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- ST XFORMER II Short Documentation
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- This file must accompany STXFII.PRG!!
-
- This file is the short documentation included with ST Xformer II. There
- is online help in the program itself, and registered users will be sent
- the ST Xformer II Manual, which explains all the topics covered here in
- greater detail (with illustrations!).
-
-
- Contents of this file:
- ----------------------
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- Part I - Shareware and registration instructions 2
- Part II - Summary of Features 4
- Part III - Changes from Xformer 1.2 5
- Part IV - Atari 800/800XL/130XE emulation 6
- Part V - Apple and Commodore emulation 9
- Part VI - Updates and future versions 10
- Part VII - Invitation to 8 bit programmers 11
- Part VIII - Closing comments 12
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- Page 1
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- Part I
- ______
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- If you're like me, you probably get really ticked off when you buy a
- piece of software and discover that it doesn't do what you though it
- should do, or does it very badly. Or, as is the case with some very
- recent software that shall remain unnamed to protect those guilty of
- producing it, the program is whipped together in a week and is more of a
- beta release than a real usable product.
-
- Unfortunately, with the "Buy First, Suffer Later" attitude of some
- dealers and fly-by-night software companies, there isn't much you can do
- about trying out the software before buying, short of downloading the
- program from a pirate BBS. And they wonder why piracy is so widespread
- on the ST!
-
- Realizing this, I decided that the best way to distribute Xformer II
- would be as shareware and not as a commercial product. This solves
- several problems.
-
- First, the program is freely available nationwide on Atari BBSs and on
- information services like Compuserve and GEnie. That means that
- obtaining a copy is as easy as dialing your local BBS and downloading
- it. It can't be pirated, so pirate boards can only help to increase the
- availability of the program.
-
- Second, no one will get ticked off at blowing money on a worthless
- product, since no money was spent. This allows everyone interested in
- Xformer II to try it out first, on their systems at home, and judge its
- usefulness.
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- Third, those people satisfied with Xformer can then send in their $15
- registration fee, and receive the manual and updated software. For $15,
- they end up spending a lot less than they would have at a dealer, had
- Xformer II been marketed in the usual way.
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- Shareware only works if users send in their registration fees. So
- please, if you end up using Xformer regularly, it is in your best
- interest (and mine) to register. You will receive an illustrated manual
- (laser printed even!) that guides you step by step through all of
- Xformer's features, and contains tips on converting 8 bit software to
- run on the ST. You will also get an up to the minute list of compatible
- software. I'll also send you a disk with the latest version of Xformer
- II.
-
- I also recommend that you send me a 3 1/2" disk containing 8 bit files
- that you have ported over to the ST. I will look at these files and find
- ones that work and place them on the compatibility list. Programs that
- don't work will be examined and either patched up to work, or Xformer
- will be updated if necessary. In any case, I'll send you your disk back
- with 720K of the 8 bit software sent in from other users.
-
- Remember, I've spent 2 years and 1000+ hours developing Xformer to its
- current state. This is more time than is spent developing some
- commercial software, and is certainly more time than is spent on other
- shareware programs (asking even higher fees). I'd like to prove that
- shareware can and does work. This might convince other software writers
- to release their programs as shareware too.
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- Page 2
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- If things go well enough, I'll set up a BBS for registered users to
- automate the whole process of updates.
-
- So, to become a registered user, send $15 (U.S funds) or $20 (Canadian
- dollars) to:
-
- Darek Mihocka
- 310-D Bluevale St. N.
- Waterloo, Ontario N2J 4G3
- CANADA
-
- Please include your name and telephone number, and of course, your
- address!
-
- My voice number is (519)-747-0386. Call it 24 hours a day, 7 days a
- week. I won't be there most of the time, but if I am, I'll answer your
- questions.
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- Page 3
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- Part II
- -------
-
- ST Xformer II is a software emulator of the 6502 microprocessor. On a
- standard ST, running on a 68000 at 8 MHz, it executes roughly 80,000 to
- 100,000 instructions per second, or about 40% the speed of a 6502
- machine. It hasn't been tested on any of the accelerator boards now out
- for the ST.
-
- In addition to the 6502 emulation, 3 hardware emulation modes are
- available: Atari 800/XL/XE, Apple ][, and Commodore 64. NOTE: in this
- release only the Atari emulation can be accessed. Each of the hardware
- emulation modes is explained later.
