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Speed Skating: Twenty-four hours T Sports and Games|Ice Skating|Speed Skating|Twenty-four hours 20 22 24 26 219922|3234 56722|834 208362|3064 894|13 282560|6 61634|48 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Speed Skating: Twenty-four hours ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 Martinus Kuiper (Netherlands) skated 339.681 miles in 24 hr in Alkmaar, Netherlands on 12-13 Dec 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ice and Sand Yachting: Origins T Sports and Games|Ice and Sand Yachting|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 219990|3235 10822|159 108062|1589 283152|0 13960|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ice and Sand Yachting: Origins The sport originated in the Low Countries and along the Baltic coast in about 1600 (the year the earliest patent was granted). The earliest authentic record is Dutch, dating from 1768. Land or sand yachts of Dutch construction were first reported ^ on beaches (now in Belgium) in 1595. The earliest international championship was staged in 1914. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ice and Sand Yachting: Largest ice yacht T Sports and Games|Ice and Sand Yachting|General Records|Largest ice yacht 20 22 24 26 220058|3236 101534|1493 107994|1588 283152|1 23878|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ice and Sand Yachting: Largest ice yacht The largest ice yacht was ^I , built for Commodore John E. Roosevelt for racing on the Hudson River, NY in 1869. It was 68 ft 11 in long and carried 1,070 sq ft of canvas. ^ -END- -CTRL- Ice and Sand Yachting: Fastest speed T \p8\D16\3911260 Sports and Games|Ice and Sand Yachting|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 220126|3237 23470|345 35166|517 107926|1587 283152|2 23878|97 48578|0 -PCAP- The fastest official speed for ice yachting is currently 143 mph. Shown here are yachts racing in Finland. (Photo: Allsport/Mitch Carucci/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Ice and Sand Yachting: Fastest speed ^<4 Ice ^>4 The fastest speed officially recorded is 143 mph, by John D. Buckstaff in a Class A stern-steerer on Lake Winnebago, WI in 1938. Such a speed is possible in a wind of 72 mph. ^<n ^<4 Sand ^>4 The official world record for a sand ^ yacht is 66.48 mph, set by Christian-Yves Nau (France; b. 1944) in ^I at Le Touquet, France on 22 Mar 1981, when the wind speed reached 75 mph. A speed of 88.4 mph was attained by Nord Embroden (USA) in ^I at Superior Dry Lake, CA on 15 Apr 1976. ^ -END- -CTRL- Jai Alai: Origins T Sports and Games|Jai Alai|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 220194|3238 102350|1505 111734|1643 283464|0 83818|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Jai Alai: Origins The game, which originated in Italy as ^I and was introduced into France in the 13th century, is said to be the fastest of all ball games. The glove or ^I was introduced ^I . 1840 and the ^I ^ was invented by Jean "Gantchiki" Dithurbide of Ste Pee, France. The ^I was invented by Melchior Curuchague of Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1888. ^<n ^<4 Largest stadium ^>4 The world's largest ^I (enclosed ^ stadium) is the Palm Beach Jai Alai, West Palm Beach, which has a seating capacity of 6,000 and covers three acres. ^<n ^<4 Highest attendance ^>4 The record attendance for a jai alai contest was 15,052 people at the World Jai Alai at Miami, ^ FL, on 27 Dec 1975. ^<n The fronton, which is the oldest in the United States (1926), has seating capacity for only 3,884. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Jai alai was introduced in the United States at the St Louis World's Fair in 1903. The sport ^ took root in Miami, FL in 1924. ^ -END- -CTRL- Jai Alai: World Championships T Sports and Games|Jai Alai|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 220262|3239 218970|3220 111802|1644 283464|1 227712|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Jai Alai: World Championships The ^I stages World Championships every four years (the first in 1952). ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most successful pair have been Roberto Elias and Juan Labat (Argentina), who won the ^I four times, 1952, 1958, 1962 and 1966. Labat won a record seven world titles in all between 1952 and 1966. Riccardo Bizzozero (Argentina) also won seven world titles in various ^I and ^I events, ^ 1970-82. The most wins in the long court game ^I is three, by Jose Hamuy (Mexico; 1934-83), with two different partners, 1958, 1962 and 1966. ^ -END- -CTRL- Jai Alai: Fastest speed T Sports and Games|Jai Alai|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 220330|3240 23810|350 111598|1641 283464|2 23878|102 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Jai Alai: Fastest speed An electronically measured ball velocity of 188 mph was recorded by Jose Ramon Areitio (Spain; b. 6 Jul 1947) at the Newport Jai Alai, RI on 3 Aug 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Jai Alai: Longest domination T Sports and Games|Jai Alai|General Records|Longest domination 20 22 24 26 220398|3241 140226|2062 111666|1642 283464|3 139100|172 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Jai Alai: Longest domination The longest domination as the world's No. 1 player was enjoyed by Chiquito de Cambo (ne Joseph Apesteguy [France]; 1881-1955) from the beginning of the century until succeeded in 1938 by Jean Urruty (France; b. 19 Oct 1913). ^ -END- -CTRL- Jiu-Jitsu: World Championships T Sports and Games|Jiu-Jitsu|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 220466|3242 219038|3221 112006|1647 283846|0 227712|68 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Jiu-Jitsu: World Championships The World Council of Jiu-Jitsu Organization has staged World Championships biennially since 1984. The Canadian team has been the winner on each occasion. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judo: Origins T Sports and Games|Judo|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 220534|3243 38430|565 112754|1658 284018|0 40936|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judo: Origins Judo is a modern combat sport that developed out of an amalgam of several old Japanese martial arts, the most popular of which was ju-jitsu (jiu-jitsu), which is thought to be of Chinese origin. Judo has developed greatly since 1882, when it was ^ first devised by Dr Jigoro Kano (1860-1938). The International Judo Federation was founded in 1951. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judo: Most titles T \c8\D03\3711279z Sports and Games|Judo|General Records|Most titles 20 23 25 27 220602|3244 209110|3075 35234|518 112686|1657 284018|1 219140|44 48664|0 -PCAP- (left) Yashiro Yamashita, undefeated in his competitive career and world champion four times, gives an exhibition of the skills that made him one of the top judo exponents. (Right) Since the introduction of a women's judo world championship in ^ 1980, the most successful individual has been Belgian Ingrid Berghmans, winning six titles. She also won Olympic gold at the 1988 Games when women's judo was a demonstration sport. (Photos: Allsport/John Gichigi and Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judo: Most titles ^<4 World and Olympic ^>4 World Championships were inaugurated in Tokyo, Japan in 1956. Women's championships were first held in 1980 in New York. Yashiro Yamashita (b. 1 Jun 1957) won nine consecutive Japanese titles from 1977 to 1985; four ^ world titles; Over 95 kg in 1979, 1981 and 1983; Open in 1981; and the Olympic Open category in 1984. He retired undefeated after 203 successive wins between 1977 and 1985. Three other men have won four world titles--Wilhelm Ruska (Netherlands; ^ b. 29 Aug 1940), Over 93 kg 1967, 1971, and 1972 Olympic and Open titles; Shozo Fujii (Japan; b. 12 May 1950), Under 80 kg 1971, 1973 and 1975, Under 75 kg 1979; and Naoya Ogawa (Japan), Open 1987, 1989, 1991 and Over 95 kg 1989. The only men to ^ have won two Olympic gold medals are Wilhelm Ruska, Over 93 kg and Open in 1972; Peter Seisenbacher (Austria; b. 25 Mar 1960), 86 kg 1984 and 1988; and Hitoshi Saito (Japan; b. 2 Jan 1961), Over 95 kg 1984 and 1988. Ingrid Berghmans (Belgium; b. ^ 24 Aug 1961) has won a record six women's world titles (first held 1980): Open 1980, 1982, 1984 and 1986 and Under 72 kg in 1984 and 1989. She has also won three silver medals and a bronze. She won the Olympic 72 kg title in 1988, when women's ^ judo was introduced as a demonstration sport. ^<n The only US judo players to win world titles have been Michael Swain (b. 21 Dec 1960), at men's 71 kg class in 1987, and Ann-Maria Bernadette Burns (b. 15 Aug 1958) at women's 56 kg in 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judo: Highest grades T Sports and Games|Judo|General Records|Highest grades 20 22 24 26 220670|3245 67942|999 112550|1655 284018|2 71062|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judo: Highest grades The efficiency grades in judo are divided into pupil ( ^I ) and master ( ^I ) grades. The highest awarded is the extremely rare red belt ^I (10th dan), given to only 13 men so far. The Judo protocol provides for an ^ 11th dan ( ^I ) who also would wear a red belt, a 12th dan ( ^I ) who would wear a white belt twice as wide as an ordinary belt, and the highest of all, ^I (ductor), but these have never been bestowed, ^ except for the 12th dan, to the founder of the sport, Dr Jigoro Kano. ^ -END- -CTRL- Judo: Most throws T Sports and Games|Judo|General Records|Most throws 20 22 24 26 220738|3246 178850|2630 112618|1656 284018|3 175106|227 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Judo: Most throws The brothers Carl and Peter Udry completed 18,779 judo throwing techniques in a ten-hour period at Hendra Sports Field, Truro, Great Britain on 29 Aug 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Karate: Origins T \p8\D16\3911261 Sports and Games|Karate|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 220806|3247 35302|519 113842|1674 284400|0 48750|0 -PCAP- A contest at the International Karate competition in Paris, France in 1992. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt/Yann Guichadua) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Karate: Origins Based on techniques devised from the sixth century Chinese art of Shaolin boxing (kempo), karate was developed by an unarmed populace in Okinawa as a weapon against armed Japanese oppressors ^I 1500. Transmitted to Japan in the 1920s by ^ Funakoshi Gichin, this method of combat was refined into karate and organized into a sport with competitive rules. The five major styles of karate in Japan are: ^I and ^I , each of ^ which places a different emphasis on speed, power, etc. Other styles include ^I and ^I . ^I is a comprehensive term embracing all Chinese martial arts. ^I (kung fu) is one ^ aspect of these arts popularized by the movies. ^ -END- -CTRL- Karate: World Championships T Sports and Games|Karate|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 220874|3248 209178|3076 113978|1676 284400|1 219140|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Karate: World Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Great Britain has won a record six world titles (instituted 1970) at the kumite team event, in 1975, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988 and 1990. Two men's individual kumite titles have been won by: Pat McKay (Great Britain) at Under 80 ^ kg, 1982 and 1984; Emmanuel Pinda (France) at Open, 1984, and Over 80 kg, 1988; and Theirry Masci (France) at Under 70 kg, in 1986 and 1988. Four women's kumite titles have been won by Guus van Mourik (Netherlands) at Over 60 kg, in 1982, 1984, ^ 1986 and 1988. Three individual kata titles have been won by: ^I Tsuguo Sakumoto (Japan) in 1984, 1986 and 1988; ^I Mie Nakayama (Japan) in 1982, 1984 and 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Karate: Top exponents T Sports and Games|Karate|General Records|Top exponents 20 22 24 26 220942|3249 259022|3809 113910|1675 284400|2 273542|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Karate: Top exponents The leading exponents among karateka are a number of 10th dans in Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lacrosse: Origins T Sports and Games|Lacrosse|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 221010|3250 38702|569 115406|1697 284852|0 40936|78 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lacrosse: Origins The game is of Native American origin, derived from the intertribal game ^I , and was played before 1492 by the Iroquois in lower Ontario, Canada and upper New York State. The French named it after their game of ^I , known as far back as 1381. ^<n Lacrosse was included in the Olympic Games of 1904 and 1908, and was featured as an exhibition sport in the 1928, 1932 and 1948 Games. ^<n The first college team in the United States was that of New ^ York University in 1877, and the US Amateur Lacrosse Association was founded in 1879. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lacrosse (Men): Most titles T Sports and Games|Lacrosse|Men|Most titles 20 22 24 26 221078|3251 209246|3077 115338|1696 284938|0 219140|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lacrosse (Men): Most titles ^<4 World ^>4 The USA has won five of the six World Championships, in 1967, 1974, 1982, 1986 and 1990. Canada won the other world title in 1978, beating the USA 17-16 after extra time; this was the first tied international match. ^<n ^<4 United ^ States ^>4 National champions were determined by committee from 1936, and received the Wilson Wingate Trophy; since 1971 they have been decided by NCAA playoffs. Johns Hopkins University has the most wins overall: seven NCAA titles between 1974 ^ and 1987, and six wins and five ties between 1941 and 1970. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lacrosse (Men): Most points T Sports and Games|Lacrosse|Men|Most points 20 22 24 26 221146|3252 201086|2957 115270|1695 284938|1 213040|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lacrosse (Men): Most points The record for most points in the NCAA lacrosse tournament is 25, by Eamon McEneaney (Cornell) in 1977 and Tim Goldstein (Cornell) in 1987. Both players played in three games. ^<n Ed Mullen scored the most points in an NCAA championship game, with ^ 12, for Maryland ^I Navy in the 1976 championship game. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lacrosse (Men): Most international appearances T Sports and Games|Lacrosse|Men|Most international appearances 20 22 24 26 221214|3253 194762|2864 115202|1694 284938|2 206832|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lacrosse (Men): Most international appearances The record number of international appearances is 42, by Peter Daniel Roden (Great Britain; b. 8 Nov 1954) from 1976--90. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lacrosse (Men): Highest score T Sports and Games|Lacrosse|Men|Highest score 20 22 24 26 221282|3254 80658|1186 115134|1693 284938|3 88626|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lacrosse (Men): Highest score The highest score in an international lacrosse match was the USA's 32-8 win over England at Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lacrosse (Women): Origins T Sports and Games|Lacrosse|Women|Origins 20 22 24 26 221350|3255 38566|567 115542|1699 285234|0 40936|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lacrosse (Women): Origins The first reported playing of lacrosse by women was in 1886. The women's game has evolved separately from the men's game, so the rules now differ considerably. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lacrosse (Women): World Championships/World Cup T Sports and Games|Lacrosse|Women|World Championships/World Cup 20 22 24 26 221418|3256 38634|568 115610|1700 285234|1 40936|77 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lacrosse (Women): World Championships/World Cup The first World Cup was held in 1982, and the USA has won twice, in 1982 and 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Lacrosse (Women): Highest score T Sports and Games|Lacrosse|Women|Highest score 20 22 24 26 221486|3257 80726|1187 115474|1698 285234|2 88626|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Lacrosse (Women): Highest score The highest score in an international lacrosse match was by Great Britain and Ireland with their 40-0 defeat of Long Island during their 1967 tour of the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Microlighting: World records T Sports and Games|Microlighting|General Records|World records 20 22 24 26 221554|3258 25170|370 135194|1988 285546|0 23878|122 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Microlighting: World records The ^I has established two classes of aircraft for which records are accepted, C1 a/o and R 1-2-3, and the following are the overall best of the two classes (all in the C1 a/o class). ^<n ^<4 Distance ^ in a straight line ^>4 1,011.48 miles, Wilhelm Lischak (Austria), Volsau, Austria to Brest, France, 8 Jun 1988. ^<n ^<4 Distance in a closed circuit ^>4 1,679.09 miles, Wilhelm Lischak (Austria), Wels, Austria, 18 Jun 1988. ^<n ^<4 Altitude ^ ^>4 30,147 ft, Eric S. Winton (Australia), Tyagarah Aerodrome, New South Wales, Australia, 8 Apr 1989. ^<n ^<4 Speed over a 500 km closed circuit ^>4 182 mph, C.T. Andrews (USA), 3 Aug 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Microlighting: Endurance T Sports and Games|Microlighting|General Records|Endurance 20 22 24 26 221622|3259 54478|801 135126|1987 285546|1 61634|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Microlighting: Endurance Eve Jackson flew from Biggin Hill, Great Britain to Sydney, Australia from 26 Apr 1986 to 1 Aug 1987. Flying time was 279 hr 55 min and the flight covered 13,639 miles. From 1 Dec 1987 to 29 Jan 1988, Brian Milton (Great Britain) flew from London, ^ Great Britain to Sydney with a flying time of 241 hr 20 min and covered 13,650 miles. Vijaypat Singhania (India) flew from Biggin Hill to Delhi, India, a distance of 5,420 miles, in 87 hr 55 min, from 18 Aug to 10 Sep 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Modern Pentathlon: Origins T Sports and Games|Modern Pentathlon|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 221690|3260 145122|2134 285788|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Point scores in riding, fencing, and cross-country, and hence overall scores, have no comparative value between one competition and another. In shooting and swimming (300 meters) the scores are of record significance. ^ -TEXT- Modern Pentathlon: Origins The modern pentathlon (consisting of fencing, swimming, shooting, running and riding) was inaugurated at the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912. ^I (UIPM) was founded at Aldershot, Great Britain ^ on 3 Aug 1948. The United States Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon Association was established in 1971, but this body was split to create the US Modern Pentathlon Association in 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Modern Pentathlon: Most titles T \p8\D16\3711280b Sports and Games|Modern Pentathlon|General Records|Most titles 20 23 25 27 221758|3261 209450|3080 35370|520 145054|2133 285788|1 219140|49 48836|0 -PCAP- The most successful exponent of the five discipline Modern Pentathlon is Hungarian Andras Balczo (b. 16 Aug 1938). During the 1960's and early 70's, he won six individual and seven team World titles, including a record three Olympic gold medals. ^ (Allsport/Don Morley) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Point scores in riding, fencing, and cross-country, and hence overall scores, have no comparative value between one competition and another. In shooting and swimming (300 meters) the scores are of record significance. ^ -TEXT- Modern Pentathlon: Most titles ^<4 World ^>4 Andras Balczo (Hungary; b. 16 Aug 1938) won the record number of world titles (instituted 1949), six individual and seven team. He won the world individual title in 1963, 1965-67 and 1969 and the Olympic title in 1972. His seven ^ team titles (1960-70) comprised five world and two Olympic. The USSR has won a record 14 world and four Olympic team titles. Hungary has also won a record four Olympic team titles and ten world titles. ^<n Women's World Championships were first ^ held in 1981. Poland has won a record five women's world team titles: 1985, 1988-1991; Great Britain won three world titles and three World Cups, 1978-80, when this competition preceded the world championships. The only double individual ^ champions have been Irina Kiselyeva (USSR), 1986-87, and Eva Fjellerup (Denmark), 1990-91. ^<n The only US modern pentathletes to win world titles have been Robert Nieman (b. 21 Oct 1947), 1979, when the men's team also won, and Lori Norwood ^ (women's) in 1989. ^<n ^<4 Olympic ^>4 The greatest number of Olympic gold medals won is three, by Andras Balczo, a member of the winning team in 1960 and 1968 and the 1972 individual champion. Lars Hall (Sweden; b. 30 Apr 1927) has uniquely ^ won two individual championships (1952 and 1956). Pavel Serafimovich Lednyev (USSR; b. 25 Mar 1943) won a record seven medals (two team gold, one team silver, one individual silver, three individual bronze), 1968-80. ^<n The only US individual ^ Olympic medalist has been Robert Lee Beck, who won the bronze in 1960. ^<n Probably the greatest margin of victory was by William Oscar Guernsey Grut (Sweden; b. 17 Sep 1914) in the 1948 Games, when he won three events and placed fifth and eighth ^ in the other two. ^ -END- -CTRL- Modern Pentathlon: US National Championships T Sports and Games|Modern Pentathlon|General Records|US National Championships 20 22 24 26 221826|3262 209518|3081 145190|2135 285788|2 219140|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Point scores in riding, fencing, and cross-country, and hence overall scores, have no comparative value between one competition and another. In shooting and swimming (300 meters) the scores are of record significance. ^ -TEXT- Modern Pentathlon: US National Championships The men's championship was inaugurated in 1955. Mike Burley has won a record four titles (1977, 1979, 1981, 1985). The women's championship was first held in 1977; Kim Dunlop (nee Arata) has won a record nine titles (1979-80, 1984-89 and 1991). ^ -END- -CTRL- Modern Pentathlon: Highest scores T Sports and Games|Modern Pentathlon|General Records|Highest scores 20 22 24 26 221894|3263 80794|1188 144986|2132 285788|3 88626|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Point scores in riding, fencing, and cross-country, and hence overall scores, have no comparative value between one competition and another. In shooting and swimming (300 meters) the scores are of record significance. ^ -TEXT- Modern Pentathlon: Highest scores ^<4 Shooting ^>4 200/200 (1,132 points): Charles Leonard (USA; b. 23 Feb 1913), Berlin, Germany, 3 Aug 1936. Daniele Masala (Italy; b. 12 Feb 1955), Jonkoping, Sweden, 21 Aug 1978. George Horvath (Sweden; b. 14 Mar 1960), Moscow, USSR, 22 Jul ^ 1980. ^<n ^<4 Swimming ^>4 3 min 08.22 sec (1,368 points): John Scott (USA; b. 14 Apr 1962), London, Great Britain, 27 Aug 1982. ^<n ^I ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: Origins T Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 221962|3264 230530|3390 146482|2154 286170|0 236192|117 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: Origins ^<4 First race ^>4 The first motorcycle race was held over a mile on an oval track at Sheen House, Richmond, Great Britain on 29 Nov 1897, won by Charles Jarrott (Great Britain; 1877-1944) on a Fournier. ^<n ^<4 Oldest race ^>4 The oldest ^ continuous motorcycle races in the world are the Auto-Cycle Union Tourist Trophy (TT) series, first held on the 15.81 mile "Peel" (St John's) course in the Isle of Man, Great Britain on 28 May 1907, and still run in the island on the "Mountain" ^ circuit. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: Earliest race T Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|Earliest race 20 22 24 26 222030|3265 12182|179 146074|2148 286170|1 13960|72 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: Earliest race The first reported race in the United States was won by George Holden of Brooklyn, NY in 1903, recording 14 min 57.2 sec for 10 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: Fastest circuits T Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|Fastest circuits 20 22 24 26 222098|3266 26802|394 146142|2149 286170|2 23878|146 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: Fastest circuits The highest average lap speed attained on any closed circuit is 160.288 mph, by Yvon du Hamel (Canada; b. 1941) on a modified 903 cc four-cylinder Kawasaki Z1 at the 31-degree banked 2.5 mile Daytona International Speedway, FL in Mar 1973. His lap ^ time was 56.149 sec. ^<n The fastest road circuit used to be Francorchamps circuit near Spa, Belgium, then 8.74 miles in length. It was lapped in 3 min 50.3 sec (average speed 137.150 mph) by Barry Stephen Frank Sheene (Great Britain; b. 11 Sep ^ 1950) on a 495 cc 4-cylinder Suzuki during the Belgian Grand Prix on 3 Jul 1977. On that occasion he set a record time for this ten-lap (87.74 mile) race of 38 min 58.5 sec (average speed 135.068 mph). ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: Longest circuit T Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|Longest circuit 20 22 24 26 222166|3267 145122|2134 146210|2150 286170|3 139100|244 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: Longest circuit The 37.73-mile "Mountain" circuit on the Isle of Man, Great Britain, over which the principal TT races have been run since 1911 (with minor amendments in 1920), has 264 curves and corners and is the longest used for any motorcycle race. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: Most successful riders T Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|Most successful riders 20 22 24 26 222234|3268 205370|3020 146346|2152 286170|4 216674|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: Most successful riders Angel Roldan Nieto (Spain; b. 25 Jan 1947) won a record seven 125 cc titles, 1971-72, 1979, 1981-84, and he also won a record six titles at 50 cc, 1969-70, 1972, 1975-77. Klaus Enders (Germany; b. 1937) won six world sidecar titles, 1967, 1969-70, ^ 1972-74. ^<n Giacomo Agostini (Italy; b. 16 Jun 1942) won 122 races (68 at 500 cc, 54 at 350 cc) in the World Championship series between 24 Apr 1965 and 25 Sep 1977, including a record 19 in 1970, a season's total also achieved by Mike Hailwood ^ (Great Britain) in 1966. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: World Championships T \p8\D16\3711281b Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 222302|3269 209586|3082 35438|521 146550|2155 286170|5 219140|51 48922|0 -PCAP- Eddie Lawson (USA) has won four world titles, the most by an American. He won his first 500 cc Grand Prix in 1984, the year of his first World Championship and he went on to win the 500 cc title in 1986, 1988 and 1989. (Allsport/Pascal Rondeau) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: World Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 The most World Championship titles (instituted by the ^I in 1949) won is 15, by Giacomo Agostini--seven at 350 cc, 1968-74, and eight at 500 cc in 1966-72, 1975. He is the only ^ man to have won two World Championships in five consecutive years (350 cc and 500 cc titles, 1968-72). ^<n In 1985 Freddie Burdette Spencer (USA; b. 20 Dec 1961), riding for Honda, became the first man ever to win the 250 cc and 500 cc titles in ^ the same year. ^<n The most world titles won by an American motorcyclist is four, by Eddie Lawson (b. 11 Mar 1958), at 500 cc in 1984, 1986, 1988-89. ^<n ^<4 Trials ^>4 A record four World Trials Championships have been won by Jordi Tarres ^ (Spain), 1987, 1989-91. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: Most successful machines T Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|Most successful machines 20 22 24 26 222370|3270 205302|3019 146278|2151 286170|6 216674|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: Most successful machines Japanese Yamaha machines won 44 World Championships between 1964 and 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: Moto-cross T Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|Moto-cross 20 22 24 26 222438|3271 219242|3224 146414|2153 286170|7 227712|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: Moto-cross Joel Robert (Belgium; b. 11 Nov 1943) won six 250 cc Moto-cross World Championships (1964, 1968-72). Between 25 Apr 1964 and 18 Jun 1972 he won a record fifty 250 cc Grand Prix. The youngest moto-cross world champion was Dave Strijbos (Netherlands; ^ b. 9 Nov 1968), who won the 125 cc title at the age of 18 yr 296 days on 31 Aug 1986. Eric Geboers (Belgium) has uniquely won all three categories of the Moto-cross World Championships, at 125 cc in 1982 and 1983, 250 cc in 1987 and 500 cc in ^ 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Motorcycle Racing: Youngest and oldest champions T Sports and Games|Motorcycle Racing|General Records|Youngest and oldest champions 20 22 24 26 222506|3272 230598|3391 146618|2156 286170|8 236192|118 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Motorcycle Racing: Youngest and oldest champions Loris Capirossi (Italy; b. 4 Apr 1973) is the youngest to win a World Championship. He was 17 yr 165 days when he won the 125 cc title on 16 Sep 1990. The oldest was Hermann-Peter Muller (1909-76) of West Germany, who won the 250 cc title in 1955 ^ at the age of 46. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountaineering: Origins T Sports and Games|Mountaineering|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 222574|3273 148386|2182 286972|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountaineering: Origins Although Bronze-Age artifacts have been found on the summit of the Riffelhorn, Switzerland (9,605 ft), mountaineering as a sport has a continuous history dating back only to 1854. Isolated instances of climbing for its own sake date back to the ^ 13th century. The Atacamenans built sacrificial platforms near the summit of Llullaillaco (22,057 ft) in late pre-Columbian times ^I 1490. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountaineering: Mount Everest T \p8\D16\3711285 Sports and Games|Mountaineering|General Records|Mount Everest 20 23 25 27 222642|3274 183746|2702 35506|522 148250|2180 5314|78 286972|1 175106|299 49008|0 -PCAP- Ang Rita Sherpa, the person who has scaled Everest a record six times, shows Everest's first conqueror, Sir Edmund Hillary, the ice axe he used on his record breaking sixth ascent. It was also on this sixth conquest that Ang Rita, along with three ^ collegues, set the record for the highest bivouac. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountaineering: Mount Everest Everest (29,078 ft) was first climbed at 11:30 A.M. on 29 May 1953, when the summit was reached by Edmund Percival Hillary (b. 20 Jul 1919), of New Zealand, and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay (1914-86, formerly called Tenzing Khumjung Bhutia). The ^ successful expedition was led by Col. (later Hon. Brigadier) Henry Cecil John Hunt (b. 22 Jun 1910). ^<n ^<4 Most conquests ^>4 Ang Rita Sherpa (b. 1947), with ascents in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988 and 1990, has scaled Everest six times, and ^ all without the use of bottled oxygen. ^<n ^<4 Solo ^>4 Reinhold Messner (Italy; b. 17 Sep 1944) was the first to make the entire climb solo, on 20 Aug 1980. Also, Messner, with Peter Habeler (Austria; b. 22 Jul 1942), made the first entirely ^ oxygenless ascent, on 8 May 1978. ^<n ^<4 First woman ^>4 Junko Tabei (Japan; b. 22 Sep 1939) reached the summit on 16 May 1975. ^<n ^<4 Oldest ^>4 Richard Daniel Bass (USA; b. 21 Dec 1929) was age 55 yr 130 days when he reached the summit ^ on 30 Apr 1985. ^<n ^<4 Most successful expedition ^>4 The Mount Everest International Peace Climb, a team of American, Russian and Chinese climbers, led by James W. Whittaker (USA), in 1990 succeeded in putting the greatest number of people ^ on the summit, 20, from 7-10 May 1990. ^<n ^<4 Most in a day ^>4 On 12 May 1992, 32 climbers (30 men and 2 women) from the USA, Russia, New Zealand, India, the Netherlands, Belgium, Israel, Hong Kong and Nepal, from five separate expeditions, ^ reached the summit. ^<n ^<4 Sea level to summit ^>4 Timothy John Macartney-Snape (Australia; b. 30 Apr 1963) traversed Everest's entire altitude from sea level to summit. He set off on foot from the Bay of Bengal near Calcutta, India on 5 Feb ^ 1990 and reached the summit on 11 May, having walked approximately 745 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountaineering: Most successful mountaineer T Sports and Games|Mountaineering|General Records|Most successful mountaineer 20 22 24 26 222710|3275 205438|3021 148182|2179 286972|2 216674|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountaineering: Most successful mountaineer Reinhold Messner was the first person to successfully scale all 14 of the world's mountains of over 26,250 ft, all without oxygen. With his ascent of Kanchenjunga in 1982, he became the first person to climb the world's three highest mountains, ^ having earlier reached the summits of Everest and K2. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountaineering: Oldest mountaineer T Sports and Games|Mountaineering|General Records|Oldest mountaineer 20 22 24 26 222778|3276 230734|3393 148318|2181 9462|139 286972|3 236192|120 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountaineering: Oldest mountaineer Teiichi Igarashi (Japan; b. 21 Sep 1886) climbed Mt Fuji (Fujiyama) (12,388 ft) at the age of 99 years 302 days on 20 Jul 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountaineering: Rappeling T Sports and Games|Mountaineering|General Records|Rappeling 20 22 24 26 222846|3277 145598|2141 148454|2183 286972|4 139100|251 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountaineering: Rappeling ^<4 Longest descent ^>4 Wilmer Perez and Luis Aulestia set a rappeling record of 3,376 ft by descending from above the Angel Falls in Venezuela down to its base on 24 Aug 1989. The descent took 1 1/4 hr. ^<n The longest descent down the side of a ^ building is one of 1,465 ft, by two teams of 12, representing the Royal Marines from Great Britain and the Canadian School of Rescue Training. All 24 people rappeled from the Space Deck of the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada to the ground on 1 Jul ^ 1992. ^<n ^<4 Greatest distance ^>4 The greatest distance rappeled by a team of ten in an eight-hour period is 27.74 miles, by members of the 63rd Airborne Squadron RCT from Aldershot, Great Britain. They achieved the record by rappeling 1,674 ^ times down the side of Alexander House in Swindon, Great Britain on 14 Sep 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountaineering: Longest climb up a building T Sports and Games|Mountaineering|General Records|Longest climb up a building 20 22 24 26 222914|3278 145530|2140 148114|2178 17758|261 286972|5 139100|250 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountaineering: Longest climb up a building The longest climb achieved on the vertical face of a building occurred on 26 Jun 1986 when Daniel Goodwin, 30, of California climbed a record 1,125 ft up the outside of the 1,815 ft 5 in CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada (the tallest ^ self-supporting tower in the world) using neither climbing aids nor safety equipment. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountaineering: Greatest walls T Sports and Games|Mountaineering|General Records|Greatest walls 20 22 24 26 222982|3279 50262|739 147978|2176 286972|6 52992|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountaineering: Greatest walls The highest final stage in any wall climb is the one on the south face of Annapurna I (26,545 ft). It was climbed by the British expedition led by Christian John Storey Bonington (b. 6 Aug 1934) when from 2 Apr to 27 May 1970, using 18,000 ft of ^ rope, Donald Whillans (1933-85) and Dougal Haston scaled to the summit. The longest wall climb is on the Rupal-Flank from the base camp, at 11,680 ft, to the South Point, at 26,384 ft, of Nanga Parbat--a vertical ascent of 14,704 ft. This was ^ scaled by the Austro-German-Italian expedition led by Dr Karl Maria Herrligkoffer (b. 13 Jun 1916) in April 1970. ^<n The most demanding free climbs in the world are those rated at 5.13, the premier location for these being in the Yosemite ^ Valley, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountaineering: Highest bivouac T Sports and Games|Mountaineering|General Records|Highest bivouac 20 22 24 26 223050|3280 69302|1019 148046|2177 286972|7 71062|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountaineering: Highest bivouac Four Nepalese summiters bivouacked at more than 28,870 ft in their descent from the summit of Everest on the night of 23 Apr 1990. They were Ang Rita Sherpa, on his record-breaking sixth ascent of Everest; Ang Kami Sherpa (b. 1952); Pasang Norbu ^ Sherpa (b. 1963); and Top Bahadur Khatri (b. 1960). ^ -END- -CTRL- Mountain Racing: Mount Cameroon T Sports and Games|Mountaineering|Mountain Racing|Mount Cameroon 20 22 24 26 223118|3281 27142|399 147910|2175 287548|0 23878|151 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Mountain Racing: Mount Cameroon Reginald Esuke (Cameroon) descended from the summit at 13,543 ft to Buea at 3,002 ft in 1 hr 2 min 15 sec on 24 Jan 1988, achieving a vertical rate of 167.5 ft per min. Timothy Leku Lekunze (Cameroon) set the record for the race to the summit and ^ back of 3 hr 46 min 34 sec on 25 Jan 1987, when the temperature varied from 35 deg C at the start to 0 deg C at the summit. The record time for the ascent is 2 hr 25 min 20 sec, by Jack Maitland (Great Britain) in 1988. The women's record for the ^ race is 4 hr 42 min 31 sec, by Fabiola Rueda (Colombia; b. 26 Mar 1963) in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Netball: Origins T Sports and Games|Netball|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 223186|3282 153622|2259 287720|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Netball: Origins The game of netball was invented in the United States in 1891 and introduced into England in 1895 by Dr Toles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Netball: Most titles T Sports and Games|Netball|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 223254|3283 209654|3083 153554|2258 287720|1 219140|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Netball: Most titles ^<4 World ^>4 Australia has won the World Championships (instituted 1963) a record six times--1963, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983 and 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Netball: Highest scores T Sports and Games|Netball|General Records|Highest scores 20 22 24 26 223322|3284 80862|1189 153418|2256 287720|2 88626|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Netball: Highest scores On 9 Jul 1991, during the World Championships in Sydney, Australia, the Cook Islands beat Vanuatu 120-30. The record number of goals in the World Tournament is 402, by Judith Heath (England; b. 1942) in 1971. ^ -END- -CTRL- Netball: Most international appearances T Sports and Games|Netball|General Records|Most international appearances 20 22 24 26 223390|3285 194830|2865 153486|2257 287720|3 206832|8 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Netball: Most international appearances The record number of appearances is 100, by Jillian Hipsey of England, 1978-87. ^ -END- -CTRL- Olympics: Origins T Sports and Games|Olympics|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 223458|3286 12794|188 156750|2305 288102|0 13960|81 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records include the Games, known as the Intercalated Games, held at Athens, Greece in 1906 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revival of the Olympics. ^ -TEXT- Olympics: Origins The earliest celebration of the ancient Olympic Games of which there is a definite record is that of July 776 B.C., when Coroibos, a cook from Elis, won the foot race, though the origin of the Games dates from perhaps as early as ^I 1370 ^ B.C. The ancient Games were terminated by an order issued in Milan in A.D. 393 by Theodosius I, "the Great" ( ^I 346-95), Emperor of Rome. At the instigation of Pierre de Fredi, Baron de Coubertin (1873-1937), the Olympic Games of the ^ modern era were inaugurated in Athens on 6 Apr 1896. In 1992, the XVI Winter Games took place in Albertville, France from 8-23 February, and the XXV Summer Games took place in Barcelona, Spain from 25 July-9 August. ^ -END- -CTRL- Olympics: Best attendance T Sports and Games|Olympics|General Records|Best attendance 20 22 24 26 223526|3287 622|9 156342|2299 288102|1 6246|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records include the Games, known as the Intercalated Games, held at Athens, Greece in 1906 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revival of the Olympics. ^ -TEXT- Olympics: Best attendance Five countries have been represented at each of the 22 celebrations of the Summer Games: Australia, France, Greece, Great Britain and Switzerland (which only contested the equestrian events, held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1956, and did not attend ^ the Games in Melbourne, Australia). Of these, only Great Britain has been present at all Winter celebrations as well. ^ -END- -CTRL- Olympics: Largest crowd T Sports and Games|Olympics|General Records|Largest crowd 20 22 24 26 223594|3288 110102|1619 156410|2300 288102|2 91334|410 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records include the Games, known as the Intercalated Games, held at Athens, Greece in 1906 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revival of the Olympics. ^ -TEXT- Olympics: Largest crowd The largest crowd at any Olympic site was 150,000 at the 1952 ski-jumping competition at the Holmenkollen, outside Oslo, Norway. Estimates of the number of spectators of the marathon race through Tokyo, Japan on 21 Oct 1964 ranged from 500,000 to ^ 1.5 million. The total spectator attendance at Los Angeles in 1984 was given as 5,797,923. ^ -END- -CTRL- Olympics: Largest games T Sports and Games|Olympics|General Records|Largest games 20 22 24 26 223662|3289 110170|1620 156478|2301 288102|3 91334|411 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records include the Games, known as the Intercalated Games, held at Athens, Greece in 1906 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revival of the Olympics. ^ -TEXT- Olympics: Largest games A record 172 nations competed in the 1992 Summer Games at Barcelona, Spain, several for the first time. The Games attracted the largest number of participants, with 10,617 official entrants, of which 3,028 were women. The 26 sports and 257 events ^ were also records. ^<n The greatest number of participants at the Winter Games was 1,808 (1,318 men, 490 women) representing 64 countries, at Albertville, France in 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Olympics: Longest torch relay T Sports and Games|Olympics|General Records|Longest torch relay 20 22 24 26 223730|3290 146346|2152 156614|2303 288102|4 139100|262 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records include the Games, known as the Intercalated Games, held at Athens, Greece in 1906 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revival of the Olympics. ^ -TEXT- Olympics: Longest torch relay The longest journey of the torch within one country was for the XV Olympic Winter Games in Canada in 1988. The torch arrived from Greece at St John's, Newfoundland on 17 Nov 1987 and was transported 11,222 miles (5,088 miles on foot, 4,419 miles by ^ aircraft/ferry, 1,712 miles by snowmobile and 3 miles by dogsled) until its arrival at Calgary on 13 Feb 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Olympics: Most medals T Sports and Games|Olympics|General Records|Most medals 20 22 24 26 223798|3291 198978|2926 156682|2304 288102|5 211064|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records include the Games, known as the Intercalated Games, held at Athens, Greece in 1906 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revival of the Olympics. ^ -TEXT- Olympics: Most medals In the ancient Olympic Games, victors were given a chaplet of wild olive leaves. Leonidas of Rhodos won 12 running titles 164-152 B.C. The most individual gold medals won by a male competitor in the modern Games is ten, by Raymond Clarence Ewry ^ (USA; 1874-1937) (see Track and Field). The female record is seven, by Vera Caslavska-Odlozil (Czechoslovakia) (see Gymnastics). ^<n The most medals won by an American Olympian is 11, at shooting, by Carl Townsend Osburn (1884-1966) from 1912 to ^ 1924--five gold, four silver, two bronze; by Mark Andrew Spitz (b. 10 Feb 1950), at swimming, 1968-72--nine gold, one silver, one bronze; and by Matt Biondi, also for swimming, 1984-92--eight gold, two silver and one bronze, 1. ^<n The most gold ^ medals won by an American woman is four, by Patricia Joan McCormick (nee Keller, b. 12 May 1930), in both highboard and springboard diving, 1952 and 1956; and by Evelyn Ashford (track and field), and Janet Evans (swimming). The most medals won by ^ an American woman is eight, by swimmer Shirley Babashoff (b. 31 Jan 1957)--gold at 4 x 100 meters freestyle relay 1972 and 1976, and six silver medals 1972-76, a record for any competitor in Olympic history. ^<n The only Olympian to win four ^ consecutive individual titles in the same event has been Alfred Adolph Oerter (USA; b. 19 Sep 1936), who won the discus, in 1956-68. However, Raymond Clarence Ewry (USA) won both the standing long jump and the standing high jump at four games in ^ succession, 1900, 1904, 1906 (the Intercalated Games) and 1908. Also, Paul B. Elvstrom (Denmark; b. 25 Feb 1928) won four successive gold medals at monotype yachting events, 1948-60, but there was a class change (1948 Firefly class, 1952-60 Finn ^ class). ^<n Swimmer Mark Andrew Spitz (USA) won a record seven golds at one celebration, at Munich in 1972, including three in relays. The most won in individual events at one celebration is five, by speed skater Eric Arthur Heiden (USA; b. 14 ^ Jun 1958) at Lake Placid, NY in 1980. ^<n The only man to win a gold medal in both the Summer and Winter Games is Edward Patrick Francis Eagan (USA; 1898-1967), who won the 1920 light-heavyweight boxing title and was a member of the winning ^ four-man bob in 1932. Christa Luding (nee Rothenburger [East Germany]; b. 4 Dec 1959) became the first woman to win a medal at both the Summer and Winter Games when she won a silver in the cycling sprint event in 1988. She had previously won ^ medals for speed skating--500 meter gold in 1984, and 1,000 meter gold and 500 meter silver in 1988. ^<n Gymnast Larisa Latynina (USSR; b. 27 Dec 1934) won a record 18 medals, and the men's record is 15, by Nikolay Andrianov (see Gymnastics). The ^ record at one celebration is eight, by gymnast Aleksandr Dityatin (USSR; b. 7 Aug 1957) in 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Olympics: Youngest and oldest gold medalist T Sports and Games|Olympics|General Records|Youngest and oldest gold medalist 20 22 24 26 223866|3292 231074|3398 156818|2306 288102|6 236192|125 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- These records include the Games, known as the Intercalated Games, held at Athens, Greece in 1906 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revival of the Olympics. ^ -TEXT- Olympics: Youngest and oldest gold medalist The youngest-ever winner was a French boy (whose name is not recorded) who coxed the Netherlands pair in rowing in 1900. He was 7-10 years old and he substituted for Dr Hermanus Brockmann, who coxed in the heats but proved too heavy. The ^ youngest-ever female champion was Marjorie Gestring (USA; b. 18 Nov 1922, now Mrs Bowman), age 13 yr 268 days, in the 1936 women's springboard diving event. Oscar Swahn (Sweden) was on the winning running deer shooting team in 1912 at the age of ^ 64 yr 258 days, and in this event was the oldest medalist--silver--at 72 yr 280 days in 1920. ^<n The oldest American Olympic champion was retired minister Galen Carter Spencer (1840-1904), who assisted the Potomac Archers to an archery team ^ medal two days after his 64th birthday in 1904. The oldest American medalist and Olympic participant was Samuel Harding Duvall (1836-1908), who was 68 yrs 194 days when he was a member of the Cincinnati Archers silver medal team in 1904. ^<n The ^ youngest American medalist and participant was Dorothy Poynton (b. 17 Jul 1915), who won the springboard diving bronze medal at 13 yr 23 days in 1928. She went on to win the highboard gold in 1932 and 1936 (by then Mrs Hill). The youngest ^ American male medalist was Donald Wills Douglas, Jr. (b. 3 Jul 1917) with silver at 6-meter yachting in 1932, at 15 yr 40 days. He later became chief executive of the McDonnell-Douglas Corporation. The youngest American gold medalist was Jackie ^ Fields, who won the 1924 featherweight boxing title at 16 yrs 161 days (see Boxing). ^ -END- -CTRL- Olympics: Longest span T \p8\D16\3711286 Sports and Games|Olympics|General Records|Longest span 20 23 25 27 223934|3293 146278|2151 35574|523 156546|2302 288102|7 139100|261 49094|0 -PCAP- Paul B. Elvstrom (Denmark) (b. 25 Feb 1928) is one of only four men to have competed in the Olympics over a span of 40 years. He first competed at yachting in the 1948 Games and made a record seventh Games appearance at Seoul in 1988. He also won a ^ record four consecutive individual titles, at Olympic monotype yachting, 1948-60. Here he can be seen with his daughter, Trine (b. 6 Mar 1962), who also represented Denmark in yachting at the 1988 Olympics. (Photo: Per Kjaerbye) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- These records include the Games, known as the Intercalated Games, held at Athens, Greece in 1906 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the revival of the Olympics. ^ -TEXT- Olympics: Longest span The longest span of an Olympic competitor is 40 years, by: Dr Ivan Osiier (Denmark; 1888-1965) in fencing, 1908-32 and 1948; Magnus Konow (Norway; 1887-1972) in yachting, 1908-20, 1928 and 1936-48; Paul Elvstrom (Denmark) in yachting, 1948-1960, ^ 1968-72 and 1984-88; and Durward Randolph Knowles (Great Britain 1948, then Bahamas; b. 2 Nov 1917) in yachting, 1948-72 and 1988. Raimondo d'Inzeo (b. 8 Feb 1925) competed for Italy in equestrian events at a record eight celebrations from ^ 1948-76, gaining one gold, two silver and three bronze medals. This was equaled by Paul Elvstrom and Durward Knowles in 1988. The longest span by a woman is 28 years, by Anne Jessica Ransehousen (nee Newberry [USA]; b. 14 Oct 1938) in dressage, ^ 1960, 1964 and 1988. Fencer Kerstin Palm (Sweden; b. 5 Feb 1946) competed in a women's record seven celebrations, 1964-88. