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7.txt
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2001-04-14
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In its upper course, particularly if the gradient is steep, a river channel is
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straight and narrow, and the river runs rapidly. But when the slope is
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reduced, the river slows down and moves around obstacles, such as rocky
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outcrops, rather than eroding them. In addition, the wave motion of the
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water moves the river from side to side. Eventually, the river erodes the
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outer bank of a slight bend and deposits material on the inner bank. The
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river channel is deepened toward the outer side of the bend and is widened
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at the same time by lateral erosion. The inner bends are built up with sand
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and shingle, although they too are eroded during heavy floods. As this
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process continues over time, the river widens the valley floor and the
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bends migrate downstream. The meanders increase into ever broadening
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loops with narrowing necks. Eventually, when a flood carries the water
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over a neck, the cut off meander becomes an oxbow lake. The lake silts up
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in subsequent floods and becomes a swamp. Embankments are also built
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up on the banks during floods. When the river meets the sea or a lake, the
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immediate reduction in velocity causes it to deposit sediment rapidly and a
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delta develops.