-
- ST Xformer II is GEM based, and runs on any color or monochrome ST
- system with at least 1 Megabyte of memory. It runs off floppy or the
- hard disk. It must be booted in either medium (80 column color) or high
- (monochrome) resolution.
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- If the program runs out of memory (800K is required) or it is booted in
- low resolution, an error message appears and the program exists.
- Therefore, if you only have a 1 Meg machine, make sure all memory
- intensive desk accessories and AUTO boot programs are disabled.
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- Xformer works on 1040 ROMs, Mega ROMs, and the "new" ROMs.
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- Online help can be accessed from the menu bar under the "Help" entry. It
- very briefly summarizes the most common procedures.
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- Atari 800 support now includes DOS and non-DOS disk support, Player
- Missle Graphics, emulation of most of the NMI and IRQ interrupts, and
- emulation of most of the ANTIC, POKEY, and GTIA hardware registers. This
- release has 2 promised features missing (hey, this program took a _lot_
- longer to write than planned): display list interrupt support, and XL/XE
- bank select memory emulation. Other less serious cosmetic problems are
- the lack of GTIA support. I simply ran out of colors registers on the
- ST. These bugs, and any others reported by users will be fixed an
- available on the update disk for registered users.
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- Page 4
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- Part III
- --------
-
- Xformer II represents over 6 months of effort on my part to take the
- various Xformer 1.x versions and join them into one unit. Thus, Xformer
- II replaces the Xformer 1.1 and 1.2 Atari 800 emulators, and the Xformer
- 1.0x Apple ][ emulator, which never really got released.
-
- The user interface is totally redesigned. Instead of a text based
- keyboard entry style interface, Xformer II uses GEM for most of its
- functions. This greatly improves usability, which was one major
- complaint of the previous emulators.
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- Xformer II also runs twice as fast as the previous versions. The 6502
- emulator was rewritten to use a different p-code interpretter algorithm,
- and all the assembly code was tightened up even more.
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- Xformer II does away with all the extra files that were required for use
- with previous versions. The Atari ROMs are stored in STXFII.PRG itself,
- and DOS emulation is handled differently, as explained in the Atari
- section.
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- Page 5
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- Part IV
- -------
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- Yep, if you're still reading this file, you made it to the Atari
- emulation documentation. (yay! whopee!) You've still got pages to go!
-
- If you currently use Xformer 1.1 or 1.2, forget everything you know!
- I've redesigned everything. STXFII.PRG now contains all the Atari ROM
- code built in to it, so you no longer need to rename files and do all
- the silly things I required you to do (he he).
-
- When you boot the program, click the Atari logo on the title screen.
- Then go up to the "Xformer II" menu entry and select the Atari option.
- An Atari Configuraton dialog box will appear.
-
- It should be fairly self explanatory. You can select either Atari
- 400/800 ROMs (also known as ROM revision B) or the XL/XE ROMs, which
- give you the faster text and graphics output, and access to graphics
- modes 12, 13, 14 and 15.
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- Thanks to Charles Marslett's fine work on the Fastchip floating point,
- and with his permission, you can select between the regular Atari
- floating point routines, or his Fastchip routines, which can increase
- the speed of math operations (and BASIC) by up to a factor of 3.
-
- Speaking of BASIC, you can have it either IN or OUT. Xformer II no
- longer supports any other cartridges, since no one ever indicated to me
- that they used that feature. However, cartridges transfered to disk will
- work. More on disk files in a few paragraphs.
-
- There is one rather cryptic option called "VBI Rate". This refers to how
- often the emulator emulates vertical blank interrupts. The default is 1,
- which means an Atari 800 VBI occurs every 1 ST vertical blank, i.e. 60
- times per seconds. Similarly, setting this option to 2 will give you a
- 60/2 = 30Hz VBI rate, and setting it to 3 sets it to 60/3 = 20Hz.
-
- WHY??????? (you ask?) Simple. The standard operating system vertical
- blank interrupts take up about 3 or 4% or the total processor time on an
- Atari 800. On the emulator though, which still has to process the same
- number of VBI's each second, (but does it at a slower speed), about 15 -
- 20% of the time is spent servicing the interrupts. This slows down most
- programs by 15 or 20%. Therefore Atari BASIC appears to run at about 30%
- the normal speed. To fix this, I added the option so that you can reduce
- the number of VBI's, and give more processor time back to programs like
- BASIC. Try it at a setting of 3. BASIC now speeds up to over 35%. Kill
- vertical blanks all together (with a POKE 54286,0) and the emulator now
- runs at over 40% speed.