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The longest span of Olympic competition by a man is 32 years, by equestrian J. Michael Plumb ^ (b. 28 Mar 1940), who competed in his seventh Olympics in 1992, the most by an American athlete in the history of the games. ^<n Prior to the 1992 Olympics the longest span of competition was 28 years, by fencer Norman Cudworth Armitage (ne Cohn, ^ 1907-72), who competed in the six Games held between 1928 and 1956; he won a team bronze at saber in 1948. He was also selected for the Games of 1940, which were canceled. Four other Americans contested six games: Frank Davis Chapot (b. 24 Feb ^ 1932), at show jumping 1956-76, winner of two team silver medals; Lt Col William Willard McMillan (b. 29 Jan 1929) at shooting, 1952-76, missing 1956, winning gold at rapid-fire pistol in 1960; Janice Lee York Romary (b. 6 Aug 1928), at fencing ^ 1948-68. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orienteering: Origins T Sports and Games|Orienteering|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 224002|3294 39586|582 159334|2343 288764|0 40936|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orienteering: Origins The first indications of orienteering as a competitive sport have been found in the Swedish army (1888) and the Norwegian army (1895). The first civilian competition seems to have been organized on 31 Oct 1897 (with eight participants) by the sport ^ club Tjalve, outside Oslo, Norway. In spite of a number of other small events up to 1910, the sport died out in Norway, but in Sweden it survived World War I. On 25 Mar 1919, the first large competition with more than 200 participants was ^ organized in the forest of Nacka, outside Stockholm. From there the sport spread rapidly throughout Sweden and later (about 1925) to Finland, Norway and (especially post-1945) to other countries in Europe and elsewhere. The initiator was Major ^ Ernst Killander, who is known as "The Father of Orienteering." World Championships were instituted in 1966. The United States Orienteering Federation was founded in 1971. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orienteering: Most titles T Sports and Games|Orienteering|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 224070|3295 209722|3084 159266|2342 288764|1 219140|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orienteering: Most titles The men's relay has been won a record seven times by Norway--1970, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987 and 1989. Sweden has won the women's relay nine times--1966, 1970, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1989 and 1991. Three women's individual titles have ^ been won by Annichen Kringstad (Sweden; b. 15 Jul 1960), in 1981, 1983 and 1985. The men's title has been won twice by Age Hadler (Norway; b. 14 Aug 1944), in 1966 and 1972; Egil Johansen (Norway; b. 18 Aug 1954), in 1976 and 1978; and Oyvind ^ Thon (Norway; b. 25 Mar 1958), in 1979 and 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orienteering: US National Championships T Sports and Games|Orienteering|General Records|US National Championships 20 22 24 26 224138|3296 209790|3085 159470|2345 288764|2 219140|54 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orienteering: US National Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 This competition was first held on 17 Oct 1970. Sharon Crawford, New England Orienteering Club, has won a record 11 overall women's titles, 1977-82, 1984-87, 1989. Peter Gagarin, New England Orienteering Club, has won a ^ record five overall men's titles, 1976-79, 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orienteering: Most competitors T Sports and Games|Orienteering|General Records|Most competitors 20 22 24 26 224206|3297 185174|2723 159198|2341 288764|3 175106|319 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orienteering: Most competitors The most competitors at a one-day event is 38,000, in the Ruf des Herbstes held in Sibiu, Romania in 1982. The largest event is the five-day Swedish O-Ring at Smaland, which attracted 120,000 competitors in 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Orienteering: Ski orienteering T Sports and Games|Orienteering|General Records|Ski orienteering 20 22 24 26 224274|3298 219310|3225 159402|2344 288764|4 227712|72 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Orienteering: Ski orienteering ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Eight World Championships in ski orienteering have been held. Sweden has won the men's relay five times (1977, 1980, 1982, 1984 and 1990) and Finland has won the women's relay five times (1975, 1977, 1980, 1988 and 1990). ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Origins T \p8\D16\3911266 Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 27 224342|3299 35642|524 162258|2386 289216|0 49180|0 -PCAP- Parachuting in the Turquie Valley in the Euphrates. To the left of the photograph is the world's tallest mound. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Origins Parachuting became a regulated sport with the institution of World Championships in 1951. A team title was introduced in 1954 and women's events were included in 1956. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: First jumps T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|First jumps 20 22 24 27 224410|3300 39654|583 160966|2367 289216|1 40936|92 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: First jumps ^<4 Tower ^>4 Louis-Sebastien Lenormand (1757-1839), quasi-parachute, Montpellier, France, 1783. ^<n The king of Ayutthaya, Siam in 1687 was reported to have been diverted by an ingenious athlete parachuting with two large umbrellas. Faustus ^ Verancsis is reputed to have descended in Hungary with a framed canopy in 1617. ^<n ^<4 Balloon ^>4 Andre-Jacques Garnerin (1769-1823), 2,230 ft, Monceau Park, Paris, France, 22 Oct 1797. ^<n ^<4 Aircraft (Man) ^>4 "Captain" Albert Berry, ^ an aerial exhibitionist, St Louis, MI, 1 Mar 1912. ^<n ^<4 Aircraft (Woman) ^>4 Mrs Georgina "Tiny" Broadwick (b. 1893), Griffith Park, Los Angeles, CA, 21 Jun 1913. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Most titles T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 27 224478|3301 209858|3086 162054|2383 289216|2 219140|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Most titles ^<4 Team ^>4 The USSR won the men's team title in 1954, 1958, 1960, 1966, 1972, 1976 and 1980, and the women's team title in 1956, 1958, 1966, 1968, 1972 and 1976. ^<n ^<4 Individual ^>4 Nikolay Ushamyev (USSR) has won the individual title ^ twice, 1974 and 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Greatest accuracy T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Greatest accuracy 20 22 24 27 224546|3302 50670|745 161034|2368 289216|3 52992|82 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Greatest accuracy At Yuma, AZ, in March 1978, Dwight Reynolds scored a record 105 daytime dead centers, and Bill Wenger and Phil Munden tied with 43 night-time dead centers, competing as members of the US Army Golden Knights. ^<n With electronic measuring, the ^ official ^I (FAI) record is 50 dead centers, by Aleksandr Aasmiae (USSR) at Fergana, USSR in 1979 and by Linger Abdurakhmanov (USSR) at Fergana in 1988, when the women's record was set at 41, by ^ Natalya Filinkova (USSR) in 1988. ^<n The Men's Night Accuracy Landing record on an electronic score pad is 27 consecutive dead centers, by Cliff Jones (USA) in 1981. The women's record is 21, by Inessa Stepanova (USSR) at Fergana in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Longest-duration fall T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Longest-duration fall 20 22 24 27 224614|3303 147094|2163 161578|2376 289216|4 139100|273 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Longest-duration fall Lt Col Wm H. Rankin, USMC, 40 min due to thermals, North Carolina, 26 Jul 1956. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Longest-delayed drop T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Longest-delayed drop 20 22 24 27 224682|3304 147026|2162 161510|2375 289216|5 139100|272 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Longest-delayed drop ^<4 Man ^>4 Capt Joseph W. Kittinger, 84,700 ft (16.04 miles), from balloon at 102,800 ft, Tularosa, NM, 16 Aug 1960. (Maximum speed in rarefied air was 625.2 mph at 90,000 ft--marginally supersonic.) ^<n ^<4 Woman ^>4 E. Fomitcheva (USSR), ^ 48,556 ft over Odessa, USSR, 26 Oct 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Mid-air rescue T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Mid-air rescue 20 22 24 27 224750|3305 12998|191 161714|2378 418|6 289216|6 13960|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Mid-air rescue ^<4 Earliest ^>4 Miss Dolly Shepherd (1886-1983) brought down Miss Louie May on her single 'chute from balloon at 11,000 ft, Longton, Great Britain, 9 Jun 1908. ^<n ^<4 Lowest ^>4 Gregory Robertson saved Debbie Williams (unconscious), ^ collision at 9,000 ft, pulled her ripcord at 3,500 ft--10 secs from impact, Coolidge, AZ, 18 Apr 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Highest escape T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Highest escape 20 22 24 27 224818|3306 70458|1036 161238|2371 289216|7 71062|115 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Highest escape Flt Lt J. de Salis, RAF and Fg Off P. Lowe, RAF, 56,000 ft, Moynash, Derby, Great Britain, 9 Apr 1958. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Lowest escape T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Lowest escape 20 22 24 27 224886|3307 160830|2365 161646|2377 289216|8 170594|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Lowest escape S/Ldr Terence Spencer DFC, RAF, 30-40 ft, Wismar Bay, Baltic, 19 Apr 1945. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Highest landing T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Highest landing 20 22 24 27 224954|3308 70526|1037 161306|2372 289216|9 71062|116 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Highest landing Ten USSR parachutists, 23,405 ft, Lenina Peak, USSR, May 1969. (Four were killed.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Most southerly T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Most southerly 20 22 24 27 225022|3309 185514|2728 161918|2381 289216|10 175106|324 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Most southerly T/Sgt Richard J. Patton (USA; d. 1973), Operation Deep Freeze, South Pole, 25 Nov 1956. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Most northerly T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Most northerly 20 22 24 27 225090|3310 185446|2727 161850|2380 289216|11 175106|323 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Most northerly Six members of the Canadian Armed Forces were the first people to jump at Lat. 90 deg 00' N, 27 Apr 1974. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Cross-channel (lateral fall) T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Cross-channel (lateral fall) 20 22 24 27 225158|3311 146890|2160 160898|2366 289216|12 139100|270 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Cross-channel (lateral fall) Sgt Bob Walters with three soldiers and two Royal Marines, 22 miles from 25,000 ft, Dover, Great Britain to Sangatte, France, 31 Aug 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Most sport parachuting descents T \p8\D16\390613gb Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Most sport parachuting descents 20 22 24 27 225226|3312 185582|2729 35710|525 161986|2382 289216|13 175106|325 49180|1 -PCAP- For the past 30 years Don Kellner has been parachuting. On 13 Sep 1991 he achieved his 16,000th freefall skydive. The majority of these jumps have been made in Hazleton, PA. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Most sport parachuting descents ^<4 Man ^>4 Don Kellner (USA), 16,000, various locations up to 13 Sep 1991. ^<n ^<4 Woman ^>4 Valentina Zakoretskaya (USSR), 8,000, over USSR, 1964-Sep 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Most drops in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Most drops in 24 hours 20 22 24 27 225294|3313 185378|2726 161782|2379 289216|14 175106|322 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Most drops in 24 hours Dale Nelson (USA), 301 (in accordance with United States Parachute Association rules), PA, 26-27 May 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Most traveled T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Most traveled 20 22 24 27 225362|3314 185650|2730 162122|2384 289216|15 175106|326 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Most traveled Kevin Seaman from a Cessna Skylane (pilot Charles E. Merritt), 12,186 miles, jumps in all 50 US states, 26 Jul-15 Oct 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Heaviest load T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Heaviest load 20 22 24 27 225430|3315 60054|883 161102|2369 289216|16 65726|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Heaviest load US Space Shuttle Columbia, external rocket retrieval, 80 ton capacity, triple array, each 120 ft diameter, Atlantic, off Cape Canaveral, FL, 12 Apr 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Highest column T \m\00000015 Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Highest column 20 22 24 27 225498|3316 70390|1035 161170|2370 289216|17 71062|114 942|5 -PCAP- -MCAP- Twenty-four parachutists form the highest ever stack formation on 20 August 1986. (BBC) ^ -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Highest column 24 parachutists, Royal Marine Team, Dunkeswell, Great Britain, 20 Aug 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Largest free-fall formation T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Largest free-fall formation 20 22 24 27 225566|3317 111326|1637 161374|2373 289216|18 91334|428 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Largest free-fall formation A free-fall formation of 150 people was held for 70 seconds from a height 19,192 ft over Koksijde military base, Belgium in July 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Oldest parachutists T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Oldest parachutists 20 22 24 27 225634|3318 231414|3403 162190|2385 289216|19 236192|130 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Oldest parachutists ^<4 Man ^>4 Edwin C. Townsend (d. 7 Nov 1987), 89 years, Vermillion Bay, LA, 5 Feb 1986. ^<n ^<4 Woman ^>4 Mrs Sylvia Brett (GB), 80 years 166 days, Cranfield, Great Britain, 23 Aug 1986. ^<n ^<4 Tandem ^>4 Corena Leslie (USA), 89 years ^ 363 days, Sun Valley, AZ, 11 Jun 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Longest fall without parachute T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Longest fall without parachute 20 22 24 27 225702|3319 146958|2161 161442|2374 289216|20 139100|271 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Longest fall without parachute ^<4 World ^>4 Vesna Vulovic (Yugoslavia), air hostess in DC-9 that blew up at 33,330 ft over Serbska Kamenice, Czechoslovakia, 26 Jan 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Parachuting: Paragliding T Sports and Games|Parachuting|General Records|Paragliding 20 22 24 27 225770|3320 55974|823 162326|2387 289216|21 61634|37 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- It is estimated that the human body reaches 99 percent of its low-level terminal velocity after falling 1,880 ft, which takes 13-14 sec. This is 117-125 mph at normal atmospheric pressure in a random posture, but up to 185 mph in a head-down ^ position. ^ -TEXT- Parachuting: Paragliding The greatest distance flown is 142.7 miles by Urs Harri (Switzerland), flying Nova Phantom, in Namibia on 15 Jan 1992. ^<n The greatest distance to a declared goal is 63.08 miles, by Sean Dougherty and Chris Muller (Canada) on 7 Jul 1991. ^<n The ^ out and return distance record is 39.94 miles, by Hans Bachmayr (Austria) on 5 May 1990 flying Ailes de K Trilair. ^<n The greatest triangle distance is 67.93 miles, by Willi Muller (Canada) on 4 Jul flying Apco Hilite III. ^<n The height gain ^ record is 10,170 ft by Sepp Gschwendtner (Germany) on 17 Dec 1989. ^<n Nigel Horder scored four successive dead centers at the Dutch Open, Flevhof, Netherlands on 22 May 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Petanque: Origins T Sports and Games|Petanque|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 225838|3321 165250|2430 290858|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Petanque: Origins The origins of petanque or boules can be traced back over 2,000 years, but it was not until 1945 that the ^I was formed, and subsequently the ^I (FIPJP). ^ -END- -CTRL- Pe[ac]tanque: World Championships T Sports and Games|Pe[ac]tanque|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 225906|3322 209926|3087 163550|2405 291030|0 219140|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pe[ac]tanque: World Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Winner of the most World Championships (instituted 1959) has been France, with 11 titles to 1991. Two women's World Championships were held in 1988 and 1990, and Thailand won on both occasions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pe[ac]tanque: Highest score in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Pe[ac]tanque|General Records|Highest score in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 225974|3323 70594|1038 163482|2404 291030|1 71062|117 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pe[ac]tanque: Highest score in 24 hours Chris Walker (b. 16 Jan 1942) and his son Richard (b. 26 Dec 1966) scored a record 2,109 points in 24 hours (172 games) at the Gin Trap, Ringstead, Great Britain on 24-25 Jun 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Polo: Origins T \c8\D03\3911267z Sports and Games|Polo|General Records|Origins 20 23 25 27 226042|3324 13542|199 35778|526 172118|2531 291272|0 13960|92 49336|0 -PCAP- The largest playing field for any ball game is 12.4 acres for polo, or a maximum length of 300 yd and a width, without side boards, of 200 yd. With boards the width is 160 yd. At left, the crowd is seen performing the traditional task of ^ turf-treading. (Photos: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Polo: Origins Polo can be traced to origins in Manipur state, India ^I . 3100 B.C., when it was played as ^I . It is also claimed to be of Persian origin, having been played as ^I . 525 B.C. The game was introduced to ^ British officers at Cachar by the Manipur Maharaja, Sir Chandrakirti Singh, and the earliest club was the Cachar Club (founded in 1859) in Assam, India. The oldest club still in existence is the Calcutta Polo Club (1862). The game was introduced ^ into England from India in 1869 by the 10th Hussars at Aldershot, Great Britain, and the earliest match was one between the 9th Lancers and the 10th Hussars on Hounslow Heath, Great Britain in July 1871. The earliest international match between ^ England and the USA was in 1886. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Polo was introduced to the United States by James Gordon Bennett in 1876, when he arranged for the first indoor game at Dickel's Riding Academy, NY. The first game played outdoors was ^ held on 13 May 1876 at the Jerome Park Racetrack in Westchester County, NY. The oldest existing polo club in the United States is Meadow Brook Polo Club, Jericho, NY, founded in 1879. The United States Polo Association was formed on 20 Mar 1890. ^ The United States Open Championship was inaugurated in 1904 and has been played continuously since then, with the exception of 1905-09, 1911, 1915, 1917-18 and 1942-45. The most wins is 28, by the Meadow Brook Polo Club, in 1916, 1920, 1923-1941, ^ 1946-51 and 1953. ^ -END- -CTRL- Polo: Most chukkas T Sports and Games|Polo|General Records|Most chukkas 20 22 24 26 226110|3325 186874|2748 172050|2530 291272|1 175106|344 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Polo: Most chukkas The greatest number of chukkas played on one ground in a day is 43. This was achieved by the Pony Club on the Number 3 Ground at Kirlington Park, Great Britain on 31 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Polo: Highest score T Sports and Games|Polo|General Records|Highest score 20 22 24 26 226178|3326 80930|1190 171982|2529 291272|2 88626|19 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Polo: Highest score The highest aggregate number of goals scored in an international match is 30, when Argentina beat the USA 21-9 at Meadowbrook, Long Island, NY in September 1936. ^ -END- -CTRL- Polo: World Championships T Sports and Games|Polo|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 226246|3327 39858|586 172186|2532 291272|3 40936|95 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Polo: World Championships The first World Championships were held in Berlin, Germany in 1989. The USA won the title, defeating Great Britain 7-6 in the final. ^ -END- -CTRL- Polo: Highest handicap T Sports and Games|Polo|General Records|Highest handicap 20 22 24 26 226314|3328 71478|1051 171914|2528 291272|4 71062|130 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Polo: Highest handicap The highest handicap based on six 7 1/2-min "chukkas" is ten goals, introduced in the USA in 1891. A total of 55 players have received ten-goal handicaps. ^<n A match of two 40-goal teams has been staged on three occasions--in Argentina in 1975, in ^ the United States in 1990, and in Australia in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pool: Origins T Sports and Games|Pool|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 226382|3329 39926|587 172458|2536 291794|0 40936|96 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pool: Origins Pool traces its ancestry to billiards, an English game introduced in Virginia in the late 17th century. During the 19th century the game evolved from a game in which a mace was used to push balls around the table, to a game of precise skill using a ^ cue, with the aim of pocketing numbered balls. The original form of pool in the United States was known as pocket billiards, with the object being to pocket eight out of the 15 balls on the table. From this game evolved "61-pool"; each of the 15 ^ balls was worth points equal to its numerical value, and the first player to score 61 points was the winner. ^<n In 1878 the first world championship was staged under the rules of 61-pool. In 1910, Jerome Keogh suggested that the rules be ^ adjusted to make the game faster and more attractive; he proposed that the last ball be left free on the table to be used as a target on the next rack; the result was 14.1 continuous pool (also known as American straight pool). This was adopted ^ as the championship form of pool from 1912 onwards. In the last twenty years nine-ball pool and eight-ball pool have surpassed 14.1 in popularity. In 1990 the World Pool Billiard Authority inaugurated the nine-ball world championship. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pool: World Championships T Sports and Games|Pool|Continuous Pool (American Straight Pool)|World Championships 20 22 24 26 226450|3330 209994|3088 172526|2537 291880|0 219140|57 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pool: World Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 The two most dominant 14.1 players have been Ralph Greenleaf (USA; 1899-1950), who won the "world" professional title six times and defended it 13 times (1919-37), and William "Willie" Mosconi (USA; b. 27 Jun 1913), who ^ dominated the game from 1941 to 1956, and also won the title six times and defended it 13 times. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pool: Longest consecutive run T Sports and Games|Pool|Continuous Pool (American Straight Pool)|Longest consecutive run 20 22 24 26 226518|3331 147774|2173 172322|2534 291880|1 139100|283 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pool: Longest consecutive run The longest consecutive run in 14.1 recognized by the Billiard Congress of America (BCA) is 526 balls, by Willie Mosconi in March 1954 during an exhibition in Springfield, OH. Michael Eufemia is reported to have rocketed 625 balls at Logan's ^ Billiard Academy, Brooklyn, NY on 2 Feb 1960, but this run has never been ratified by the BCA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pool: Most balls pocketed T Sports and Games|Pool|Continuous Pool (American Straight Pool)|Most balls pocketed 20 22 24 26 226586|3332 186942|2749 172390|2535 291880|2 175106|345 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pool: Most balls pocketed The greatest number of balls pocketed in 24 hr is 16,125, by James Abel at White Plains, NY on 17-18 Dec 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Pool: Fastest pocketing speed T Sports and Games|Pool|Continuous Pool (American Straight Pool)|Fastest pocketing speed 20 22 24 26 226654|3333 27686|407 172254|2533 291880|3 23878|159 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Pool: Fastest pocketing speed The record times for pocketing all 15 balls in a speed competition are: ( ^I ) 37.9 sec, by Rob McKenna at Blackpool, Great Britain on 7 Nov 1987; ( ^I ) 44.5 sec, by Susan Thompson at Shrublands Community Centre, Gorleston, ^ Great Britain on 20 Apr 1990.39/93 Aug. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerboat Racing: Origins T Sports and Games|Powerboat Racing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 226722|3334 40062|589 176878|2601 292262|0 40936|98 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerboat Racing: Origins A gasoline engine was first installed in a boat by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900) on the River Seine, Paris, France in 1865. Actual powerboat racing started in about 1900, the first prominent race being from Calais, France to Dover, Great ^ Britain in 1903. International racing was largely established by the presentation of a Challenge Trophy by Sir Alfred Harmsworth in 1903. Thereafter, racing developed mainly as a "circuit," or short, sheltered course type competition. Offshore or ^ sea-passage races also developed, initially for displacement (non-planing) cruisers. Offshore events for fast (planing) cruisers began in 1958, with a 170-mile passage race from Miami, FL to Nassau, Bahamas. Outboard motor racing, i.e., the ^ combined motor/transmission detachable propulsion unit type racing, began in the United States in about 1920. Both inboard and outboard motorboat engines are mainly gasoline fueled, but since 1950 diesel (compression ignition) engines have ^ appeared and are widely used in offshore sport. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The American Power Boat Association (APBA) was founded on 22 Apr 1903 in New York City. In 1913 the APBA issued the "Racing Commission" rules, which created its powers ^ for ruling the sport and sanctioning races in North America. In 1924 the APBA set rules for boats propelled by "Outboard Detachable Motors" and became the governing body for both inboard and outboard racing in North America. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerboat Racing: APBA Gold Cup T \p8\D16\us381127 Sports and Games|Powerboat Racing|General Records|APBA Gold Cup 20 22 24 26 226790|3335 219378|3226 35846|527 176606|2597 292262|1 227712|73 49422|0 -PCAP- Chip Hanauer with ^I , in which he won three of his record seven successive APBA Gold Cup races, 1982-88. (Photo: Allsport USA/Levy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerboat Racing: APBA Gold Cup The American Power Boat Association (APBA) held its first Gold Cup race at the Columbia Yacht Club on the Hudson River, NY in 1904, when the winner was ^I , piloted by C.C. Riotto at an average speed of 23.6 mph. The most wins by a ^ pilot is eight, by Bill Muncey, 1956-57, 1961-62, 1972, 1977-79. The most successful boat has been ^I , piloted by Muncey to victory in 1972, 1977-79 and by Chip Hanauer in 1982-84. Hanauer went on to complete a record seven ^ successive victories to 1988. Hanauer won again in 1992 to equal his record. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerboat Racing: Fastest speeds T \p8\D16\3711288 Sports and Games|Powerboat Racing|General Records|Fastest speeds 20 23 25 27 226858|3336 27890|410 35914|528 176742|2599 11910|175 292262|2 23878|162 49422|1 -PCAP- The highest speed recorded by a propeller-driven boat is 229 mph, by "The Texan", a Kurtis Top Fuel Hydro Drag boat, driven by Eddie Hill (USA) on 5 Sep 1982 at Chowchilla, California. He also set a 440 yd elapsed time record of 5.16 sec in this ^ boat at Firebird Lake, Arizona on 13 Nov 1983. (Photo: Jim Welch) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerboat Racing: Fastest speeds The fastest speed recorded by a propeller-driven boat is 229 mph, by ^I , a Kurtis Top Fuel Hydro Drag boat, driven by Eddie Hill (USA) on 5 Sep 1982 at Chowchilla, CA. He also set a 440 yd elapsed time record of 5.16 sec in this ^ boat at Firebird Lake, AZ on 13 Nov 1983. The official American Drag Boat Association record is 223.88 mph, by ^I , a Blown Fuel Hydro boat driven by Robert T. Burns at Creve Coeur Lake, St Louis, MO on 15 Jul 1985 over a 440 ^ yd course. ^<n The fastest speed recognized by the ^I for an outboard-powered boat is in Class (e): 177.61 mph by P.R. Knight in a Chevrolet-engined Lautobach hull on Lake Ruataniwha, New Zealand in 1986. ^ Robert F. Hering (USA) set the world Formula One record at 165.338 mph in ^I at Parker, AZ on 21 Apr 1986. ^<n The fastest speed recognized for an offshore boat is 154.438 mph for one way and 148.238 mph for two runs by Tom ^ Gentry (USA), in his 49-ft catamaran ^I , powered by four Gentry Turbo Eagle V8 Chevrolets on 8 Mar 1987. ^<n The fastest speed recorded for a diesel (compression ignition) boat is 135.532 mph by the hydroplane ^I , powered by an Aifo-Fiat engine, driven by Carlo Bonomi at Venice, Italy on 4 Apr 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerboat Racing: Fastest race speeds T Sports and Games|Powerboat Racing|General Records|Fastest race speeds 20 22 24 26 226926|3337 27822|409 176674|2598 292262|3 23878|161 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerboat Racing: Fastest race speeds The fastest speed recorded in an offshore race is 103.29 mph, by Tony Garcia (USA) in a Class I powerboat at Key West, FL in Nov 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerboat Racing: Longest races T Sports and Games|Powerboat Racing|General Records|Longest races 20 22 24 26 226994|3338 147842|2174 176810|2600 292262|4 139100|284 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerboat Racing: Longest races The longest offshore race has been the Port Richborough London, Great Britain to Monte Carlo Marathon Offshore international event. The race extended over 2,947 miles in 14 stages from 10-25 Jun 1972. It was won by ^I (Great Britain), ^ driven by Mike Bellamy, Eddie Chater and Jim Brooker, in 71 hr 35 min 56 sec, for an average of 41.15 mph. The longest circuit race is the 24-hour race held annually since 1962 on the River Seine at Rouen, France. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Longest throw T Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Longest throw 20 22 24 26 227062|3339 148658|2186 181978|2676 292714|0 139100|296 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Longest throw The longest independently authenticated throw of any inert object heavier than air is 1,257 ft, for a flying ring, by Scott Zimmerman on 8 Jul 1986 at Fort Funston, CA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Boomerang throwing T Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Boomerang throwing 20 22 24 26 227130|3340 148590|2185 181638|2671 13202|194 292714|1 139100|295 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Boomerang throwing The greatest number of consecutive two-handed catches is 801, by Stephane Marguerite (France) on 26 Nov 1989 at Lyons, France. ^<n The longest out-and-return distance is 440 ft 3 in, by Jim Youngblood (USA) on 12 Jun 1989 at Gaithersburg, MD. ^<n ^ The longest flight duration (with self-catch) is one of 2 min 59.94 sec by Dennis Joyce (USA) at Bethlehem, PA on 25 Jun 1987. ^<n Matthieu Weber (Switzerland) caught 73 boomerang throws in 5 min at Lyons, France on 2 Nov 1991. ^<n The juggling ^ record--the number of consecutive catches with two boomerangs, keeping at least one boomerang aloft at all times--is 207, by Michael Girvin (USA) at Elkton, MD on 6 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Brick throwing T Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Brick throwing 20 22 24 26 227198|3341 56110|825 181706|2672 292714|2 61634|39 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Brick throwing The greatest distance for throwing a standard 5-lb building brick is 146 ft 1 in, by Geoff Capes at Braybrook School, Orton, Great Britain on 19 Jul 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Cow chip tossing T Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Cow chip tossing 20 22 24 26 227266|3342 56178|826 181774|2673 292714|3 61634|40 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Cow chip tossing The record distances in the country sport of throwing dried cow pats or "chips" depend on whether or not the projectile may be "molded into a spherical shape." The greatest distance achieved under the "non-sphericalization and 100 percent organic" ^ rule (established in 1970) is 266 ft, by Steve Urner at the Mountain Festival, Tehachapi, CA on 14 Aug 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Egg throwing T Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Egg throwing 20 22 24 26 227334|3343 56246|827 181842|2674 12930|190 292714|4 61634|41 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Egg throwing The greatest distance for throwing a fresh hen's egg without breaking it is 317 ft 10 in, from Risto Antikainen to Jyrki Korhonen at Siilinjarvi, Finland on 6 Sep 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Flying disc throwing T \p8\D16\3709179 Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Flying disc throwing 20 22 24 26 227402|3344 56314|828 35982|529 181910|2675 24082|354 292714|5 61634|42 49578|0 -PCAP- The World Flying Disc Federation outdoor distance record is 623 ft 7 in, by Sam Ferrans (USA) on 2 July 1988 at La Habra, CA. (Photo: Jeff Carlick) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Flying disc throwing There are a number of records for flying disc throwing, formerly known as Frisbee. The World Flying Disc Federation distance records are: ( ^I ) 623 ft 7 in, by Sam Ferrans (USA) on 2 Jul 1988 at La Habra, CA; ( ^I ) 426 ft 10 ^ in, by Amy Bekken (USA) on 25 Jul 1990 at La Habra, CA. ^<n The throw, run and catch records are: ( ^I ) 303 ft 11 in, by Hiroshi Oshima (Japan) on 20 Jul 1988 at San Francisco, CA; ( ^I ) 196 ft 11 in, by Judy Horowitz (USA) ^ on 29 Jun 1985 at La Mirada, CA. ^<n The 24-hour distance records for a pair are: ( ^I ) 362.40 miles, by Leonard Muise and Gabe Ontiveros (USA) on 21-22 Sep 1988 at Carson, CA; ( ^I ) 115.65 miles, by Jo Cahow and Amy Berard ^ (USA) on 30-31 Dec 1979 at Pasadena, CA. ^<n The records for maximum time aloft are: ( ^I ) 16.72 sec, by Don Cain (USA) on 26 May 1984 at Philadelphia, PA; ( ^I ) is 11.81 sec, by Amy Bekken (USA) on 1 Aug 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Rolling pin throwing T Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Rolling pin throwing 20 22 24 26 227470|3345 56382|829 182046|2677 292714|6 61634|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Rolling pin throwing The record distance for throwing a a 2 lb rolling pin is 175 ft 5 in, by Lori La Deane Adams, 21, at Iowa State Fair, IA on 21 Aug 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Slingshot T Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Slingshot 20 22 24 26 227538|3346 56450|830 182114|2678 292714|7 61634|44 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Slingshot The greatest distance achieved with a 51-in-long sling and a 2 oz stone is 1,434 ft 2 in, by Lawrence L. Bray at Loa, UT on 21 Aug 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Projectiles: Spear throwing T Sports and Games|Projectiles|General Records|Spear throwing 20 22 24 26 227606|3347 56518|831 182182|2679 292714|8 61634|45 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Projectiles: Spear throwing Wayne Brian threw a spear 616 ft 10 in, using an atlatl or hand-held device that fits onto a short spear, at Overton, NV on 11 Apr 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rackets: Origins T \p8\D16\3711289 Sports and Games|Rackets|General Records|Origins 20 24 26 28 227674|3348 40470|595 36050|530 183270|2695 293446|0 40936|104 49664|0 -PCAP- Although the game of rackets is now played on a closed court, it was originally played in open courts, becoming established in the mid-eighteenth century. Such venues included the backyards of taverns, the school yard at Harrow and most notably ^ Fleet debtor's prison, which Charles Dickens described in his novel ^I and which is shown in this etching by Theodore Lane. It was popular amongst the inmates of the prison, with Robert Mackay laying claim to the first ^ world title in 1820. (Photo: E.T. Archive) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rackets: Origins There is a record of the sale of a racket court at Southernhay, Great Britain dated 12 Jan 1798. The game, which is of 17th-century origin, was played by debtors in the Fleet Prison, London, Great Britain in the middle of the 18th century, and an ^ inmate, Robert Mackay, claimed the first "world" title in 1820. The first closed court champion was Francis Erwood at Woolwich, London, Great Britain in 1860. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rackets: World Championships T Sports and Games|Rackets|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 227742|3349 148794|2188 183338|2696 293446|1 139100|298 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rackets: World Championships Of the 22 world champions since 1820, the longest reign is by Geoffrey Willoughby Thomas Atkins (Great Britain; b. 20 Jan 1927), who gained the title by beating the professional James Dear (Great Britain; 1910-81) in 1954, and held it until ^ retiring, after defending it four times, in April 1972. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The first American to be world champion was Jock Souter, and he had the longest span as champion, 1913-28. ^ -END- -CTRL- Racquetball: Origins T Sports and Games|Racquetball|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 227810|3350 40538|596 183406|2697 293688|0 40936|105 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Racquetball: Origins Racquetball, using a 40 ft x 20 ft court,was invented in 1950 by Joe Sobek at the Greenwich, CT YMCA. Sobek designed a "strung paddle racquet" and combined the rules of squash and handball to create the game of "paddle rackets." The International ^ Racquetball Association (IRA) was founded in 1968 by Bob Kendler (USA), and renamed the American Amateur Racquetball Association (AARA) in 1979. The International Amateur Racquetball Federation (IARF) was founded in 1979 and staged its first ^ world championships in 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Racquetball: World Championships T Sports and Games|Racquetball|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 227878|3351 210198|3091 183542|2699 293688|1 219140|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Racquetball: World Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 First held in 1982, the IARF World Championships have been held biennially since 1984. The United States has won all five team titles, in 1981, 1984, 1986 (tie with Canada), 1988 and 1990. Egan Inoue (USA) has won the most ^ men's singles titles with two, in 1986 and 1990. Two women have won the world singles championships twice: Cindy Baxter (USA) in 1981 and 1986; Heather Stupp (Canada) in 1988 and 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Racquetball: US titles T Sports and Games|Racquetball|General Records|US titles 20 22 24 26 227946|3352 210130|3090 183474|2698 293688|2 219140|59 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Racquetball: US titles ^<4 Most titles ^>4 In 1968, championships were initiated by the AARA (the governing body for the sport in the United States). A record four men's open titles have been won by Ed Andrews of California, 1980-81 and 1985-86, and a record four ^ women's open titles by Cindy Baxter of Pennsylvania, 1981, 1983, 1985-86, and Michelle Gilman, 1989-92. ^ -END- -CTRL- Real/Royal Tennis: Origins T \c8\D03\3811287z Sports and Games|Real/Royal Tennis|General Records|Origins 20 24 26 28 228014|3353 233182|3429 36118|531 184766|2717 294000|0 236192|156 49750|0 -PCAP- (Left) The oldest of the surviving active real/royal tennis courts in Great Britain is the one at Falkland Palace, Fife, built by King James V of Scotland in 1539 and restored in the 1890s. The court at Falkland is unique in that it has two instead ^ of three penthouses and is the only court based on the ^I as opposed to the ^I court. The game is far more complex than lawn tennis, and as can be seen in the photo on the right, the racket is asymmetric. ^ (Photos: Allsport/J. Nicholson) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Real/Royal Tennis: Origins The game originated as ^I in French monasteries ^I 1050. A tennis court is mentioned in the sale of the Hotel de Nesle, Paris, France, bought by King Philippe IV of France in 1308. The oldest of the surviving active ^ courts in Great Britain is the one at Falkland Palace, Fife, Scotland built by King James V of Scotland in 1539. ^ -END- -CTRL- Real/Royal Tennis: Most titles T Sports and Games|Real/Royal Tennis|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 228082|3354 210266|3092 184698|2716 294000|1 219140|61 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Real/Royal Tennis: Most titles ^<4 World ^>4 The first recorded world tennis champion was Clerge (France), ^I 1740. Jacques Edmond Barre (France; 1802-73) held the title for a record 33 years from 1829 to 1862. Pierre Etchebaster (1893-1980), a Basque, holds the ^ record for the greatest number of successful defenses of the title, with eight between 1928 and 1952. ^<n The first two Women's World Championships in 1985 and 1987 were won by Judith Anne Clarke (Australia; b. 28 Dec 1954) . ^<n ^<4 United ^ States ^>4 Jay Gould, Jr. (1888-1935) won his first US singles title in 1906, and retained the title until he retired from singles play in 1926. During his career he lost only one singles match. He also won 19 US doubles titles between 1909 and ^ 1932. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Origins T \p8\D16\3711290 Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 228150|3355 41014|603 36186|532 190478|2801 294242|0 40936|112 49836|0 -PCAP- The 1989 National Rodeo Finals attracted a record paid attendance of 165,467 for ten performances and the prize money on offer was also a record for a rodeo. Seen here is action from the bull riding event. (Photo: PRCA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Origins Rodeo, which developed from 18th-century ^I , came into being in the early days of the North American cattle industry. The sport originated in Mexico and spread from there into the cattle regions of the United States. A bronc-riding ^ competition was held in Deer Trail, CO as early as 1869, and steer wrestling came in with Bill Pickett (1870-1932) of Texas in 1900. There are many claims to the first paying rodeo with spectators; The West of the Pecos Rodeo at Pecos, TX, first ^ held in 1883, was the earliest documented, organized rodeo competition, and is now sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA), professional rodeo's largest organized association. ^<n The largest rodeo in the world is the ^ National Finals Rodeo, organized by the PRCA and the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA). The top 15 money-earning cowboys in each of the six PRCA events and the top 15 WPRA barrel racers compete at the Finals. The event was first held ^ at Dallas, TX in 1959, and was held at Oklahoma City, OK for 20 years before moving to Las Vegas, NV in 1985. The 1990 Finals had a paid attendance of 171,368 for ten performances. In 1990 a record $2.3 million in prize money was offered for the ^ event. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Most world titles T Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Most world titles 20 22 24 26 228218|3356 210334|3093 190410|2800 294242|1 219140|62 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Most world titles The record number of all-around titles (awarded to the leading money winner in a single season in two or more events) in the PRCA World Championships is six, by Larry Mahan (USA; b. 21 Nov 1943) in 1966-70 and 1973, and, consecutively, 1974-79 by ^ Tom Ferguson (b. 20 Dec 1950). Jim Shoulders (b. 13 May 1928) of Henryetta, TX won a record 16 World Championships at four events between 1949 and 1959. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Highest earnings T Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Highest earnings 20 22 24 26 228286|3357 75898|1116 190274|2798 294242|2 84324|6 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Highest earnings Roy Cooper (b. 13 Nov 1955) holds the career rodeo earnings mark at $1,282,874 through 7 Jun 1992. The single-season record is $258,750, by Ty Murray in 1991. Ty Murray won a record $101,243 for one rodeo ($34,227 for saddle bronc-riding, $43,659 ^ for bareback riding, and $23,357 for bull riding) at the 1991 National Finals Rodeo, Las Vegas, NV, 6-15 December. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Youngest champions T \p8\D16\3911270 Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Youngest champions 20 23 25 27 228354|3358 264598|3891 36254|533 190682|2804 294242|3 275964|55 49836|1 -PCAP- Ty Murray was the youngest cowboy to win the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association All-Around Champion title, aged 20, in 1989. He has continued to be highly successful, setting the record figure for prize money won in a single season in 1990, and ^ surpassing this in 1991. (Photo: Allsport USA/Ken Levine) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Youngest champions The youngest winner of a world title is Anne Lewis (b. 1 Sep 1958), who won the WPRA barrel racing title in 1968, at 10 years of age. Ty Murray (b. 11 Oct 1969) is the youngest cowboy to win the PRCA All-Around Champion title, at age 20, in 1989. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Fastest times T Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Fastest times 20 22 24 26 228422|3359 28366|417 190206|2797 294242|4 23878|169 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Fastest times Records for PRCA timed events, such as calf-roping and steer-wrestling, are not always comparable, because of the widely varying conditions due to the sizes of arenas and amount of start given the stock. The fastest time recorded for calf-roping ^ under the current PRCA rules is 6.7 sec, by Joe Beaver (b. 13 Oct 1965) at West Jordan, UT in 1986, and the fastest time for steer wrestling is 2.4 sec, by James Bynum at Marietta, OK in 1955; Carl Deaton at Tulsa, OK in 1976; and Gene Melton at ^ Pecatonica, IL in 1976. The fastest team roping time is 3.7 sec, by Bob Harris and Tee Woolman at Spanish Fork, UT in 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Bull riding T Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Bull riding 20 22 24 26 228490|3360 189594|2788 190138|2796 294242|5 175106|384 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Bull riding ^<4 Most bulls ^>4 Jim Sharp (b. 6 Oct 1965) of Kermit, TX became the first rider to ride all ten bulls at a National Finals Rodeo at Las Vegas in December 1988. This feat was matched by Norm Curry of Deberry, TX at the 1990 National Finals ^ Rodeo. ^<n ^<4 Highest score ^>4 The highest score in bull riding was 100 points out of a possible 100, by Wade Leslie on Wolfman Skoal at Central Point, OR in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Saddle bronc-riding T Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Saddle bronc-riding 20 22 24 26 228558|3361 81134|1193 190546|2802 294242|6 88626|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Saddle bronc-riding ^<4 Highest score ^>4 The highest scored saddle bronc ride is 95 out of a possible 100, by Doug Vold at Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada in 1979. Descent, a saddle bronc owned by Beutler Brothers and Cervi Rodeo Company, received a record six ^ PRCA Saddle Bronc of the Year awards, 1966-69, 1971-72. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Bareback riding T Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Bareback riding 20 22 24 26 228626|3362 80998|1191 190070|2795 294242|7 88626|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Bareback riding ^<4 Highest score ^>4 Joe Alexander of Cora, WY scored 93 out of a possible 100 at Cheyenne, WY in 1974. Sippin' Velvet, owned by Bernis Johnson, has been awarded a record five PRCA Bareback Horse of the Year titles between 1978 and 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Top bull T Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Top bull 20 22 24 26 228694|3363 259090|3810 190614|2803 294242|8 273542|7 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Top bull The top bucking bull Red Rock dislodged 312 riders, 1980-88, and was finally ridden to the 8-sec bell by Lane Frost (1963-89; world champion bull rider 1987) on 20 May 1988. Red Rock was retired at the end of the 1987 season but still continued to ^ make guest appearances. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rodeo: Most Texas Skips T Sports and Games|Rodeo|General Records|Most Texas Skips 20 22 24 26 228762|3364 189662|2789 190342|2799 294242|9 175106|385 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rodeo: Most Texas Skips Vince Bruce (USA) performed 4,001 Texas Skips (jumps back and forth through a large, vertically spun loop) on 22 Jul 1991 at the Empire State Building, New York City. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Skating: Origins T Sports and Games|Roller Skating|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 228830|3365 41082|604 191294|2813 295044|0 40936|113 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Skating: Origins The first roller skate was devised by Jean Joseph Merlin (1735-1803) of Huy, Belgium in 1760 and was demonstrated by him in London, Great Britain, but with disastrous results. James L. Plimpton of New York produced the present four-wheeled type and ^ patented it in January 1863. The first indoor rink was opened in London, Great Britain in about 1824. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Skating: Most titles T Sports and Games|Roller Skating|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 228898|3366 210402|3094 191226|2812 295044|1 219140|63 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Skating: Most titles ^<4 Speed ^>4 The most world speed titles won is 18, by two women: Alberta Vianello (Italy), eight track and ten road, 1953-65; and Annie Lambrechts (Belgium), one track and 17 road, 1964-81, at distances from 500 meters to 10,000 meters. ^<n ^ ^<4 Figure ^>4 The records for figure titles are: five by Karl Heinz Losch in 1958-59, 1961-62 and 1966; and four by Astrid Bader in 1965-68, both of West Germany. The most world pair titles is four, by Dieter Fingerle (West Germany) in 1959, ^ 1965-67, with two different partners, and by John Arishita and Tammy Jeru (USA), 1983-86. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Skating: Speed skating T Sports and Games|Roller Skating|General Records|Speed skating 20 22 24 26 228966|3367 28570|420 191430|2815 295044|2 23878|172 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Skating: Speed skating ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The fastest speed posted in an official world record is 26.85 mph, when Luca Antoniel (Italy; b. 12 Feb 1968) recorded 24.99 sec for 300 meters on a road at Gujan-Mestras, France on 31 Jul 1987. The women's record is 25.04 mph, ^ by Marisa Canofogilia (Italy; b. 30 Sep 1965) for 300 meters on the road at Grenoble, France on 27 Aug 1987. The world records for 10,000 meters on a road or track are: ^I 14 min 55.64 sec, Giuseppe de Persio (Italy; b. 3 Jun 1959) ^ at Gujan-Mestras, France on 1 Aug 1988; ^I 15 min 58.022 sec, Marisa Canofogilia (Italy) at Grenoble, France on 30 Aug 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Skating: Largest rink T Sports and Games|Roller Skating|General Records|Largest rink 20 22 24 26 229034|3368 116834|1718 191158|2811 295044|3 91334|509 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Skating: Largest rink The largest indoor rink ever to operate was located in the Grand Hall, London, Great Britain. Opened in 1890 and closed in 1912, it had an actual skating area of 68,000 sq ft. The current largest is the main arena of 34,981 sq ft at Guptill ^ Roll-Arena, Boght Corner, NY. The total rink area is 41,380 sq ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Roller Skating: Skateboarding T Sports and Games|Roller Skating|General Records|Skateboarding 20 22 24 26 229102|3369 149746|2202 191362|2814 24898|366 295044|4 139100|312 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Roller Skating: Skateboarding World championships have been staged intermittently since 1966. David Frank, 25, covered 270.5 miles in 36 hr 43 min 40 sec in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on 11-12 Aug 1985. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The highest speed recorded on a skateboard is 78.37 ^ mph in a prone position by Roger Hickey, 32, on a course near Los Angeles, CA on 15 Mar 1990. ^<n The stand-up record is 55.43 mph, also achieved by Roger Hickey, at San Demas, CA on 3 Jul 1990. ^<n ^<4 Highest and longest jumps ^>4 The ^ high-jump record is 5 ft 5 3/4 in, by Trevor Baxter (b. 1 Oct 1962) of Burgess Hill, Great Britain at Grenoble, France on 14 Sep 1982. ^<n At the 4th US Skateboard Association Championship, at Signal Hill on 25 Sep 1977, Tony Alva, 19, jumped 17 ^ barrels (17 ft). ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: Origins T Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 229170|3370 41218|606 191974|2823 295496|0 40936|115 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: Origins The Sphinx Stela of Amenhotep (Amonophis) II (1450-1425 B.C.) records that he ^I a boat for some three miles. The earliest established sculling race is the Doggett's Coat and Badge, which was first rowed on 1 Aug 1716 from London ^ Bridge to Chelsea as a race for apprentices, and is still contested annually. Although rowing regattas were held in Venice in 1300, the first English regatta probably took place on the river Thames, London, Great Britain, by the Ranelagh Gardens ^ near Putney, in 1775. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The first organized boat races in the United States were reported to be races staged between New York City boatmen in New York harbor in the late 18th century. The first rowing club formed in the ^ United States was the Castle Garden Amateur Boat Club Association, New York City in 1834. The oldest active club is the Detroit Boat Club, founded in 1839. The first and oldest collegiate boat club was formed at Yale University in 1843. The ^ National Association of Amateur Oarsmen (NAAO) was formed in 1872 and merged with the National Women's Rowing Association in 1982 to form the United States Rowing Association. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: Most Olympic medals T \p8\D16\391188gb Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|Most Olympic medals 20 23 25 27 229238|3371 199046|2927 36322|534 191906|2822 295496|1 211064|10 49992|0 -PCAP- Steven Redgrave (Great Britain) became the seventh rower to win three Olympic titles when he won the coxless pairs with Matthew Pinsent in 1992 at Barcelona. He had previously won gold in the coxed fours in 1984 and the coxless pairs in 1988 with ^ Andrew Holmes. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: Most Olympic medals Seven oarsmen have won three gold medals: John Brendan Kelly (USA; 1889-1960), father of the late Princess Grace of Monaco, who won at Single Sculls (1920) and Double Sculls (1920 and 1924); his cousin, Paul Vincent Costello (USA; b. 27 Dec 1894), ^ Double Sculls (1920, 1924 and 1928); Jack Beresford, Jr. (Great Britain; 1899-1977), Single Sculls (1924), Coxless Fours (1932) and Double Sculls (1936); Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Ivanov (USSR; b. 30 Jul 1938), Single Sculls (1956, 1960 and 1964); ^ Siegfried Brietzke (East Germany; b. 12 Jun 1952), Coxless Pairs (1972) and Coxless Fours (1976, 1980), Pertti Karppinen (Finland; b. 17 Feb 1953), Single Sculls (1976, 1980 and 1984); and Steve Redgrave (Great Britain). Redgrave won the coxless ^ pairs title in 1992 with Matthew Pinsent, having previously won coxed fours in 1984 and coxless pairs in 1988 with Andrew Holmes. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: World Championships T \p8\D16\3711291c Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 229306|3372 199114|2928 36390|535 192042|2824 295496|2 211064|11 49992|1 -PCAP- Several rowers have won a record six World Championship titles and seen here in action are the Italian Abbagnale brothers, Giuseppe and Carmine, winning the coxed pairs in 1985. (Photo: Allsport/Michael King) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: World Championships World rowing championships distinct from the Olympic Games were first held in 1962, and were held four times a year at first, but from 1974 were held annually, except in Olympic years. ^<n ^<4 Most medals ^>4 The most gold medals won at World ^ Championships and Olympic Games is nine, at coxed pairs by the Italian brothers Giuseppe (b. 24 Jul 1959) and Carmine (b. 5 Jan 1962) Abbagnale, World 1981-82, 1985, 1987, 1989-91, Olympics 1984 and 1988. At women's events Jutta Behrendt (nee ^ Hahn [East Germany]; b. 15 Nov 1960) has won a record six golds. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most wins at Single Sculls is five, by Peter-Michael Kolbe (West Germany; b. 2 Aug 1953), 1975, 1978, 1981, 1983 and 1986; and by Pertti Karppinen, 1979 ^ and 1985, and with his three Olympic wins (above); and in the women's events by Christine Hahn (nee Scheiblich [East Germany]; b. 31 Dec 1954), 1974-75, 1977-78 (and the 1976 Olympic title). ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: Collegiate Championships T Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|Collegiate Championships 20 22 24 26 229374|3373 210470|3095 191498|2816 295496|3 219140|64 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: Collegiate Championships The first intercollegiate boat race in the United States was between Harvard and Yale in 1852. The Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA) was formed in 1895, and in 1898 inaugurated the Varsity Challenge Cup, which was recognized as the national ^ championship. In 1982, the United States Rowing Assocation introduced the National Collegiate Championships, and this race now decides the national champion. Overall, Cornell University has won the most national championships, with 25 titles (all ^ Varsity Cup wins). Since 1982, Harvard University has won five titles (1983, 1985, 1987-89). ^<n The women's national championship was inaugurated in 1979. The University of Washington has won a record seven times (1981-85, 1987-88). ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: Henley Royal Regatta T Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|Henley Royal Regatta 20 22 24 26 229442|3374 219446|3227 191702|2819 295496|4 227712|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: Henley Royal Regatta The annual regatta at Henley-on-Thames, Great Britain was inaugurated on 26 Mar 1839. Since then the course, except in 1923, has been about 1 mile 550 yd, varying slightly according to the length of the boat. In 1967 the shorter craft were "drawn ^ up" so all bows start level. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most wins in the Diamond Challenge Sculls (instituted 1844) is six consecutively, by Stuart A. Mackenzie (Australia and Great Britain; b. 5 Apr 1937), 1957-62. ^<n ^<4 Fastest ^>4 The ^ record time is 7 min 23 sec, by Vaclav Chalupa (Czechoslovakia; b. 7 Dec 1967) on 2 Jul 1989. The record time for the Grand Challenge Cup (instituted 1839) event is 5 min 58 sec, by Hansa Dortmund, West Germany on 2 Jul 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: Fastest speed T Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 229510|3375 28638|421 191566|2817 295496|5 23878|173 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: Fastest speed The highest recorded speed on non-tidal water for 2,187 yd is by an American eight in 5 min 27.14 sec (13.68 mph) at Lucerne, Switzerland on 17 Jun 1984. A crew from Penn AC was timed in 5 min 18.8 sec (14.03 mph) in the FISA Championships on the ^ River Meuse, Liege, Belgium on 17 Aug 1930. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: Greatest distance in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|Greatest distance in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 229578|3376 56586|832 191634|2818 295496|6 61634|46 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: Greatest distance in 24 hours The greatest distance rowed in 24 hours (upstream and downstream) by an eight is 135.22 miles, by a coxed quad (Peter Halliday, Paul Turnbull, Mike Skerry, Belinda Goglia and Margaret Munneke) on the Yarra River, Melbourne, Australia on 26-27 Jan ^ 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: International Dragon Boat Race T Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|International Dragon Boat Race 20 22 24 26 229646|3377 28774|423 191770|2820 295496|7 23878|175 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: International Dragon Boat Race ^<4 Fastest ^>4 Instituted in 1975 and held annually in Hong Kong, the fastest time achieved for the 700 yd course is 2 min 27.45 sec, by the Chinese Shun De team on 30 Jan 1985. Teams have 28 members--26 rowers, one steersman and one drummer. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Rowing: Longest race T Sports and Games|Rowing|General Records|Longest race 20 22 24 26 229714|3378 149814|2203 191838|2821 295496|8 139100|313 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Rowing: Longest race The longest annual rowing race is the annual Tour du Lac Leman, Geneva, Switzerland for coxed fours (the five-man crew taking turns as cox) over 99 miles. The record winning time is 12 hr 52 min, by LAGA Delft, Netherlands on 3 Oct 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby: Origins T Sports and Games|Rugby|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 27 229782|3379 41422|609 193334|2843 296438|0 40936|118 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby: Origins Although there are records of a game with many similarities to rugby dating back to the Roman occupation of Britain, the game is traditionally said to have originated from a breach of the rules of soccer by William Webb Ellis (later the Rev.; ^I . 1807-72) in a match played at Rugby School in November 1823. This handling style of soccer evolved gradually and was known to have been played at Cambridge University, Great Britain in 1839. The Rugby Football Union was founded on 26 Jan ^ 1871. The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was founded in 1886. ^<n In competitions held at four Olympic Games from 1900 to 1924, the only double gold medalist was the United States, which won in 1920 and 1924, defeating France in the ^ final on both occasions. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby: Best all-arounder T Sports and Games|Rugby|General Records|Best all-arounder 20 22 24 27 229850|3380 690|10 192926|2837 296438|1 6246|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby: Best all-arounder Canadian international Barrie Burnham scored all possible ways--try, conversion, penalty goal, drop goal, goal from mark--for Meralomas ^I Georgians (20-11) at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on 26 Feb 1966. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby: Highest goal posts T Sports and Games|Rugby|General Records|Highest goal posts 20 22 24 27 229918|3381 72498|1066 192994|2838 296438|2 71062|145 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby: Highest goal posts The world's highest rubgy union goal posts are 110 ft 1/2 in high, at the Roan Antelope Rugby Union Club, Luanshya, Zambia. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby: World Cup records T Sports and Games|Rugby|World Cup|Records 20 22 24 27 229986|3382 81338|1196 193606|2847 296664|0 88626|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby: World Cup records The World Cup has been held on two occasions, 1987 and 1991, with the winners being New Zealand and Australia respectively. The highest team score was New Zealand's 74-13 victory over Fiji at Christchurch, New Zealand on 27 May 1987. New Zealand ^ scored 10 goals, 2 tries and 2 penalty goals. The individual match record was 30 (3 tries, 9 conversions), by Didier Camberabero (France; b. 9 Jan 1961) ^I Zimbabwe at Auckland on 2 Jun 1987. The leading scorer in the tournament was the ^ New Zealand goal-kicker, Grant James Fox (b. 6 Jun 1962), with 170 points (including a record 126 in 1987). ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby: Women's World Cup T Sports and Games|Rugby|World Cup|Women's 20 22 24 27 230054|3383 41490|610 193538|2846 296664|1 40936|119 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby: Women's World Cup The first women's World Cup was contested by 12 teams in 1991, with the USA beating England 19-6 in the final at Cardiff, Great Britain on 14 Apr 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby (International): Championship records T Sports and Games|Rugby|International Championships|Records 20 22 24 27 230122|3384 219582|3229 193062|2839 296820|0 227712|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby (International): Championship records The International Championship was first contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales in 1884. France first played in 1910. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Wales has won the championship a record 21 times outright and tied for first a further 11 ^ times up to 1988. The most Grand Slams, winning all four matches, is ten, by England, 1913-14, 1921, 1923-24, 1928, 1957, 1980 and 1991-92. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby (International): Highest score T Sports and Games|Rugby|International Championships|Highest score 20 22 24 27 230190|3385 81270|1195 193198|2841 296820|1 88626|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby (International): Highest score The highest score in any full international was when New Zealand beat Japan by 106-4 at Tokyo, Japan on 1 Nov 1987. France beat Paraguay 106-12 at Asuncion, Paraguay on 28 Jun 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby (International): Most appearances (table) B \t\D03\1106491a \c8\D03\3711294z Sports and Games|Rugby|International Championships|Most appearances (table) 20 23 25 30 230258|3386 189798|2791 36458|536 193266|2842 296820|2 175106|387 50148|0 -PCAP- (Left) Seen here in the colors of the French Barbarians, Serge Blanco (b. 31 Aug 1958) has represented France a record 93 times, since his debut on 8 Nov 1980. (Right) Rory Underwood (b. 19 Jun 1963) has represented England a record 55 times since ^ his debut on 18 Feb 1984. (Photos: All- Sport/Mike Powell and Allsport/Russell Cheyne) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- *Gareth Owen Edwards (b. 12 Jul 1947) made a record 53 consecutive international appearances, never missing a match throughout his career for Wales, 1967--78. Willie John McBride also had 53 consecutive appearances during his 63 games for Ireland, ^ 1962--75. Note: The criteria used to decide which games are classed as full internationals vary between countries. ^ ^<n Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby (International): Most appearances (table) Rugby: Most International Appearances (Table) MOST INTERNATIONAL RUGBY APPEARANCES FRANCE 93 Serge Blanco (b. 31 Aug 1958) 1980--92 IRELAND 69 Cameron Michael Henderson Gibson (b. 3 Dec 1942) 1964--79 AUSTRALIA 67 David Ian Campese (b. 21 ^ Oct 1962) 1982--92 NEW ZEALAND 58 Gary William Whetton (b. 15 Dec 1959) 1981--92 WALES 55 * John Peter Rhys {JPR} Williams (b. 2 Mar 1949) 1969--81 ENGLAND 55 Rory Underwood (b. 19 Jun 1963) 1984--92 SCOTLAND 52 James Menzies {Jim} Renwick ^ (b. 12 Feb 1952) 1972--84 52 Colin Thomas Deans (b. 3 May 1955) 1978--87 SOUTH AFRICA 38 Frederick Christoffel Hendrick Du Preez (b. 28 Nov 1935) 1960--71 38 Jan Hendrik Ellis (b. 5 Jan 1943) 1965--76 UNITED STATES 29 Kevin Swords (b. 1 Jul ^ 1960) 1985--92 ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby (International): Highest individual scores T \p8\D16\3911272 Sports and Games|Rugby|International Championships|Highest individual scores 20 22 24 27 230326|3387 81202|1194 36526|537 193130|2840 296820|3 88626|23 50148|1 -PCAP- A record eight penalty goals were kicked by Mark Andrew Wyatt when he scored all of Canada's points in their 24-19 defeat of Scotland at St John, New Brunswick, Canada on 25 May 1991. (Photo: Allsport/Ken Levine) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby (International): Highest individual scores Phil Bennett (Wales; b. 24 Oct 1948) scored 34 points (2 tries, 10 conversions, 2 penalty goals) for Wales ^I Japan at Tokyo on 24 Sep 1975, when Wales won 82-6. A record eight penalty goals were kicked by Mark Andrew Wyatt (b. 12 Apr ^ 1961) when he scored all Canada's points in their 24-19 defeat of Scotland at St John, New Brunswick, Canada on 25 May 1991. ^<n ^<4 Career ^>4 In all internationals, Michael Patrick Lynagh (b. 25 Oct 1963) scored a record 749 points in 58 ^ matches for Australia, 1984-92. The most tries is 49, by David Campese (b. 21 Oct 1962) in a record 69 internationals for Australia, 1982-92. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby (Seven-a-side): Origins T Sports and Games|Rugby|Seven-a-side|Origins 20 22 24 27 230394|3388 41354|608 193470|2845 297116|0 40936|117 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby (Seven-a-side): Origins Seven-a-side rugby dates from 28 Apr 1883, when Melrose RFC Borders (Scotland), in order to compensate for the poverty of a club in such a small town, staged a seven-a-side tournament. The idea was that of Ned Haig, the town's butcher. ^ -END- -CTRL- Rugby (Seven-a-side): Hong Kong Sevens T \p8\D16\3811291 Sports and Games|Rugby|Seven-a-side|Hong Kong Sevens 20 23 25 28 230462|3389 219650|3230 36594|538 193402|2844 297116|1 227712|77 50148|2 -PCAP- This, the world's most prestigious international rugby tournament for seven-a-side teams, was first held in 1976. The record of seven wins is held by Fiji, 1977-78, 1980, 1984, 1990-92. Seen in action on the right is Fiji's Noa Nadruku, the 1991 ^ tournament's leading try scorer with ten. (Photo: Allsport/R. Cheyne) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Records are determined in terms of present-day scoring values, i.e., a try at 4 points; a dropped goal, penalty or goal from a mark at 3 points; and a conversion at 2 points. The actual score, in accordance with whichever of the eight earlier ^ systems was in force at the time, is also given, in parentheses. ^ -TEXT- Rugby (Seven-a-side): Hong Kong Sevens This, the world's most prestigious international tournament for seven-a-side teams, was first held in 1976. The record of seven wins is held by Fiji, 1977-78, 1980, 1984,1990-92. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shooting: Origins T Sports and Games|Shooting|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 230530|3390 41626|612 198774|2923 297358|0 40936|121 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shooting: Origins The Lucerne Shooting Guild (Switzerland) was formed ^I 1466 and the first recorded shooting match was at Zurich in 1472. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The National Rifle Association (NRA) was founded in 1871, and is designated as the ^ national governing body for shooting sports in the United States by the US Olympic Committee. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shooting: Individual world records (table) B \t\D03\1106571a \p8\D16\3911273 Sports and Games|Shooting|General Records|Individual world records (table) 20 23 25 29 230598|3391 190274|2798 36662|539 198638|2921 297358|1 175106|394 50374|0 -PCAP- Seen here in action in one of the few mixed sports contested at the Olympics is skeet world record holder Axel Wegner (Germany). He won the 1988 title with a score of 222 and set the current world record, a maximum 225, at Munich on 31 Aug 1991. ^ (Photo: Allsport/Russell Cheyne) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- In 1986, the International Shooting Union (UIT6) introduced new regulations for determining major championships and world records. Now the leading competitors undertake an additional round with a target subdivided to tenths of a point for rifle and ^ pistol shooting, and an extra 25 shots for trap and skeet. Harder targets have since been introduced, and the table below shows the world records, as recognized by the UIT on 1 Jan 1992, for the 13 Olympic shooting disciplines, giving in brackets ^ the score for the number of shots specified plus the score in the additional round. ^ -TEXT- Shooting: Individual world records (table) Shooting: Indvidual World Records (Table) SHOOTING--INDIVIDUAL WORLD RECORDS EVENT SCORE NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE MEN FREE RIFLE 50 m 3 <X> 40 shots 1,276. 7 (1,179 + 97.7) Rajmond Debevec (Yugoslavia) Munich, Germany 2 Jun 1990 1,276. 7 ^ (1,177 + 99.7) Rajmond Debevec (Yugoslavia) Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 7 Jun 1991 FREE RIFLE 50 m 60 shots prone 703. 5 (599 + 104.5) Jens Harskov (Denmark) Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 6 Jun 1991 AIR RIFLE 10 m 60 shots 699. 4 (596 + 103.4) Rajmond ^ Debevec (Yugoslavia) Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 8 Jun 1990 FREE PISTOL 50 m 60 shots 671 (579 + 92) Sergey Pyzhyanov (USSR) Munich, Germany 31 May 1990 671 (577 + 94) Spas Koprinkov (Bulgaria) Moscow, USSR 9 Aug 1990 RAPID-FIRE PISTOL 25 m 60 ^ shots 891 (594 + 297) Ralf Schumann (West Germany) Munich, Germany 3 Jun 1989 AIR PISTOL 10 m 60 shots 695. 1 (593 + 102.1) Sergey Pyzhyanov (USSR) Munich, Germany 13 Oct 1989 RUNNING TARGET 50 m 30 + 30 shots 679 (582 + 97) Lubos Racansky ^ (Czechoslovakia) Munich, Germany 30 May 1991 WOMEN STANDARD RIFLE 50 m 3 <X> 20 shots 684. 9 (584 + 100.9) Vessela Letcheva (Bulgaria) Munich, Germany 29 Aug 1991 AIR RIFLE 10 m 40 shots 500. 8 (399 + 101.8) Valentina Cherkasova (USSR) Los ^ Angeles, CA 23 Mar 1991 SPORT PISTOL 25 m 60 shots 693 (593 + 100) Nino Salukvadse (USSR) Zagreb, Yugoslavia 13 Jul 1989 AIR PISTOL 10 m 40 shots 492. 4 (392 + 100.4) Lieslotte Breker (West Germany) Zagreb, Yugoslavia 18 May 1989 OPEN TRAP 200 ^ targets 224 (200 + 24) Jo[um]rg Damme (West Germany) Moscow, USSR18 Aug 1990 SKEET 200 targets 225 (200 + 25) Axel Wegner (Germany) Munich, Germany31 Aug 1991 225 (200 + 25) Hennie Dompeling (Netherlands) Munich, Germany31 Aug 1991 ^ -END- -CTRL- Shooting: Most Olympic medals T Sports and Games|Shooting|General Records|Most Olympic medals 20 22 24 26 230666|3392 199182|2929 198706|2922 297358|2 211064|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shooting: Most Olympic medals Carl Townsend Osburn (USA; 1884-1966) won 11 medals, in 1912, 1920 and 1924--five gold, four silver and two bronze. Six other marksmen have won five gold medals. Gudbrand Gudbrandsonn Skatteboe (Norway; 1875-1965) is the only marksman to win three ^ individual gold medals, in 1906. Separate events for women were first held in 1984. ^<n Six other marksmen have won five gold medals, including three Americans: Alfred P. Lane (b. 26 Sep 1891), 1912-20; Willis Augustus Lee, Jr. (1888-94), all in ^ 1920; and Morris Fisher (1890-1968), 1920-24. In 1920 a record seven medals were won by both Willis Lee, who also won a silver and bronze, and Lloyd S. Spooner--four gold, a silver and two bronze. ^<n The first US woman to win an Olympic medal ^ was Margaret L. Murdock (nee Thompson; b. 25 Aug 1942), who took the silver at small-bore rifle (three positions) in mixed competition in 1976. The first to win an Olympic gold medal was Patricia Spurgin (b. 10 Aug 1965), at women's air rifle in ^ 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shooting: First women's world record T Sports and Games|Shooting|General Records|First women's world record 20 22 24 26 230734|3393 41558|611 198502|2919 297358|3 40936|120 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shooting: First women's world record The first world record by a woman at any sport for a category in direct and measurable competition with men was by Margaret Murdock, who set a world record for small-bore rifle (kneeling position) of 391 in 1967. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shooting: Highest score in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Shooting|General Records|Highest score in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 230802|3394 72634|1068 198570|2920 297358|4 71062|147 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shooting: Highest score in 24 hours The Easingwold Rifle and Pistol Club (Yorkshire, Great Britain) team of John Smith, Edward Kendall, Phillip Kendall and Paul Duffield scored 120,242 points (averaging 95.66 per card) on 6-7 Aug 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shooting: Smallest grouping T Sports and Games|Shooting|General Records|Smallest grouping 20 22 24 26 230870|3395 250250|3680 198842|2924 297358|5 258628|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shooting: Smallest grouping The smallest area on record into which a group of shots have been fired at 1,000 yd is 4.375 in, by Earl Chronister with a .30-378 Weatherby Mag at Williamsport, PA on 12 Jul 1987. ^<n The smallest at 500 m (546 yd) is 2.297 in, by Dennis Tobler ^ (Australia) using a .30-06 rifle of his own design at Canberra, Australia on 28 Mar 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Shooting: Clay pigeon T Sports and Games|Shooting|General Records|Clay pigeon 20 22 24 26 230938|3396 210538|3096 198434|2918 297358|6 219140|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Shooting: Clay pigeon ^<4 Most titles ^>4 The most world titles have been won by Susan Nattrass (Canada; b. 5 Nov 1950) with six, 1974-75, 1977-79, 1981. The record number of clay birds shot in an hour is 3,172, by Dan Carlisle (USA) at Norco, CA on 20 May 1990. ^<n ^ ^<4 Highest scores ^>4 The maximum 200/200 was achieved by Ricardo Ruiz Rumoroso at the Spanish Clay Pigeon Championships at Zaragossa on 12 Jun 1983. ^<n Noel D. Townend achieved the maximum 200 consecutive down-the-line targets at Nottingham, ^ Great Britain on 21 Aug 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Origins T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 231006|3397 15582|229 200338|2946 298020|0 13960|122 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Origins The most ancient ski in existence was found well-preserved in a peat bog at Hoting, Sweden, dating from ^I . 2500 B.C. The earliest recorded military use of skiing was at the Battle of Isen, near Oslo, Norway in 1200. The Trysil Shooting ^ and Skiing Club, founded in Norway in 1861, claims it is the world's oldest. The oldest ski competitions are the Holmenkollen Nordic events, which were first held in 1866. The first downhill races were staged in Australia in the 1850s. The ^ International Ski Federation (FIS) was founded on 2 Feb 1924, succeeding the International Skiing Commission, founded at Christiania (Oslo), Norway on 18 Feb 1910. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The first ski club in the United States was formed at ^ Berlin, NH in January 1872, and later became known as the Nansen Ski Club. The US Ski Association was originally founded as the National Ski Association in 1905. In 1962 it was renamed the USA Ski Association, and was renamed US Skiing in May ^ 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Most titles T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 231074|3398 210878|3101 200270|2945 298020|1 219140|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Most titles ^<4 World/Olympic Championships--Alpine ^>4 The World Alpine Championships were inaugurated at Murren, Switzerland in 1931. The greatest number of titles won has been by Christel Cranz (b. 1 Jul 1914) of Germany, with seven individual--four ^ slalom (1934, 1937-39) and three downhill (1935, 1937, 1939), and five combined (1934-35, 1937-39). She also won the gold medal for the combined in the 1936 Olympics. The most won by a man is seven, by Anton "Toni" Sailer (Austria; b. 17 Nov ^ 1935), who won all four in 1956 (giant slalom, slalom, downhill and the non-Olympic Alpine combination) and the downhill, giant slalom and combined in 1958. ^<n The only US skier to win two Olympic gold medals has been Andrea Mead-Lawrence (b. 19 ^ Apr 1932), at slalom and giant slalom in 1952. ^<n ^<4 World/Olympic Championships--Nordic ^>4 The first World Nordic Championships were those of the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The greatest number of titles won is 11, by Gunde ^ Svan (Sweden; b. 12 Jan 1962), seven individual--15 km 1989, 30 km 1985 and 1991, 50 km 1985 and 1989, and Olympics, 15 km 1984, 50 km 1988; and four relays--4 x 10 km, 1987 and 1989, and Olympics, 1984 and 1988. The most titles won by a woman is ^ nine, by Galina Alekseyevna Kulakova (USSR; b. 29 Apr 1942), in 1970-78. The most medals is 23, by Raisa Petrovna Smetanina (USSR; b. 29 Feb 1952), including six gold, 1974-92. Johann Grottumsbraaten (1899-1942) of Norway also won six individual ^ titles (two 18 km cross-country, four Nordic combined) in 1926-32. Ulrich Wehling (East Germany) has also won four Nordic combined, winning the World Championship in 1974 and the Olympic title, 1972, 1976 and 1980--the first skier to win the same ^ event at three successive Olympics. The record for a jumper is five, by Birger Ruud (b. 23 Aug 1911) of Norway, in 1931-32 and 1935-37. Ruud is the only person to win Olympic events in each of the dissimilar Alpine and Nordic disciplines. In 1936 ^ he won the ski-jumping and the Alpine downhill (which was not then a separate event, but only a segment of the combined event). ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: World Cup T \c8\D03\3811295z Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|World Cup 20 23 25 27 231142|3399 219922|3234 36730|540 200474|2948 298020|2 227712|81 50460|0 -PCAP- (Left) Marc Giradelli (b. 18 Jul 1963), born in Italy, is now a naturalized citizen of Luxembourg but lives in Switzerland. He became the third skier in the history of the Alpine World Cup to win a record fourth overall title in 1991. (Right) ^ Carole Merle (France) has won the Super-G World Cup title a record four times, 1989-92. (Photos: Allsport/David Cannon and Allsport/Bob Martin) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: World Cup ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The World Cup was introduced for Alpine events in 1967 and for Nordic events in 1981. The most individual event wins is 86 (46 giant slalom, 40 slalom from a total of 287 races) by Ingemar Stenmark (Sweden; b. 18 Mar 1956) in ^ 1974-89, including a men's record 13 in one season in 1978/79, of which 10 were part of a record 14 successive giant slalom wins from 18 Mar 1978, his 22nd birthday, to 21 Jan 1980. Franz Klammer (Austria; b. 3 Dec 1953) won a record 25 downhill ^ races, 1974-84. Annemarie Moser (nee Proll [Austria]; b. 27 Mar 1953) won a women's record 62 individual event wins, 1970-79. She had a record 11 consecutive downhill wins from Dec 1972 to Jan 1974. Vreni Schneider (Switzerland; b. 26 Nov 1964) ^ won a record 13 events and a combined including all seven slalom events in 1988/89. ^<n The Nation's Cup, awarded on the combined results of the men and women in the World Cup, has been won a record 14 times by Austria--1969, 1973-82, 1990-92. ^ ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The most successful US skier has been Phillip Ferdinand Mahre (b. 10 May 1957), winner of the overall title three times, 1981-83, with two wins at giant slalom and one at slalom. The most successful US woman has been ^ Tamara McKinney (b. 16 Oct 1962), overall winner 1983, giant slalom 1981 and 1983, and slalom 1984. ^<n The only American to win a Nordic skiing World Cup title has been William Koch (b. 7 Jun 1955), at cross-country in 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Most Olympic Men's titles (table) B \t\D03\1106651a \c8\D03\3811294z Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Most Olympic Men's titles (table) 20 24 26 28 231210|3400 210742|3099 36798|541 200134|2943 298020|3 219140|68 50460|1 -PCAP- (Right) Alberto Tomba (Italy) on his way to winning the giant slalom at the 1992 Winter Olympics, equaling Toni Sailer (Austria) and Jean-Claude Killy (France) in taking three Olympic titles in alpine skiing. He went on to win a silver in the ^ slalom to make his the most successful male alpine skier in Olympic history. (Left) Petra Kronberger (Austria) has won two Olympic titles for the combined slalom, and is also the first woman to win World Cup races at all four Alpine disciplines. ^ She is pictured at the World Championships at Saalbach, Austria in January 1991, when she won the downhill gold medal. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- *Most medals - Men: 9, Sixten Jernberg, four golds, three silver and two bronze. In Alpine skiing, the record is four; Hanni Wenzel won a silver in the 1980 downhill and a bronze in the 1976 slalom, and Tomba won a silver in the 1992 slalom. ^ -TEXT- Skiing: Most Olympic Men's titles (table) Skiing: Most Olympic Skiing Titles (Table) MOST OLYMPIC SKIING TITLES MEN ALPINE 3 Anton {Toni} Sailer (Austria; b. 17 Nov 1935) Downhill, slalom, giant slalom, 1956 3 Jean-Claude Killy (France; b. 30 Aug 1943) Downhill, slalom, giant slalom ^ 1968 3 * Alberto Tomba (Italy) Slalom, giant slalom, 1988; giant slalom, 1992 NORDIC 4 * Sixten Jernberg (Sweden; b. 6 Feb 1929) 50 km 1956; 30 km 1960; 50 km and 4<X>10 km 1964 4 Gunde Svan (Sweden; b. 12 Mar 1962) 15 km and 4 <X> 10 km 1984; ^ 50 km and 4 <X> 10 km 1988 4 Thomas Wassberg (Sweden; b. 27 Mar 1956) 15 km 1980; 50 km 1984; 4 <X> 10 km 1984, 1988 Jumping 4 Matti Nyka[um]nen (Finland; b. 17 Jul 1963) 70 m hill 1988; 90 m hill 1984, 1988; team 1988 ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Most Olympic Women's titles (table) B \t\D03\1106652a Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Most Olympic Women's titles (table) 20 22 24 26 231278|3401 210810|3100 200202|2944 298020|4 219140|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- *Most medals - Women: 10, Raisa Smetanina, four gold, five silver and one bronze In Alpine skiing, the record is four; Hanni Wenzel won a silver in the 1980 downhill and a bronze in the 1976 slalom, and Tomba won a silver in the 1992 slalom. ^ -TEXT- Skiing: Most Olympic Women's titles (table) Skiing: Most Olympic Skiing Titles (Table) MOST OLYMPIC SKIING TITLES WOMEN ALPINE 2 Andrea Mead-Lawrence (USA; b. 19 Apr 1932) Slalom, giant slalom 1952 2 Marielle Goitschel (France; b. 28 Sep 1945) Giant slalom 1964; slalom 1968 2 ^ Marie-Therese Nadig (Switzerland; b. 8 Mar 1954) Downhill, giant slalom 1972 2 Rosi Mittermaier (now Neureuther [West Germany]; b. 5 Aug 1950) Downhill, slalom 1976 2 * Hanni Wenzel (Liechtenstein; b. 14 Dec 1956) Giant slalom, slalom ^ 1980 2 Vreni Schneider (Switzerland; b. 26 Nov 1964) Giant slalom, slalom 1988 2 Petra Kronberger (Austria; b. 21 Feb 1969) Slalom, combined, 1992 NORDIC 4 Galina Kulakova (USSR; b. 29 Apr 1942) 5 km, 10 km and 3<X>5 km relay 1972; 4<X>5 km ^ relay 1976 4 * Raisa Smetanina (USSR/CIS; b. 29 Feb 1952) 10 km, 4 <X> 5 km, 1976; 5 km, 1980; 4 <X> 5 km, 1992 (individual) 3 Marja-Liisa Haalainen (Finland; b. 10 Aug 1955) 5 km, 10 km and 20 km 1984 ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Longest ski-jumps T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Longest ski-jumps 20 22 24 26 231346|3402 150902|2219 199998|2941 18642|274 298020|5 139100|329 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Longest ski-jumps The longest ski-jump ever recorded is one of 636 ft, by Piotr Fijas (Poland) at Planica, Yugoslavia on 14 Mar 1987. The women's record is 361 ft, by Tiina Lehtola (Finland; b. 3 Aug 1962), at Ruka, Finland on 29 Mar 1981. The longest dry ski-jump ^ is 302 ft, by Hubert Schwarz (West Germany) at Berchtesgarten, Germany on 30 Jun 1981. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Youngest ski-jump gold medalist T \p8\D16\3911264 Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Youngest ski-jump gold medalist 20 22 24 26 231414|3403 264734|3893 36866|542 200542|2949 298020|6 275964|57 50460|2 -PCAP- Toni Nieminen (Finland) became the youngest ever male gold medalist (16 yr 259 days) when he helped his Finnish team to success in the ski jumping team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Youngest ski-jump gold medalist Toni Nieminen (Finland) became the youngest ever male gold medalist (16 yr 259 days) when he helped his Finnish team to success in the ski jumping team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics with a final round jump of 123 m. He repeated this distance ^ two days later to win the individual title on the 120 m hill. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Fastest speed T \p8\D16\3911275 Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 231482|3404 28978|426 36934|543 199522|2934 298020|7 23878|178 50460|3 -PCAP- At the 1992 Olympics, speed skiing was a demonstration sport, with world records being set in both the men's and women's event. The men's title was won by Michael Prufer (France), who bettered his own world record. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Fastest speed The official world record, as recognized by the International Ski Federation for a skier, is 142.165 mph, by Michael Prufer (France), and the fastest by a woman is 133.234 mph, by Tarja Mulari (Finland), both at Les Arcs, France on 22 Feb 1992. On ^ 16 Apr 1988 Patrick Knaff (France) set a one-legged record of 115.309 mph. ^<n The fastest average speed in the Olympic downhill race was 64.95 mph, by William D. Johnson (USA; b. 30 Mar 1960), at Sarajevo, Yugoslavia on 16 Feb 1984. The fastest ^ in a World Cup downhill is 67.00 mph, by Harti Weirather (Austria; b. 25 Jan 1958), at Kitzbuhel, Austria on 15 Jan 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Fastest speed---cross-country T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Fastest speed---cross-country 20 22 24 26 231550|3405 29046|427 199590|2935 298020|8 23878|179 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Fastest speed---cross-country Bill Koch (USA; b. 13 Apr 1943), on 26 Mar 1981 skied ten times around a 3.11 mile loop on Marlborough Pond, near Putney, VT. He completed the 50 km (31.07 mile) course in 1 hr 59 min 47 sec, an average speed of 15.57 mph. A race includes uphill ^ and downhill sections; the record time for a race in World Championships or Olympic Games is 2 hr 3 min 31.6 sec, by Torgny Mogren (Sweden) in 1991, an average speed of 15.09 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Longest ski run T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Longest ski run 20 22 24 26 231618|3406 150834|2218 199930|2940 298020|9 139100|328 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Longest ski run The longest all-downhill ski run in the world is the Weissfluhjoch-Kublis Parsenn course, near Davos, Switzerland, which measures 7.6 miles. The run from the Aiguille du Midi top of the Chamonix lift (vertical lift 9,052 ft) across the Vallee ^ Blanche is 13 miles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Longest races T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Longest races 20 22 24 26 231686|3407 150766|2217 199862|2939 298020|10 139100|327 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Longest races The world's longest Nordic ski race is the Vasaloppet, which commemorates an event of 1521 when Gustav Vasa (1496-1560), later King Gustavus Eriksson, fled 53.3 miles from Mora to Salen, Sweden. He was overtaken by loyal, speedy scouts on skis, who ^ persuaded him to return eastwards to Mora to lead a rebellion and become the king of Sweden. The re-enactment of this return journey is now an annual event at 55.3 miles. There were a record 10,934 starters on 6 Mar 1977 and a record 10,650 ^ finishers on 4 Mar 1979. The fastest time is 3 hr 48 min 55 sec, by Bengt Hassis (Sweden) on 2 Mar 1986. ^<n The Finlandia Ski Race, 46.6 miles from Hameenlinna to Lahti, on 26 Feb 1984, had a record 13,226 starters and 12,909 finishers. ^<n The ^ longest downhill race is the Inferno in Switzerland, 9.8 miles from the top of the Schilthorn to Lauterbrunnen. The record number of entries was 1,401 in 1981, and the record time was 13 min 53.40 sec by Urs von Allmen (Switzerland) in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Long-distance (Nordic) T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Long-distance (Nordic) 20 22 24 26 231754|3408 56654|833 199794|2938 298020|11 61634|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Long-distance (Nordic) In 24 hours Seppo-Juhani Savolainen covered 258.2 miles at Saariselka, Finland on 8-9 Apr 1988. The women's 24 hr record is 205.05 miles, by Sisko Kainulaisen at Jyvaskyla, Finland on 23-24 Mar 1985. ^<n In 48 hours Bjorn Lokken (Norway; b. 27 Nov ^ 1937) covered 319 miles 205 yd on 11-13 Mar 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Freestyle skiing T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Freestyle skiing 20 22 24 26 231822|3409 210606|3097 199658|2936 298020|12 219140|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Freestyle skiing The first World Championships were held at Tignes, France in 1986, titles being awarded in ballet, moguls, aerials and combined. A record two titles have been won by Lloyd Langlois (Canada), aerials, 1986 and 1989; Jan Buchner (USA), ballet, 1986 ^ and 1989; and Edgar Grospiron (France), moguls, 1989 and 1991. The three separate disciplines were included in the 1988 Olympics but only as demonstration events. Moguls were contested with full status at the 1992 Olympics, when Grospiron won the ^ men's gold medal. Donna Weinbrecht (USA) won the women's moguls title in 1991 and at the Olympics in 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Longest ski-lift T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Longest ski-lift 20 22 24 26 231890|3410 150970|2220 200066|2942 298020|13 139100|330 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Longest ski-lift The longest gondola ski lift is 3.88 miles long, at Grindelwald-Mannlichen, Switzerland (in two sections, but one gondola). The longest chair lift in the world was the Alpine Way-to-Kosciusko Chalet lift above Thredbo, near the Snowy Mountains, New ^ South Wales, Australia. It took from 45 to 74 min to ascend the 3.5 miles, depending on the weather. The chair lift has now collapsed. The highest lift is at Chacaltaya, Bolivia, rising to 16,500 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Ski-bob T Sports and Games|Skiing|General Records|Ski-bob 20 22 24 26 231958|3411 29182|429 200406|2947 298020|14 23878|181 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Ski-bob ^<4 Origins ^>4 The ski-bob was the invention of J. C. Stevenson of Hartford CT in 1891, and patented (No. 47334) on 19 Apr 1892 as a "bicycle with ski-runners." The ^I was founded on 14 Jan 1961 in ^ Innsbruck, Austria, and the first World Championships were held at Bad Hofgastein, Austria in 1967. ^<n ^<4 Fastest speed ^>4 The fastest speed attained is 103.4 mph, by Erich Brenter (Austria; b. 1940), at Cervinia, Italy in 1964. ^<n ^<4 ^ World Championships ^>4 The only ski-bobbers to retain a world championship are: ^I Alois Fischbauer (Austria; b. 6 Oct 1951), 1973 and 1975; Robert Muhlberger (West Germany), 1979 and 1981; ^I Gerhilde Schiffkorn ^ (Austria; b. 22 Mar 1950), 1967 and 1969; Gertrude Geberth (Austria; b. 18 Oct 1951), 1971 and 1973. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skiing: Grass skiing origins and records T Sports and Games|Skiing|Grass Skiing|Origins and records 20 22 24 26 232026|3412 210674|3098 199726|2937 299086|0 219140|67 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skiing: Grass skiing origins and records Grass skis were first manufactured by Josef Kaiser (Germany) in 1963. World Championships (now awarded for Super G, giant slalom, slalom and combined) were first held in 1979. The most titles won is ten, by Ingrid Hirschhofer (Austria), 1979-89. ^ The most by a man is seven, by Erwin Gansner (Switzerland), 1981-87. ^<n The speed record is 53.99 mph, by Erwin Gansner at Owen, Germany on 5 Sep 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skipping Rope: Ten mile skip-run T Sports and Games|Skipping Rope|General Records|Ten mile skip-run 20 22 24 26 232094|3413 29250|430 200746|2952 299258|0 23878|182 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skipping Rope: Ten mile skip-run ^<4 Fastest ^>4 Vadivelu Karunakaren (India) skipped rope ten miles in 58 min at Madras, India, 1 Feb 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skipping Rope: Most turns T Sports and Games|Skipping Rope|General Records|Most turns 20 22 24 26 232162|3414 190410|2800 200678|2951 299258|1 175106|396 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skipping Rope: Most turns ^<4 One hour ^>4 14,628, by Park Bong Tae (South Korea) at Pusan, South Korea, 2 Jul 1989. Robert Commers holds the US record, with 13,783, at Woodbridge, NJ, 13 May 1989. ^<n ^<4 On a single rope, team of 90 ^>4 160, by students from the ^ Nishigoshi Higashi Elementary School, Kumamoto, Japan, 27 Feb 1987. ^<n ^<4 On a tightrope ^>4 358 (consecutive), by Julian Albulet (USA) at Las Vegas, NV, 2 Jul 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Skipping Rope: Most on a rope T Sports and Games|Skipping Rope|General Records|Most on a rope 20 22 24 26 232230|3415 190342|2799 200610|2950 299258|2 175106|395 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Skipping Rope: Most on a rope (Minimum 12 turns obligatory) 220, by a team at the International Rope Skipping Competition, Greeley, CO, 28 Jun 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sled Dog Racing: Longest trail T \p8\D16\3911276 Sports and Games|Sled Dog Racing|General Records|Longest trail 20 22 24 26 232298|3416 151038|2221 37002|544 200882|2954 299570|0 139100|331 50756|0 -PCAP- The Iditarod trail has existed since 1910, and has been raced annually since 1967 by dog teams, 1,049 miles from Anchorage to Nome, AK. The photograph shows the start of the 1988 race in Anchorage, AK. (Photo: Allsport/Ronna) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sled Dog Racing: Longest trail Racing between harnessed dog teams (usually huskies) had been practiced by the Inuits and the northern Indians of North America and in Scandinavia, but the first formal record of a race was in 1908, when the All-Alaskan Sweepstakes were contested ^ on a run of 408 miles from Nome to Candle and back. ^<n Now established as the world's most prestigious sled dog race, the Iditarod trail has existed since 1910 and has been raced annually since 1967 by dog teams, 1,049 miles from Anchorage to ^ Nome, AK. The inaugural winner, Dick Wilmarth, took 20 days 49 min and 41 sec to complete the course, beating 33 other racers. ^<n The fastest time was set by Martin Buser of Switzerland in 1992 with 10 days 19 hr 36 min 15 sec. Rick Swenson (US) ^ has won the race a record five times (1977, 1979, 1981-82 and 1991). ^ -END- -CTRL- Sled Dog Racing: Largest team T Sports and Games|Sled Dog Racing|General Records|Largest team 20 22 24 26 232366|3417 118738|1746 200814|2953 299570|1 91334|537 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sled Dog Racing: Largest team On 8 Feb 1988 Rev. Donald Ewen McEwen, owner-musher of Nekanesu Kennels, Eldorado, Ontario, Canada drove a 76-dog sled for 2 miles single-handedly on the ice and around the shore of Lingham Lake. The team, consisting of 25 Siberian huskies and 51 ^ Alaskan huskies, was assembled for the filming of a British TV commercial. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snooker: Origins T Sports and Games|Snooker|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 232434|3418 201426|2962 299812|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snooker: Origins Research shows that snooker was originated by Colonel Sir Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain (1856-1944) as a hybrid of pool and pyramids, in Jubbulpore, India in 1875. Chamberlain added a set of colored balls to the 15 red ones used in ^ pyramids and devised a scoring system based on pocketing the balls in sequence: red, color, red, color until all the reds have been cleared, leaving the colored balls to be pocketed in numerical order. The modern scoring system (a red ball is ^ worth one point, yellow--2, green--3, brown--4, blue--5, pink--6 and black--7) was adopted in England in 1891. The sequence of pocketing the balls is called a break, the maximum possible break being 147. The name ^I comes from the ^ term coined for new recruits at the Woolwich Military Academy and was Chamberlain's label for anyone who lost at his game. Championships were not started until 1916. The World Professional Championship was instituted in 1927. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snooker: Most world titles T Sports and Games|Snooker|General Records|Most world titles 20 22 24 26 232502|3419 210946|3102 201358|2961 299812|1 219140|71 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snooker: Most world titles The world professional title was won a record 15 times by Joe Davis, on the first 15 occasions it was contested, 1927-40 and 1946. The most wins in the Amateur Championships have been two--by Gary Owen (England) in 1963 and 1966; Ray Edmonds ^ (England) 1972 and 1974; and Paul Mifsud (Malta) 1985-86. ^<n Maureen Baynton (nee Barrett) won a record eight Women's Amateur Championships between 1954 and 1968, as well as seven at billiards. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snooker: Youngest world champions T Sports and Games|Snooker|General Records|Youngest world champions 20 22 24 26 232570|3420 264802|3894 201494|2963 299812|2 275964|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snooker: Youngest world champions ^<4 Men ^>4 The youngest man to win a world title is Stephen O'Connor (Ireland; b. 16 Oct 1972), who was 18 yr 40 days when he won the World Amateur Snooker Championship in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 25 Nov 1990. Stephen Hendry (Scotland; b. 13 Jan ^ 1969) became the youngest World Professional champion, at 21 yr 106 days on 29 Apr 1990. He had been the youngest winner of a major professional title, at 18 yr 285 days, when he won the Rothman's Grand Prix on 25 Oct 1987. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 ^ Stacey Hillyard (Great Britain; b. 15 Sep 1969) won the Women's World Amateur Championship in October 1984 at the age of 15. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snooker: Highest breaks T Sports and Games|Snooker|General Records|Highest breaks 20 22 24 26 232638|3421 72770|1070 201222|2959 299812|3 71062|149 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snooker: Highest breaks Over 200 players have achieved the maximum break of 147. The first to do so was E.J. "Murt" O'Donoghue (b. New Zealand 1901) at Griffiths, New South Wales, Australia on 26 Sep 1934. The first officially ratified 147 was by Joe Davis against Willie ^ Smith in London, Great Britain on 22 Jan 1955. Cliff Thorburn (Canada; b. 16 Jan 1948) has scored two tournament 147 breaks, (the World Professional Championship), on 23 Apr 1983 and 8 Mar 1989. ^<n The first century break by a woman in ^ competitive play was 114, by Stacey Hillyard in a league match at Bournemouth, Great Britain on 15 Jan 1985. The highest break by a woman in competition is 116, by Allison Fisher in the British Open at Solihull, Great Britain on 7 Oct 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Snooker: Longest unbroken run T Sports and Games|Snooker|General Records|Longest unbroken run 20 22 24 26 232706|3422 151174|2223 201290|2960 299812|4 139100|333 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Snooker: Longest unbroken run From 17 Mar 1990 to his defeat by Jimmy White (b. 2 May 1962) on 13 Jan 1991, Stephen Hendry won five successive titles and 36 consecutive matches in ranking tournaments. ^ -END- -CTRL- SnowShoe Racing: Fastest T Sports and Games|SnowShoe Racing|General Records|Fastest 20 22 24 26 232774|3423 29318|431 201562|2964 300264|0 23878|183 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- SnowShoe Racing: Fastest The IASSRF (International Amateur SnowShoe Racing Federation) record for covering one mile is 5 min 56.7 sec, by Nick Akers of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada on 3 Feb 1991. The 100 m record is 14.07 sec, by Jeremy Badeau at Canaseraga, NY on 31 May ^ 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soaring: Origins T \p8\D16\3711223 Sports and Games|Soaring|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 232842|3424 15650|230 37070|545 201698|2966 300506|0 13960|123 50842|0 -PCAP- A 2-seater Nimbus glider soars over the countryside. (Photo: Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soaring: Origins Research by Isadore William Deiches has shown evidence of the use of gliders in ancient Egypt ^I . 2500-1500 B.C. Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) of Sweden made sketches of gliders ^I . 1714. The earliest human-carrying glider was ^ designed by Sir George Cayley (1773-1857) and carried his coachman (possibly John Appleby) about 500 yd across a valley in Brompton Dale, Great Britain in the summer of 1853. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soaring: Most titles T \p8\D17\3711264 Sports and Games|Soaring|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 232910|3425 211014|3103 37138|546 201630|2965 300506|1 219140|72 50842|1 -PCAP- One of the most successful crafts for setting world soaring records is the Nimbus. Seen here soaring over the French village of Tourettes is a Nimbus 3. (Photo: Allsport/Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soaring: Most titles The most World Individual championships (instituted 1937) won is four, by Ingo Renner (Australia) in 1976 (Standard class), 1983, 1985 and 1987 (Open). ^<n The most titles won by a US pilot is two, by George Moffat, in the Open category, 1970 and ^ 1974. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soaring: Women's altitude records T Sports and Games|Soaring|General Records|Women's altitude records 20 22 24 26 232978|3426 72838|1071 201766|2967 300506|2 71062|150 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soaring: Women's altitude records The women's single-seater world record for absolute altitude is 41,460 ft, by Sabrina Jackintell (USA) in an Astir GS on 14 Feb 1979. ^<n The height gain record is 33,506 ft, by Yvonne Loader (New Zealand) at Omarama, New Zealand on 12 Jan 1988. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Hang Gliding: Origins T Sports and Games|Soaring|Hang Gliding|Origins 20 22 24 26 233046|3427 10482|154 100242|1474 300732|0 13960|47 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hang Gliding: Origins In the 11th century the monk Eilmer is reported to have flown from the 60-ft tower of Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, Great Britain. The earliest modern pioneer was Otto Lilienthal (Germany; 1848-96) with about 2,500 flights in gliders of his own ^ construction between 1891 and 1896. In the 1950s Professor Francis Rogallo of the National Space Agency developed a flexible "wing" from his space capsule reentry research. ^ -END- -CTRL- Hang Gliding: World Championships T Sports and Games|Soaring|Hang Gliding|World Championships 20 22 24 26 233114|3428 218494|3213 100310|1475 300732|1 227712|60 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hang Gliding: World Championships ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The World Team Championships (officially instituted in 1976) have been won most often by Great Britain (1981, 1985, 1989 and 1991). ^ -END- -CTRL- Hang Gliding: World records T \c8\D03\3711265z Sports and Games|Soaring|Hang Gliding|World records 20 22 24 26 233182|3429 54274|798 37206|547 100378|1476 300732|2 61634|12 50842|2 -PCAP- Judy Leden, British, European and World champion, is the women's world record holder for the fastest speed achieved over 25 kms. At Forbes, Australia on 24 Jan 1990, she attained a speed of 18 km/h, 11.185 mph. (Photos: Allsport/Jon Nicholson) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Hang Gliding: World records The ^I recognizes world records for rigid-wing, flex-wing and multiplace flex-wing. The following records are the greatest in each category--all by flex-wing gliders. ^<n ^<4 Men ^>4 Greatest ^ distance in straight line and declared goal distance: 303.35 miles, Larry Tudor (USA), Wills Wing Hobbs Airpark, NM to Elkhart, KS, 3 Jul 1990. ^<n Height gain: 14,250 ft, Larry Tudor (USA), Owens Valley, CA, 4 Aug 1985. ^<n Out and return ^ distance: 192.818 miles, Larry Tudor (USA) and Geoffrey Loyns (Great Britain), Owens Valley, 26 Jun 1988. ^<n Triangular course distance: 121.81 miles, James Lee (USA), San Pedro, Mesa, CA, 4 Jul 1991. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 Greatest distance: ^ 208.63 miles, Kari Castle (USA), Horseshoe-Mid, NV, 22 Jul 1991. ^<n Height gain: 11,998.62 ft, Tover ^<n Buas-Hansen (Norway) and Keven ^<n Klinefelder (USA), Owens Valley, 6 Jul 1989. ^<n Out and return distance in a single turn: 181.47 miles, ^ Kari Castle (USA), Hobbs Airpark, 3 Jul 1990. ^<n Declared goal distance: 132.04 miles, Liavan Mallin (Ireland), Owens Valley, 13 Jul 1989. ^<n Triangular course distance: Judy Leden, 70.904 miles, Konsen, Austria, 22 Jun 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer: Origins T Sports and Games|Soccer|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 233250|3430 42034|618 202514|2978 301324|0 40936|127 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer: Origins A game with some similarites called ^I ("to kick a ball of stuffed leather") was played in China in the fourth and third centuries B.C. However, the ancestry of the modern game is traced to England. In 1314, King Edward II prohibited ^ the game because of excessive noise. Three subsequent monarchs also banned the game. Nevertheless, "football," the name by which soccer is known outside the USA, continued its development in England. In 1848, the first rules were drawn up at ^ Cambridge University, Great Britain; in 1863, the Football Association (FA) was founded in England. The sport grew in popularity worldwide, and the ^I (FIFA), the world governing body, was ^ formed in Paris, France in 1904. FIFA currently has more than 160 members. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (FIFA World Cup): Most wins T Sports and Games|Soccer|The FIFA World Cup|Most wins 20 22 24 26 233318|3431 220058|3236 201902|2969 301410|0 227712|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (FIFA World Cup): Most wins FIFA, which was founded on 21 May 1904, instituted the first World Cup on 13 Jul 1930, in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is now held quadrennially.Three wins have been achieved by Brazil, in 1958, 1962 and 1970; Italy, in 1934, 1938 and 1982; and West ^ Germany, in 1954, 1974 and 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (FIFA World Cup): Team records T Sports and Games|Soccer|The FIFA World Cup|Team records 20 22 24 26 233386|3432 194898|2866 201970|2970 301410|1 206832|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (FIFA World Cup): Team records ^<4 Most appearances ^>4 Brazil is the only country to qualify for all 14 World Cup tournaments. ^<n ^<4 Most goals ^>4 The highest score by one team in a game is ten, by Hungary in a 10-1 defeat of El Salvador at Elche, Spain on 15 Jun 1982. ^ The most goals in tournament history is 148 (in 66 games) by Brazil. ^<n ^<4 Highest-scoring game ^>4 The highest-scoring game took place on 26 Jun 1954 when Austria defeated Switzerland 7-5. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (FIFA World Cup): Individual records T \c8\D03\3811258z Sports and Games|Soccer|The FIFA World Cup|Individual records 20 23 25 27 233454|3433 190478|2801 37274|548 201834|2968 301410|2 175106|397 51068|0 -PCAP- (Left) Franz Beckbauer lifts the World Cup after West Germany's 2-1 victory over the Netherlands in 1974. (Right) In 1990 he became the first person to win the World Cup as a player and manager when West Germany beat Argentina, 1-0. (Photos: ^ Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (FIFA World Cup): Individual records ^<4 Most wins ^>4 Pele (Brazil) is the only player to have played on three winning teams, 1958, 1962 and 1970. He played during the 1962 Finals, but was injured before the final match and was therefore unable to play in it. Mario Zagalo (Brazil) ^ was the first man to play (in 1958 and 1962) and be manager (1970) of a World Cup winning team. Franz Beckenbauer emulated Zagalo when he managed the West German team to victory in 1990. He had previously captained the 1974 winning team. ^ Beckenbauer is the only man to have both captained and managed a winning side. ^<n ^<4 Most goals ^>4 The most goals scored in a final is three, by Geoff Hurst for England ^I West Germany on 30 Jul 1966. ^<n ^<4 Most games played ^>4 ^ Two players have appeared in 21 games in the finals tournament: Uwe Seeler (West Germany; b. 5 Nov 1936) 1958-70; and Wladyslaw Zmuda (Poland; b. 6 Jun 1954) 1974-86. ^<n ^<4 Most goals scored ^>4 The most goals scored by a player in a game ^ is four; this has occurred nine times. The most goals scored in one tournament is 13, by Just Fontaine (France) in 1958, in six games. The most goals scored in a career is 14, by Gerd Muller (West Germany), ten goals in 1970 and four in 1974. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (NCAA Division 1): Most titles T Sports and Games|Soccer|NCAA Division 1 Championships|Most titles 20 22 24 26 233522|3434 211082|3104 202378|2976 301636|0 219140|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (NCAA Division 1): Most titles ^<4 Men ^>4 In this competition, first held in 1959, the University of St Louis has won the most Division I titles with ten victories, including one tie: 1959-60, 1962-63, 1965, 1967, 1969-70, 1972-73. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 In this competition, ^ first held in 1982, the University of North Carolina has won a record nine Division I titles. Its victories came in 1982-84, 1986-91. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (MSL): Origins T Sports and Games|Soccer|Major Soccer League (MSL)|Origins 20 22 24 26 233590|3435 202310|2975 301722|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (MSL): Origins The Major Soccer League (MSL) was founded in 1978 as the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL), and renamed for the 1990/91 season. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (MSL): Most championships T Sports and Games|Soccer|Major Soccer League (MSL)|Most championships 20 22 24 26 233658|3436 190614|2803 202174|2973 301722|1 175106|399 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (MSL): Most championships The San Diego Sockers have won a record eight MSL championships, 1983, 1985-86, 1988-92. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (MSL): Individual records T Sports and Games|Soccer|Major Soccer League (MSL)|Individual records 20 22 24 26 233726|3437 190546|2802 202038|2971 301722|2 175106|398 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (MSL): Individual records Steve Zungul holds the career MSL records for the most goals scored, 652; most assists, 471; most power play goals, 89; most hat tricks, 99; and most points scored, 1,123. Zungul played 11 seasons for four teams: New York Arrows, 1978-83; Golden ^ Bay Earthquakes, 1983; San Diego Sockers, 1984-86; Tacoma Stars, 1986-88; San Diego Sockers, 1989-90. ^<n Kim Roentved has played the most games in MSL history, 494 in 12 seasons. Roentved has played for three teams: Wichita Wings, 1980-87; ^ Kansas City Comets, 1987-91; Wichita Wings, 1991-92. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (MSL): Most international appearances T Sports and Games|Soccer|Major Soccer League (MSL)|Most international appearances 20 22 24 26 233794|3438 194966|2867 202242|2974 301722|3 206832|10 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (MSL): Most international appearances Bruce Murray (b. 25 Jun 1966) has played a record 74 times for the United States in full international games as of 30 Jun 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer (MSL): Largest crowds T Sports and Games|Soccer|Major Soccer League (MSL)|Largest crowds 20 22 24 26 233862|3439 118806|1747 202106|2972 14562|214 301722|4 91334|538 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer (MSL): Largest crowds The highest attendance for an MSL game was 21,728 at the Tacoma Dome on 20 Jun 1987 for the seventh game of the championship series. The Dallas Sidekicks defeated the Tacoma Stars 4-3 in overtime and won the title. ^<n The top attendance for any ^ soccer match in the USA was 101,799, for France's 2-0 Olympic final win over Brazil at the Rose Bowl, Pasadena, CA on 11 Aug 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Soccer: Olympic Games T Sports and Games|Soccer|Olympic Games|Records 20 22 24 26 233930|3440 199318|2931 202446|2977 302088|0 211064|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Soccer: Olympic Games Soccer has been an official sport at the Olympics since 1908, except for 1932, when it was not staged in Los Angeles. The leading gold medal winner is Hungary, with three wins (1952, 1964, 1968). The highest Olympic score is 17, by Denmark ^I France in 1908. A record 126 nations took part in qualifying for the 1992 tournament. ^ -END- -CTRL- Softball: Origins T Sports and Games|Softball|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 233998|3441 42102|619 202650|2980 302260|0 40936|128 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Softball: Origins Softball, a derivative of baseball, was invented by George Hancock at the Farragut Boat Club of Chicago, IL in 1887. Rules were first codified in Minneapolis, MN in 1895 under the name kitten ball. The name softball was introduced by Walter ^ Hakanson at a meeting of the National Recreation Congress in 1926. The name was adopted throughout the United States in 1930. Rules were formalized in 1933 by the International Joint Rules Committee for Softball and adopted by the Amateur ^ Softball Association of America. The International Softball Federation was formed in 1950 as the governing body for both fast pitch and slow pitch. It was reorganized in 1965. Women's fast pitch softball has been added to the Olympic program for ^ 1996. ^ -END- -CTRL- Softball: Most titles T Sports and Games|Softball|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 234066|3442 211150|3105 202582|2979 302260|1 219140|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Softball: Most titles The USA has won the men's World Championship (instituted 1966) five times, 1966, 1968, 1976 (shared), 1980 and 1988, and the women's title (instituted 1965) three times, in 1974, 1978 and 1986. The world's first slow pitch championships for men's ^ teams were held in Oklahoma City in 1987, when the winner was the USA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Softball: US National Championships T Sports and Games|Softball|General Records|US National Championships 20 22 24 26 234134|3443 220126|3237 202718|2981 302260|2 227712|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Softball: US National Championships ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most wins in the fast pitch championships (first held in 1933) for men is 10, by the Clearwater (Florida) Bombers between 1950 and 1973, and for women is 21, by the Raybestos Brakettes of Stratford, CT, between 1958 and ^ 1990. ^<n Slow pitch championships have been staged annually since 1953 for men and since 1962 for women. Three wins for men have been achieved by Skip Hogan A.C. of Pittsburgh, 1962, 1964-65, and by Joe Gatliff Auto Sales of Newport, KY, ^ 1956-57, 1963. At super slow pitch, four wins have been achieved by Steele's Silver Bullets, Grafton, OH, 1985-87 and 1990. The Dots of Miami, FL have a record five women's titles, playing as the Converse Dots, 1969; Marks Brothers; North Miami ^ Dots, 1974-75; and Bob Hoffman Dots, 1978-79. ^ -END- -CTRL- Speedway: Origins T Sports and Games|Speedway|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 234202|3444 42714|628 208566|3067 302572|0 40936|137 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Speedway: Origins Motorcycle racing on large dirt track surfaces has been traced back to 1902 in the United States. The first fully documented motorcycle track races were at the Portman Road Ground, Ipswich, Great Britain on 2 Jul 1904. Two heats and a final were ^ contested, F.E. Barker winning in 5 min 54.2 sec for three miles. Modern speedway has developed from the "short track" races held at the West Maitland Agricultural (New South Wales, Australia) Show on 22 Dec 1923, by Johnnie Hoskins (New Zealand; ^ 1892-1987). ^ -END- -CTRL- Speedway: World Championships T \c8\D03\3911278z Sports and Games|Speedway|General Records|World Championships 20 23 25 27 234270|3445 195034|2868 37342|549 208634|3068 302572|1 206832|11 51154|0 -PCAP- Denmark has won the World Speedway Pairs Championships eight times and the World Team Cup nine times, both records. Playing an integral part in most of these successes has been Hans Hollen Nielsen (right). He was a member of the winning Pairs team ^ six times, and of the Team Cup eight times. (Photos: Per Kjaerbye) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Speedway: World Championships The World Speedway Championship was inaugurated at Wembley, London, Great Britain on 10 Sep 1936. The most wins have been six, by Ivan Gerald Mauger (New Zealand; b. 4 Oct 1939) in 1968-70, 1972, 1977 and 1979. Barry Briggs (New Zealand; b. 30 Dec ^ 1934) made a record 18 appearances in the finals (1954-70, 1972) and won the world title in 1957-58, 1964 and 1966. He also scored a record 201 points in world championship competition in 87 races. ^<n Ivan Mauger also won four World Team Cups ^ (three for Great Britain), two World Pairs (including one unofficial) and three world long track titles. Ove Fundin (Sweden; b. 23 May 1933) won 12 world titles: five individual, one pairs, and six World Team Cup medals in 1956-70. In 1985 Erik ^ Gundersen (Denmark) became the first man to hold world titles at individual, pairs, team and long-track events simultaneously. ^<n The World Pairs Championships (instituted unofficially 1968, officially 1970) have been won a record eight times by ^ Denmark, 1979, 1985-91. The most successful individual in the World Pairs has been Hans Hollen Nielsen (b. 26 Dec 1959) with six wins for Denmark. He won with Erik Gundersen, 1986-89, and with Jan O. Pederson, 1990-91. Maximum points (then 30) ^ were scored in the World Pairs Championship by: Jerzy Szczakiel (b. 28 Jan 1949) and Andrzej Wyglenda (Poland) at Rybnik, Poland in 1971; and Arthur Dennis Sigalos (b. 16 Aug 1959) and Robert Benjamin ("Bobby") Schwartz (USA; b. 10 Aug 1956) at ^ Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia on 11 Dec 1982. ^<n The World Team Cup (instituted 1960) has been won a record nine times by England/Great Britain (Great Britain 1968, 1971-73; England 1974-75, 1977, 1980, 1989); and Denmark 1978, 1981, ^ 1983-88, 1991. Hans Nielsen (Denmark) has ridden in a record eight Team wins. ^ -END- -CTRL- Speedway: Maximum points T Sports and Games|Speedway|General Records|Maximum points 20 22 24 26 234338|3446 201154|2958 208498|3066 302572|2 213040|13 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Speedway: Maximum points The only speedway rider to have scored maximum points in every test series was Arthur "Bluey" Wilkinson (1911-40) in five matches for Australia ^I England in Sydney in 1937/38. ^ -END- -CTRL- Squash: Origins T Sports and Games|Squash|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 234406|3447 42782|629 210742|3099 302884|0 40936|138 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Squash: Origins At Harrow School, London, from 1817 on, boys waiting to play racquets knocked a ball around a confined space adjoining the racquets court. Its small area necessitated the use of a softer and smaller ball--one that could be squashed--hence the name. ^ There was no recognized champion of any country until John A. Miskey of Philadelphia, PA won the American Amateur Singles Championship in 1907. ^<n The first organized game in the United States was held in 1882 at St Paul's School, Concord, NH. ^ -END- -CTRL- Squash: World Championships T \p8\D17\391132gb Sports and Games|Squash|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 234474|3448 211422|3109 37410|550 210810|3100 302884|1 219140|78 51240|0 -PCAP- The most women's World Open squash titles is four, by Susan Devoy (New Zealand), 1985, 1987, 1990-91. (Photos: Allsport/Bob Martin) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Squash: World Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Jahangir Khan (Pakistan; b. 10 Dec 1963) won six World Open (instituted 1976) titles, 1981-85 and 1988, and the ISRF world individual title (formerly World Amateur, instituted 1967) in 1979, 1983 and 1985. Geoffrey B. Hunt ^ (Australia; b. 11 Mar 1947) won four World Open titles, 1976-77 and 1979-80, and three World Amateur, 1967, 1969 and 1971. The most women's World Open titles is four, by Susan Devoy (New Zealand; b. 4 Jan 1964), 1985, 1987 and 1990-91. ^<n ^ Australia (1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1989 and 1991) has won six men's world titles. England won the women's title in 1985, 1987, 1989 and 1990, following Great Britain's win in 1979. ^ -END- -CTRL- Squash: Most international appearances T Sports and Games|Squash|General Records|Most international squash appearances 20 22 24 26 234542|3449 195102|2869 210606|3097 302884|2 206832|12 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Squash: Most international appearances The men's record is 122, by David Gotto (b. 25 Dec 1948) for Ireland. Marjorie Croke (nee Burke; b. 31 May 1961) made 103 appearances for Ireland, 1981-91. ^ -END- -CTRL- Squash: Fastest ball T Sports and Games|Squash|General Records|Fastest ball 20 22 24 26 234610|3450 29726|437 210334|3093 302884|3 23878|189 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Squash: Fastest ball In tests at Wimbledon Squash and Badminton Club, London, Great Britain in January 1988, Roy Buckland hit a squash ball by an overhead service at a measured speed of 144.6 mph over the distance to the front wall. This is equivalent to an initial ^ speed off the racket of 150.8 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Squash: Largest crowd T Sports and Games|Squash|General Records|Largest crowd 20 22 24 26 234678|3451 120982|1779 210402|3094 302884|4 91334|570 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Squash: Largest crowd The finals of the ICI World Team Championships at the Royal Albert Hall, London, Great Britain had a record attendance for squash of 3,526 on 30 Oct 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Squash: Most titles T \p8\D17\3811298 Sports and Games|Squash|General Records|Most titles 20 23 25 27 234746|3452 211354|3108 37478|551 210674|3098 2594|38 302884|5 219140|77 51240|1 -PCAP- Jahangir Khan (Pakistan) takes time off during the British Open to sign autographs for some young admirers. Khan has won six World Open titles, and has dominated the British championships since 1982, winning every year, for a record ten titles. ^ (Photo: Allsport/D. Smith) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Squash: Most titles ^<4 Open Championship ^>4 The most wins in the Open Championship held annually in Britain is ten, by Jahangir Khan, in successive years, 1982-91. Hashim Khan (Pakistan; b. 1915) won seven times, 1950-55 and 1957, and also won the Vintage title ^ six times in 1978-83. ^<n The most British Open women's titles is 16, by Heather Pamela McKay (nee Blundell [Australia]; b. 31 Jul 1941) from 1961 to 1977. She also won the World Open title in 1976 and 1979. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The US ^ amateur squash championships were first held for men in 1907 and for women in 1928; the most singles wins is six, by Stanley W. Pearson, 1915-17 and 1921-23; G. Diehl Mateer won a record 11 men's doubles titles between 1949 and 1966 with five ^ different partners. Sharif Khan (Pakistan) won a record 13 North American Open Championships (instituted 1953), 1969-74 and 1976-82. Alicia McConnell has won a record seven women's national championships (1982-88). ^ -END- -CTRL- Squash: Longest unbeaten sequences T Sports and Games|Squash|General Records|Longest unbeaten sequences 20 22 24 26 234814|3453 152262|2239 210538|3096 302884|6 139100|349 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Squash: Longest unbeaten sequences Heather McKay was unbeaten from 1962 to 1980. Jahangir Khan was unbeaten from his loss to Geoff Hunt at the British Open on 10 Apr 1981 until Ross Norman (New Zealand) ended his sequence in the World Open final on 11 Nov 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Squash: Longest and shortest matches T Sports and Games|Squash|General Records|Longest and shortest matches 20 22 24 26 234882|3454 152194|2238 210470|3095 302884|7 139100|348 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Squash: Longest and shortest matches The longest recorded competitive match was one of 2 hr 45 min when Jahangir Khan beat Gamal Awad (Egypt; b. 8 Sep 1955) 9-10, 9-5, 9-7, 9-2, the first game lasting a record 1 hr 11 min, in the final of the Patrick International Festival at ^ Chichester, Great Britain on 30 Mar 1983. Philip Kenyon (England) beat Salah Nadi (Egypt) in just 6 min 37 sec (9-0, 9-0, 9-0) in the British Open at Lamb's Squash Club, London, Great Britain on 9 Apr 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Surfing: Origins T \p8\D17\3711299 Sports and Games|Surfing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 234950|3455 42986|632 37546|552 214890|3160 303546|0 40936|141 51396|0 -PCAP- Waimea Bay, Hawaii reputedly provides the most consistently high waves, often reaching the rideable limit of 30-35 ft. (Photo: Allsport/Vince Cavataio) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Surfing: Origins The traditional Polynesian sport of surfing in a canoe ( ^I ) was recorded by Capt. James Cook (1728-79) on his first voyage to Tahiti in December 1771. Surfing on a board ( ^I ) was first described ^ as "most perilous and extraordinary. . . altogether astonishing and is scarcely to be credited" by Lt (later Capt.) James King, in March 1779 at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii Island. The first depiction of a surfer was by this voyage's official artist, ^ John Webber. The sport was revived at Waikiki by 1900. Hollow boards were introduced in 1929 and the light plastic foam type in 1956. ^ -END- -CTRL- Surfing: Most titles T \p8\D17\3911279 Sports and Games|Surfing|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 235018|3456 211490|3110 37614|553 214822|3159 303546|1 219140|79 51396|1 -PCAP- Freida Zamba (USA) shows the poise and technique that have won her a record four World Professional surfing titles. (Photo: Allsport USA/Ken Levine) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Surfing: Most titles World Amateur Championships were inaugurated in May 1964 at Sydney, Australia. The most titles is three, by Michael Novakov (Australia), who won the Kneeboard event in 1982, 1984 and 1986. A World Professional series was started in 1975. The men's ^ title has been won five times, by Mark Richards (Australia), 1975 and from 1979 to 1982, and the women's title (instituted 1979) four times, by Freida Zamba (USA), 1984-86, 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Surfing: Longest ride T Sports and Games|Surfing|General Records|Longest ride 20 22 24 26 235086|3457 152534|2243 214754|3158 303546|2 139100|353 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Surfing: Longest ride About four to six times each year, ridable surfing waves break in Matanchen Bay near San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico, which makes rides of ^I 5,700 ft possible. ^ -END- -CTRL- Surfing: Highest waves ridden T Sports and Games|Surfing|General Records|Highest waves ridden 20 22 24 26 235154|3458 73178|1076 214686|3157 303546|3 71062|155 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Surfing: Highest waves ridden Waimea Bay, HI reputedly provides the most consistently high waves, often reaching the ridable limit of 30-35 ft. The highest wave ever ridden was the ^I of "perhaps 50 ft" that struck Minole, HI on 3 Apr 1868, and was ridden to save ^ his life by a Hawaiian named Holua. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Origins T Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 235222|3459 43122|634 216182|3179 304138|0 40936|143 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Origins In Japan, swimming in schools was ordered by imperial edict of Emperor Go-Yozei (1586-1611) in 1603, but competition was known from 36 B.C. Sea-water bathing was fashionable at Scarborough, Great Britain as early as 1660. The earliest pool was ^ Pearless Pool, London, Great Britain, opened in 1743. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The first United States Swimming Championships were staged by the Amateur Athletic Union on 25 Aug 1888 in New York City. The international governing body for ^ swimming, diving and water polo--the ^I (FINA)--was founded in 1908. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: World records (table) B \t\D03\1107221a Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|World records (table) 20 22 24 26 235290|3460 30270|445 216454|3183 304138|1 23878|197 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: World records (table) Swimming: World Records SWIMMING WORLD RECORDS (set in 50 meter pools) MEN EVENT min:sec NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE FREESTYLE 50 meters 21.81 Thomas {Tom} Jager (USA; b. 6 Oct 1964) Nashville, TN 24 Mar 1990 100 meters 48.42 Matthew Nicholas ^ {Matt} Biondi (USA; b. 8 Oct 1965) Austin, TX 10 Aug 1988 200 meters 1:46.69 Giorgio Lamberti (Italy; b. 28 Jan 1969) Bonn, Germany 15 Aug 1989 400 meters 3:46.47 Kieren John Perkins (Australia; b. 14 Aug 1973) Canberra, Australia 3 Apr 1992 800 ^ meters 7:46.60 Kieren John Perkins (Australia) Sydney, Australia 16 Feb 1992 1,500 meters 14:48.40 Kieren John Perkins (Australia) Canberra, Australia 5 Apr 1992 4<X>100 meter relay 3:16.53 United States (Christopher Jacobs, Troy Dalbey, Tom ^ Jager, Matt Biondi) Seoul, South Korea 23 Sep 1988 4<X>200 meter relay 7:12.51 United States (Troy Dalbey, Matthew Cetlinski, Douglas Gjertsen, Matt Biondi) Seoul, South Korea 21 Sep 1988 BREASTSTROKE 100 meters 1:01.29 Norbert Rosza (Hungary; b. ^ 9 Feb 1972) Athens, Greece 20 Aug 1991 200 meters 2:10.60 Michael Ray Barrowman (USA; b. 4 Dec 1968) Fort Lauderdale, FL 13 Aug 1991 BUTTERFLY 100 meters 52.84 Pedro Pablo Morales (USA; b. 5 Dec 1964) Orlando, FL 23 Jun 1986 200 meters 1:55.69 ^ Melvin Stewart (USA; b. 16 Nov 1968) Perth, Australia 12 Jan 1991 BACKSTROKE 100 meters 53.93 Jeff Rouse (USA; b. 6 Feb 1970---relay leg) Edmonton, Canada 25 Aug 1991 200 meters 1:56.57 Martin Lopez-Zubero (Spain; b. 23 Apr 1964) Tuscaloosa, AL ^ 24 Nov 1991 MEDLEY 200 meters 1:59.36 Tama[ac]s Darnyi (Hungary; b. 3 Jun 1967) Perth, Australia 13 Jan 1991 400 meters 4:12.36 Tama[ac]s Darnyi (Hungary) Perth, Australia 8 Jan 1991 4<X>100 meter relay 3:36.93 United States (David Berkoff, ^ Richard Schroeder, Matt Biondi, Christopher Jacobs) Seoul, South Korea 25 Sep 1988 WOMEN FREESTYLE 50 meters 24.98 Yang Wenyi (China; b. 11 Jan 1972) Guangzhou, China 11 Apr 1988 100 meters 54.48 Jenny Thompson (USA; b. 26 Feb 1973) ^ Indianapolis, IN 1 Mar 1992 200 meters 1:57.55 Heike Friedrich (East Germany; b. 18 Apr 1970) Berlin, Germany 18 Jun 1986 400 meters 4:03.85 Janet B. Evans (USA; b. 28 Aug 1971) Seoul, South Korea 22 Sep 1988 800 meters 8:16.22 Janet B. Evans ^ (USA) Tokyo, Japan 20 Aug 1989 1,500 meters 15:52.10 Janet B. Evans (USA) Orlando, FL 26 Mar 1988 4<X>100 meter relay 3:40.57 East Germany (Kristin Otto, Manuela Stellmach, Sabina Schulze, Heike Friedrich) Madrid, Spain 19 Aug 1986 4<X>200 meter ^ relay 7:55.47 East Germany (Manuela Stellmach, Astrid Strauss, Anke Mo[um]hring, Heike Friedrich) Strasbourg, France 18 Aug 1987 BREASTSTROKE 100 meters 1:07.91 Silke Ho[um]rner (East Germany; b. 12 Sep 1965) Strasbourg, France 21 Aug 1987 200 ^ meters 2:25.35 Anita Nall (USA; b. 21 Jul 1976) Indianapolis, IN 2 Mar 1992 BUTTERFLY 100 meters 57.93 Mary Terstegge Meagher (USA; b. 27 Oct 1964) Milwaukee, WI 16 Aug 1981 200 meters 2:05.96 Mary Terstegge Meagher (USA) Milwaukee, WI 13 Aug ^ 1981 BACKSTROKE 100 meters 1:00.31 Krizstina Egerszegi (3Hungary; b. 16 Aug 1974) Athens, Greece 22 Aug 1991 200 meters 2:06.62 Krizstina Egerszegi (Hungary) Athens, Greece 25 Aug 1991 MEDL 200 meters 2:11.73 Ute Geweniger (East Germany; b. 24 Feb ^ Feb 1964) East Berlin, Germany 4 Jul 1981 400 meters 4:36.10 Petra Schneider (East Germany; b. 11 Jan 1963) Guayaquil, Ecuador 1 Aug 1982 4<X>100 meter relay 4:03.69 East Germany (Ina Kleber, Sylvia Gerasch, Ines Geissler, Birgit Meineke [now ^ Heukrodt]) Moscow, USSR 24 Aug 1984 ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Short-course world bests (table) B \t\D03\1107222a \c8\D03\3911282z Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|Short-course world bests (table) 20 23 25 27 235358|3461 30134|443 37682|554 216250|3180 304138|2 23878|195 51552|0 -PCAP- (Left) Canadian Mark Tewksbury has set short-course world records in both the 50 m backstroke and 100 m backstroke. (Right) Susanne Bornike is the current record holder of the 200 m breaststroke short-course world record with a time of 2 min 22.92 ^ sec. (Photos: Allsport/Simon Bruty and Allsport USA/Daemmrich) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- *Hand-timed for first leg. **Slower than long-course bests. ^ -TEXT- Swimming: Short-course world bests (table) Swimming: Short-Course World Bests (Table) SHORT-COURSE SWIMMING WORLD BESTS (set in 25 meter pools) MEN EVENT min : sec NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE FREESTYLE 50 meters 21.76 Nils Rudolph (East Germany; b. 18 Aug 1965) Bonn, Germany 11 Feb ^ 1990 100 meters 48.2* Michael Gross (West Germany; b. 17 Jun 1964) Offenbach, Germany 11 Feb 1988 48.33 Tommy Werner (Sweden; b. 31 Mar 1966) Malmo[um], Sweden 19 Mar 1989 200 meters 1:43.64 Giorgio Lamberti (Italy; b. 28 Jan 1969) Bonn, ^ Germany 11 Feb 1990 400 meters 3:40.81 Anders Holmertz (2Sweden; b. 1 Dec 1968) Paris, France 4 Feb 1990 800 meters 7:38.75 Michael Gross (6West Germany) Bonn, Germany 8 Feb 1985 1,500 meters 14:32.40 Kieren Perkins (Australia; b. 14 Aug ^ 1973) Canberra, Australia 2 Feb 1992 4 <X> 50 meters 1:27.95 West Germany Bonn, Germany 14 Feb 1988 4 <X> 100 meters 3:14.00 Sweden Malmo[um], Sweden 19 Mar 1989 4 <X> 200 meters 7:05.17 West Germany Bonn, Germany 9 Feb 1986 BACKSTROKE 50 ^ meters 25.06 Mark Tewksbury (Canada; b. 2 Jul 1968) Saskatoon, Canada 2 Mar 1990 100 meters 52.50 Mark Tewksbury (Canada) Winnipeg, Canada 23 Feb 1992 200 meters 1:56.60 Tama[ac]s Darnyi (3Hungary; b. 3 Jun 1967) Bonn, Germany 8 Feb 1987 ^ BREASTSTROKE 50 meters 27.15 Dmitriy Volkov (USSR; b. 3 Mar 1966) Saint-Paul de la Re[ac]union 30 Dec 1989 100 meters 59.30 Dmitriy Volkov (USSR) Bonn, Germany 11 Feb 1990 200 meters 2:07.93 Nicholas Gillingham (Great Britain; b. 22 Jan 1967) ^ Birmingham, Great Britain 20 Oct 1991 BUTTERFLY 50 meters 24.05 Nils Rudolph (Germany) Sheffield, Great Britain 30 Mar 1991 100 meters 52.07 Marcel Gery (Canada; b. 15 Mar 1965) Leicester, Great Britain 23 Feb 1990 200 meters 1:54.67 Franck ^ Esposito (France; b. 13 Apr 1971) Paris, France 1 Feb 1992 MEDLEY 100 meters 54.66 Josef Hladky (Germany; b. 18 Jun 1962) Bonn, Germany 16 Mar 1991 200 meters 1:57.19 Jani Sievinen (Finland) Kuopio, Finland 17 Jan 1992 400 meters 4:08.77 ^ Luca Sacchi (Italy; b. 10 Jan 1968) Palma de Mallorca, Spain 28 Feb 1992 4 <X> 50 meters 1:38.72 United States Bonn, Germany 14 Feb 1988 4 <X> 100 meters 3:34.86 University of Calgary (Canada) Winnipeg, Canada 23 Feb 1992 WOMEN FREESTYLE 50 ^ meters 24.81 Livia Copariu (Romania; b. 1973) Sibiu, Romania 8 Apr 1989 100 meters 53.48 Livia Copariu (Romania) Sibiu, Romania 7 Apr 1989 200 meters 1:56.35 Birgit Meineke (East Germany; b. 4 Jul 1964) Indianapolis, IN 7 Jan 1983 400 ^ meters 4:02.05 Astrid Strauss (East Germany; b. 24 Dec 1968) Bonn, Germany 8 Feb 1987 800 meters 8:15.34 Astrid Strauss (East Germany) Bonn, Germany 6 Feb 1987 1,500 meters 15:43.31 Petra Schneider (East Germany; b. 11 Jan 1963) Gainesville, ^ FL 10 Jan 1982 4 <X> 50 meters 1:42.13 West Germany Bonn, Germany 13 Feb 1988 4 <X> 100 meters 3:38.77 East Germany Monte Carlo, Monaco 12 Dec 1987 BACKSTROKE 50 meters 28.91 Svenja Schlicht (6West Germany; b. 26 Jun 1966) Bonn, Germany 8 ^ Feb 1987 100 meters 59.89 Betsy Mitchell (USA; b. 15 Jan 1966) Los Angeles, CA 26 Apr 1987 200 meters 2:06.78 Nicole Stevenson (Australia) Melbourne, Australia 7 Mar 1992 BRSTSTROKE 50 meters 31.22 Peggy Hartung (Germany) Paris, France 2 Feb ^ Feb 1992 100 meters 1:07.05 Silke Ho[um]rner (East Germany; b. 12 Sep 1965) Bonn, Germany 8 Feb 1986 200 meters 2:22.92 Susanne Bo[um]rnike (East Germany; b. 13 Aug 1968) Bonn, Germany 4 Feb 1989 BUTTERFLY 50 meters 27.30 Qian Hong (China; b. ^ 1971) Perth, Australia 6 Jan 1991 100 meters 58.91** Mary Terstegge Meagher (USA; b. 27 Aug 1964) Gainesville, FL 3 Jan 1981 200 meters 2:05.65 Mary Meagher (USA) Gainesville, FL 2 Jan 1981 MEDLEY 100 meters 1:01.61 Li Lin (China; b. 1970) ^ Palma de Mallorca, Spain 1 Mar 1992 200 meters 2:10.60 Petra Schneider (East Germany) Gainesville, FL 8 Jan 1982 400 meters 4:31.36 Noemi Lung (Romania; b. 16 May 1968) Paris, France 31 Jan 1987 4 <X> 50 meters 1:54.37 East Germany Bonn, ^ Germany 14 Feb 1988 4 <X> 100 meters 4:02.85 East Germany Indianapolis, IN 8 Jan 1983 ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: US national records (table) B \t\D03\1107223a \p8\D17\3911282b Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|US national records (table) 20 22 24 26 235426|3462 30202|444 37750|555 216386|3182 304138|3 23878|196 51552|1 -PCAP- Jenny Thompson (USA) set the world record for the women's 100 m freestyle with 54.48 seconds at Indianapolis, IN on 1 Mar 1992. (Photo: Allsport USA/Simon Bruty) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: US national records (table) Swimming: US National Swimming Records (Table) US NATIONAL SWIMMING RECORDS (set in 50 meter pools) MEN EVENT TIME NAME PLACE DATE FREESTYLE 50 meters 21.81 Thomas {Tom} Jager (b. 6 Oct 1964) Nashville, TN 24 Mar 1990 100 meters 48.42 Matthew ^ Nicholas {Matt} Biondi (b. 8 Oct 1965) Austin, TX 10 Aug 1988 200 meters 1:47.72 Matt Biondi Austin, TX 8 Aug 1988 400 meters 3:48.06 Matthew Cetlinski (b. 4 Oct 1964) Austin, TX 11 Aug 1988 800 meters 7:52.45 Sean Killion (b. 24 Oct 1967) ^ Clovis, CA 27 Jul 1987 1,500 meters 15:01.51 George Thomas DiCarlo (b. 13 Jul 1963) Indianapolis, IN 30 Jun 1984 4<X>100 meter relay 3:16.53 United States (Christopher Jacobs, Troy Dalbey, Tom Jager, Matt Biondi) Seoul, South Korea 23 Sep 1988 ^ 4<X>200 meter relay 7:12.51 United States (Troy Dalbey, Matthew Cetlinski, Douglas Gjertsen, Matt Biondi) Seoul, South Korea 21 Sep 1988 BREASTSTROKE 100 meters 1:01.40 Nelson Diebel (b. 9 Nov 1970) Indianapolis, IN 1 Mar 1992 200 meters 2:10.60 ^ Michael Ray Barrowman (b. 4 Dec 1968) Ft Lauderdale, FL 13 Aug 1991 BUTTERFLY 100 meters 52.84 Pedro Pablo Morales (b. 5 Dec 1964) Orlando, FL 23 Jun 1986 200 meters 1:55.69 Melvin Stewart (b. 16 Nov 1968) Perth, Australia 12 Jan 1991 BACKSTROKE ^ 100 meters 53.93 Jeff Rouse Edmonton, Canada 25 Aug 1991 200 meters 1:58.66 Royce Sharp (b. 25 May 1972) Indianapolis, IN 2 Mar 1992 MEDLEY 200 meters 2:00.11 David Wharton (b. 16 May 1969) Tokyo, Japan 20 Aug 1989 400 meters 4:15.21 Eric ^ Namesnik (b. 7 Aug 1970) Perth, Australia 8 Jan 1991 4<X>100 meter relay 3:36.93 United States (David Berkoff, Richard Schroeder, Matt Biondi, Christopher Jacobs) Seoul, South Korea 25 Sep 1988 WOMEN FREESTYLE 50 meters 25.20 Jenny Thompson ^ (b. 26 Feb 1973) Indianapolis, IN 6 Mar 1992 100 meters 54.48 Jenny Thompson Indianapolis, IN 1 Mar 1992 200 meters 1:58.23 Cynthia Woodhead (b. 7 Feb 1964) Tokyo, Japan 3 Sep 1979 400 meters 4:03.85 Janet B. Evans (b. 28 Aug 1971) Seoul, South ^ Korea 22 Sep 1988 800 meters 8:16.22 Janet B. Evans Tokyo, Japan 20 Aug 1989 1,500 meters 15:52.10 Janet B. Evans Orlando, FL 26 Mar 1988 4<X>100 meter relay 3:43.26 United States World Championship Team (Nicola Haislett, Julie Cooper ^ Whitney Hedgepeth, Jenny Thompson) Perth, Australia 9 Jan 1991 4<X>200 meter relay 8:02.12 United States (Betsy Mitchell, Mary Terstegge Meagher, Kim Brown, Mary Alice Wayte) Madrid, Spain 22 Aug 1986 BREASTSTROKE 100 meters 1:08.91 Tracey ^ McFarlane (b. 20 Jul 1966) Austin, TX 11 Aug 1988 200 meters 2:25.35 Anita Nall (b. 21 Jul 1976) Indianapolis, IN 2 Mar 1992 BUTTERFLY 100 meters 57.93 Mary Terstegge Meagher (b. 27 Oct 1964) Brown Deer, WI 16 Aug 1981 200 meters 2:05.96 Mary ^ Terstegge Meagher Brown Deer, WI 13 Aug 1981 BACKSTROKE 100 meters 1:00.84 Janie Wagstaff (b. 22 Aug 1974) Indianapolis, IN 3 Mar 1992 200 meters 2:08.60 Betsy Mitchell (b. 15 Jan 1966) Orlando, FL 27 Jun 1986 MEDLEY 200 meters 2:12.64 Tracy ^ Anne Caulkins (b. 11 Jan 1963) Los Angeles, CA 3 Aug 1984 400 meters 4:37.76 Janet B. Evans Seoul, South Korea 19 Sep 1988 4<X>100 meter relay 4:05.98 United States (Janie Wagstaff, Keli King, Cssy Ahmann-Leighton, Nicole Haislett) Edmonton, Canad ^ anada 25 Aug 1991 ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Fastest swimmer T \p8\D17\3711300b Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|Fastest swimmer 20 23 25 27 235494|3463 30066|442 37818|556 215230|3165 304138|4 23878|194 51552|2 -PCAP- Tom Jager is currently the world's fastest swimmer, attaining an average speed of 5.37 mph when completing 50 yd freestyle (in a 25 yard pool) in 19.05 sec at Nashville, Tennessee, USA on 23 Mar 1990. The following day he also set a new world ^ record for 50 m freestyle of 21.81 sec in a 50 meter pool. (Photo: Allsport/Tony Duffy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Fastest swimmer In a 25-yd pool, Tom Jager (USA; b. 6 Oct 1964) achieved an average speed of 5.37 mph for 50 yards in 19.05 sec at Nashville, TN on 23 Mar 1990. The women's fastest is 4.48 mph, by Yang Wenyi (China) in her 50 m world record. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Most world records T Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|Most world records 20 22 24 26 235562|3464 191566|2817 215774|3173 304138|5 175106|413 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Most world records ^I 32, Arne Borg (Sweden; 1901-87), 1921-29. ^I : 42, Ragnhild Hveger (Denmark; b. 10 Dec 1920), 1936-42. For currently recognized events (only metric distances in 50 m pools) the most is 26 by Mark Andrew Spitz (USA; b. 10 ^ Feb 1950), 1967-72, and 23 by Kornelia Ender (East Germany; b. 25 Oct 1958), 1973-76. The most by a US woman is 15, by Deborah "Debbie" Meyer (b. 14 Aug 1952), 1967-70. ^<n The most world records set in a single pool is 86, in the North Sydney ^ pool, Australia between 1955 and 1978. This total includes 48 imperial distance records, which ceased to be recognized in 1969. The pool, which was built in 1936, was originally 55 yards long but was shortened to 50 meters in 1964. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Most world titles T \p8\D17\3811301a Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|Most world titles 20 23 25 27 235630|3465 211558|3111 37886|557 215842|3174 304138|6 219140|80 51552|3 -PCAP- Matt Biondi and Troy Dalbey celebrate after the US team set a world record time of 7 min 12.51 sec for the 4 x 200 meter freestyle at the Olympic Games at Seoul, South Korea on 21 Sep 1988. Biondi holds the record for the most medals won at a ^ single championship, winning seven in 1986--three gold, one silver, three bronze. (Photo: Allsport USA) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Most world titles In the World Championships (instituted 1973) the most medals won is 13, by Michael Gross (West Germany; b. 17 Jun 1964)--five gold, five silver and three bronze, 1982-90. The most medals won by a woman is ten, by Kornelia Ender, with eight gold and ^ two silver in 1973 and 1975. The most gold medals won is six (two individual and four relay) by James Paul Montgomery (USA; b. 24 Jan 1955) in 1973 and 1975. The most medals won at a single championship is seven, by Matthew Nicholas "Matt" Biondi ^ (USA; b. 8 Oct 1965)--three gold, one silver, three bronze, in 1986. ^<n The most gold medals by an American woman is five, by Tracy Caulkins, all in 1978, as well as a silver. The most medals overall is nine, by Mary Terstegge Meagher (b. 27 Oct ^ 1964)--two gold, five silver, two bronze, 1978-82. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: US Championships T Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|US Championships 20 22 24 26 235698|3466 211626|3112 216318|3181 304138|7 219140|81 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: US Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Tracy Caulkins (b. 11 Jan 1963) won a record 48 US swimming titles and set 60 US records in her career, 1977-84. The men's record is 36 titles, by Johnny Weissmuller (ne Janos Weiszmuller; 1904-84), between 1921 and 1928. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Largest pools T Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|Largest pools 20 22 24 26 235766|3467 122070|1795 215570|3170 304138|8 91334|586 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Largest pools The largest swimming pool in the world is the seawater Orthlieb Pool in Casablanca, Morocco. It is 1,574 ft long and 246 ft wide, and has an area of 8.9 acres. The largest land-locked swimming pool with heated water was the Fleishhacker Pool on ^ Sloat Boulevard, near Great Highway, San Francisco, CA. It measured 1,000 x 150 ft and up to 14 ft deep and contained 7.5 million gal of heated water. It was opened on 2 May 1925 but has now been abandoned. The largest land-locked pool in current ^ use is Willow Lake in Warren, OH. It measures 600 x 150 ft. The greatest spectator accommodation is 13,614 at Osaka, Japan. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Most successful sponsored swim T Sports and Games|Swimming|General Records|Most successful sponsored swim 20 22 24 26 235834|3468 205982|3029 215706|3172 304138|9 216674|33 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Most successful sponsored swim The greatest amount of money collected in a charity swim was 119,735.85 pounds ( ^I $204,000) in "Splash '92," organized by the Royal Bank of Scotland Swimming Club and held at the Royal Commonwealth Pool, Edinburgh, Great Britain on 25-26 ^ Jan 1992 with 3,218 participants. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming (Olympics): Most medals T Sports and Games|Swimming|Olympic Records|Most medals 20 22 24 26 235902|3469 199522|2934 216046|3177 1846|27 304854|0 211064|17 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming (Olympics): Most medals ^<4 Men ^>4 The greatest number of Olympic gold medals won is nine, by Mark Spitz (USA): 100 m and 200 m freestyle, 1972; 100 m and 200 m butterfly, 1972; 4 x 100 m freestyle, 1968 and 1972; 4 x 200 m freestyle, 1968 and 1972; 4 x 100 m medley, ^ 1972. All but one of these performances (the 4 x 200 m freestyle of 1968) were also new world records. He also won a silver (100 m butterfly) and a bronze (100 m freestyle) in 1968 for a record 11 medals. His record seven medals at one Games in ^ 1972 was equaled by Matt Biondi (USA), who took five gold, a silver and a bronze in 1988. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 The record number of gold medals won by a woman is six, by Kristin Otto (East Germany; b. 7 Feb 1965) at Seoul in 1988: 100 m ^ freestyle, backstroke and butterfly, 50 m freestyle, 4 x 100 m freestyle and 4 x 100 m medley. Dawn Fraser (Australia; b. 4 Sep 1937) is the only swimmer to win the same event, the 100 m freestyle, on three successive occasions (1956, 1960 and ^ 1964). The most gold medals won by a US woman is three, by 14 swimmers. ^<n The most medals won by a woman is eight, by: Dawn Fraser--four golds (100 m freestyle, 1956, 1960 and 1964, 4 x 100 m freestyle, 1956) and four silvers (400 m freestyle, ^ 1956, 4 x 100 m freestyle, 1960 and 1964, 4 x 100 m medley, 1960); by Kornelia Ender--four golds (100 m and 200 m freestyle, 100 m butterfly, and 4 x 100 m medley in 1976) and four silvers (200 m individual medley, 1972, 4 x 100 m medley, 1972, 4 ^ x 100 m freestyle, 1972 and 1976); and by Shirley Babashoff (USA; b. 3 Jan 1957), who won two golds (4 x 100 m freestyle, 1972 and 1976) and six silvers (100 m freestyle, 1972, 200 m freestyle, 1972 and 1976, 400 m and 800 m freestyle, 1976, 4 x ^ 100 m medley 1976). ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming (Olympics): Most individual gold medals T Sports and Games|Swimming|Olympic Records|Most individual gold medals 20 22 24 26 235970|3470 199454|2933 215978|3176 304854|1 211064|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming (Olympics): Most individual gold medals The record number of individual gold medals won is four, by: Charles Meldrum Daniels (USA [1884-1973]; 100 m freestyle, 1906 and 1908, 220 yd freestyle 1904, 440 yd freestyle, 1904); Roland Matthes (East Germany; b. 17 Nov 1950) with 100 m and 200 ^ m in backstroke 1968 and 1972; Mark Spitz and Kristin Otto; and the divers Pat McCormick and Greg Louganis (see Diving). ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming (Olympics): Youngest gold medalist T Sports and Games|Swimming|Olympic Records|Youngest gold medalist 20 22 24 26 236038|3471 265278|3901 216114|3178 304854|2 275964|65 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming (Olympics): Youngest gold medalist Kyoko Iwasaki (Japan) won the 200-meter breaststroke at age 14 yr 6 days to become the youngest swimming champion in Olympic history. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming (Olympics): Closest verdict T \p8\D17\3811303 Sports and Games|Swimming|Olympic Records|Closest verdict 20 23 25 27 236106|3472 4498|66 37954|558 215910|3175 304854|3 10628|5 51552|4 -PCAP- The closest verdict in Olympic Games swimming history was in Los Angeles, CA on 29 Jul 1984, when Nancy Lynn Hogshead (b. 17 Apr 1962) and Carrie Lynne Steinseifer (b. 12 Feb 1968) (both USA) dead-heated for the women's 100 m freestyle gold medal ^ in 55.92 sec. (Photo: Allsport USA/Duffy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming (Olympics): Closest verdict The closest verdict in Olympic Games swimming history was in Los Angeles, CA on 29 Jul 1984, when Nancy Lynn Hogshead (b. 17 Apr 1962) and Carrie Lynne Steinseifer (b. 12 Feb 1968) (both USA) dead-heated for the women's 100 m freestyle gold medal ^ in 55.92 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diving: Origins T Sports and Games|Swimming|Diving|Origins 20 22 24 26 236174|3473 66038|971 305150|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diving: Origins Diving traces its roots to the gymnastics movement that developed in Germany and Sweden in the 17th century. During the summer, gymnasts would train at the beach, and acrobatic techniques would be performed over water as a safety measure. From this ^ activity the sport of diving developed. The world governing body for diving is the ^I (FINA), founded in 1908. FINA is also the governing body for swimming and water polo. ^<n ^<4 United ^ States ^>4 Ernst Bransten and Mike Peppe are considered the two main pioneers of diving in the United States. Bransten, a Swede, came to the United States following World War I. He introduced Swedish training methods and diving techniques, ^ which revolutionized the sport in this country. Peppe's highly successful program at Ohio State University, 1931-68, produced several Olympic medalists and helped promote the sport in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diving: Most Olympic medals T Sports and Games|Swimming|Diving|Most Olympic medals 20 22 24 26 236242|3474 198570|2920 65902|969 305150|1 211064|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diving: Most Olympic medals The most medals won by a diver is five, by: Klaus Dibiasi (Austria; b. 6 Oct 1947 [Italy]), three gold, two silver, 1964-76; and Gregory Efthimios "Greg" Louganis (USA; b. 29 Jan 1960), four golds, one silver, 1976, 1984-88. Dibiasi is the only ^ diver to win the same event (highboard) at three successive Games (1968, 1972 and 1976). Two divers have won the highboard and springboard doubles at two Games: Patricia Joan McCormick (nee Keller; b. 12 May 1930), 1952 and 1956, and Greg ^ Louganis, 1984 and 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diving: Most world titles T Sports and Games|Swimming|Diving|Most world titles 20 22 24 26 236310|3475 207750|3055 65970|970 305150|2 219140|24 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diving: Most world titles Greg Louganis (USA) won a record five world titles--highboard in 1978, and both highboard and springboard in 1982 and 1986, as well as four Olympic gold medals, in 1984 and 1988. Three gold medals at one event have also been won by Philip George ^ Boggs (USA; 1949-90), springboard, 1973, 1975 and 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diving: US Championships T Sports and Games|Swimming|Diving|US Championships 20 22 24 26 236378|3476 207818|3056 66106|972 305150|3 219140|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diving: US Championships The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) organized the first national diving championships in 1909. Since 1981, United States Diving has been the governing body of the sport in this country, and thus responsible for the national championships. ^<n ^<4 ^ Most titles ^>4 Greg Louganis has won a record 47 national titles: 17 at 1-meter springboard; 17 at 3-meter springboard; 13 at platform. In women's competition Cynthia Potter has won a record 28 titles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diving: Highest T Sports and Games|Swimming|Diving|Highest 20 22 24 26 236446|3477 65562|964 65766|967 15106|222 305150|4 71062|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diving: Highest The highest regularly performed head-first dives are those of professional divers from La Quebrada ("The Break in the Rocks") at Acapulco, Mexico, a height of 87 1/2 ft. The base rocks, 21 ft out from the takeoff, necessitate a leap of 27 ft out. ^ The water is 12 ft deep. ^<n The world record high dive from a diving board is 176 ft 10 in, by Olivier Favre (Switzerland) at Villers-le-Lac, France on 30 Aug 1987. ^<n The women's record is 120 ft 9 in, by Lucy Wardle (USA) at Ocean Park, Hong ^ Kong on 6 Apr 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Diving: Highest scores T Sports and Games|Swimming|Diving|Highest scores 20 22 24 26 236514|3478 80250|1180 65834|968 305150|5 88626|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Diving: Highest scores Greg Louganis achieved record scores at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, CA, with 754.41 points for the 11-dive springboard event and 710.91 for the highboard. At the world championships in Guayaquil, Ecuador in 1984 he was awarded a perfect ^ score of 10.0 by all seven judges for his highboard inward 1 1/2 somersault in the pike position. ^<n The first diver to be awarded a score of 10.0 by all seven judges was Michael Holman Finneran (b. 21 Sep 1948) in the 1972 US Olympic Trials, in ^ Chicago, IL, for a backward 1 1/2 somersault, 2 1/2 twist, from the 10 m board. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Greatest distances T Sports and Games|Swimming|Long-distance Swimming|Greatest distances 20 22 24 26 236582|3479 56926|837 215502|3169 13746|202 305586|0 61634|51 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Greatest distances The greatest recorded distance ever swum is 1,826 miles down the Mississippi River between Ford Dam near Minneapolis, MN and Carrollton Ave, New Orleans, LA, by Fred P. Newton (b. 1903) of Clinton, OK from 6 Jul to 29 Dec 1930. He was in the water ^ for 742 hr. ^<n In 1966 Mihir Sen of Calcutta, India uniquely swam the Palk Strait from Sri Lanka to India (in 25 hr 36 min on 5-6 Apr); the Straits of Gibraltar (in 8 hr 1 min on 24 Aug); the length of the Dardanelles (in 13 hr 55 min on 12 ^ Sep); the Bosphorus (in 4 hr on 21 Sep); and the length of the Panama Canal (in 34 hr 15 min on 29-31 Oct). ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Greatest distance in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Swimming|Long-distance Swimming|Greatest distance in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 236650|3480 56790|835 215366|3167 305586|1 61634|49 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Greatest distance in 24 hours Anders Forvass (Sweden) swam 63.3 miles at the 25 meter Linkoping public swimming pool, Sweden on 28-29 Oct 1989. In a 50 meter pool, Evan Barry (Australia) swam 60.08 miles, at the Valley Pool, Brisbane, Australia on 19-20 Dec 1987. ^<n The ^ women's record is 51.01 miles, by Irene van der Laan (Netherlands) at Amersfoort, Netherlands on 20-21 Sep 1985. The longest distance swum by an American woman is 45.45 miles, by Jill Oviatt at the University of Michigan pool in Ann Arbor, MI on ^ 24-25 Nov 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Long-distance relays T Sports and Games|Swimming|Long-distance Swimming|Relays 20 22 24 26 236718|3481 56994|838 215638|3171 305586|2 61634|52 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Long-distance relays The New Zealand national relay team of 20 swimmers swam a record 113.59 miles in Lower Hutt, New Zealand in 24 hours, passing 100 miles in 20 hr 47 min 13 sec on 9-10 Dec 1983. The 24-hour club record by a team of five is 96.27 miles, by the City ^ of Newcastle ASC on 16-17 Dec 1986. A women's team from the club swam 88.93 miles on the same occasion. The most participants in a one-day swim relay is 2,145, each swimming a length, organized by Jeff D. VanBuren and David W. Thompson at ^ Hamilton College in Clinton, NY on 8 Apr 1989. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The Tuckahoe Family YMCA in Richmond, VA holds the US record for the longest-duration relay swim, 300 hours, from 4-16 May 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Greatest distance underwater T Sports and Games|Swimming|Long-distance Swimming|Greatest distance underwater 20 22 24 26 236786|3482 56858|836 215434|3168 305586|3 61634|50 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Greatest distance underwater Paul Cryne (Great Britain) and Samir Sawan al Awami (Qatar) swam 49.04 miles in a 24-hr period from Doha, Qatar to Umm Said and back on 21-22 Feb 1985 using sub-aqua equipment. They were swimming under water for 95.5 percent of the time. A relay ^ team of six swam 94.44 miles in a swimming pool at Olomouc, Czechoslovakia on 17-18 Oct 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Fastest around Manhattan T Sports and Games|Swimming|Long-distance Swimming|Fastest around Manhattan 20 22 24 26 236854|3483 29930|440 215094|3163 305586|4 23878|192 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Fastest around Manhattan The fastest swim around Manhattan Island in New York City was in 6 hr 12 min 29 sec, by Shelley Taylor (Australia; b. 1961) on 15 Oct 1985. Drury J. Gallagher set the men's record, 6 hr 41 min 35 sec, on 7 Sep 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: First Channel crossing T Sports and Games|Swimming|Long-distance Swimming|First Channel crossing 20 22 24 26 236922|3484 43054|633 215298|3166 305586|5 40936|142 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: First Channel crossing The first to swim the English Channel from shore to shore (without a life jacket) was the Merchant Navy captain Matthew Webb (1848-83), who swam an estimated 38 miles to make the 21 mile crossing from Dover, Great Britain to Calais Sands, France, ^ in 21 hr 45 min from 12:56 P.M. to 10:41 A.M., 24-25 Aug 1875. Paul Boyton (USA) had swum from Cap Gris-Nez, France to the South Foreland, Great Britain in his life-saving suit in 23 hr 30 min on 28-29 May 1875. It is reported that Jean-Marie ^ Saletti, a French soldier, escaped from a British prison hulk off Dover by swimming to Boulogne in July or August 1815. ^<n The first woman to succeed was Gertrude Caroline Ederle (USA; b. 23 Oct 1906), who swam from Cap Gris-Nez, France to Deal, ^ England on 6 Aug 1926, in the then-overall record time of 14 hr 39 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Swimming: Fastest Channel crossing T Sports and Games|Swimming|Long-distance Swimming|Fastest Channel crossing 20 22 24 26 236990|3485 29998|441 215162|3164 305586|6 23878|193 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Swimming: Fastest Channel crossing The official Channel Swimming Association (founded 1927) record is 7 hr 40 min by Penny Dean (b. 21 Mar 1955) of California, from Shakespeare Beach, Dover, Great Britain to Cap Gris-Nez, France on 29 Jul 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Table Tennis: Origins T Sports and Games|Table Tennis|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 237058|3486 15786|232 216658|3186 306178|0 13960|125 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Table Tennis: Origins The earliest evidence relating to a game resembling table tennis has been found in the catalogs of London, Great Britain sports goods manufac-turers in the 1880s. The old Ping Pong Association was formed in 1902, but the game proved only a ^ temporary craze until resuscitated in 1921. The International Table Tennis Federation was founded in 1926 and the United States Table Tennis Association was established in 1933. Table tennis was included at the Olympic Games for the first time in ^ 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Table Tennis: Most titles T Sports and Games|Table Tennis|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 237126|3487 211694|3113 216590|3185 306178|1 219140|82 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Table Tennis: Most titles ^<4 World (instituted 1926) ^>4 G. Viktor Barna (1911-72; b. Hungary, Gyozo Braun) won a record five singles, 1930, 1932-35, and eight men's doubles, 1929-35, 1939, in the World Championships (first held in 1926). Angelica Rozeanu (Romania; b. ^ 15 Oct 1921) won a record six women's singles, 1950-55, and Maria Mednyanszky (Hungary; 1901-79) won seven women's doubles, 1928, 1930-35. With two more at mixed doubles, Viktor Barna won 15 world titles in all, while 18 have been won by Maria ^ Mednyanszky. ^<n ^<4 With the staging of championships biennially, the breaking of the above records would now be very difficult. ^>4 The most men's team titles (Swaythling Cup) is 12, by Hungary, 1927-31, 1933-35, 1938, 1949, 1952 and 1979. ^ The women's record (Marcel Corbillon Cup) is nine, by China, 1965 and eight successive from 1975 to 1989 (biennially). ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The US won the Swaythling Cup in 1937 and the Corbillon Cup in 1937 and 1949. Ruth Aarons was the ^ women's world champion in 1936 and 1937, sharing the title in the latter year. No American has won the men's world singles title, but James McClure won three men's doubles titles, with Robert Blattner in 1936-37 and with Sol Schiff in 1938. ^<n ^ ^<4 English Open (instituted 1921) ^>4 Richard Bergmann (Austria, then Great Britain; 1920-70) won a record six singles, 1939-40, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1954, and Viktor Barna won seven men's doubles titles, 1931, 1933-35, 1938-39, 1949. The women's ^ singles record is six, by Maria Alexandru (Romania; b. 1941), 1963-64, 1970-72, 1974, and Diane Rowe (Great Britain, now Scholer; b. 14 Apr 1933) won 12 women's doubles titles, 1950-56, 1960, 1962-65. Viktor Barna won 20 titles in all, and Diane ^ Rowe won 17. Her twin Rosalind (now Mrs Cornett) has won nine (two in singles). ^ -END- -CTRL- Table Tennis: US Championships T Sports and Games|Table Tennis|General Records|US Championships 20 22 24 26 237194|3488 211762|3114 216726|3187 306178|2 219140|83 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Table Tennis: US Championships ^<4 Most titles ^>4 US national championships were first held in 1931. Leah Neuberger (nee Thall) won a record 21 titles between 1941 and 1961: 9 women's singles, 12 women's doubles. Richard Mills won a record ten men's singles titles between ^ 1945 and 1962. ^ -END- -CTRL- Table Tennis: Youngest player T Sports and Games|Table Tennis|General Records|Youngest player 20 22 24 26 237262|3489 265346|3902 216794|3188 306178|3 275964|66 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Table Tennis: Youngest player The youngest-ever international contender was Joy Foster, who represented Jamaica in the West Indies Championships at Port of Spain, Trinidad in August 1958 at the age of 8. ^ -END- -CTRL- Table Tennis: Most hits T Sports and Games|Table Tennis|General Records|Most hits 20 22 24 26 237330|3490 191634|2818 216522|3184 306178|4 175106|414 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Table Tennis: Most hits The record number of hits in 60 sec is 172, by Thomas Busin and Stefan Renold, both of Switzerland, on 4 Nov 1989. The women's record is 168, by the sisters Lisa (b. 9 Mar 1967) and Jackie (b. 9 Sep 1964) Bellinger, at Crest Hotel, Luton, Great ^ Britain on 14 Jul 1987. With a paddle in each hand, Gary D. Fisher of Olympia, WA completed 5,000 consecutive volleys over the net in 44 min 28 sec on 25 Jun 1975. ^ -END- -CTRL- Taekwondo: Origins T Sports and Games|Taekwondo|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 237398|3491 43258|636 216930|3190 306630|0 40936|145 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Taekwondo: Origins Taekwondo is a martial art, with all activities based on defensive spirit, developed over 20 centuries in Korea. It was officially recognized as part of Korean tradition and culture on 11 Apr 1955. The first World Taekwondo Championships were ^ organized by the Korean Taekwondo Association and were held at Seoul in 1973. The World Taekwondo Federation was then formed, and has organized biennial championships. Women's events were first contested in 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Taekwondo: Most titles T Sports and Games|Taekwondo|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 237466|3492 211830|3115 216862|3189 306630|1 219140|84 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Taekwondo: Most titles The most world titles won is four, by Chung Kook-hyun (South Korea), light-middleweight 1982-83, welterweight 1985, 1987. Taekwondo was included as a demonstration sport at the 1988 Olympic Games. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Three American women ^ won gold medals at the 1988 Olympics; one of them, Lynette Love (b. 21 Sep 1957), at heavyweight (over 70 kg), was also world champion in 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Origins T Sports and Games|Tennis|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 237534|3493 16194|238 221554|3258 307432|0 13960|131 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Origins The modern game is generally agreed to have evolved as an outdoor form of the indoor game of tennis (see Real/Royal Tennis). "Field tennis" is mentioned in an English magazine-- ^I --of 29 Sep 1793. The earliest club for such ^ a game, variously called pelota or lawn rackets, was the Leamington Club, founded in 1872 by Major Harry Gem. The earliest attempt to commercialize the game was by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield (1833-1912), who patented a form called ^ "sphairistike" on 23 Feb 1874. It soon came to be called lawn tennis. Amateur players were permitted to play with and against professionals in "open" tournaments in 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Grand Slam T Sports and Games|Tennis|General Records|Grand Slam 20 22 24 26 237602|3494 220738|3246 221146|3252 307432|1 227712|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Grand Slam The grand slam for a tennis player is to hold all four of the world's major championship singles titles at the same time: the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open. The traditional slam is winning the four events in one year. ^<n ^<4 ^ First ^>4 The first man to have won all four was Frederick John Perry (Great Britain; b. 18 May 1909) when he won the French title in 1935. The first man to hold all four championships simultaneously, and thus achieve a grand slam, was John ^ Donald "Don" Budge (USA; b. 13 Jun 1915) in 1938, and with Wimbledon and US in 1937, he won six successive grand slam tournaments. The first man to achieve the grand slam twice was Rodney George "Rod" Laver (Australia; b. 9 Aug 1938), as an ^ amateur in 1962 and again in 1969, when the titles were open to professionals. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 Four women have achieved the grand slam, and the first three won six successive grand slam tournaments: Maureen Catherine Connolly (USA; 1934-69), ^ in 1953; Margaret Jean Court (nee Smith [Australia]; b. 16 Jul 1942) in 1970; and Martina Navratilova (USA; b. 18 Oct 1956) in 1983-84. The fourth was Stefanie Maria "Steffi" Graf (Germany; b. 14 Jun 1969) in 1988, when she also won the women's ^ singles Olympic gold medal. Pamela Howard "Pam" Shriver (USA; b. 4 Jul 1962) with Navratilova won a record eight successive grand slam tournament women's doubles titles and 109 successive matches in all events from April 1983 to July 1985. ^<n ^ ^<4 Doubles ^>4 The first doubles pair to win the grand slam were the Australians Frank Allan Sedgeman (b. 29 Oct 1927) and Kenneth Bruce McGregor (b. 2 Jun 1929) in 1951. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 The most singles championships won in grand ^ slam tournaments is 24, by Margaret Court (11 Australian, 5 US, 5 French, 3 Wimbledon), 1960-73. She also won the US Amateur in 1969 and 1970 when this was held, as well as the US Open. The men's record is 12, by Roy Stanley Emerson (Australia; ^ b. 3 Nov 1936), 6 Australian, 2 each French, US, Wimbledon, 1961-67. ^<n The most grand slam tournament wins by a doubles partnership is 20, by Althea Louise Brough (USA; b. 11 Mar 1923) and Margaret Evelyn du Pont (nee Osborne [USA]; b. 4 Mar ^ 1918), 12 US, 5 Wimbledon, 3 French, 1942-57; and by Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver, 7 Australian, 5 Wimbledon, 4 French, 4 US, 1981-89. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The most singles wins in grand slam tournaments by a US player is 19, by ^ Helen Wills Moody (b. 6 Oct 1905), 8 Wimbledon, 7 US and 4 French. ^<n Martina Navratilova (formerly of Czechoslovakia) has won a total of 54 grand slam titles--18 singles, a world record 31 women's doubles and 5 mixed doubles. Billie Jean King ^ (nee Moffit; b. 22 Nov 1942) has the most of US-born players, with 39 titles--12 singles, 16 women's doubles and 11 mixed doubles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: {Golden set} T Sports and Games|Tennis|General Records|{Golden set} 20 22 24 26 237670|3495 221078|3251 307432|2 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: {Golden set} The only known example of a "golden set" (winning a set 6-0 without dropping a single point, i.e., winning 24 consecutive points) in professional tennis was achieved by Bill Scanlon (USA) against Marcos Hocevar (Brazil) in the first round of the ^ WCT Gold Coast Classic at Del Ray, FL on 22 Feb 1983. Scanlon won the match, 6-2, 6-0. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Fastest service T Sports and Games|Tennis|General Records|Fastest service 20 22 24 26 237738|3496 30542|449 220874|3248 307432|3 23878|201 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Fastest service The fastest service timed with modern equipment is 138 mph, by Steve Denton (USA; b. 5 Sep 1956) at Beaver Creek, CO on 29 Jul 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Highest earnings T \p8\D17\3911287 Sports and Games|Tennis|General Records|Highest earnings 20 22 24 26 237806|3497 76034|1118 38022|559 221214|3253 7490|110 307432|4 84324|8 51918|0 -PCAP- Monica Seles, uniquely the youngest winner of two Grand Slam singles titles (French and Australian), won a season's record $2,457,758 in 1991. (Photo: Allsport/Simon Bruty) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Highest earnings Monica Seles (Yugoslavia) won a season's record $2,457,758 in 1991. In the same year Stefan Edberg (Sweden; b. 19 Jan 1966) won a men's season's record $2,363,575. Ivan Lendl had career earnings of $18,211,061, 1978-91. Martina Navratilova's ^ lifetime earnings by 1991 reached $17,661,593 in prize money. Earnings from special restricted events and team tennis are not included. ^<n The greatest first-place prize money ever won is $2 million by Pete Sampras when he won the Grand Slam Cup ^ in Munich, Germany on 16 Dec 1990. In the final he beat Brad Gilbert (USA; b. 9 Aug 1961) 6-3, 6-4, 6-2. Gilbert received $1 million, also well in excess of the previous record figure. The highest total prize money was $6,349,250 for the 1990 US ^ Open Championships. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Largest crowd T Sports and Games|Tennis|General Records|Largest crowd 20 22 24 26 237874|3498 123226|1812 221282|3254 307432|5 91334|603 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Largest crowd A record 30,472 people were at the Astrodome, Houston, TX on 20 Sep 1973, when Billie Jean King beat Robert Larimore "Bobby" Riggs (USA; b. 25 Feb 1918). The record for a standard tennis match is 25,578 at Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 27 ^ Dec 1954, in the Davis Cup Challenge Round (first day), Australia ^I USA. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Longest game T Sports and Games|Tennis|General Records|Longest game 20 22 24 26 237942|3499 152942|2249 221350|3255 307432|6 139100|359 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Longest game The longest-known singles game was one of 37 deuces (80 points) between Anthony Fawcett (Rhodesia) and Keith Glass (Great Britain) in the first round of the Surrey Championships at Surbiton, Great Britain on 26 May 1975. It lasted 31 min. Noelle ^ van Lottum and Sandra Begijn played a game lasting 52 min in the semifinals of the Dutch Indoor Championships at Ede, Gelderland on 12 Feb 1984. ^<n The longest tiebreak was 26-24 for the fourth and decisive set of a first round men's doubles at ^ the Wimbledon Championships on 1 Jul 1985. Jan Gunnarsson (Sweden) and Michael Mortensen (Denmark) defeated John Frawley (Australia) and Victor Pecci (Paraguay) 6-3, 6-4, 3-6, 7-6. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Longest playing span T Sports and Games|Tennis|General Records|Longest playing span 20 22 24 26 238010|3500 153010|2250 221418|3256 307432|7 139100|360 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Longest playing span ^<4 National champion ^>4 Keith Gledhill (b. 17 Feb 1911) won the US National Boys' Doubles Championship with Sidney Wood in Aug 1926. Sixty-one years later, at Goleta, CA in Aug 1987, he won the US National 75-and-over Men's Doubles ^ Championship with Elbert Lewis. ^<n Dorothy May Bundy-Cheney (USA; b. September 1916) won 180 US titles at various age groups from 1941 to March 1988. ^<n ^<4 International ^>4 Jean Borotra (France; b. 13 Aug 1898) played in every one of the ^ twice-yearly contests between the International Club of France and the International Club of Great Britain from the first in 1929 to his 100th match at Wimbledon on 1-3 Nov 1985. On that occasion he played mixed doubles against Kitty Godfree ^ (Great Britain). Both were former Wimbledon singles champions, and were age 87 and 88 respectively. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Wimbledon): Most wins T \p8\D17\3711304 Sports and Games|Tennis|Wimbledon Championships|Most wins 20 22 24 26 238078|3501 220670|3245 38090|560 222166|3267 308008|0 227712|92 51918|1 -PCAP- Already the biggest money winner in women's sports, Martina Navratilova celebrates her record ninth Wimbledon singles title. (Photo: Allsport) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Wimbledon): Most wins ^<4 Women ^>4 Billie Jean King won a record 20 titles between 1961 and 1979--six singles, ten women's doubles and four mixed doubles. Elizabeth Montague Ryan (USA; 1892-1979) won a record 19 doubles (12 women's, 7 mixed) titles from 1914 to ^ 1934. ^<n ^<4 Men ^>4 The greatest number of titles by a man has been 13, by Hugh Laurence Doherty (Great Britain; 1875-1919) with five singles titles (1902-06) and a record eight men's doubles (1897-1901, 1903-05) partnered by his brother ^ Reginald Frank (Great Britain; 1872-1910). ^<n The most titles won by a US man is eight, by John Patrick McEnroe (b. 16 Feb 1959), singles 1981, 1983 and 1984; men's doubles (all with Peter Fleming) 1979, 1981, 1983-84, and 1992 (with Michael ^ Stich). ^<n ^<4 Singles ^>4 Martina Navratilova won a record nine titles, 1978-79, 1982-87 and 1990. The most men's singles wins since the Challenge Round was abolished in 1922 is five consecutively, by Bjorn Rune Borg (Sweden) in 1976-80. ^ William Charles Renshaw (Great Britain; 1861-1904) won seven singles in 1881-86 and 1889. ^<n ^<4 Mixed doubles ^>4 The male record is four titles, shared by: Elias Victor "Vic" Seixas (USA; b. 30 Aug 1923), in 1953-56; Kenneth Norman Fletcher ^ (Australia; b. 15 Jun 1940), in 1963, 1965-66, 1968; and Owen Keir Davidson (Australia; b. 4 Oct 1943) in 1967, 1971, 1973-74. The women's record is seven, by Elizabeth Ryan (USA) between 1919 and 1932. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Wimbledon): Most appearances T Sports and Games|Tennis|Wimbledon Championships|Most appearances 20 22 24 26 238146|3502 195238|2871 222098|3266 308008|1 206832|14 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Wimbledon): Most appearances Arthur William Charles "Wentworth" Gore (Great Britain; 1868-1928) made a record 36 appearances at Wimbledon between 1888 and 1927. In 1964, Jean Borotra (b. 13 Aug 1898) of France made his 35th appearance since 1922. In 1977 he appeared in the ^ Veterans' Doubles at the age of 78. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Wimbledon): Youngest champions T Sports and Games|Tennis|Wimbledon Championships|Youngest champions 20 22 24 26 238214|3503 265618|3906 222302|3269 308008|2 275964|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Wimbledon): Youngest champions The youngest champion was Charlotte "Lottie" Dod (Great Britain; 1871-1960), who was 15 yr 285 days when she won in 1887. The youngest male champion was Boris Becker (West Germany; b. 22 Nov 1967), who won the men's singles title in 1985 at 17 yr ^ 227 days. The youngest-ever player at Wimbledon was reputedly Mita Klima (Austria), who was 13 yr in the 1907 singles competition. The youngest seed was Jennifer Capriati (USA; b. 29 Mar 1976) at 14 yr 89 days at the time of her first match on 26 ^ Jun 1990. She won this match, making her the youngest-ever winner at Wimbledon. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Wimbledon): Oldest champions T Sports and Games|Tennis|Wimbledon Championships|Oldest champions 20 22 24 26 238282|3504 235018|3456 222234|3268 308008|3 236192|183 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Wimbledon): Oldest champions The oldest champion was Margaret Evelyn du Pont at 44 yr 125 days when she won the mixed doubles in 1962 with Neale Fraser (Australia). The oldest singles champion was Arthur Gore (Great Britain) in 1909 at 41 yr 182 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Wimbledon): Largest crowd T Sports and Games|Tennis|Wimbledon Championships|Largest crowd 20 22 24 26 238350|3505 123158|1811 222030|3265 308008|4 91334|602 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Wimbledon): Largest crowd The record crowd for one day at Wimbledon was 39,813, on 26 Jun 1986. The record for the whole championship was 403,706, in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (US Open): Most wins T Sports and Games|Tennis|US Open Championships|Most wins 20 22 24 26 238418|3506 220602|3244 221826|3262 308374|0 227712|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (US Open): Most wins Margaret Evelyn du Pont won a record 25 titles between 1941 and 1960. She won a record 13 women's doubles (12 with Althea Louise Brough), nine mixed doubles and three singles. The men's record is 16, by William Tatem "Bill" Tilden (1893-1953), ^ including seven men's singles, 1920-25, 1929--a record for singles shared with: Richard Dudley Sears (1861-1943), 1881-87; William A. Larned (1872-1926), 1901-02, 1907-11; and at women's singles by: Molla Mallory (nee Bjurstedt; 1892-1959), ^ 1915-16, 1918, 1920-22, 1926; and Helen Wills Moody, 1923-25, 1927-29, 1931. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (US Open): Youngest and oldest champions T \p8\D17\3811305 Sports and Games|Tennis|US Open Championships|Youngest and oldest champions 20 23 25 27 238486|3507 234950|3455 38158|561 221894|3263 23946|352 308374|1 236192|182 51918|2 -PCAP- Pete Sampras is seen here in action during the 1990 US Open championships, when he became the youngest men's singles champion at 19 yr 28 days. Later in the year he went on to win the greatest first-place prize money ever, $2 million, when he won ^ the Grand Slam Cup at Munich, Germany on 16 Dec 1990. (Photo: Allsport/R. Stewart) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (US Open): Youngest and oldest champions The youngest champion was Vincent Richards (1903-59), who was 15 yr 139 days when he won the men's doubles with Bill Tilden in 1918. The youngest singles champion was Tracy Ann Austin (b. 12 Dec 1962), who was 16 yr 271 days when she won the ^ women's singles in 1979. The youngest men's singles champion was Pete Sampras (USA; b. 12 Aug 1971), who was 19 yr 28 days when he won the 1990 title. The oldest champion was Margaret du Pont, who won the mixed doubles at age 42 yr 166 days in ^ 1960. The oldest singles champion was William Larned at 38 yr 242 days in 1911. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (French Open): Most wins T Sports and Games|Tennis|French Championships|Most wins 20 22 24 26 238554|3508 220330|3240 220942|3249 308530|0 227712|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (French Open): Most wins The French Championships achieved international status in 1925, the following records are from that date. Margaret Court won a record 13 titles--five singles, four women's doubles and four mixed doubles, 1962-73. The men's record is nine, by Henri ^ Cochet (France; 1901-1987)--four singles, three men's doubles and two mixed doubles, 1926-30. The singles record is seven, by Christine Marie "Chris" Evert (USA; b. 21 Dec 1954), 1974-75, 1979-80, 1983, 1985-86. Bjorn Borg won a record six men's ^ singles, 1974-75, 1978-81. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (French Open): Youngest and oldest champions T Sports and Games|Tennis|French Championships|Youngest and oldest champions 20 22 24 26 238622|3509 234882|3454 221010|3250 308530|1 236192|181 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (French Open): Youngest and oldest champions The youngest doubles champions were the 1981 mixed doubles winners Andrea Jaeger (b. 4 Jun 1965), at 15 yr 339 days, and Jimmy Arias (b. 16 Aug 1964), at 16 yr 296 days. The youngest singles winners have been Monica Seles (Yugoslavia; b. 2 Dec ^ 1973), who won the 1990 women's title at 16 yr 169 days in 1990, and Michael Chang (USA; b. 22 Feb 1972), who won the men's title at 17 yr 109 days in 1989. The oldest champion was Elizabeth Ryan, who won the 1934 women's doubles with Simone ^ Mathieu (France) at 42 yr 88 days. The oldest singles champion was Andres Gimeno (Spain; b. 3 Aug 1937) in 1972 at 34 yr 301 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Australian Open): Most wins T Sports and Games|Tennis|Australian Open Championships|Most wins 20 22 24 26 238690|3510 220262|3239 220738|3246 308686|0 227712|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Australian Open): Most wins Margaret Jean Court won the women's singles 11 times (1960-66, 1969-71 and 1973) as well as eight women's doubles and two mixed doubles, for a record total of 21 titles. A record six men's singles were won by Roy Stanley Emerson, 1961 and 1963-67. ^ Thelma Dorothy Long (nee Coyne; b. 30 May 1918) won a record 12 women's doubles and four mixed doubles for a record total of 16 doubles titles. Adrian Karl Quist (b. 4 Aug 1913) won ten consecutive men's doubles from 1936 to 1950 (the last eight ^ with John Bromwich) and three men's singles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Australian Open): Longest span T Sports and Games|Tennis|Australian Open Championships|Longest span 20 22 24 26 238758|3511 152874|2248 220670|3245 308686|1 139100|358 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Australian Open): Longest span Thelma Long won her first (1936) and last (1958) titles 22 years apart. Kenneth Robert "Ken" Rosewall (b. 2 Nov 1934) won his first (1953) and last (1972) titles 19 years apart. He also became the oldest singles winner at 37 yr 62 days. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Australian Open): Oldest and youngest champions T Sports and Games|Tennis|Australian Open Championships|Oldest and youngest champions 20 22 24 26 238826|3512 234814|3453 220806|3247 308686|2 236192|180 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Australian Open): Oldest and youngest champions Kenneth Robert "Ken" Rosewall (b. 2 Nov 1934) became the oldest singles winner when he won the title in 1972 at 37 yr 62 days. The oldest champion was (Sir) Norman Everard Brookes (1877-1968), who was 46 yr 2 months when he won the 1924 men's ^ doubles. The youngest champions were Rodney W. Heath, age 17 when he won the men's singles in 1905, and Monica Seles (Yugoslavia), who won the women's singles at 17 yr 55 days in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: ATP World Championships T Sports and Games|Tennis|ATP World Championships|Records 20 22 24 26 238894|3513 211898|3116 220602|3244 308912|0 219140|85 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: ATP World Championships The first Grand Prix Masters Championships were staged in Tokyo, Japan in 1970. They were held in New York City annually from 1977 to 1989, with qualification by relative success in the preceding year's Grand Prix tournaments. The event was ^ replaced from 1990 by the ATP Tour Championship, held in Frankfurt, Germany. A record five titles have been won by Ivan Lendl (Czechoslovakia; b. 7 Mar 1960), 1982-83, two in 1986 (January and December) and 1987, and he appeared in nine ^ successive finals, 1980-88. Lendl has the highest earnings on the ATP Tour, with $18,211,061 through 1991. James Scott "Jimmy" Connors (USA; b. 2 Sep 1952) uniquely qualified for 14 consecutive years, 1972-85. He chose not to play in 1975, 1976 ^ and 1985, and won in 1977. He qualified again in 1987 and 1988, but did not play in 1988. ^<n A record seven doubles titles were won by John McEnroe and Peter Fleming (USA; b. 21 Jan 1955), 1978-84. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Virginia Slims Championships T Sports and Games|Tennis|Virginia Slims Championships|Records 20 22 24 26 238962|3514 220806|3247 221962|3264 308998|0 227712|94 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Virginia Slims Championships The women's tour finishes with the Virginia Slims Championship, first contested in 1971 (with Avon Products the sponsor, 1979-82). Since 1983 the Virginia Slims final has been the one women's match played over the best of five sets. Martina ^ Navratilova has a record six singles wins, between 1978 and 1986. She also has a record nine doubles wins, one with Billie Jean King in 1980, and eight with Pam Shriver to 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis: Olympic Games T Sports and Games|Tennis|Olympic Games|Records 20 22 24 26 239030|3515 199590|2935 221486|3257 309084|0 211064|18 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis: Olympic Games Tennis was reintroduced to the Olympic Games in 1988, having originally been included from 1896 to 1924. It was also a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984. ^<n ^<4 Most medals ^>4 A record four gold medals, as well as a silver and a bronze, ^ were won by Max Decugis (France; 1882-1978), 1900-20. A women's record five medals (one gold, two silver, two bronze) were won by Kitty McKane (later Mrs Godfree [Great Britain]; 1897-1992) in 1920 and 1924. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Four US ^ players have won two Olympic gold medals: Beals Coleman Wright (1879-1961) in 1904; Vincent Richards (1903-59) and Helen Wills Moody in 1924, all at both singles and doubles; and Hazel Virginia Hotchkiss Wightman (1886-1974), at ladies' and mixed ^ doubles in 1924. Richards won a US record third medal, silver at mixed doubles (with Marion Jessup) in 1924. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Team): Davis Cup T \p8\D17\3911286 Sports and Games|Tennis|International Team|Davis Cup 20 24 26 28 239098|3516 195170|2870 38226|562 221622|3259 309170|0 206832|13 51918|3 -PCAP- The Davis Cup (properly known as the International Lawn Tennis Championship) arose from the intense rivalry between American and British players at the turn of the century. The first challenge took place at Longwood Cricket Club, Boston, MA on 8-10 ^ Aug 1900. The USA built up a winning 3-0 lead before thunderstorms intervened to end the match. Seen here are the triumphant US team, Malcolm Whitman (left), Holcombe Ward (right) and Dwight F. Davis (center), with the gold-lined silver punch ^ bowl that he had commissoned and that bore his name. The format of the event (four singles and a doubles match) has not changed since that first match. (Photo: The Bettmann Archive Inc.) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Team): Davis Cup The Davis Cup men's international team championship was instituted in 1900. The most wins has been 29, by the USA. The most appearances for Cup winners is eight, by Roy Emerson (Australia), 1959-62, 1964-67. Bill Tilden (USA) played in a record 28 ^ matches in the final, winning a record 21--17 out of 22 singles and four out of six doubles. He was on seven winning sides, 1920-26, and then on four losing sides, 1927-30. ^<n Nicola Pietrangeli (Italy; b. 11 Sep 1933) played a record 163 ^ rubbers (66 ties), 1954 to 1972, winning 120. He played 109 singles (winning 78) and 54 doubles (winning 42). ^<n John McEnroe has played for the US team on 27 occasions, 1978 through 1 Feb 1992. He also has the most wins--57 matches in Davis Cup ^ competition (41 singles and 16 doubles). ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Team): Wightman Cup T Sports and Games|Tennis|International Team|Wightman Cup 20 22 24 26 239166|3517 220534|3243 221758|3261 309170|1 227712|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Team): Wightman Cup The Wightman Cup women's team championship was instituted in 1923. The annual match was won 51 times by the United States and 10 times by Great Britain. The contest was suspended in 1990 after a series of wipeouts by the US team. Chris Evert won ^ all 26 of her singles matches, from 1971 to 1985, and including doubles achieved a record 34 wins from 38 rubbers played. Virginia Wade (Great Britain; 10 Jul 1945) played in a record 21 ties and 56 rubbers, 1965-85. Jennifer Capriati became the ^ youngest-ever Wightman Cup winner and player at 13 yr 168 days, when she beat Clare Wood (Great Britain) 6-0, 6-0 at Williamsburg, VA on 14 Sep 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tennis (Team): Federation Cup T Sports and Games|Tennis|International Team|Federation Cup 20 22 24 26 239234|3518 220466|3242 221690|3260 309170|2 227712|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tennis (Team): Federation Cup The Federation Cup, the women's international team championship, was instituted in 1963. The most wins is 14, by the USA between 1963 and 1990. Virginia Wade (Great Britain) played each year from 1967 to 1983, in a record 57 ties, playing 100 ^ rubbers, including 56 singles (winning 36) and 44 doubles (winning 30). Chris Evert won her first 29 singles matches, 1977-86. Her overall record, 1977-89, is 40 wins in 42 singles and 16 wins in 18 doubles matches. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Origins T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 239302|3519 16262|239 226518|3331 309622|0 13960|132 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Origins The earliest evidence of organized running was at Memphis, Eygpt ^I 3800 B.C. The earliest accurately dated Olympic Games were held in July 776 B.C., when Coroibos won the foot race. The oldest surviving measurements are a long jump of 23 ^ ft 1 1/2 in by Chionis of Sparta in ^I 656 B.C. and a discus throw of 100 cubits (about 152 ft) by Protesilaus. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Fastest speed T \p8\D17\3911289 Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 239370|3520 30610|450 38294|563 225430|3315 309622|1 23878|202 52214|0 -PCAP- Carl Lewis (USA) a stride away from winning the 1991 World Championships 100 m final in a world record time of 9.86 seconds. Lewis has won a record nine medals in World Championship events. (Photo: Allsport/Steve Powell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Fastest speed An analysis of split times at each ten meters in the 1988 Olympic Games 100 m final in Seoul, South Korea on 24 Sep 1988, won by Ben Johnson (Canada) in 9.79 (average speed 22.85 mph but later disallowed as a world record due to his positive drug ^ test for steroids) from Carl Lewis (USA) 9.92, showed that both Johnson and Lewis reached a peak speed (40 m-50 m and 80 m-90 m respectively) of 0.83 sec for 10 m, i.e., 26.95 mph. In the women's final, Florence Griffith Joyner was timed at 0.91 ^ sec for each 10 m from 60 m-90 m, i.e., 24.58 mph. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Highest jump above own head T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Highest jump above own head 20 22 24 26 239438|3521 73586|1082 225566|3317 309622|2 71062|161 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Highest jump above own head The greatest height cleared above an athlete's own head is 23 1/4 in, by Franklin Jacobs (USA; b. 31 Dec 1957), 5 ft 8 in tall, who jumped 7 ft 7 1/4 in at New York City, on 27 Jan 1978. The greatest height cleared by a woman above her own head is ^ 12 3/4 in, by Yolanda Henry (USA; b. 2 Dec 1964), 5 ft 6 in tall, who jumped 6 ft 6 3/4 in at Seville, Spain on 30 May 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Most Olympic titles T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Most Olympic titles 20 22 24 26 239506|3522 199794|2938 226246|3327 309622|3 211064|21 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Most Olympic titles The most Olympic gold medals won is ten (an absolute Olympic record), by Raymond Clarence Ewry (USA; 1873-1937) in the standing high, long and triple jumps in 1900, 1904, 1906 and 1908. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 The most gold medals won by a woman is ^ four, shared by: Francina "Fanny" E. Blankers-Koen (Nether-lands; b. 26 Apr 1918), with 100 m, 200 m, 80 m hurdles and 4 x 100 m relay, 1948; Betty Cuthbert (Australia; b. 20 Apr 1938), with 100 m, 200 m, 4 x 100 m relay, 1956 and 400 m, 1964; ^ and Barbel Wockel (nee Eckert [East Germany]; b. 21 Mar 1955), with 200 m and 4 x 100 m relay in 1976 and 1980. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Most track records in a day T \m\00000005 Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Most track records in a day 20 22 24 26 239574|3523 192654|2833 226314|3328 6878|101 309622|4 175106|429 942|3 -PCAP- -MCAP- Jesse Owens is shown at the 1936 Olympic Games at Berlin. Owens won the men's 100-m and 200-m sprints and broad jump, confounding Adolf Hitler's expectation that the games would be a forum for Aryan "supremacy." ^ -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Most track records in a day Jesse Owens (USA; 1913-80) set six world records in 45 min at Ann Arbor, MI on 25 May 1935, with a 9.4 sec 100 yd at 3:15 P.M., a 26 ft 8 1/4 in long jump at 3:25 P.M., a 20.3 sec 220 yd (and 200 m) at 3:45 P.M., and a 22.6 sec 220 yd (and 200 m) ^ low hurdles at 4 P.M. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Most wins at one Games T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Most wins at one Games 20 22 24 26 239642|3524 220942|3249 226382|3329 309622|5 227712|96 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Most wins at one Games The most gold medals at one celebration is five, by Paavo Johannes Nurmi (Finland; 1897-1973) in 1924: 1,500 m, 5,000 m, 10,000 m cross-country, 3,000 m team and cross-country team. The most at individual events is four, by Alvin Christian ^ Kraenzlein (USA; 1876-1928) in 1900: 60 m, 110 m hurdles, 200 m hurdles and long jump. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Most Olympic medals T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Most Olympic medals 20 22 24 26 239710|3525 199726|2937 226178|3326 309622|6 211064|20 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Most Olympic medals The most medals won is 12 (nine gold and three silver), by Paavo Nurmi (Finland) in the Games of 1920, 1924 and 1928. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 The most medals won by a woman athlete is seven, by Shirley Barbara de la Hunty (nee Strickland [Australia]; ^ b. 18 Jul 1925) with three gold, one silver and three bronze in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Games. A reappraisal of the photo-finish indicates that she finished third, not fourth, in the 1948 200-meter event, thus unofficially increasing her medal ^ haul to eight. Irena Szewinska (nee Kirszenstein [Poland]; b. 24 May 1946) won three gold, two silver and two bronze in 1964, 1968, 1972 and 1976, and is the only woman athlete to win a medal in four successive Games. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 ^ The most Olympic medals won is five, by Delorez Florence Griffith Joyner (b. 21 Dec 1959): 200 m silver in 1984, gold at 100 m, 200 m and 4 x 100 m relay, silver at 4 x 400 m relay in 1988. Wilma Glodean Rudolph (later Ward; b. 23 Jun 1940) won ^ three gold medals: 100 m, 200 m and 4 x 100 m relay in 1960; by Wyomia Tyus (b. 29 Aug 1945): 100 m in 1968, 4 x 100 m relay in 1964 and 1968; and by Valerie Ann Brisco (b. 6 Jul 1960) at 200 m, 400 m and 4 x 400 m relay. Rudolph and Tyus also ^ won one silver medal each. Four gold medals at one Games were won by Alvin Kraenzlein. Jesse Owens (1913-80) in 1936 and Frederick Carleton "Carl" Lewis (b. 1 Jul 1961) in 1984 both won four gold medals at one Games, both at 100 m, 200 m, long ^ jump and the 4 x 100 m relay. Lewis won two more gold medals in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Olympic champions T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Olympic champions 20 22 24 26 239778|3526 235426|3462 226450|3330 309622|7 236192|189 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Olympic champions ^<4 Oldest and youngest ^>4 The oldest athlete to win an Olympic title was Irish-born Patrick Joseph "Babe" McDonald (ne McDonnell; 1878-1954), who was age 42 yr 26 days when he won the 56 lb weight throw at Antwerp, Belgium on 21 Aug 1920. The ^ oldest female champion was Lia Manoliu (Romania; b. 25 Apr 1932), age 36 yr 176 days when she won the discus at Mexico City on 18 Oct 1968. The youngest gold medalist was Barbara Pearl Jones (USA; b. 26 Mar 1937), who at 15 yr 123 days was a ^ member of the winning 4 x 100 m relay team, at Helsinki, Finland on 27 Jul 1952. The youngest male champion was Robert Bruce "Bob" Mathias (USA; b. 17 Nov 1930), age 17 yr 263 days when he won the decathlon at the London Games on 5-6 Aug 1948. ^ ^<n The oldest Olympic medalist was Tebbs Lloyd Johnson (Great Britain; 1900-84), age 48 yr 115 days when he was third in the 1948 50,000 m walk. The oldest woman medalist was Dana Zatopkova (Czechoslovakia; b. 19 Sep 1922), age 37 yr 348 days ^ when she was second in the javelin in 1960. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: World Championships T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 239846|3527 199862|2939 226858|3336 8918|131 309622|8 211064|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: World Championships Quadrennial World Championships, distinct from the Olympic Games, were inaugurated in 1983, when they were held in Helsinki, Finland. The most medals won is nine, by Frederick Carleton "Carl" Lewis (USA; b. 1 Jul 1961), eight gold, at 100 m, long ^ jump and 4 x 100 m relay in 1983; 100 m, long jump and 4 x 100 m relay in 1987; 100 m and 4 x 100 m relay, 1991; and silver at long jump in 1991. This is based on the assumption that Ben Johnson (Canada), the original winner of the 1987 100 m ^ gold, who was stripped of his title by the IAAF in 1989 following his admission of drug taking, also loses the gold. Lewis has also won six Olympic golds, four in 1984 and two in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: World records--men (table) B \t\D03\1107941a \c8\D03\3811225z Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|World records--men (table) 20 25 27 31 239914|3528 154030|2265 38362|564 227062|3339 309622|9 139100|375 52214|1 -PCAP- (Clockwise from top left) Jurgen Schult (GDR) (b. 11 May 1960) illustrates the speed and power that is required to be a world class discus thrower. He set the current world record with a throw of 243 ft at Neubrandenburg, GDR on 6 Jun 1986. Sergey ^ Bubka (USSR) has set a remarkable 26 world records indoors and out (to June 1991) and was the first pole vaulter to surpass 20 ft when he cleared 6.10 m indoors at San Sebastian, Spain on 15 Mar 1991. Steve Backley is the current world record ^ holder for the javelin. His record throw surpassed the previous mark by 48 cm and his personal best by 112 cm. Seen here during his 10,000 meters record run at Berlin in 1989, Arturo Barrios (Mexico) (b. 12 Dec 1963) has recently set long ^ distance bests for 20,000 meters and the hour. Both records were set at La Fleche, France, on 30 Mar 1991. ^<n ^<n ^<n (Allsport/Gray Mortimore; Allsport/Bob Martin) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- * Set at high altitude. *Ben Johnson (Canada; b. 30 Dec 1961) ran 100 m in 9.79 sec at Seoul, South Korea on 24 Sep 1988, but was subsequently disqualified when he tested positive for steroids. He later admitted to having taken drugs over many ^ years, and this also invalidated his 9.83 sec at Rome, Italy on 30 Aug 1987. **This record was set at high altitude---Mexico City 7,349 ft. Best mark at low altitude: 200 m: 19.75 sec, Carl Lewis, Indianapolis, IN, 19 Jun 1983, and Joseph ^ Nathaniel DeLoach (USA; b. 5 Jun 1967) at Seoul, South Korea on 28 Sep 1988. ^ -TEXT- Track and Field: World records--men (table) Track and Field: World Records--Men (Table) WORLD RECORDS MEN World records for the men's events scheduled by the International Amateur Athletic Federation. Fully automatic electric timing is mandatory for events up to 400 meters. RUNNING min:sec ^ NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE 100 meters 9.86* Frederick Carleton {Carl} Lewis (USA; b. 1 Jul 1961) Tokyo, Japan 25 Aug 1991 200 meters 19.72** Pietro Mennea (Italy; b. 28 Jun 1952) Mexico City, Mexico 12 Sep 1979 400 meters 43.29 Harry Lee {Butch} ^ Reynolds, Jr. (USA; b. 8 Aug 1964) Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 17 Aug 1988 800 meters 1:41.73 Sebastian Newbold Coe (Great Britain; b. 29 Sep 1956) Florence, Italy 10 Jun 1981 1,000 meters 2:12.18 Sebastian Newbold Coe (Great Britain) Oslo, Norway 11 ^ Jul 1981 1,500 meters 3:29.46 Sai[um]d Aouita (Morocco; b. 2 Nov 1959) Berlin, Germany 23 Aug 1985 1 mile 3:46.32 Steven Cram (Great Britain; b. 14 Oct 1960) Oslo, Norway 27 Jul 1985 2,000 meters 4:50.81 Sai[um]d Aouita (Morocco) Paris, France 16 ^ Jul 1987 3,000 meters 7:29.45 Sai[um]d Aouita (Morocco) Cologne, Germany 20 Aug 1989 5,000 meters 12:58.39 Sai[um]d Aouita (Morocco) Rome, Italy 22 Jul 1987 10,000 meters 27:08.23 Arturo Barrios (Mexico; b. 12 Dec 1963) Berlin, Germany 18 Aug ^ 1989 20,000 meters 56:55.6 Arturo Barrios (Mexico) La Fle[gr]che, France 30 Mar 1991 25,000 meters 1 hr 13:55.8 Toshihiko Seko (Japan; b. 15 Jul 1956) Christchurch, New Zealand 22 Mar 1981 30,000 meters 1 hr 29:18.8 Toshihiko Seko (Japan) ^ Christchurch, New Zealand 22 Mar 1981 1 hour 13.111 miles Arturo Barrios (Mexico) La Fle[gr]che, France 30 May 1991 HURDLING 110 meters (3ft 6in) 12.92 Roger Kingdom (USA; b. 26 Aug 1962) Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 16 Aug 1989 400 meters (3ft 0in) ^ 47.02 Edwin Corley Moses (USA; b. 31 Aug 1955) Koblenz, Germany 31 Aug 1983 3,000 meter 8:05.35 Peter Koech (Kenya; b. 18 Feb 1958) Stockholm, Sweden 4 Jul 1989 steeplechase RELAYS 4<X>100 meters 37.50 USA Tokyo, Japan 1 Sep 1991 (Andre ^ Cason, Leroy Burrell, Dennis Mitchell, Carl Lewis) 4<X>200 meters 1:19.11 Santa Monica Track Club (USA) Philadelphia 25 Apr 1992 (Mike Marsh, Leroy Burrell, Floyd Wayne Heard, Carl Lewis) 4<X>400 meters 2:56.16* United States Mexico City, ^ Mexico 20 Oct 1968 (Vincent Edward Matthews, Ronald John Freeman, II, George Lawrence James, Lee Edward Evans) 2:56.16 United States Seoul, South Korea 1 Oct 1988 (Daniel Everett, Steven Earl Lewis, Kevin Bernard Robinzine, Butch ^ Reynolds) 4<X>800 meters 7:03.89 Great Britain London, Great Britain 30 Aug 1982 (Peter Elliott, Garry Peter Cook, Steven Cram, Sebastian Coe) 4<X>1,500 meters 14:38.8 West Germany Cologne, Germany 17 Aug 1977 (Thomas Wessinghage, Harald ^ Hudak, Michael Lederer, Karl Fleschen) FIELD EVENTS m ft in High jump 2.44 8 0 Javier Sotomayor (Cuba; b. 13 Oct 1967) San Juan, Puerto Rico 29 Jul 1989 Pole vault 6.11 20 0 1/4 Sergey Nazarovich Bubka (Ukraine; b. 4 Dec 1963) Dijon, ^ France 13 Jun 1992 Long jump 8.95 29 4 1/4 Michael Anthony {Mike} Powell (USA; b. 10 Nov 1963) Tokyo, Japan 30 Aug 1991 Triple jump 17.97 58 11 William Augustus {Willie} Banks (USA; b. 11 r 1956) Indianapolis, IN 16 Jun 1985 Shot 16 lb 23.12 75 10 ^ 5 10 1/4 Eric Randolph {Randy} Barnes (USA; b. 16 Jun 1966) Los Angeles, CA 20 May 1990 Discus 4 lb 8 oz 74.08 243 0 Ju[um]rgen Schult (East Germany; b. 11 May 1960) Neubrandenburg, Germany 6 Jun 1986 Hammer 16 lb 86.74 284 7 Yuriy Georgiyevich ^ Sedykh (USSR; b. 11 Jun 1955) Stuttgart, Germany 30 Aug 1986 Javelin 91.46 300 0 Stephen James Backley (Great Britain; b. 12 Feb 1969) Auckland, New Zealand 25 Jan 1992 DECATHLON 8,847 points Francis Morgan {Daley} Thompson Los Angeles, CA 8--9 ^ Aug 1984 (Great Britain; b. 30 Jul 1958) (1st day: 100 m 10.44 sec, Long Jump 26ft 3 1/2 in (2nd day: 110 m hurdles 14.33 sec, Shot Put 51ft 7in, High Jump 6ft 8in, Discus 152ft 9in, Pole vault 16ft 4_ in, 400 m 46.97 sec) Javelin 214ft 0in, ^ 1,500 m 4:35.00 sec) ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: World records--women (table) B \t\D03\1107942a \p8\D17\3811226j Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|World records--women (table) 20 23 25 27 239982|3529 154098|2266 38430|565 227130|3340 309622|10 139100|376 52214|2 -PCAP- Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) (b. 3 Mar 1962) accumulated a world record 7,291 points for the heptathlon at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea on 23-24 September. In the javelin she threw 149 ft 9 in, which contributed 776 points. (Photo: ^ Allsport USA/Duffy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- World records for the women's events scheduled by the International Amateur Athletic Federation. ^ -TEXT- Track and Field: World records--women (table) Track and Field: World Records--Women (Table) WORLD RECORDS WOMEN RUNNING min:sec NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE 100 meters 10.49 Delorez Florence Griffith Joyner (USA; b. 21 Dec 1959) Indianapolis, IN 16 Jul 1988 200 meters 21.34 Delorez Florence ^ Griffith Joyner (USA) Seoul, South Korea 29 Sep 1988 400 meters 47.60 Marita Koch (East Germany; b. 18 Feb 1957) Canberra, Australia 6 Oct 1985 800 meters 1:53.28 Jarmila Kratochvi[ac]lova[ac] Mu[um]nich, Germany 26 Jul 1983 ^ (Czechoslovakia; b. 26 Jan 1951) 1,000 meters 2:30.6 Tatyana Providokhina (USSR; b. 26 Mar 1953) Podolsk, USSR 20 Aug 1978 1,500 meters 3:52.47 Tatyana Kazankina (USSR; b. 17 Dec 1951) Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 13 Aug 1980 1 mile4:15.61 Paula ^ Ivan (Romania; b. 20 Jul 1963) Nice, France 10 Jul 1989 2,000 meters 5:28.69 Maricica Puic_a (Romania; b. 29 Jul 1950) London, Great Britain 11 Jul 1986 3,000 meters 8:22.62 Tatyana Kazankina (USSR) Leningrad, USSR 26 Aug 1984 5,000 meters ^ 14:37.33 Ingrid Kristiansen (nee Christensen [Norway]; Stockholm, Sweden 5 Aug 1986 b. 21 Mar 1956) 10,000 meters 30:13.74 Ingrid Kristiansen (Norway) Oslo, Norway 5 Jul 1986 HURDLING 100 meters (2ft 9in)12.21 Yordanka Donkova (Bulgaria; ^ b. 28 Sep 1961) Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 20 Aug 1988 400 meters (2ft 6in)52.94 Marina Styepanova (nee Makeyeva [USSR]; Tashkent, USSR 17 Sep 1986 b. 1 May 1950) RELAYS 4<X>100 meters 41.37 East Germany Canberra, Australia 6 Oct 1985 ^ (Silke Gladisch [now Mo[um]ller], Sabine Rieger [now Gu[um]nther], Ingrid Auerswald [nee Brestrich], Marlies Go[um]hr [nee Oelsner]) 4<X>200 meters 1:28.15 East Germany Jena, Germany 9 Aug 1980 (Marlies Go[um]hr [nee Oelsner], Romy ^ Mu[um]ller [nee Schneider], Ba[um]rbel Wo[um]ckel [nee Eckert], Marita Koch) 4<X>400 meters 3:15.17 USSR Seoul, South Korea 1 Oct 1988 (Tatyana Ledovskaya, Olga Nazarova [nee Grigoryeva], Maria Pinigina [nee Kulchunova], Olga Bryzgina [nee ^ Vladykina]) 4<X>800 meters 7:50.17 USSR Moscow, USSR 5 Aug 1984 (Nadezhda Olizarenko [nee Mushta], Lyubov Gurina, Lyudmila Borisova, Irina Podyalovskaya) FIELD EVENTS m ft in High jump 2.09 6 10 1/4 Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria; b. 25 Mar ^ 1965) Rome, Italy 30 Aug 1987 Long jump 7.52 24 8 1/4 Galina Chistyakova (USSR; b. 26 Jul 1962) Leningrad, USSR 11 Jun 1988 Triple jump 14.95 49 1 Inessa Kravets (USSR; b. 5 Oct 1966) Moscow, USSR 10 Jun 1991 Shot 8 lb 13 oz 22.63 74 3 Natalya ^ Lisovskaya (USSR; b. 16 Jul 1962) Moscow, USSR 7 Jun 1987 Discus 2 lb 3 oz 76.80 252 0 Gabriele Reinsch (East Germany; b. 23 Sep 1963) Neubrandenburg, Germany 9 Jul 1988 Javelin 24 lb 7 oz 80.00 262 5 Petra Felke (East Germany; b. 30 Jul ^ 1959) Potsdam, Germany 9 Sep 1988 HEPTATHLON 7,291 points Jacqueline Joyner-Kersee (USA; b. 3 Mar 1962) Seoul, South Korea 23--24 Sep 1988 (100 m hurdles 12.69 sec; High jump 6 ft 1 1/4 in; Shot 51 ft 10 in; 200 m 22.56 sec; Long jump 23 ^ ft 10 in; Javelin 149 ft 9 in; 800 m 2 min 08.51 sec) ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: World indoor records (table) B \t\D03\1107943a \c8\D03\3811229z Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|World indoor records (table) 20 25 27 31 240050|3530 153962|2264 38498|566 226926|3337 309622|11 139100|374 52214|3 -PCAP- (Center) Bruno Marie-Rose is shown here celebrating bringing the French 4 x 100 m team to European Championship victory at Split, Yugoslavia on 1 Sep 1990. He and teammates Max Moriniere, Daniel Sangouma and Jean-Charles Trouabal had further cause ^ for celebration as they had set a new world record of 37.79 sec. (Left) Liz McColgan (Great Britain) (b. 24 May 1964) is the current holder of the 5,000 meter indoor record, which she set at Birmingham, Great Britain, on 22 Feb 1992. (Right) ^ Heike Henkel (Germany), the 1991 high jump world champion, continued her good form in the indoor season. This culminated in setting the world indoor best (2.07 m) at Karlsruhe, Germany on 9 Feb 1992. (Photos: Allsport/G. Mortimore and ^ Allsport/Mike Powell) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- Track performances around a turn must be made on a track of circumference no longer than 200 meters. <1>Ben Johnson (Canada; b. 30 Dec 1961) ran 50 m in 5.55 sec at Ottawa, Cananda on 31 Jan 1987 and 60 m in 6.41 sec at Indianapolis on 7 Mar 1987, ^ but these were invalidated due to his admission of having taken drugs over many years, following his disqualification at the 1988 Olympics. <2>Adjudged by observers to have been with a rolling start, but officially ratified. <3>Not officially ^ recognized. <4>Angella Issajenko (nee Taylor [Canada]; b. 28 Sep 1958) ran 6.06 at Ottawa, Canada on 31 Jan 1987. This was accepted as a world record, but subsequently invalidated when she admitted steroid usage. ^ -TEXT- Track and Field: World indoor records (table) Track and Field: World Indoor Records (Table) WORLD INDOOR RECORDS MEN RUNNING min:sec NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE 50 meters 5.61<1> Manfred Kokot (East Germany; b. 3 Jan 1948) East Berlin, Germany 4 Feb 1973 5.61<1> James Sanford (USA; b. 27 ^ Dec 1957) San Diego, CA 20 Feb 1981 60 meters 6.41<1> Andre Cason (USA; b. 13 Jan 1969) Madrid, Spain 14 Feb 1992 200 meters 20.36 Bruno Marie-Rose (France; b. 20 May 1965) Lie[ac]vin, France 22 Feb 1987 400 meters 45.02 Danny Everett (USA; ^ b. 1 Nov 1966) Stuttgart, Germany 2 Feb 1992 800 meters 1:44.84 Paul Ereng (Kenya; b. 22 Aug 1967) Budapest, Hungary 4 Mar 1989 1,000 meters (2:16.4 officially) 2:16.62 Robert Druppers (Netherlands; b. 29 Apr 1962) The Hague, Netherlands ^ 20 Feb 1988 1,500 meters 3:34.16 Noureddine Morceli (Algeria; b. 20 Feb 1970) Seville, Spain 28 Feb 1991 1 mile 3:49.78 Eamonn Coghlan (Ireland; b. 21 Nov 1952) East Rutherford, NJ 27 Feb 1983 3,000 meters 7:36.66 Sai[um]d Aouita (Morocco; b. 2 ^ Nov 1959) Athens, Greece 11 Mar 1992 5,000 meters 13:20.4 Suleiman Nyambui (Tanzania; b. 13 Feb 1953) New York City 6 Feb 1983 50 meter hurdles 6.25 Mark McKoy (Canada; b. 10 Dec 1961) Kobe, Japan 5 Mar 1986 60 meter hurdles 7.36<2> ^ Gregory {Greg} Foster (USA; b. 4 Aug 1958) Los Angeles, CA 16 Jan 1987 7.37 Roger Kingdom (USA; b. 26 Aug 1962) Piraeus, Greece 8 Mar 1989 RELAYS 4 <X> 200 meters 1:22.11 United Kingdom Glasgow, Great Britain 3 Mar 1991 (Linford ^ Christie, Darren Braithwaite, Ade Mafe, John Regis) 4 <X> 400 meters 3:03.05 Germany Seville, Spain 10 Mar 1991 (Rico Lieder, Jens Carlowitz, Karsten Just, Thomas Scho[um]nlebe) WALKING 5,000 meters 18:11.41<3> Ronald Weigel (East Germany; b. ^ 8 Aug 1959) Vienna, Austria 13 Feb 1988 18:15.25 Grigoriy Kornev (Russia; b. 14 Mar 1961) Moscow, Russia 7 Feb 1992 FIELD EVENTS m ft in High jump 2.43 7 11 1/2 Javier Sotomayor (Cuba; b. 13 Oct 1967) Budapest, Hungary 4 Mar 1989 Pole ^ vault 6.13 20 1 1/4 Sergey Nazarovich Bubka (Ukraine; b. 4 Dec 1963) Berlin, Germany 21 Feb 1992 Long jump 8.79 28 10 1/4 Frederick Carleton {Carl} Lewis (USA; b. 1 Jul 1961) New York City 27 Jan 1984 Triple jump 17.76 58 3 1/4 Michael ^ Alexander Conley (USA; b. 5 Oct 1962) New York City 27 Feb 1987 Shot 22.66 74 4 1/4 Eric Randolph {Randy} Barnes (USA; b. 16 Jun 1966) Los Angeles, CA 20 Jan 1989 HEPTATHLON 6,418 points Christian Plaziat (France; b. 28 Oct 1963) Genoa, ^ Italy 28-- 29 Feb 1992 (60 m 6.83 sec; Long jump, 7.58 m; Shot, 14.53 m; High jump, 2.13 m; 60 m hurdles, 7.97 sec; Pole vault, 5.20 m; 1,000 m 2:40.17) WOMEN RUNNING min:sec 50 meters 6.11<4> Marita Koch (East Germany; b. 18 Feb 1957) ^ Grenoble, France 2 Feb 1980 60 meters 6.96 Merlene Ottey (Jamaica; b. 10 May 1960) Madrid, Spain 14 Feb 1992 200 meters 22.24 Merlene Ottey (Jamaica) Seville, Spain 10 Mar 1991 400 meters 49.59 Jarmila Kratochv [ac]lova[ac] Milan, Italy 7 ^ Mar 1982 (Czechoslovakia; b. 26 Jan 1951) 800 meters 1:56.40 Christine Wachtel (East Germany; b. 6 Jan 1965) Vienna, Austria 13 Feb 1988 1,000 meters 2:33.93 Inna Yevseyeva (Ukraine; b. 14 Aug 1964) Moscow, Russia 7 Feb 1992 1,500 mete ^ rs 4:00.27 Doina Melinte (Romania; b. 27 Dec 1956) East Rutherford, NJ 9 Feb 1990 1 mile 4:17.14 Doina Melinte (Romania) East Rutherford, NJ 9 Feb 1990 3,000 meters 8:33.82 Elly van Hulst (Netherlands; b. 9 Jun 1957) Budapest, Hungary 4 ^ Mar 1989 5,000 meters 15:03.17 Elizabeth McColgan (Great Britain; b. 24 May 1964) Birmingham, Great Britain 22 Feb 1992 50 meter hurdles 6.58 Cornelia Oschkenat (East Germany; b. 29 Oct 1961) Berlin, Germany 20 Feb 1988 60 meter hurdles 7.69 ^ Lyudmila Narozhilenko (USSR; b. 21 Apr 1964) Chelyabinsk, USSR 4 Feb 1990 RELAYS 4 <X> 200 meters 1:32.55 S. C. Eintracht Hamm (6West Germany) Dortmund, Germany 19 Feb 1988 (Helga Arendt, Silke-Beate Knoll, Mechthild Kluth, Gisela Kinzel) ^ 4 <X> 400 meters 3:27.22 Germany Seville, Spain 10 Mar 1991 (Sandra Seuser, Katrin Schreiter, Annet Hesselbarth, Grit Breuer) WALKING 3,000 meters 11:44.00 Alina Ivanova (Ukraine; b. 25 Jun 1969) Moscow, Russia 7 Feb 1992 FIELD EVENTS m ft ^ in High jump 2.07 6 9 1/2 Heike Henkel (Germany; b. 5 May 1964) Karlsruhe, Germany 9 Feb 1992 Long jump 7.37 24 2 1/4 Heike Dreschler (East Germany; b. 16 Dec 1964) Vienna, Austria 13 Feb 1988 Triple jump 14.45 47 5 Galina Chistyakova ^ (USSR; b. 26 Jul 1962) Lipetsk, USSR 29 Jan 1989 Shot 22.50 73 10 Helena Fibingerova[ac] Jablonec, Czechoslovakia 19 Feb 1977 (Czechoslovakia; b. 13 Jul 1959) PENTATHLON 4,991 points Irina Belova (Russia; b. 27 Mar 1968) Berlin, ^ Germany14-- 15 Feb 1992 (60 m hurdles 8.22 sec; High jump 1.93 m; Shot 13.25 m; Long jump 6.67 m; 800 m 2:10.26) ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Longest-standing field event record T \c8\D03\3911288z Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Longest-standing field event record 20 22 24 26 240118|3531 153690|2260 38566|567 225974|3323 3886|57 309622|12 139100|370 52214|4 -PCAP- Mike Powell (USA) at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo breaking the longest-standing field event world record. (Photo: Allsport/G. Vandystadt) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Longest-standing field event record At the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo, Mike Powell (USA; b. 10 Nov 1963) broke the record for the long jump--the longest-standing field event world record--with a leap of 29 ft 4 1/4 in. The previous record had been set 23 years earlier by ^ Robert Beamon (USA; b. 29 Aug 1946) with a jump of 29 ft 2 1/2 in at Mexico City in 1968. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: World record breakers T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|World record breakers 20 22 24 26 240186|3532 235494|3463 226994|3338 309622|13 236192|190 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: World record breakers ^<4 Oldest and youngest ^>4 For the greatest age at which anyone has broken a world record under IAAF jurisdiction, see General Records. The female record is 36 yr 139 days for Marina Styepanova (nee Makeyeva [USSR]; b. 1 May 1950) with 52.94 ^ sec for the 400 m hurdles at Tashkent, USSR on 17 Sep 1986. The youngest individual record breaker is Wang Yan (China; b. 9 Apr 1971), who set a women's 5,000 m walk record at age 14 yr 334 days with 21 min 33.8 sec at Jian, China on 9 Mar 1986. ^ The youngest male is Thomas Ray (Great Britain; 1862-1904) at 17 yrs 198 days when he pole-vaulted 11 ft 2 3/4 in on 19 Sep 1879 (prior to IAAF ratification). ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Most international appearances T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Most international appearances 20 22 24 26 240254|3533 195306|2872 226110|3325 309622|14 206832|15 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Most international appearances The greatest number of international matches contested for any nation is 89, by shot-putter Bjorn Bang Andersen (b. 14 Nov 1937) for Norway, 1960-81. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: US Championships T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|US Championships 20 22 24 26 240322|3534 212034|3118 226654|3333 309622|15 219140|87 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: US Championships The most American national titles won at all events, indoors and out, is 65, by Ronald Owen Laird (b. 31 May 1938) at various walks events between 1958 and 1976. Excluding the walks, the record is 41, by Stella Walsh (nee Walasiewicz, 1911-80), who ^ won women's events between 1930 and 1954--33 outdoors and 8 indoors. ^<n The most wins outdoors at one event in AAU/TAC history is 11, by James Sarsfield Mitchel (1864-1921) at 56 lb weight in 1888, 1891-97, 1900, 1903, 1905; Stella Walsh, 220 ^ y/200 m 1930-31, 1939-40, 1942-48, and long jump 1930, 1939-46, 1948 and 1951; Maren Seidler (b. 11 Jun 1951) in shot 1967-68, 1972-80; Dorothy Dodson (b. 28 Mar 1919) in javelin 1939-49. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: US national records--men (table) B \t\D04\1107961a \c8\D03\3911290z Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|US national records--men (table) 20 24 26 29 240390|3535 153826|2262 38634|568 226722|3334 309622|16 139100|372 52214|5 -PCAP- (Left) American Randy Barnes is the current world record holder for the shot, both indoors and outdoors. Here he can be seen setting the indoor record at Los Angeles in 1989. (Right) Andre Cason (center) set the record for the fastest indoor 60 m ^ at Madrid on 12 Feb 1992. He broke the record of Leroy Burrell (right), set a year earlier at the same venue. Cason and Burrell were also members of the 4 x 100 meters US relay team that established a new world record in 1991. (Photos: ^ Allsport/Tim DeFrisco and Allsport USA/Tony Duffy) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- <1>Set at high altitude; the low altitude best: 28 ft 10 1/4 in, Carl Lewis at Indianapolis, IN on 19 Jun 1983. <2>Ratified despite the fact that it was achieved after a positive drug test. <3>Petranoff has also thrown 292 ft 6 in at ^ Potchefstroom, South Africa on 1 Mar 1991.>> *Set at high altitude.>> * Prior to obtaining US citizenship. ^ -TEXT- Track and Field: US national records--men (table) Track and Field: US National Records--Men (Table) US NATIONAL RECORDS MEN RUNNING min:sec NAME PLACE DATE 100 meters 9.86 Frederick Carleton {Carl} Lewis (b. 1 Jul 1961) Tokyo, Japan 25 Aug 1991 200 meters 19.75 Carl Lewis Indianapolis, IN 19 ^ Jun 1983 19.75 Joseph Nathaniel {Joe} DeLoach (b. 5 Jun 1967) Seoul, South Korea 28 Sep 1988 400 meters 43.29 Harry Lee {Butch} Reynolds, Jr. (b. 8 Aug 1964) Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 17 Aug 1988 800 meters 1:42.60 John Lee {Johnny} Gray (b. 19 ^ Jun 1960) Koblenz, Germany 28 Aug 1985 1,000 meters 2:13.9 Richard Charles {Rick} Wohlhuter (b. 23 Dec 1948) Oslo, Norway 30 Jul 1974 1,500 meters 3:29.77 Sydney Maree (b. 9 Sep 1956) Cologne, Germany 25 Aug 1985 1 mile 3:47.69 Steven Michael ^ Scott (b. 5 May 1957) Oslo, Norway 7 Jul 1982 2,000 meters 4:52.44 James C. {Jim} Spivey (b. 7 Mar 1960) Lausanne, Switzerland 15 Sep 1987 3,000 meters 7:33.37 Sydney Maree* London, Great Britain 17 Jul 1982 7:35.84 Douglas Floyd Padilla (b. 4 ^ Oct 1956) Oslo, Norway 9 Jul 1983 5,000 meters 13:01.15 Sydney Maree Oslo, Norway 27 Jul 1985 10,000 meters 27:20.56 Marcus James Nenow (b. 16 Nov 1957) Brussels, Belgium 5 Sep 1986 15,000 meters 43:39.8 William Henry {Bill} Rodgers (b. 23 Dec ^ 1947) Boston, MA 9 Aug 1977 20,000 meters 58:25.0 Bill Rodgers Boston, MA 9 Aug 1977 25,000 meters 1 hr 14:11.8 Bill Rodgers Saratoga, NY 21 Feb 1979 30,000 meters 1 hr 31:49 Bill Rodgers Saratoga, NY 21 Feb 1979 1 hour 12 miles 135 yd Bill ^ Rodgers Boston, MA 9 Aug 1977 Marathon 2 hr 08:52 Alberto Bauduy Salazar (b. 7 Aug 1958) Boston, MA 19 Apr 1982 HURDLING 110 meters 12.92 Roger Kingdom (b. 26 Aug 1962) Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 16 Aug 1989 400 meters 47.02 Edwin Corley Moses (b. ^ 31 Aug 1955) Koblenz, Germany 31 Aug 1983 3,000 meter 8:09.17 Henry Dinwoodey Marsh (b. 15 Mar 1954) Koblenz, Germany 28 Aug 1985 steeplechase RELAYS 4<X>100 meters 37.50 National Team Tokyo, Japan 1 Sep 1991 (Andre Cason, Leroy Burrell, ^ Dennis Mitchell, Carl Lewis) 4<X>200 meters 1:19.11 Santa Monica Track Club Koblenz, Germany 23 Aug 1989 (Daniel Joe Everett, Leroy Russell Burrell, Floyd Heard, Carl Lewis) 4<X>400 meters 2:56.16* National Team Mexico City, Mexico 20 Oct 1968 ^ (6Vincent Edward Matthews, Ronald John Freeman, George Lawrence {Larry} James, Lee Edward Evans) 2:56.16 National Team Seoul, South Korea 1 Oct 1988 (Daniel Everett, Steven Earl Lewis, Kevin Bernard Robinzine, Harry Lee {Butch} Reynolds) ^ 4<X>800 meters 7:06.5 Santa Monica Track Club Walnut, CA 26 Apr 1986 (James Robinson, David Mack, Earl Jones, Johnny Gray) 4<X>1,500 meters 14:46.3 National Team Bourges, France 24 Jun 1969 FIELD EVENTS ft in High jump 7 10 1/2 Charles ^ Austin Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 7 Aug 1991 Pole vault 19 6 1/2 Daniel Joe Dial (b. 26 Oct 1962) Norman, OK 18 Jun 1987 Long jump 29 4 1/2<1> Mike Powell Tokyo, Japan 30 Aug 1991 Triple jump 58 11 1/2 William Augustus {Willie} Banks (b. 11 Mar ^ 1956) Indianapolis, IN 16 Jun 1985 Shot 75 10 1/4 Earl Randolph {Randy} Barnes (b.16 Jun 1966) Westwood, LA 20 May 1990 Discus 237 4<2> Walter {Ben} Plunknett (b. 13 Apr 1953) Sckholm, Sweden 7 Jul 1981 Hammer 268 8<3> Judson Campbell Logan (b. 19 ^ . 19 Jul 1959) University Park, PA 22 Apr 1988 Javelin 280 1<3> Thomas Alan Petranoff (b. 8 Apr 1958) Helsinki, Finland 7 Jul 1986 DECATHLON 8,812 points Dan O'Brien Tokyo, Japan 29--30 Aug 1991 (100 m, 10.41 sec; Long jump, 25 ft 11 in; ^ Shot put, 53 ft 3 1/2 in; High jump, 6 ft 3 1/4 in; 400 m, 46.53 sec; 110 m hurdles, 13.94 sec; Discus, 154 ft 10 in; Pole vault, 17 ft _ in; Javelin, 199 ft 0 in; 1,500 m, 4:37.50). ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: US national records--women (table) B \t\D04\1107962a Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|US national records--women (table) 20 22 24 26 240458|3536 153894|2263 226790|3335 309622|17 139100|373 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: US national records--women (table) Track and Field: US National Records--Women (Table) US NATIONAL RECORDS WOMEN RUNNING min:sec NAME PLACE DATE 100 meters 10.49 Delorez Florence Griffith Joyner (b. 21 Dec 1959) Indianapolis, IN 16 Jul 1988 200 meters 21.34 Florence Griffith ^ Joyner Seoul, South Korea 29 Sep 1988 400 meters 48.83 Valerie Ann Brisco (b. 6 Jul 1960) Los Angeles, CA 6 Aug 1984 800 meters 1:56.90 Mary Thereza Slaney (nee Decker; b. 4 Aug 1958) Berne, Switzerland 16 Aug 1985 1,000 meters 2:34.8 Mary ^ Slaney Eugene, OR 4 Jul 1985 1,500 meters 3:57.12 Mary Slaney Stockholm, Sweden 26 Jul 1983 1 mile 4:16.71 Mary Slaney Zu[um]rich, Switzerland 21 Aug 1985 2,000 meters 5:32.7 Mary Slaney Eugene, OR 3 Aug 1984 3,000 meters 8:25.83 Mary Slaney ^ Rome, Italy 7 Sep 1985 5,000 meters 15:00.00 Patricia Susan {Patti-Sue} Plumer (b. 27 Apr 1962) Stockholm, Sweden 3 Jul 1989 10,000 meters 31:28.92 Francis Larrieu-Smith (b. 23 Nov 1952) Austin, TX 4 Apr 1991 Marathon 2 hr 21:21 Joan Samuelson ^ (nee Benoit; b. 16 May 1957) Chicago, IL 20 Oct 1985 HURDLING 100 meters 12.48 Yolanda Gail Devers (now Roberts; b. 19 Nov 1966) Berlin, Germany 10 Sep 1991 400 meters 53.37 Sandra Marie Farmer-Patrick (b. 18 Aug 1962) New York, NY 22 Jul 1989 ^ RELAYS 4<X>100 meters 41.55 National Team Berlin, Germany 21 Aug 1987 (Alice Regina Brown, Diane Williams, Florence Griffith, Pam Marshall) 4<X>200 meters 1:32.57 Louisiana State University Des Moines, IA 28 Apr 1989 (Tananjalyn Stanley, ^ Sylvia Brydson, Esther Jones, Dawn Sowell) 4<X>400 meters 3:15.51 National Team Seoul, South Korea 1 Oct 1988 (Denean Howard, Diane Lynn Dixon, Valerie Brisco, Florence Griffith Joyner) 4<X>800 meters 8:17.09 Athletics West Walnut, CA 24 ^ Apr 1983 (2Susan Addison, Lee Arbogast, Mary Decker, Chris Mullen) FIELD EVENTS ft in High jump 6 8 1/4 Dorothy Louise Ritter (b. 18 Feb 1958) Austin, TX 8 Jul 1988 6 8 1/2 Louise Ritter Seoul, South Korea 30 Sep 1988 Long jump 24 5 1/2 ^ Jacqueline Joyner-Kersee Indianapolis, IN 13 Aug 1987 Triple jump 46 8 1/4 Sheila Hudson (b. 30 Jun 1967) New Orleans, LA 21 Jun 1992 Shot 66 2 1/2 Ramona Lu Pagel (nee Ebert; b. 10 Nov 1961) San Diego, CA 25 Jun 1988 Discus 216 10 1/2 Carol ^ Therese Cady (b. 6 Jun 1962) San Jose, CA 31 May 1986 Javelin 227 5 1/2 Kathryn Joan {Kate} Schmidt (b. 29 Dec 1963) Fu[um]rth, Germany 11 Sep 1977 HEPTATHLON 7,291 points Jacqueline Joyner-Kersee Seoul, South Korea 23--24 Sep 1988 (100 m ^ hurdles 12.69 sec; High jump 6 ft 1 1/4 in; Shot 51 ft 10 in; 200 m 22.56 sec; Long jump 23 ft 10 in; Javelin 149 ft 9 in; 800 m 2 min 08.51 sec) ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Longest winning sequence T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Longest winning sequence 20 22 24 26 240526|3537 153622|2259 225906|3322 309622|18 139100|369 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Longest winning sequence Iolanda Balas (Romania; b. 12 Dec 1936) won a record 150 consecutive competitions at high jump from 1956 to 1967. The record at a track event is 122, at 400 m hurdles, by Edwin Corley Moses (USA; b. 31 Jul 1955) between his loss to Harald Schmid ^ (West Germany; b. 29 Sep 1957) at Berlin, Germany on 26 Aug 1977 and that to Danny Lee Harris (USA; b. 7 Sep 1965) at Madrid, Spain on 4 Jun 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Longest career span T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Longest career span 20 22 24 26 240594|3538 153418|2256 225702|3319 309622|19 139100|366 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Longest career span Duncan McLean (1884-1980) of Scotland set a world age (92) record of 100 m in 21.7 sec in Aug 1977, over 73 years after his best-ever sprint of 100 yd in 9.9 sec in South Africa in Feb 1904. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Longest running races T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Longest running races 20 22 24 26 240662|3539 153486|2257 225770|3320 309622|20 139100|367 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Longest running races The longest races ever staged were the 1928 (3,422 miles) and 1929 (3,665 miles) transcontinental races from New York City to Los Angeles, CA. The Finnish-born Johnny Salo (1893-1931) was the winner in 1929 in 79 days, from 31 Mar to 18 Jun. His ^ elapsed time of 525 hr 57 min 20 sec (averaging 6.97 mph) left him only 2 min 47 sec ahead of Englishman Pietro "Peter" Gavuzzi (1905-81). ^<n The longest race staged annually is the New York 1,300 Mile race, held since 1987, at Flushing ^ Meadows-Corona Park, Queens, NY. The fastest time to complete the race is 16 days 19 hr 31 min 47 sec by Al Howie, Great Britain, from 16 Sep-3 Oct 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Longest runs T \c8\D03\us11302z Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Longest runs 20 25 27 29 240730|3540 153554|2258 38702|569 225838|3321 18506|272 309622|21 139100|368 52214|6 -PCAP- The longest run by an individual is one of 11,134 miles around the United States, by Sarah Covington-Fulcher (US; b. 14 Feb 1962). She is shown (inset) with some of the many running shoes that she wore out during her epic journey. She began at the ^ United States Fitness Academy, Laguna Hills, CA on 21 Jul 1987 and then ran every day for the next 438 days (an average of 25.42 miles a day. During the run, Sarah traveled through 35 States and experienced a wide variance of temperature; the ^ coldest temperature being -58 deg F in Concord, NH on 15 Jan 1988 and the hottest being 124 deg F near Baker, CA on 27 Jul 1988. The main picture shows her the day before the hottest day experienced, running through the Devil's Playground in the ^ East Mojave Desert near Kelso, CA. ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Longest runs The longest run by an individual is one of 11,134 miles around the United States, by Sarah Covington-Fulcher (USA; b. 14 Feb 1962), starting and finishing in Los Angeles, CA, 21 Jul 1987-2 Oct 1988. Al Howie (Great Britain) ran across Canada, from ^ St Johns, Newfoundland to Victoria, British Columbia, a distance of 4,533.2 miles, in 72 days 10 hr 23 min, 21 Jun-1 Sep 1991. Robert J. Sweetgall (USA; b. 8 Dec 1947) ran 10,608 miles around the perimeter of the United States, starting and ^ finishing in Washington, D.C., Oct 1982-15 Jul 1983. Ron Grant (Australia; b. 15 Feb 1943) ran around Australia, 8,316 miles in 217 days 3 hr 45 min, 28 Mar-31 Oct 1983. Max Telford (New Zealand; b. Hawick, Scotland 2 Feb 1955 ) ran 5,110 miles ^ from Anchorage, AK to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 106 days 18 hr 45 min from 25 Jul to 9 Nov 1977. ^<n The fastest time for the cross-America run is 46 days 8 hr 36 min, by Frank Giannino, Jr. (USA; b. 1952) for the 3,100 miles from San Francisco to ^ New York from 1 Sep-17 Oct 1980. The women's trans-America record is 69 days 2 hr 40 min, by Mavis Hutchinson (South Africa; b. 25 Nov 1942) from 12 Mar-21 May 1978. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Roof of the world run T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Roof of the world run 20 22 24 26 240798|3541 226586|3332 309622|22 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Roof of the world run Ultra runner Hilary Walker ran the length of the Friendship Highway from Lhasa, Tibet to Kathmandu, Nepal, a distance of 590 miles, in 14 days 9 hrs 36 min from 18 Sep-2 Oct 1991. The run was made at an average altitude of 13,780 ft. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Mass relay records T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Mass relay records 20 22 24 26 240866|3542 153758|2261 226042|3324 309622|23 139100|371 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Mass relay records The record for 100 miles by 100 runners from one club is 7 hr 53 min 52.1 sec, by the Baltimore Road Runners Club, Towson, MD on 17 May 1981. The women's record is 10 hr 47 min 9.3 sec on 3 Apr 1977, by the San Francisco Dolphins Southend Running ^ Club. The record for 100 x 100 m is 19 min 14.19 sec, by a team from Antwerp at Merksem, Belgium on 23 Sep 1989. ^<n The longest relay ever run was 10,806 miles by 23 runners of the Melbourne Fire Brigade, around Australia on Highway No. 1, in 50 ^ days 43 min, 6 Aug-25 Sep 1991. The most participants is 5,060--10 teams of 506--for the Mars Torch Appeal at the National Indoor Arena, Birmingham, Great Britain on 7 Oct 1991. The greatest distance covered in 24 hr by a team of ten is 280.232 ^ miles, by Oxford Striders RC at East London, South Africa on 5-6 Oct 1990. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The greatest distance covered by an American team of ten runners in 24 hr is 271.974 miles, by students of Marcus High School in Texas, 17-18 ^ May 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Greatest mileage T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Greatest mileage 20 22 24 26 240934|3543 57062|839 225498|3316 309622|24 61634|53 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Greatest mileage Douglas Alistair Gordon Pirie (Great Britain; 1931-91), who set five world records in the 1950s, estimated that he had run a total distance of 216,000 miles in 40 years up to 1981. ^<n Dr Ron Hill (Great Britain; b. 21 Sep 1938), has not missed a ^ day's training since 20 Dec 1964. His meticulously compiled training log shows a total of 124,984 miles from 3 Sep 1956 to 12 May 1992. He has finished 114 marathons, all in less than 2:52, and has raced in 53 nations. ^<n The greatest ^ competitive distance run in a year is 5,502 miles, by Malcolm Campbell (Great Britain; b. 17 Nov 1934) in 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Track and Field: Joggling T Sports and Games|Track and Field|General Records|Joggling 20 22 24 26 241002|3544 30678|451 225634|3318 309622|25 23878|203 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Track and Field: Joggling ^<4 3 objects ^>4 Owen Morse (USA), 100 m in 11.68 sec, 1989, and 400 m in 57.32 sec, 1990. Albert Lucas (USA), 110 m hurdles in 20.36 sec, and 400 m hurdles in 1 min 10.37 sec, 1989. Owen Morse, Albert Lucas, Tuey Wilson and John Wee (all USA), ^ 1 mile relay in 3 min 57.38 sec, 1990. Kirk Swenson (USA), 1 mile in 4 min 43 sec, 1986, and 5,000 m (3.1 miles) in 16 min 55 sec, 1986. Ashrita Furman (USA), marathon--26 miles 385 yd--in 3 hr 22 min 32.5 sec, 1988, and 50 miles in 8 hr 52 min 7 ^ sec, 1989. ^<n ^<4 5 objects ^>4 Owen Morse (USA), 100 m in 13.8 sec, 1988. Bill Gillen (USA), 1 mile in 7 min 41.01 sec, 1989, and 3.1 miles in 28 min 11 sec, 1989. (See also Endurance and Endeavor, juggling.) ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Origins T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Origins 20 22 24 26 241070|3545 38906|572 129074|1898 311458|0 40936|81 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: Origins The marathon is run over a distance of 26 miles 385 yd. This distance was used for the race at the 1908 Olympic Games, run in Great Britain from Windsor to the White City Stadium, London, and became standard from 1924 on. The marathon (of 40 km) ^ was introduced to the 1896 Olympic Games to commemorate the legendary run of Pheidippides (or Philippides) from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens in 490 B.C. The 1896 Olympic marathon was preceded by trial races that year. The first Boston ^ Marathon, the world's longest-lasting major marathon, was held on 19 Apr 1897 at 24 miles 1,232 yd, and the first national marathon championship was that of Norway in 1897. ^<n The first championship marathon for women was organized by the Road ^ Runners Club of America on 27 Sep 1970. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Fastest T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Fastest 20 22 24 26 241138|3546 24286|357 128598|1891 311458|1 23878|109 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: Fastest There are as yet no official records for the marathon, and it should be noted that courses may vary in severity. The following are the best times recorded, all on courses whose distance has been verified: ^<n ^<4 Men ^>4 2 hr 6 min 50 sec, by ^ Belayneh Dinsamo (Ethiopia; b. 28 Jun 1965) at Rotterdam, Netherlands on 17 Apr 1988. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 2 hr 21 min 6 sec, by Ingrid Kristiansen (nee Christensen [Norway]; b. 21 Mar 1956) at London, Great Britain on 21 Apr 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Boston T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Boston Marathon 20 22 24 26 241206|3547 219106|3222 128530|1890 311458|2 227712|69 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: Boston First run by 15 men on 19 Apr 1897 over a distance of 24 miles 1,232 yards, the Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual race. The full marathon distance was first run in 1927. It is run every year from Hopkinton to Boston on or about April 19, ^ Patriot's Day, which honors the famed ride of Paul Revere through Boston. ^<n The most wins is seven, by Clarence DeMar (1888-1958), in 1911, 1922-24, 1927-28 and 1930. ^<n Kathy Switzer (USA) contested the race in 1967, although the race ^ director tried to prevent her from running, but pioneering efforts helped force the acceptance of women runners, and they were admitted officially for the first time in 1972. Rosa Mota (Portugal; b. 29 Jun 1958) has a record three wins, 1987-88 ^ and 1990, in the women's competition. ^<n The course record for men is 2 hr 7 min 51 sec by Rob de Castella (Australia) in 1986. The women's record is 2 hr 22 min 43 sec, by Joan Benoit (USA; now Samuelson) in 1983. ^<n John A. Kelley (USA; b. 6 ^ Sep 1907) finished the Boston Marathon 61 times through 1992, winning twice, in 1933 and 1945. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: New York City T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|New York City Marathon 20 22 24 26 241274|3548 219174|3223 128870|1895 311458|3 227712|70 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: New York City The race was run in Central Park each year from 1970 to 1976, when, to celebrate the US Bicentennial, the course was changed to a route through all five boroughs of the city. Since that year, when there were 2,090 runners, the race has become one ^ of the world's great sporting occasions, and in 1991 there were a record 25,797 finishers. ^<n William Henry "Bill" Rodgers (USA; ^<n b. 23 Dec 1947) had a record four wins--1976-79; and Grete Waitz (nee Andersen [Norway]; b. 1 Oct 1953) was the ^ women's winner nine times--1978-80, 1982-86 and 1988. ^<n The course record for men is 2 hr 8 min 1 sec, by Juma Ikangaa (Tanzania; b. 19 Jul 1957), and for women it is 2 hr 25 min 30 sec, by Ingrid Kristiansen (Norway; b. 21 Mar 1956) in 1990. ^ On a course subsequently remeasured as about 170 yd short, Grete Waitz was the 1981 women's winner in 2 hr 25 min 29 sec. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Most competitors T \p8\D17\3811232 Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Most competitors 20 23 25 27 241342|3549 179870|2645 38770|570 128734|1893 21226|312 311458|4 175106|242 52214|7 -PCAP- Throughout the 1980s the record for the most runners in a marathon regularly alternated between those held in London and New York. The latter reached a peak of 26,900 runners in 1991, with 25,797 confirmed finishers. The picture shows the runners ^ streaming across the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge at the start of the race. (Photo: Allsport USA/L. Jeffrey) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: Most competitors The record number of confirmed finishers in a marathon is 25,797 for 26,900 starters in the New York City Marathon on 3 Nov 1991. A record 105 men ran under 2 hr 20 min, and 46 ran under 2 hr 15 min in the World Cup Marathon at London, Great ^ Britain on 21 Apr 1991, and a record six men ran under 2 hr 10 min at Fukuoka, Japan on 4 Dec 1983 and at London on 23 Apr 1989. A record nine women ran under 2 hr 30 min in the first Olympic marathon for women at Los Angeles on 5 Aug 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Most run by an individual T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Most run by an individual 20 22 24 26 241410|3550 179938|2646 128802|1894 311458|5 175106|243 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: Most run by an individual Thian K. "Sy" Mah (Canada; 1926-88) ran 524 marathons of 26 miles 385 yd or longer from 1967 to his death in 1988. He paced himself to take 3 1/2 hr for each run. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Three in three days T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Three in three days 20 22 24 26 241478|3551 24422|359 129142|1899 311458|6 23878|111 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: Three in three days The fastest combined time for three marathons in three days is 8 hr 22 min 31 sec by Raymond Hubbard (Belfast, Northern Ireland: 2 hr 45 min 55 sec; London, Great Britain: 2 hr 48 min 45 sec; and Boston: 2 hr 47 min 51 sec) on 16-18 Apr 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Oldest finishers T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Oldest finishers 20 22 24 26 241546|3552 229782|3379 128938|1896 311458|7 236192|106 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: Oldest finishers The oldest man to complete a marathon was Dimitrion Yordanidis (Greece), age 98, in Athens, Greece on 10 Oct 1976. He finished in 7 hr 33 min. Thelma Pitt-Turner (New Zealand) set the women's age record in August 1985, completing the Hastings, New ^ Zealand Marathon in 7 hr 58 min at the age of 82. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Highest altitude T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Highest altitude 20 22 24 26 241614|3553 68418|1006 128666|1892 311458|8 71062|85 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: Highest altitude The highest start for a marathon is the biennially held Everest Marathon, first run on 27 Nov 1987. It begins at Gorak Shep at 17,100 ft and ends at Namche Bazar, 11,300 ft. The fastest times to complete this race are ^I 3 hr 59 min 4 ^ sec, by Jack Maitland; ^I 5 hr 44 min 32 sec, by Dawn Kenwright, both in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: One thousand hours T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|One thousand hours 20 22 24 26 241682|3554 129006|1897 311458|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Marathon: One thousand hours Ron Grant (Australia) ran 1.86 miles within an hour, every hour, for 1,000 consecutive hours at New Farm Park, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia from 6 Feb-20 Mar 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Marathon: Ultra long distance records (table) B \t\D04\1108121a Sports and Games|Track and Field|Marathon|Ultra long distance records (table) 20 22 24 26 241750|3555 24490|360 129210|1900 311458|10 23878|112 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- *Where superior to track bests and run on properly measured road courses. It should be noted that road times must be assessed with care as course conditions can vary considerably. **Timed on one running watch only. ^ -TEXT- Marathon: Ultra long distance records (table) Track and Field: Ultra Long Distance Records (Table) ULTRA LONG DISTANCE WORLD RECORDS MEN TRACK hr:min:sec NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE 50 km 2:48:06 Jeff Norman (Great Britain) Manchester, Great Britain 7 Jun 1980 50 miles 4:51:49 Don ^ Ritchie (Great Britain) London, Great Britain 12 Mar 1983 100 km 6:10:20 Don Ritchie (Great Britain) London, Great Britain 28 Oct 1978 100 miles 11:30:51 Don Ritchie (Great Britain) London, Great Britain 15 Oct 1977 200 km 15:11:10* Yiannis ^ Kouros (Greece) Montauban, France 15--16 Mar 1985 200 miles 27:48:35 Yiannis Kouros (Greece) Montauban, France 15--16 Mar 1985 500 km 60:23:00 Yiannis Kouros (Greece) Colac, Australia 26--29 Nov 1984 500 miles 105:42:09 Yiannis Kouros ^ (Greece) Colac, Australia 26--30 Nov 1984 1,000 km 136:17:00 Yiannis Kouros (Greece) Colac, Australia 26 Nov--1 Dec 1984 kilometers 24 hours 283.600 Yiannis Kouros (Greece) Montauban, France 15--16 Mar 1985 48 hours 452.270 Yiannis Kouros ^ (Greece) Montauban, France 15--17 Mar 1985 6 days 1,023.200 Yiannis Kouros (Greece) Colac, Australia 26 Nov--1 Dec 1984 ROAD hr:min:sec 50 km 2:43:38 Thompson Magawana (2South Africa) Claremont--Kirstenbosch, South Africa 12 Apr 1988 50 miles ^ 4:50:21 Bruce Fordyce (South Africa) London--Brighton, Great Britain 25 Sep 1983 1,000 miles 10d 10hr 30min 35sec Yiannis Kouros (Greece) New York City 21--30 May 1988 kilometers 24 hours 286.463 Yiannis Kouros (Greece) New York City 28--29 ^ Sep 1985 6 days 1,028.370 Yiannis Kouros (Greece) New York City 21--26 May 1988 WOMEN TRACK hr:min:sec 15 km 49:44.0 Silvana Cruciata (Italy) Rome, Italy 4 May 1981 20 km 1:06:55.5 Rosa Mota (Portugal) Lisbon, Portugal 14 May 1983 25 km ^ 1:29:30 Karolina Szabo (Hungary) Budapest, Hungary 23 Apr 1988 30 km 1:47:06 Karolina Szabo (Hungary) Budapest, Hungary 23 Apr 1988 50 km 3:35:31 Ann Transon (USA) Santa Rosa, CA 28 Mar 1992 50 miles 6:14:34** Ann Transon (USA) Hayward, CA 3--4 ^ Aug 1991 100 km 7:48:15** Ann Transon (USA) Hayward, CA 3--4 Aug 1991 100 miles 14:29:44 Ann Transon (USA) Santa Rosa, CA 18--19 Mar 1989 200 km 19:28:48 Eleanor Adams (Great Britain) Melbourne, Australia 19--20 Aug 1989 200 miles 39:09:03 Hilary ^ Walker (Great Britain) Blackpool, Great Britain 5--6 Nov 1988 500 km 77:53:46 Eleanor Adams (Great Britain) Colac, Australia 13--15 Nov 1989 500 miles 130:59:58 Sandra Barwick (New Zealand) Campbelltown, Australia 18--23 Nov 1990 kilometers 1 ^ hour 18.084 Silvana Cruciata (Italy) Rome, Italy 4 May 1981 24 hours 240.169 Eleanor Adams (Great Britain) Melbourne, Australia 19--20 Aug 1989 48 hours 366.512 Hilary Walker (Great Britain) Blackpool, Great Britain 5--7 Nov 1988 6 days ^ 866.631 Sandra Barwick (New Zealand) Campbelltown, Australia 18--24 Nov 1990 ROAD * hr:min:sec 30 km 1:38:27 Ingrid Kristiansen (Norway) London, Great Britain 10 May 1987 50 km 3:08:13 Frith van der Merwe (South Africa) ^ Claremont-Kirstenbosch, South Africa 25 Mar 1989 50 miles 5:40:18 Ann Trason (USA) Houston, TX 23 Feb 1991 100 km 7:18:57 Birgit Lennartz (6West Germany) Hanua, Germany 28 Sep 1989 100 miles 13:47:41 Ann Trason (USA) Queens, NY 4 May 1991 200 ^ km 19:22:05 Ann Trason (USA) Queens, NY 16--17 Sep 1989 (indoors) 19:00:31 Eleanor Adams (Great Britain) Milton Keynes, Great Britain 3--4 Feb 1990 1,000 km 7d 1hr 11min 00sec Sandra Barwick (New Zealand) Queens, NY 16--23 Sep 1991 1,000 miles ^ 12d 14hr 38min 40sec Sandra Barwick (New Zealand) Queens, NY 16--29 Sep 1991 ^ -END- -CTRL- Walking: Most Olympic medals T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Walking|Most Olympic medals 20 22 24 26 241818|3556 199930|2940 236038|3471 312244|0 211064|23 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Walking: Most Olympic medals Walking races have been included in the Olympic events since 1906. The only walker to win three gold medals has been Ugo Frigerio (Italy; 1901-68) with the 3,000 m in 1920, and 10,000 m in 1920 and 1924. He also holds the record for most medals, ^ with four (he won the bronze medal at 50,000 m in 1932), a total shared with Vladimir Stepanovich Golubnichiy (USSR; b. 2 Jun 1936), who won gold medals for the 20,000 m in 1960 and 1968, the silver in 1972 and the bronze in 1964. ^ -END- -CTRL- Walking: Most titles T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Walking|Most titles 20 22 24 26 241886|3557 212510|3125 236106|3472 312244|1 219140|94 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Walking: Most titles Four-time Olympian Ronald Owen Laird (b. 31 May 1938) of the New York AC won a total of 65 US national titles from 1958 to 1976, plus four Canadian Championships. ^ -END- -CTRL- Walking: Longest race T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Walking|Longest race 20 22 24 26 241954|3558 155662|2289 235970|3470 312244|2 139100|399 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Walking: Longest race The race from Paris to Colmar (until 1980 from Strasbourg to Paris) in France (instituted 1926 in the reverse direction), now about 325 miles, is the world's longest annual race walk. ^<n The fastest performance is by Robert Pietquin (Belgium; b. ^ 1938), who walked 315 miles in the 1980 race in 60 hr 1 min 10 sec (after deducting 4 hr compulsory stops). This represents an average speed of 5.25 mph. Roger Quemener (France) has won a record seven times, 1979, 1983, 1985-89. The first woman ^ to complete the race was Annie van der Meer (Netherlands; b. 24 Feb 1947), who was tenth in 1983 in 82 hr 10 min. ^ -END- -CTRL- Walking: Greatest distance in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Track and Field|Walking|Greatest distance in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 242022|3559 57198|841 235902|3469 312244|3 61634|55 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Walking: Greatest distance in 24 hours The greatest distance walked in 24 hr is 140 miles 1,229 yd, by Paul Forthomme (Belgium) on a road course at Woluwe, Belgium on 13-14 Oct 1984. The best by a woman is 125.7 miles, by Annie van der Meer at Rouen, France on 30 Apr-1 May 1984 over a ^ 1.185 km lap road course. ^ -END- -CTRL- Walking: Track records (table) B \t\D04\1108161a \p8\D17\3711236 Sports and Games|Track and Field|Walking|Track records (table) 20 23 25 27 242090|3560 32038|471 38838|571 236174|3473 312244|4 23878|223 52214|8 -PCAP- Beate Anders (GDR) on her way to victory over Kerry Saxby (Australia) in the 1989 World Race Walking Cup at L'Hospitalet, Spain. Saxby has set more than two dozen world records and Anders became the first to better 12 minutes for 3,000 meters when ^ in 11:59.36 she won the European Indoor title at Glasgow on 4 Mar 1990. (Photo: Allsport/Dan Smith) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The International Amateur Athletic Federation recognizes men's records at 20 km, 30 km, 50 km and 2 hours, and women's at 5 km and 10 km. ^ -TEXT- Walking: Track records (table) Track and Field: Track Walking Records (Table) TRACK WALKING WORLD RECORDS MEN EVENT hr:min:sec NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE 10 km 38:02.60 Jozef Pribilinec (Czechoslovakia; b. 6 Jul 1960) Banska[ac] Bystrica, Czechoslovakia 30 Aug 1985 20 km ^ 1:18:35.2 Stefan Johansson (Sweden; b. 11 Apr 1967) Fana, Norway 18 May 1992 30 km 2:03:56.5 Thierry Toutain (France; b. 14 Feb 1962) He[ac]ricourt, France 24 Mar 1991 50 km 3:41:38.4 Raul Gonzalez (Mexico; b. 29 Feb 1952) Fana, Norway 25 May ^ 1979 1 hour 15,447 m Josef Pribilinec (Czechoslovakia) Hildesheim, Germany 6 Sep 1986 2 hours 29,090 m Thierry Toutain (France) He[ac]ricourt, France 24 Mar 1991 WOMEN 3 km 11:51.26 Kerry Ann Saxby (Australia; b. 2 Jun 1961) Melbourne, ^ Australia 7 Feb 1991 5 km 20:07.52 Beate Anders (East Germany; b. 4 Feb 1968) Rostock, Germany 23 Jun 1990 10 km 41:56.23 Nadezhda Ryashkina (USSR; b. 22 Jan 1967) Seattle, WA 24 Jul 1990 ^ -END- -CTRL- Trampolining: Origins T Sports and Games|Trampolining|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 242158|3561 228558|3361 312696|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trampolining: Origins Trampolines were used in show business at least as early as "The Walloons" of the period 1910-12. The sport of trampolining (from the Spanish word ^I , a springboard) dates from 1936, when the prototype "T" model trampoline was ^ developed by George Nissen (USA). ^ -END- -CTRL- Trampolining: World Championships T Sports and Games|Trampolining|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 242226|3562 212170|3120 228694|3363 312696|1 219140|89 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trampolining: World Championships World Championships were instituted in 1964. A record five titles were won by Judy Wills (USA; b. 1948) in the women's event, 1964-68. Five men have won two titles. ^ -END- -CTRL- Trampolining: US Championships T Sports and Games|Trampolining|General Records|US Championships 20 22 24 26 242294|3563 212102|3119 228626|3362 312696|2 219140|88 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trampolining: US Championships The American Trampoline & Tumbling Association staged the first national individual trampoline championships in 1947. The inaugural event was open only to men; a women's event was introduced in 1961. ^<n ^<4 Most titles ^>4 Stuart Ransom has won ^ a record 12 national titles: six, individual (1975-76, 1978-80, 1982); three, synchronized (1975, 1979-80); and three, double mini-tramp (1979-80, 1982). Leigh Hennessy has won a record 10 women's titles: one, individual (1978); eight, ^ synchronized (1972-73, 1976-78, 1980-82); and one, double mini-tramp (1978). ^ -END- -CTRL- Trampolining: Most somersaults T Sports and Games|Trampolining|General Records|Most somersaults 20 22 24 26 242362|3564 192722|2834 228490|3360 4294|63 312696|3 175106|430 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Trampolining: Most somersaults Christopher Gibson performed 3,025 consecutive somersaults at Shipley Park, Derbyshire, Great Britain on 17 Nov 1989. ^<n The most complete somersaults in one minute is 75, by Richard Cobbing of Lightwater, Great Britain, at British Broadcasting ^ Corporation Television Centre, London, Great Britain on 8 Nov 1989. The most baranis in a minute is 78, by Zoe Finn of Chatham, Great Britain at British Broadcasting Corporation Television Centre, London, Great Britain on 25 Jan 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Triathlon: World Championships T \p8\D17\3911295 Sports and Games|Triathlon|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 27 242430|3565 221078|3251 38906|572 230938|3396 313078|0 227712|98 52860|0 -PCAP- Seen here during her 1991 success, Paula Newby-Fraser (Zimbabwe) has won the women's event of the famous Hawaiian Ironman a record four times. (Photo: Allsport USA/Gary Newkirk) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The triathlon combines long-distance swimming, cycling and running. Distances for each of the phases can vary, but for the best-established event, the Hawaii Ironman (instituted 1978), competitors first swim 2.4 miles, then cycle 112 miles, and ^ finally run a full marathon of 26 miles 385 yards. ^ -TEXT- Triathlon: World Championships After earlier abortive efforts, a world governing body, ^I (UIT), was founded at Avignon, France on 1 Apr 1989, staging the first official World Championships in August 1989. ^<n A World Championship race ^ has been held annually in Nice, France from 1982; the distances are 3,200 m, 120 km and 32 km respectively, with the swim increased to 4,000 m from 1988. Mark Allen (USA) has won nine times, 1982-86, 1989-92. Paula Newby-Fraser (Zimbabwe) has a ^ record four women's wins, 1989-92. The fastest times are: ^I 5 hr 46 min 10 sec in 1988, by Mark Allen; ^I 6 hr 27 min 6 sec in 1988, by Erin Baker (New Zealand). ^ -END- -CTRL- Triathlon: Hawaii Ironman T \p8\D17\3811306 Sports and Games|Triathlon|General Records|Hawaii Ironman 20 23 25 28 242498|3566 221010|3250 38974|573 230870|3395 313078|1 227712|97 52860|1 -PCAP- The Hawaii Ironman, triathlon's most famous race, in which the competitors first swim 2.4 miles, then cycle 112 miles, and finally run a full marathon of 26 miles 385 yards, was completed in a record 8 hr 9 min 16 sec by Mark Allen (USA) on 15 Oct ^ 1989. (Photo: Allsport USA/Deketelaere) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- The triathlon combines long-distance swimming, cycling and running. Distances for each of the phases can vary, but for the best-established event, the Hawaii Ironman (instituted 1978), competitors first swim 2.4 miles, then cycle 112 miles, and ^ finally run a full marathon of 26 miles 385 yards. ^ -TEXT- Triathlon: Hawaii Ironman This is the first, and best known, of the triathlons. The first race, held on 18 Feb 1978, was contested by 15 athletes. The Ironman grew rapidly in popularity, and 1,000 athletes entered the 1984 race. Dave Scott (USA) has won the Ironman a record ^ six times--1980, 1982-84, 1986-87. Mark Allen (USA) holds the record for fastest time at 8 hr 9 min 16 sec on 15 Oct 1989. The women's event has been won a record three times by Paula Newby-Fraser (Zimbabwe), in 1986, 1988-89. Newby-Fraser holds ^ the course record for women at 9 hr 0 min 56 sec on 15 Oct 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Triathlon: Fastest time T Sports and Games|Triathlon|General Records|Fastest time 20 22 24 27 242566|3567 31630|465 230802|3394 313078|2 23878|217 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- The triathlon combines long-distance swimming, cycling and running. Distances for each of the phases can vary, but for the best-established event, the Hawaii Ironman (instituted 1978), competitors first swim 2.4 miles, then cycle 112 miles, and ^ finally run a full marathon of 26 miles 385 yards. ^ -TEXT- Triathlon: Fastest time The fastest time recorded over the Ironman distances is 8 hr 1 min 32 sec, by Dave Scott at Lake Biwa, Japan on 20 Jul 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tug of War: Origins T Sports and Games|Tug of War|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 242634|3568 44346|652 231346|3402 313390|0 40936|161 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tug of War: Origins Though ancient China and Egypt have been suggested as the originators of the sport, it is known that Neolithic flint miners in Great Britain practiced "rope-pulling." The first rules were those framed by the New York AC in 1879. Tug of War was an ^ Olympic sport from 1900 until 1920. World Championships have been held annually, 1975-86, and biennially since, with a women's event introduced in 1986. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tug of War: Longest T Sports and Games|Tug of War|General Records|Longest 20 22 24 26 242702|3569 52234|768 231142|3399 313390|1 52992|105 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tug of War: Longest The longest tug of war is the 1.616 mile Supertug across Little Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan. It has been contested annually since 1980 between two teams of 20 from Bay View Inn and Harbor Inn. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tug of War: Most titles T Sports and Games|Tug of War|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 242770|3570 212238|3121 231278|3401 313390|2 219140|90 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tug of War: Most titles The most successful team at the World Championships has been England, which has won 15 of the 25 titles in all categories, 1975-88. Sweden has won the 520 kg twice and the 560 kg category three times at the Womens' World Championships (held ^ bienially since 1986). ^<n The Wood Treatment team (formerly the Bosley Farmers) of Cheshire, Great Britain won 20 consecutive AAA Catchweight Championships 1959-78, two world titles (1975-76) and ten European titles at 720 kg. Hilary Brown (b. ^ 13 Apr 1934) was on every team. Trevor Brian Thomas (Great Britain; b. 1943) of British Aircraft Corporation Club is the only holder of three winners' medals in the European Open club competitions and added a world gold medal in 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Tug of War: Longest pulls T \p8\D17\3811307 Sports and Games|Tug of War|General Records|Longest pulls 20 23 25 27 242838|3571 154642|2274 39042|574 231210|3400 313390|3 139100|384 53016|0 -PCAP- The longest recorded pull under AAA rules (in which lying on the ground or entrenching the feet is not permitted) is one of 24 min 45 sec for the first pull between the Republic of Ireland and England during the world championships (640 kg class) ^ at Malmo, Sweden on 18 Sep 1988. The Irish team are seen taking the strain in the 1990 championships. (Photo: Allsport/B. Martin) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Tug of War: Longest pulls ^<4 Duration ^>4 The longest recorded pull (prior to the introduction of AAA rules) is one of 2 hr 41 min when "H" Company beat "E" Company of the 2nd Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment) at Jubbulpore, India on 12 Aug 1889. ^ The longest recorded pull under AAA rules (in which lying on the ground or entrenching the feet is not permitted) is one of 24 min 45 sec for the first pull between the Republic of Ireland and England during the world championships (640 kg class) ^ at Malmo, Sweden on 18 Sep 1988. The record time for "The Pull" (instituted 1898), across the Black River, between freshman and sophomore teams at Hope College, Holland, MI, is 3 hr 51 min on 23 Sep 1977, but the method of bracing the feet ^ precludes this replacing the preceding records. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volleyball: Origins T Sports and Games|Volleyball|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 242906|3572 235630|3465 313842|0 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Volleyball: Origins The game was invented as ^I in 1895 by William G. Morgan at the YMCA gymnasium at Holyoke, MA. The ^I (FIVB) was formed in Paris, France in April 1947 and is now based in Switzerland. ^ ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The United States Volleyball Association was founded in 1922 and remains the governing body for the sport in this country. The United States National Championships were inaugurated in 1928 for men and in 1949 for ^ women. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volleyball: Most Olympic titles T Sports and Games|Volleyball|General Records|Most Olympic titles 20 22 24 26 242974|3573 212374|3123 235562|3464 313842|1 219140|92 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Volleyball: Most Olympic titles The sport was introduced to the Olympic Games for both men and women in 1964. The USSR won a record three men's (1964, 1968 and 1980) and four women's (1968, 1972, 1980 and 1988) titles. The only player to win four medals is Inna Valeryevna Ryskal ^ (USSR; b. 15 Jun 1944), who won women's silver medals in 1964 and 1976 and golds in 1968 and 1972. The record for men is held by Yuriy Mikhailovich Poyarkov (USSR; b. 10 Feb 1937), who won gold medals in 1964 and 1968 and a bronze in 1972; and by ^ Katsutoshi Nekoda (Japan; b. 1 Feb 1944), who won gold in 1972, silver in 1968 and bronze in 1964. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The USA won the men's championship in 1984 and 1988. Three men played on each of the winning teams and on the only US ^ teams to win the World Cup (1985) and World Championships (1986): Craig Buck (b. 24 Aug 1958), Charles "Karch" Kiraly (b. 3 Nov 1960), and Stephen Timmons (b. 29 Nov 1958). David Saunders (b. 19 Oct 1960) was a reserve on the 1984 team and played ^ on those of 1986 and 1988. "Karch" Kiraly is the only player to win an Olympic gold medal and the World Championship of Beach Volleyball. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volleyball: World Championships T Sports and Games|Volleyball|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 243042|3574 212442|3124 235698|3466 313842|2 219140|93 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Volleyball: World Championships World Championships were instituted in 1949 for men and in 1952 for women. The USSR won six men's titles (1949, 1952, 1960, 1962, 1978 and 1982) and five women's (1952, 1956, 1960, 1970 and 1990). ^ -END- -CTRL- Volleyball (Beach): Origins T Sports and Games|Volleyball|Beach Volleyball|Origins 20 22 24 26 243110|3575 44618|656 235426|3462 314068|0 40936|165 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Volleyball (Beach): Origins In professional beach volleyball, teams play two-a-side on the same size court as that used for indoor volleyball. The sport originated in California in the late 1940s and grew rapidly in the 1960s. The first world championships were staged in ^ 1976. The Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed in 1981 and the AVP/Miller Lite tour started that same year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Volleyball (Beach): World Championships T Sports and Games|Volleyball|Beach Volleyball|World Championships 20 22 24 26 243178|3576 212306|3122 235494|3463 314068|1 219140|91 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Volleyball (Beach): World Championships Sinjin Smith has won a record 125 tour events, 1977-91. Sinjin Smith and Randy Stoklos (USA) have won a record five titles, 1987-88, 1990-92. In 1989 there were no world championships, but a world series was held, and was won by Karch Kiraly and ^ Steve Timmons (USA). ^ -END- -CTRL- Volleyball (Beach): Highest earnings T Sports and Games|Volleyball|Beach Volleyball|Highest earnings 20 22 24 26 243246|3577 76102|1119 235358|3461 314068|2 84324|9 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Volleyball (Beach): Highest earnings Randy Stoklos has the highest career earnings, reaching $1 million in February 1992. ^ -END- -CTRL- Water Polo: Origins T Sports and Games|Water Polo|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 243314|3578 44686|657 238010|3500 314380|0 40936|166 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Water Polo: Origins Water polo was developed in England as "water soccer" in 1869 and first included in the Olympic Games in Paris, France in 1900. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 Professor John Robinson, an Englishman hired as aquatics director of the Boston Athletic ^ Association in 1888, is credited with introducing water polo to the United States. The first official game took place on 28 Jan 1890 in Providence, RI, with the Syndenham Swimming Club of Providence defeating Boston AA, 2-1. The Amateur Athletic ^ Association served as the sport's governing body from 1897 to 1978; since 1978 U.S. Water Polo, Inc. has run the sport in the United States. ^ -END- -CTRL- Water Polo: Most Olympic titles T Sports and Games|Water Polo|General Records|Most Olympic titles 20 22 24 26 243382|3579 212578|3126 237942|3499 314380|1 219140|95 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Water Polo: Most Olympic titles Hungary has won the Olympic tournament most often, with six wins, in 1932, 1936, 1952, 1956, 1964 and 1976. ^<n Five players share the record of three gold medals: Britons George Wilkinson (1879-1946), in 1900, 1908, 1912; Paulo "Paul" Radmilovic ^ (1886-1968), and Charles Sidney Smith (1879-1951), in 1908, 1912, 1920; and Hungarians Deszo Gyarmati (b. 23 Oct 1927) and Gyorgy Karpati (b. 23 Jun 1935), in 1952, 1956, and 1964. Paul Radmilovic also won a gold medal for 4 x 200 m freestyle ^ swimming in 1908. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 US teams took all the medals in 1904, but there were no foreign contestants. Since then their best result has been silver in 1984. ^ -END- -CTRL- Water Polo: World Championships T Sports and Games|Water Polo|General Records|World Championships 20 22 24 26 243450|3580 221146|3252 238078|3501 314380|2 227712|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Water Polo: World Championships This competition was first held at the World Swimming Championships in 1973. The most wins is two, by the USSR, 1975 and 1982, and Yugoslavia, 1986 and 1991. A women's competition was introduced in 1986, when it was won by Australia. The ^ Netherlands won the second women's world title in 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Water Polo: Most goals T Sports and Games|Water Polo|General Records|Most goals 20 22 24 26 243518|3581 193402|2844 237806|3497 314380|3 175106|440 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Water Polo: Most goals The greatest number of goals scored by an individual in an international match is 13, by Debbie Handley for Australia (16) ^I Canada (10) at the World Championship in Guayaquil, Ecuador in 1982. ^ -END- -CTRL- Water Polo: Most international appearances T Sports and Games|Water Polo|General Records|Most international appearances 20 22 24 26 243586|3582 195374|2873 237874|3498 314380|4 206832|16 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Water Polo: Most international appearances The greatest number of international appearances is 412, by Aleksey Stepanovich Barkalov (USSR; b. 18 Feb 1946), 1965-80. ^<n ^<4 US National Championships ^>4 In this competition, inaugurated in 1891, the New York Athletic Club has won a record ^ 25 men's championships: 1892-96, 1903-04, 1906-08, 1922, 1929-31, 1933-35, 1937-39, 1954, 1956, 1960-61, 1971. The women's championship was first held in 1926; the Industry Hills Athletic Club (California) has won a record five titles: 1980-81, ^ 1983-85. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Origins T Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 243654|3583 44822|659 238758|3511 314832|0 40936|168 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Origins The origins of waterskiing derive from walking on planks and aquaplaning. A 19th-century treatise on sorcerers refers to Eliseo of Tarentum, who, in the 14th century, "walks and dances" on the water. The first report of aquaplaning was on America's ^ Pacific Coast in the early 1900s. At Scarborough, Great Britain on 15 Jul 1914, a single plank-gliding contest was won by H. Storry. ^<n The present-day sport of waterskiing was pioneered by Ralph W. Samuelson (1904-77) on Lake Pepin, MN, on two ^ curved pine boards in the summer of 1922, although claims have been made for the birth of the sport on Lake Annecy (Haute-Savoie), France at about the same time. The first world organization, the ^I , ^ was formed in Geneva on 27 Jul 1946. ^<n The American Water Ski Association was founded in 1939 and held the first national championships that year. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Most titles T \p8\D17\us381129 Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Most titles 20 23 25 27 243722|3584 212646|3127 39110|575 238622|3509 314832|1 219140|96 53102|0 -PCAP- The most World Overall Championships is four, by Sammy Duvall (USA) in 1981, 1983, 1985 and 1987. The overall title is decided on the combined results of the slalom, tricks, and jumping, and titles are also awarded for these individual disciplines. ^ Duvall won two jumping titles, 1983 and 1987. (Photo: Allsport USA/Tennent) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Most titles World Overall Championships (instituted 1949) have been won four times by Sammy Duvall (USA), in 1981, 1983, 1985 and 1987, and three times by two women, Willa McGuire (nee Worthington; USA), in 1949-50 and 1955, and Elizabeth "Liz" Allan-Shetter ^ (USA), in 1965, 1969 and 1975. Liz Allan-Shetter has won a record eight individual championship events and is the only person to win all four titles--slalom, jumping, tricks and overall in one year, at Copenhagen, Denmark in 1969. The USA has won ^ the team championship on 17 successive occasions, 1957-89. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 US national championships were first held at Marine Stadium, Jones Beach State Park, Long Island, NY on 22 Jul 1939. The most overall titles is nine, by Carl ^ Roberge, 1980-83, 1985-88, and 1990. The women's record is eight titles, by Willa Worthington McGuire, 1946-51 and 1954-55, and by Liz Allan-Shetter, 1968-75. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Slalom records T \p8\D17\3911297 Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Slalom records 20 23 25 27 243790|3585 39178|576 238826|3512 314832|2 53102|1 -PCAP- Two-time world slalom champion Andy Mapple (Great Britain) is the current holder of the slalom record with 3.5 buoys on a 10.25 m line, set on 6 Oct 1991. His wife, Deena, is also a top waterskiier, having won six world titles (two overall, four ^ jumping). She also holds world records for jumping and slalom. (Photo: Allsport/Oli Tennant) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Slalom records ^<4 Men ^>4 3.5 buoys on a 10.25 m line, by Andrew Mapple (Great Britain; b. 3 Nov 1958), at Miami, FL on 6 Oct 1991. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 1 buoy on a 10.75 m line, by Susi Graham (Canada) and Deena Mapple (nee Brush; USA) at West Palm Beach, FL ^ on 13 Oct 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Tricks T \p8\D17\3711307 Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Tricks 20 22 24 26 243858|3586 193538|2846 39246|577 238894|3513 314832|3 175106|442 53102|2 -PCAP- Tawn Larsen (USA) in action at the 1989 World Championships in Florida, where she won the women's tricks world title. She set a world record score of 8,530 points at Sherman, TX on 20 Jul 1991. (Photo: Allsport/Scott Halleran) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Tricks ^<4 Men ^>4 11,030 points, by Tory Baggiano (USA) at Destin, FL on 15 Sep 1990. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 8,530 points, by Tawn Larsen (USA) at Sherman, TX on 20 Jul 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Longest jumps T Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Longest jumps 20 22 24 26 243926|3587 155866|2292 238554|3508 314832|4 139100|402 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Longest jumps ^<4 Men ^>4 207 ft, by Jaret Llewellyn (USA) at Pine Mountain, GA on 23 May 1992. ^<n ^<4 Women ^>4 156 ft, by Deena Mapple (nee Brush; USA) at Charlotte, NC on 9 Jul 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Fastest speed T Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Fastest speed 20 22 24 26 243994|3588 32310|475 238418|3506 314832|5 23878|227 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Fastest speed The fastest waterskiing speed recorded is 143.08 mph, by Christopher Michael Massey (Australia) on the Hawkesbury River, Windsor, New South Wales, Australia on 6 Mar 1983. His drag boat driver was Stanley Charles Sainty. Donna Patterson Brice (b. ^ 1953) set a women's record of 111.11 mph at Long Beach, CA on 21 Aug 1977. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Greatest distance T Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Greatest distance 20 22 24 26 244062|3589 57266|842 238486|3507 314832|6 61634|56 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Greatest distance The greatest distance traveled is 1,321.16 miles, by Steve Fontaine (USA) on 24-26 Oct 1988 at Jupiter Hills, FL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Barefoot T Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Barefoot 20 22 24 26 244130|3590 32242|474 238350|3505 314832|7 23878|226 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Barefoot The first person to waterski barefoot is reported to be Dick Pope, Jr. at Lake Eloise, FL on 6 Mar 1947. The barefoot duration record is 2 hr 42 min 39 sec, by Billy Nichols (USA; b. 1964) on Lake Weir, FL on 19 Nov 1978. The backwards barefoot ^ record is 1 hr 27 min 3.96 sec, by Steve Fontaine at Jupiter, FL, on 31 Aug 1989. ^<n The official barefoot speed record is 135.74 mph, by Scott Michael Pellaton (b. 8 Oct 1956) over a quarter-mile course at Chandler, AZ, in November 1989. The ^ fastest by a woman is 73.67 mph, by Karen Toms (Australia) on the Hawkesbury River, Windsor, New South Wales on 31 Mar 1984. ^<n The fastest official speed backwards barefoot is 62 mph, by Robert Wing (Australia; b. 13 Aug 1957) on 3 Apr 1982. ^ ^<n The barefoot jump record is: ^I 76 ft 5 in, by Mike Seipel (USA) at Jacksonville, FL on 13 Oct 1990; and ^I 54 ft 1 in, by Debbie Pugh (Australia) in 1990. ^ -END- -CTRL- Waterskiing: Most towed by one boat T Sports and Games|Waterskiing|General Records|Most towed by one boat 20 22 24 26 244198|3591 193470|2845 238690|3510 314832|8 175106|441 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Waterskiing: Most towed by one boat A record 100 waterskiers were towed on double skis over a nautical mile by the cruiser ^I at Cairns, Queensland, Australia on 18 Oct 1986. This feat, organized by the Cairns and District Powerboat and Ski Club, was then replicated ^ by 100 skiers on single skis. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weightlifting: Origins T Sports and Games|Weightlifting|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 244266|3592 44958|661 243042|3574 315634|0 40936|170 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weightlifting: Origins Competitions for lifting weights of stone were held at the ancient Olympic Games. The first championships entitled "world" were staged at the Cafe Monico, Piccadilly, London, Great Britain on 28 Mar 1891 and then in Vienna, Austria on 19-20 Jul ^ 1898, subsequently recognized by the IWF. Prior to that time, weightlifting consisted of professional exhibitions in which some of the advertised poundages were open to doubt. ^<n The ^I ^ , now the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF), was established in 1905, and its first official championships were held in Tallinn, Estonia, USSR on 29-30 Apr 1922. ^<n There are two standard lifts: the "snatch" and the "clean and jerk" ^ (or "jerk"). Totals of the two lifts determine competition results. The "press," which was a standard lift, was abolished in 1972. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weightlifting: Men's records (table) B \t\D04\1108471a Sports and Games|Weightlifting|General Records|Men's records (table) 20 22 24 26 244334|3593 62366|917 242906|3572 315634|1 65726|73 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- *Formerly Naim Suleimanov or Neum Shalamanov of Bulgaria. **Angel Guenchev (Bulgaria) achieved 160 kg snatch, 202.5 kg jerk for a 362.5 kg total at Seoul, South Korea on 21 Sep 1988 but was subsequently disqualified on a positive drugs test. ^ -TEXT- Weightlifting: Men's records (table) Weightlifting: Men's Records (Table) MEN'S WEIGHTLIFTING RECORDS BODYWEIGHT CLASS LIFT kg lb NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE 52 kg 114 1/2 lb Snatch 121 266_ H. Zhuoqiang (China) Cardiff, Great Britain 31 May 1992 Jerk 155.5 342_ Ivan Ivanov ^ (Bulgaria) Donaueschingen, Germany 27 Sep 1991 Total 272.5 600_ Ivan Ivanov (Bulgaria) Athens, Greece 16 Sep 1989 56 kg 123 1/4 lb Snatch 135 297 1/2 Liu Shoubin (China) Donaueschingen, Germany 28 Sep 1991 Jerk 171 377 Neno Terziiski ^ (Bulgaria) Ostrava, Czechoslovakia 6 Sep 1987 Total 300 661 1/4 Naim Suleimanov (Bulgaria) Varna, Bulgaria 11 May 1984 60 kg 132 1/4 lb Snatch 152.5 336 Naim Suleymanog_lu[um] (Turkey)* Seoul, South Korea 20 Sep 1988 Jerk 190 418_ ^ Naim Suleymanog_lu[um] (Turkey)* Seoul, South Korea 20 Sep 1988 Total 342.5 755 Naim Suleymanog_lu[um] (Turkey)* Seoul, South Korea 20 Sep 1988 67.5 kg 148_ lb** Snatch 160 352_ Israil Militosyan (USSR) Athens, Greece 18 Sep 1989 Jerk ^ 200.5 442 Mikhail Petrov (Bulgaria) Ostrava, Czechoslovakia 8 Sep 1987 Total 355 782 1/2 Mikhail Petrov (Bulgaria) Seoul, South Korea 5 Dec 1987 75 kg 165 1/4 lb Snatch 170 374_ Angel Guenchev (Bulgaria) Miskolc, Hungary 11 Dec 1987 ^ Jerk 215.5 475 Aleksandr Varbanov (Bulgaria) Seoul, South Korea 5 Dec 1987 Total 382.5 843 1/4 Aleksandr Varbanov (Bulgaria) Plovdiv, Bulgaria 20 Feb 1988 82.5 kg 181_ lb Snatch 183 403 1/4 Asen Zlatev (Bulgaria) Melbourne, Australia 7 ^ Dec 1986 Jerk 225 496 Asen Zlatev (Bulgaria) Sofia, Bulgaria 12 Nov 1986 Total 405 892_ Yurik Vardanyan (USSR) Varna, Bulgaria 14 Sep 1984 90 kg 198 1/4 lb Snatch 195.5 431 Blagoi Blagoyev (Bulgaria) Varna, Bulgaria 1 May 1983 Jerk ^ 235 518 Anatoliy Khrapatiy (USSR) Cardiff, Great Britain 29 Apr 1988 Total 422.5 931 1/4 Viktor Solodov (USSR) Varna, Bulgaria 15 Sep 1984 100 kg 220 1/4 lb Snatch 200.5 442 Nicu Vlad (Romania) Sofia, Bulgaria 14 Nov 1986 Jerk 242.5 ^ 534 1/2 Aleksandr Popov (USSR) Tallinn, USSR 5 Mar 1988 Total 440 970 Yuriy Zakharevich (USSR) Odessa, USSR 4 Mar 1983 110 kg 242 1/2 lb Snatch 210 462_ Yuriy Zakharevich (USSR) Seoul, South Korea 27 Sep 1988 Jerk 250.5 552 1/4 Yuriy ^ Zakharevich (USSR) Cardiff, Great Britain 30 Apr 1988 Total 455 1,003 Yuriy Zakharevich (USSR) Seoul, South Korea 27 Sep 1988 Over 110 kg 242 1/2 lb Snatch 216 476 Antonio Krastev (Bulgaria) Ostrava, Czechoslovakia 13 Sep 1987 Jerk 266 ^ 586 1/4 Leonid Taranenko (USSR) Canberra, Australia 26 Nov 1988 Total 475 1,047 Leonid Taranenko (USSR) Canberra, Australia 26 Nov 1988 ^ -END- -CTRL- Weightlifting: Women's records (table) B \t\D04\1108472a Sports and Games|Weightlifting|General Records|Women's records (table) 20 22 24 26 244402|3594 62434|918 243110|3575 315634|2 65726|74 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weightlifting: Women's records (table) Weightlifting: Women's Records (Table) WOMEN'S WEIGHTLIFTING RECORDS BODYWEIGHT CLASS LIFT kg lb NAME AND COUNTRY PLACE DATE 44 kg 97 lb Snatch 75 165 1/4 Guan Hong (China) Varna, Bulgaria 16 May 1992 Jerk 100 220 1/4 Guan Hong (China) Varna, ^ Bulgaria 16 May 1992 Total 175 385 1/2 Guan Hong (China) Varna, Bulgaria 16 May 1992 48 kg 105_ lb Snatch 82.5 181 1/4 Liu Xiuhua (China) Varna, Bulgaria 17 May 1992 Jerk 105 231 1/4 Liu Xiuhua (China) Varna, Bulgaria 17 May 1992 Total 187.5 ^ 413 1/4 Liu Xiuhia (China) Varna, Bulgaria 17 May 1992 52 kg 114 1/2 lb Snatch 87.5 192_ Peng Liping (China) Varna, Bulgaria 18 May 1992 Jerk 115 253 1/2 Peng Liping (China) Varna, Bulgaria 18 May 1992 Total 202.5 446 1/4 Peng Liping (China) ^ Varna, Bulgaria 18 May 1992 56 kg 123 1/4 lb Snatch 92.5 203_ Sun Caiyan (China) Varna, Bulgaria 19 May 1992 Jerk 117.5 259 Sun Caiyan (China) Varna, Bulgaria 19 May 1992 Total 210 462_ Sun Caiyan (China) Varna, Bulgaria 19 May 1992 60 kg 132 ^ 1/4 lb Snatch 97.5 214_ Li Hongyun (China) Varna, Bulgaria 20 May 1992 Jerk 125 275 1/2 Li Hongyun (China) Varna, Bulgaria 20 May 1992 Total 222.5 490 1/4 Li Hongyun (China) Varna, Bulgaria 20 May 1992 67.5 kg 148_ lb Snatch 98 216 Milena ^ Trendafilova (Bulgaria) Varna, Bulgaria 21 May 1992 Jerk 130 286 1/2 Gao Lijuan (China) Varna, Bulgaria 21 May 1992 Total 222.5 490 1/4 Gao Lijuan (China) Varna, Bulgaria 21 May 1992 75 kg 165 1/4 lb Snatch 107.5 236_ Hua Ju (China) Varna, ^ Bulgaria 22 May 1992 Jerk 137.5 303 Zhang Xiaoli (China) Donaueschingen, Germany 3 Oct 1991 Total 242.5 534 1/2 Zhang Xiaoli (China) Donaueschingen, Germany 3 Oct 1991 82.5 kg 181_ lb Snatch 110 242 1/2 Zhang Xiaoli (China) Varna, Bulgaria 23 ^ May 1992 Jerk 142.5 314 Zhang Xiaoli (China) Varna, Bulgaria 23 May 1992 Total 252.5 556 1/2 Zhang Xaioli (China) Varna, Bulgaria 23 May 1992 +82.5 kg Snatch 115 253 1/2 Li Yajuan (China) Varna, Bulgaria 24 May 1992 Jerk 150 330 1/2 Li Yajuan ^ (China) Varna, Bulgaria 24 May 1992 Total 265 584 Li Yajuan (China) Varna, Bulgaria 24 May 1992 ^ -END- -CTRL- Weightlifting: Most titles T \p8\D17\3711308 Sports and Games|Weightlifting|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 244470|3595 199998|2941 39314|578 242974|3573 315634|3 211064|24 53328|0 -PCAP- A determined-looking Karyn Marshall (USA) in the process of setting a women's world record in the 82.5 kg snatch at the 1989 World Championships, which were held in Manchester, England. (Photo: Allsport/Gray Mortimore) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weightlifting: Most titles ^<4 Olympic ^>4 Norbert Schemansky (USA; b. 30 May 1924) won a record four Olympic medals: gold, middle heavyweight 1952; silver, heavyweight 1948; bronze, heavyweight 1960 and 1964. ^<n Three US lifters won two gold medals: John Henry Davis, ^ Jr. (b. 12 Jan 1921), heavyweight 1948 and 1952; Tommy Tamio Kono (b. 27 Jun 1930), lightweight 1952, light heavyweight 1956; Charles Thomas "Chuck" Vinci, Jr. (b. 28 Feb 1933), bantamweight 1956 and 1960. ^<n ^<4 World ^>4 The most world ^ title wins, including Olympic Games, is eight, by: John Henry Davis (USA; 1921-84) in 1938, 1946-52; Tommy Kono (USA; b. 27 Jun 1930) in 1952-59; and Vasiliy Alekseiev (USSR; b. 7 Jan 1942), 1970-77. ^<n The only American woman to win a world ^ title has been Karyn Marshall, at 82 kg in 1987. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The most US national titles won is 13, by Anthony Terlazzo (1911-66), at 137 lb, 1932 and 1936 and at 148 lb, 1933, 1935, 1937-45. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weightlifting: Youngest world record holder T Sports and Games|Weightlifting|General Records|Youngest world record holder 20 22 24 26 244538|3596 266026|3912 243246|3577 315634|4 275964|76 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weightlifting: Youngest world record holder Naim Suleimanov (later Neum Shalamanov [Bulgaria]; b. 23 Jan 1967) (now Naim Suleymanoglu of Turkey) set 56 kg world records for clean and jerk (160 kg) and total (285 kg), at 16 yr 62 days, at Allentown, NJ on 26 Mar 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weightlifting: Heaviest lift to body weight T Sports and Games|Weightlifting|General Records|Heaviest lift to body weight 20 22 24 26 244606|3597 62298|916 242838|3571 315634|5 65726|72 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weightlifting: Heaviest lift to body weight The first man to clean and jerk more than three times his body weight was Stefan Topurov (Bulgaria), who lifted 396 3/4 lb at Moscow, USSR on 24 Oct 1983. The first man to snatch two-and-a-half times his own body weight was Naim Suleymanoglu ^ (Turkey), who lifted 330 1/2 lb at Cardiff, Great Britain, on 27 Apr 1988. The first woman to clean and jerk more than two times her own body weight was Cheng Jinling (China), who lifted 198 lb in the class of the World Championships at Jakarta, ^ Indonesia in December 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Weightlifting: Women's World Championships T Sports and Games|Weightlifting|General Records|Women's World Championships 20 22 24 26 244674|3598 200066|2942 243178|3576 315634|6 211064|25 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Weightlifting: Women's World Championships These are held annually, first at Daytona Beach, FL in October 1987. Women's world records have been ratified for the best marks at these championships. Peng Liping (China) won a record 12 gold medals with snatch, jerk and total in the 52-kg class ^ each year, 1988-91. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerlifting: Origins T Sports and Games|Weightlifting|Powerlifting|Origins 20 22 24 26 244742|3599 40130|590 177218|2606 316140|0 40936|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerlifting: Origins The sport of powerlifting was first contested at a national level in Great Britain in 1958. The first US Championships were held in 1964. The International Powerlifting Federation was founded in 1972, a year after the first, unofficial world ^ championships were held. Offical championships have been held annually for men from 1973 and for women from 1980. The three standard lifts are squat, bench press and dead lift, the totals from the three lifts determining the results. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerlifting: Men's world records (table) B \t\D04\1108521a Sports and Games|Weightlifting|Powerlifting|Men's world records (table) 20 22 24 26 244810|3600 60258|886 177014|2603 316140|1 65726|42 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerlifting: Men's world records (table) Weighlifting: World Powerlifting Records (Table) WORLD POWERLIFTING RECORDS (All weights in kilograms) MEN CLASS SQUAT BENCH PRESS DEADLIFT TOTAL 52 kg 243 Hideaki Inaba (Japan) 1986 155 Andrzej Stanashek (Poland) 1991 242.5 Dennis Thios ^ (Indonesia) 1990 587.5 Hideaki Inaba 1987 56 kg 248 Magnus Karlsson (2Sweden) 1991 166.5 Magnus Karlsson 1991 289.5 Lamar Gant (USA) 1982 625 Lamar Gant 1982 60 kg 295 Joe Bradley (USA) 1980 180 Joe Bradley 1980 310 Lamar Gant 1988 707.5 Joe ^ Bradley 1982 67.5 kg 300 Jessie Jackson (USA) 1987 200 Kristoffer Hulecki (2Sweden) 1985 316 Daniel Austin (USA) 1991 762.5 Daniel Austin 1989 75 kg 328 Ausby Alexander (USA) 1989 217.5 James Rouse (USA) 1980 333 Jarmo Virtanen (Finland) 1988 850 ^ Rick Gaugler (USA) 1982 82.5 kg 379.5 Mike Bridges (USA) 1982 240 Mike Bridges 1981 357.5 Veli Kumpuniemi (Finland) 1980 952.5 Mike Bridges 1982 90 kg 375 Fred Hatfield (USA) 1980 255 Mike MacDonald (USA) 1980 372.5 Walter Thomas (USA) 1982 937.5 ^ Mike Bridges 1980 100 kg 422.5 Ed Coan (USA) 1989 261.5 Mike MacDonald 1977 378 Ed Coan 1989 1,032.5 Ed Coan 1989 110 kg 393.5 Dan Wohleber (USA) 1981 270 Jeffrey Magruder (USA) 1982 395 John Kuc (USA) 1980 1,000 John Kuc 1980 125 kg 428.5 Kirk ^ Karwoski (USA) 1991 278.5 Tom Hardman (USA) 1982 387.5 Lars Noren (2Sweden) 1987 1,005 Ernie Hackett (USA) 1982 125+ kg 445 Dwayne Fely (USA) 1982 300 Bill Kazmaier (USA) 1981 406 Lars Nore[ac]n 1988 1,100 Bill Kazmaier 1981 ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerlifting: Women's world records (table) B \t\D04\1108522a Sports and Games|Weightlifting|Powerlifting|Women's world records (table) 20 22 24 26 244878|3601 60326|887 177286|2607 316140|2 65726|43 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerlifting: Women's world records (table) Weightlifting: World Powerlifting Records (Table) WORLD POWERLIFTING RECORDS (All weights in kilograms) WOMEN 44 kg 147.5 Raija Koskinen (Finland) 1992 81 Ann Leverett (USA) 1991 165 Nancy Belliveau (USA) 1985 352.5 Marie-France Vassart (Belgium) ^ 1985 48 kg 150 Claudine Cognac (France) 1990 82.5 Michelle Evris (USA) 1981 182.5 Majik Jones (USA) 1984 390 Majik Jones 1984 52 kg 177.5 Mary Jeffrey (USA; nee Ryan) 1991 105 Mary Jeffrey 1991 197.5 Diana Rowell (USA) 1984 452.5 Mary Jeffrey ^ 1991 56 kg 191 Mary Jeffrey 1989 115 Mary Jeffrey 1988 200.5 Joy Burt (Canada) 1989 485 Mary Jeffrey 1988 60 kg 200.5 Ruthi Shafer (USA) 1983 105.5 Judith Auerbach (USA) 1989 213 Ruthi Shafer 1983 502.5 Vicki Steenrod (USA) 1985 67.5 kg 230 Ruthi ^ Shafer 1984 120 Vicki Steenrod 1990 244 Ruthi Shafer 1984 565 Ruthi Shafer 1984 75 kg 235 Cathy Millen (2New Zealand) 1991 142.5 Liz Odendaal (2Netherlands) 1989 240 Cathy Millen 1991 602.5 Cathy Millen 1991 82.5 kg 240 Cathy Millen 1991 150 ^ Beverley Francis (Aus) 1981 247.5 Cathy Millen 1991 612.5 Cathy Millen 1991 90 kg 252.5 Lorraine Constanzo (USA) 1988 130 Lorraine Constanzo 1988 227.5 Lorraine Constanzo 1988 607.5 Lorraine Constanzo 1988 90+kg 262.5 Lorraine Constanzo 1987 ^ 137.5 Myrtle Augee (Great Britain) 1989 237.5 Lorraine Constanzo 1987 622.5 Lorraine Constanzo 1987 ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerlifting: Most world titles T Sports and Games|Weightlifting|Powerlifting|Most world titles 20 22 24 26 244946|3602 210062|3089 177150|2605 316140|3 219140|58 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerlifting: Most world titles ^<4 World ^>4 The winner of the most world titles is Hideaki Inaba (Japan) with 16, at 52 kg, 1974-83, 1985-90. Lamar Gant (USA) holds the record for an American with 15 titles, at 56 kg, 1975-77, 1979, 1982-84; and at 60 kg, 1978, 1980-81 and ^ 1986-90. The most by a woman is six, by Beverley Francis (Australia; b. 15 Feb 1955), at 75 kg 1980, 1982; 82.5 kg 1981, 1983-85. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerlifting: Most lifts in 24 hours T Sports and Games|Weightlifting|Powerlifting|Most lifts in 24 hours 20 22 24 26 245014|3603 187894|2763 177082|2604 3274|48 316140|4 175106|359 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerlifting: Most lifts in 24 hours A deadlifting record of 5,777,777 lb in 24 hr was set by a team of ten from Her Majesty's Prison, Long Lartin, Evesham, Great Britain on 17-18 Jan 1991. The 24-hr deadlift record by an individual is 818,121 lb, by Anthony Wright at Her Majesty's ^ Prison, Featherstone, Wolverhampton, Great Britain, on 31 Aug-1 Sep 1990. ^<n A bench press record of 8,529,699 lb was set by a nine-man team from the Hogarth Barbell Club, Chiswick, London, Great Britain on 18-19 Jul 1987. An individual bench ^ press record of 1,231,150 lb was set by Paul Goodall at the Copthorne Hotel, Plymouth, Great Britain on 12-13 Mar 1991. A squat record of 4,780,994 lb was set by a ten-man team from St Albans Weightlifting Club and Ware Boys Club, Hertfordshire, ^ Great Britain on 20-21 Jul 1986. A record 133,380 arm-curling repetitions using three 48 1/4 lb weightlifting bars and dumbbells was achieved by a team of nine from Intrim Health and Fitness Club at Gosport, Great Britain on 4-5 Aug 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Powerlifting: Greatest feats T Sports and Games|Weightlifting|Powerlifting|Greatest feats 20 22 24 26 245082|3604 50942|749 176946|2602 316140|5 52992|86 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Powerlifting: Greatest feats Lamar Gant (USA) was the first man to deadlift five times his own body weight, lifting 661 lb when weighing 132 lb in 1985. The greatest powerlift by a woman is a squat of 628 lb by Lorraine Constanzo (USA) at Dayton, OH on 21 Nov 1987. Cammie Lynn ^ Lusko (USA; b. 5 Apr 1958) became the first woman to lift more than her body weight with one arm, with 131 lb at a body weight of 128.5 lb, at Milwaukee, WI on 21 May 1983. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wrestling: Origins T Sports and Games|Wrestling|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 245150|3605 16602|244 245626|3612 316732|0 13960|137 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Wrestling: Origins The earliest depictions of wrestling holds and falls on wall plaques and a statue indicate that organized wrestling dates from ^I 2750-2600 B.C. It was the most popular sport in the ancient Olympic Games, and victors were recorded from ^ 708 B.C. The Greco-Roman style is of French origin, and arose about 1860. The International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA) was founded in 1912. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wrestling: Most titles T Sports and Games|Wrestling|General Records|Most titles 20 22 24 26 245218|3606 200134|2943 245422|3609 316732|1 211064|26 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Wrestling: Most titles ^<4 Olympic ^>4 Three Olympic titles have been won by: Carl Westergren (Sweden; 1895-1958) in 1920, 1924 and 1932; Ivar Johansson (Sweden; 1903-79) in 1932 (two) and 1936; and Aleksandr Vasilyevich Medved (USSR; b. 16 Sep 1937) in 1964, 1968 and ^ 1972. Four Olympic medals were won by: Eino Leino (Finland; b. 7 Apr 1891) at freestyle 1920-32; and by Imre Polyak (Hungary; b. 16 Apr 1932) at Greco-Roman in 1952-64. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The one US wrestler to win two Olympic freestyle ^ titles was George Nicholas Mehnert (1881-1948), flyweight in 1904 and bantamweight in 1908. The first, and only, US men to win a Greco-Roman title were Steven Fraser (b. 23 Mar 1953) at light-heavyweight and Jeffrey Blatnick (b. 27 Jul 1957) at ^ super-heavyweight in 1984. ^<n In winning the 130 kg class in 1992, Bruce Baumgartner became the most successful Olympic wrestler in United States history, having won two gold and one silver, 1984-92. John Smith and Kenny Monday also won their ^ second gold medal in 1992, matching the record of George Mehnert. ^<n ^<4 World ^>4 The freestyler Aleksandr Medved (USSR) won a record ten World Championships, 1962-64, 1966-72 at three weight categories. The only wrestler to win the same ^ title in seven successive years has been Valeriy Grigoryevich Rezantsev (USSR; b. 2 Feb 1947) in the Greco-Roman 90 kg class in 1970-76, including the Olympic Games of 1972 and 1976. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The most world titles won by a US ^ wrestler is four (three world, one Olympic), by John Smith (b. 9 Aug 1965), featherweight 1987-90. Three world titles have been won by Leroy Kemp (b. 24 Dec 1956), welterweight, 1978-79 and 1982; and two world and one Olympic title have been won ^ by Mark Schultz (b. 26 Oct 1960), middleweight, 1984, 1985 and 1987. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wrestling: Most wins T Sports and Games|Wrestling|General Records|Most wins 20 22 24 26 245286|3607 221214|3253 245490|3610 316732|2 227712|100 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Wrestling: Most wins In international competition, Osamu Watanabe (Japan; b. 21 Oct 1940), the 1964 Olympic freestyle 63 kg champion, was unbeaten and unscored-upon in 189 consecutive matches. Outside of FILA sanctioned competition, Wade Schalles (USA) won 821 bouts ^ from 1964 to 1984, with 530 of these victories by pin. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wrestling: NCAA Division I Championships T Sports and Games|Wrestling|General Records|NCAA Division I Championships 20 22 24 26 245354|3608 212850|3130 245558|3611 316732|3 219140|99 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Wrestling: NCAA Division I Championships Oklahoma State University was the first unofficial national champion in 1928. Including five unofficial titles, Oklahoma State has won a record 29 NCAA titles, in 1928-31, 1933-35, 1937-1942, 1946, 1948-49, 1954-56, 1958-59, 1961-62, 1964, 1966, ^ 1968, 1971, 1989-90. The University of Iowa has won the most consecutive titles, with nine championships from 1978-86. ^ -END- -CTRL- Wrestling: Longest bout T Sports and Games|Wrestling|General Records|Longest bout 20 22 24 26 245422|3609 157634|2318 245354|3608 316732|4 139100|428 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Wrestling: Longest bout The longest recorded bout was one of 11 hr 40 min when Martin Klein (Estonia representing Russia; 1885-1947) beat Alfred Asikainen (Finland; 1888-1942) for the Greco-Roman 75 kg "A" event silver medal in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. ^ ^ -END- -CTRL- Wrestling: Heaviest heavyweight T Sports and Games|Wrestling|General Records|Heaviest heavyweight 20 22 24 26 245490|3610 62502|919 245286|3607 316732|5 65726|75 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Wrestling: Heaviest heavyweight The heaviest wrestler in Olympic history was Chris Taylor (1950-79), bronze medalist in the super-heavyweight class in 1972, who stood 6 ft 5 in tall and weighed over 420 lb. ^<n FILA introduced an upper weight limit of 286 lb for international ^ competition in 1985. ^ -END- -CTRL- Sumo Wrestling: Records T \p8\D17\us11307 Sports and Games|Wrestling|Sumo Wrestling|Records 20 22 24 26 245558|3611 191498|2816 39382|579 214414|3153 317168|0 175106|412 53414|0 -PCAP- One of the top sumo wrestlers is Yokozuna Mitsugu Akimoto alias Chiyonofuji. He has recorded more career wins than any other wrestler and dominated the Kyushu Basho, winning for eight successive years, 1981-88. (Photo Gerry Toff) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Sumo Wrestling: Records The sport's origins in Japan date from ^I 23 B.C. ^<n ^<4 Heaviest ^>4 The heaviest-ever ^I is Samoan-American Salevaa Fuali Atisnoe of Hawaii, alias Konishiki, who weighed in at 559 lb at Tokyo's Ryogaku Kokugikau on 27 ^ Aug 1991. He is also the first foreign ^I to attain the second highest rank of ^I , or champion. Weight is amassed by over-alimentation with a high-protein stew called ^I . ^<n ^<4 Most successful ^>4 ^ The most successful wrestlers have been ^I Sadaji Akiyoshi (b. 1912), alias Futabayama, winner of 69 consecutive bouts in the 1930s; ^I Koki Naya (b. 1940), alias Taiho ("Great Bird"), who won the Emperor's Cup 32 ^ times up to his retirement in 1971; and the ^I Tameemon Torokichi, alias Raiden (1767-1825), who in 21 years (1789-1810) won 254 bouts and lost only ten for the highest-ever winning percentage of 96.2. Taiho and Futabayama share the ^ record of eight perfect tournaments without a single loss. ^<n ^<4 Youngest ^>4 The youngest of the 62 men to attain the rank of ^I (grand champion) was Toshimitsu Ogata (b. 16 May 1953), alias Kitanoumi, in July 1974 at the ^ age of 21 years and two months. He set a record in 1978, winning 82 of the 90 bouts that top ^I fight annually. ^<n ^<4 Most wins ^>4 ^I Mitsugu Akimoto (b. 1 Jun 1955), alias Chiyonofuji, set a record for ^ domination of one of the six annual tournaments by winning the Kyushu Basho for eight successive years, 1981-88. He also holds the record for most career wins, 1,045, and ^I (top division) wins, 807. He retired in May 1991 but ^ remains in sumo as a training coach. ^<n ^<4 First non-Japanese ^>4 Hawaiian-born Jesse Kuhaulua (b. 16 Jun 1944), now a Japanese citizen named Daigoro Watanabe, alias Takamiyama, and a stablemaster in the Japan Sumo Association with the sumo ^ elder ( ^I ) name of Azumazeki Oyakaba, was the first non-Japanese to win an official top-division tournament, in July 1972, and in 1981 he set a record of 1,231 consecutive top-division bouts. ^<n ^<4 Most bouts ^>4 Yukio Shoji ^ (b. 14 Nov 1948), alias Aobajo, did not miss a single bout in his 22-year career, 1964-86, and contested a record 1,631 consecutive bouts. Kenji Hatano (b. 4 Jan 1948), alias Oshio, contested a record 1,891 nonconsecutive bouts in his 26-year ^ career, 1962-88, the longest in modern sumo history. ^<n Katsumi Yamanaka (b. 16 Mar 1967), alias Akinoshima, set a new ^I (gold star) record of 13 upsets over ^I by a ^I . Hawaiian-born Chad Rowan ^ (b. 8 May 1969), alias Akebono, scored a majority of wins for a record 18 consecutive tournaments, March 1988-March 1991. ^ -END- -CTRL- Yachting: Origins T Sports and Games|Yachting|General Records|Origins 20 22 24 26 245626|3612 235970|3470 246034|3618 317410|0 236192|197 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Yachting: Origins Sailing as a sport dates from the 17th century. Originating in the Netherlands, it was introduced to England by Charles II, who participated in a 23-mile race along the river Thames in 1661. The oldest yacht club in the world is the Royal Cork ^ Yacht Club, which claims descent from the Cork Harbor Water Club, founded in Ireland in 1720. The oldest continuously existing yacht club in the United States is the New York Yacht Club, founded in 1844. ^ -END- -CTRL- Yachting: Olympic titles T Sports and Games|Yachting|General Records|Olympic titles 20 22 24 26 245694|3613 200202|2944 245966|3617 317410|1 211064|27 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Yachting: Olympic titles The first sportsman ever to win individual gold medals in four successive Olympic Games was Paul B. Elvstrom (Denmark; b. 25 Feb 1928) in the Firefly class in 1948 and the Finn class in 1952, 1956 and 1960. He also won eight other world titles in a ^ total of six classes. The lowest number of penalty points by the winner of any class in an Olympic regatta is three points (five wins, one disqualified and one second in seven starts) by ^I of the Flying Dutchman class (Lt ^ Rodney Stuart Pattisson [b. 5 Aug 1943] and Iain Somerled Macdonald-Smith [b. 3 Jul 1945]), at Acapulco Bay, Mexico in Oct 1968. ^<n ^<4 United States ^>4 The only US yachtsman to have won two gold medals is Herman Frasch Whiton (1904-67), at ^ six-meter class, in 1948 and 1952. ^ -END- -CTRL- Yachting: Admiral's Cup and ocean racing T Sports and Games|Yachting|General Records|Admiral's Cup and ocean racing 20 22 24 26 245762|3614 221282|3254 245694|3613 317410|2 227712|101 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Yachting: Admiral's Cup and ocean racing The ocean racing series with the most participating nations (three boats allowed to each nation) is the Admiral's Cup, held by the Royal Ocean Racing Club. A record 19 nations competed in 1975, 1977 and 1979. Britain has a record nine wins. ^<n ^ Modern ocean racing (in moderate or small sailing yachts, rather than professionally manned sailing ships) began with a race from Brooklyn, NY to Bermuda, 630 nautical miles, organized by Thomas Fleming Day, editor of the magazine ^I , in June 1906. The race is still held today in every even-numbered year, though the course is now Newport, RI to Bermuda. ^<n The oldest race for any type of craft and either kind of water (fresh or salt) still regularly held is the ^ Chicago-to-Mackinac race on Lakes Michigan and Huron, first sailed in 1898. It was held again in 1904, then annually until the present day, except for 1917-20. The record for the course (333 nautical miles) is 1 day 1 hr 50 min (average speed ^ 12.89 knots), by the sloop ^I , owned by Dick Jennings (USA) in 1987. ^<n The current record holder of the elapsed-time records for both the premier American and British ocean races (the Newport, RI, to Bermuda race and the ^ Fastnet race) is the sloop ^I , owned by Marvin Green (USA). The record for the Bermuda race, 635 nautical miles, is 2 days 14 hr 29 min, in 1982; and for the Fastnet race, 605 nautical miles, the record is 2 days 12 hr 41 min, in ^ 1985--an average speed of 10.16 knots and 9.97 knots respectively. ^ -END- -CTRL- Yachting: Longest race T \c8\D03\3711302z Sports and Games|Yachting|General Records|Longest race 20 24 26 28 245830|3615 157702|2319 39450|580 245830|3615 317410|3 139100|429 53500|0 -PCAP- (Left) The yacht "Maiden" (skipper Tracy Edwards) at the end of the 1989/90 Whitbread Round the World race. Edwards was the first woman to skipper an all-female crew in the race, and it is the longest ocean race completed by an all-female crew. ^ (Right) The longest sailing race in the world is the Whitbread Round the World Race, held every four years and which in 1989-90, covered 32,000 nautical miles, 59,239 km, starting and finishing in Southampton. "Steinlager 2," skippered by New ^ Zealander Peter Blake, won all six legs of the race. (Photos: Allsport/D. Smith and Allsport/Bob Martin) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Yachting: Longest race The world's longest sailing race is the Vendee Globe Challenge, the first of which started from Les Sables d'Olonne, France on 26 Nov 1989. The distance circumnavigated without stopping was 22,500 nautical miles. The race is for boats between 50-60 ^ ft, sailed single-handedly. The record time on the course is 109 days 8 hr 48 min 50 sec by Titouan Lamazou (France; b. 1955) in the sloop ^I , which finished at Les Sables on 19 Mar 1990. ^<n The oldest regular sailing ^ race around the world is the quadrennial Whitbread Round the World race (instituted Aug 1973) organized by the Royal Naval Sailing Association. It starts in England, and the course around the world and the number of legs with stops at specified ^ ports are varied from race to race. The distance for 1989-90 was 32,000 nautical miles from Southampton, Great Britain and return, with stops and restarts at Punta del Este, Uruguay; Fremantle, Australia; Auckland, New Zealand; Punta del Este, ^ Uruguay; and Fort Lauderdale, FL. ^ -END- -CTRL- Yachting: America's Cup T \p8\D17\391168gb Sports and Games|Yachting|General Records|America's Cup 20 24 26 28 245898|3616 221350|3255 39518|581 245762|3614 317410|4 227712|102 53500|1 -PCAP- The only race won by a non-American in the America's Cup since the success of "Australia II" in 1983 was on 10 May 1992 when, in the first series to be sailed in the specially devised IACC (International America's Cup Class), Il Moro di Venezia ^ (Italy), owned by Raul Gardini, crossed the line 3 seconds ahead of "America 3," owned by Bill Koch. This is the closest result ever recorded in a race for the Cup, but not the closest finish. On 4 Oct 1901 "Shamrock 11" finished 2 seconds ahead ^ of the "American Columbia," though the American boat won by 41 seconds on the handicapping system then in use. (Photo. Allsport USA /Ken Levine) ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Yachting: America's Cup The America's Cup was originally won as an outright prize (with no special name) by the schooner ^I on 22 Aug 1851 at Cowes and was later offered by the New York Yacht Club as a challenge trophy. On 8 Aug 1870 J. Ashbury's ^I (Great Britain) failed to capture the trophy from ^I , owned by F. Osgood (USA). The Cup has been challenged 28 times. ^<n The United States was undefeated, winning 77 races and only losing eight, until 1983, when ^I , skippered by John Bertrand and owned by a Perth syndicate headed by Alan Bond, beat ^I 4-3, the narrowest series victory, at Newport, RI. ^<n Charlie Barr (USA; 1864-1911), who defended in 1899, 1901 and 1903, ^ and Harold S. Vanderbilt (USA; 1884-1970) in 1930, 1934 and 1937, each steered the successful cup defender three times in succession. Dennis Walter Conner (USA; b. 16 Sep 1942) has been helmsman of American boats four times in succession: in ^ 1980, when he successfully defended; in 1983, when he steered the defender, but lost; in 1987, when the American challenger regained the trophy; and in 1988, when he again successfully defended. He was also starting helmsman in 1974, with Ted ^ Hood as skipper. ^<n The largest yacht to have competed in the America's Cup was the 1903 defender, the gaff rigged cutter ^I , with an overall length of 144 ft, a record sail area of 16,160 sq ft and a rig 175 ft high. ^ -END- -CTRL- Yachting: Most competitors T Sports and Games|Yachting|General Records|Most competitors 20 22 24 26 245966|3617 194218|2856 245898|3616 317410|5 175106|452 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Yachting: Most competitors The most boats ever to start in a single race was 2,072 in the Round Zeeland (Denmark) race on 21 Jun 1984, over a course of 235 nautical miles. ^<n The largest transoceanic race was the ARC (Atlantic Rally for Cruisers), when 204 boats of the 209 ^ starters from 24 nations completed the race from Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) to Barbados in 1989. ^ -END- -CTRL- Windsurfing: Origins T Sports and Games|Yachting|Windsurfing|Origins 20 22 24 26 246034|3618 45026|662 243450|3580 317846|0 40936|171 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Windsurfing: Origins The British High Court ruled on 7 Aug 1982 that Peter Chilvers (when age 12) had devised a prototype of a boardsailer in 1958 in England. In 1968 Henry Hoyle Schweitzer and Jim Drake pioneered the sport, often termed windsurfing, in California. ^ World Championships were first held in 1973 and the sport was added to the Olympic Games in 1984, when the winner was Stephan van den Berg (Netherlands; b. 20 Feb 1962), who also won five world titles 1979--83. ^ -END- -CTRL- Windsurfing: Fastest speeds T \p8\D17\us381130 Sports and Games|Yachting|Windsurfing|Fastest speeds 20 22 24 26 246102|3619 32378|476 39586|582 243314|3578 317846|1 23878|228 53500|2 -PCAP- The fastest speed reached under sail on water by a woman is by Brigitte Gimenez (France), who achieved 39.45 knots on the Saintes Maries-de-la-Mer canal, Camargue, France in December 1990. (Photo: Allsport USA/J. Nicholson ^ -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Windsurfing: Fastest speeds The fastest speed reached under sail on water by any craft over a 500-meter timed run is by Thierry Bielak (France) on a boardsailer at 44.66 knots at Saintes Maries-de-la-Mer Canal, Camargue, France on 27 Feb 1990. The women's record was set at ^ the same location by Brigitte Gimenez (France; b. 6 Oct 1961), who achieved 39.45 knots in December 1990. ^<n The American with the best time under sail over a 500 meter run is Jimmy Lewis, with 38.68 knots at Saintes Maries-de-la-Mer in Feb ^ 1988. ^ -END- -CTRL- Windsurfing: Longest sailboard T Sports and Games|Yachting|Windsurfing|Longest sailboard 20 22 24 26 246170|3620 156206|2297 243382|3579 317846|2 139100|407 -PCAP- -MCAP- -NOTES- -TEXT- Windsurfing: Longest sailboard The longest snake of sailboards was made by 70 windsurfers in a row at the Sailboard Show '89 event at Narrabeen Lakes, Manly, Australia on 21 Oct 1989. ^<n The world's longest sailboard, 165 ft, was constructed at Fredrikstad, Norway, and first ^ sailed on 28 Jun 1986. ^ -END-