-
- Now, the disk support. Read this CAREFULLY!!
-
- On a regular 5 1/4" single sided single density floppy disk, formatted
- on an 810 disk drive, you will get 90K of storage. This is derived by
- taking the number of tracks (40), the number of sectors per track (18)
- and the number of bytes per sector (128) to give a total of 40*18*128 =
- 92160 = 90K. Unfortunately, try as hard as I could with an external 5
- 1/4" drive hooked up to my ST, I could not get it to read my disks.
-
- Therefore I selected the following method to emulate the 810 disk drive.
- THIS IS DIFFERENT THAN THE METHOD USED IN XFORMER 1.2!!!!!
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- Page 6
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- In this ARC file there is a file called DEMODISK.SD. Notice that it is
- 92160 bytes long, exactly the number of bytes of storage on a floppy.
- The .SD file is an exact bit image of a floppy disk. All 720 sectors
- were copied to the ST and stored in this file.
-
- What does this mean to you? Well it means that instead of porting files
- one by one to the ST, you can port over entire disks! The disks must be
- formatted in single density and unprotected, but besides that, there is
- no limit to what can be on the disk. I have tested Xformer II with DOS
- 2.0, DOS 2.5, DOS 4.0, Sparta DOS 1.1, and MyDos 4.1 with full success.
- All the other DOSes _should_ work assuming you configure them for an 810
- drive _before_ porting the disk over.
-
- Now, how do you port a disk? Most of you should be familiar with the
- Disk Communicator program by Robert Puff. It is known simply as
- DiskComm, and 3.2 is the latest version. Note that DC32.COM is supplied.
- DiskComm is basically a disk scruncher and unscruncher. It takes a disk
- and compresses it into a single file, which can be easily transfered by
- modem to another computer, and uncompressed.
-
- Now, boot up your favorite terminal software on your 8 bit Atari, and
- boot up your favorite ST terminal software, set them both to XMODEM, and
- port DC32.COM to your 8 bit. Even if you already have Diskcomm on your 8
- bit port over this version!!!!!
-
- Now, reboot the 8 bit computer and run Diskcomm. It will allow you to
- set the source and destination drives. The SOURCE drive is the drive
- which contains the disk to be ported. The DESTINATION drive is where you
- will insert a blank formatted disk, to which the source disk will get
- written out as a file.
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- When this is done, boot up the terminal software again, and
- transfer the disk file (should have a .DSC extender) to the ST.
-
- Now run Xformer II and enter the Atari Configuration dialog box again.
- Click on "Insert...", then click on D1:, and when the file selector
- appears, select DEMODISK.SD. Now repeat this but select D2: as the drive
- to load. What you have just done is loaded the 2 virtual Atari 810
- drives that Xformer II emulates with 2 identical disks.
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- Before you boot though, you will want to copy Diskcomm into one of the
- virtual 810 drives. To do this click on the button marked "Utils".
- Another dialog box will appear, and click on the button marked "File to
- D:". This allows you to take a file off your ST disk and merge it into
- an .SD file, in effect, copying a file onto one of these 810 disk files.
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- Ok, you've clicked on it, so another file selector appears. Select
- DC32.COM and the Xformer will copy the file from the ST disk and onto
- the virtual D1: disk, stored in Xformer's memory.
-
- Now exit this and go up to "Xformer II" and select "Reboot". Voila! The
- Atari 800 boots. If you had BASIC plugged IN, you should see the word
- READY on the screen. If so, type in DOS and press RETURN. Atari DOS 2.5
- will load.
-
- I assume that most people are familiar enough with DOS that they don't
- need instructions. If you do, the documentation I supply to registered
- users will among other things, explain Atari DOS.
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- Page 7
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- From DOS, format D2:, then write out the DOS files to it. What you are
- doing is creating a blank DOS 2.5 disk.
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- Now press F5 to exit the emulation, and go back into the Atari
- Configuration box. Click on "Eject..." and select D1:. When the file
- selector appears, click on DEMODISK.SD again. What you've done is to
- save an updated version of DEMODISK to your ST disk, which now contains
- Diskcomm 3.2 on it. Similarly, save out D2: to a file called DOS25.SD
- (or whatever name you choose). Use this file as the seed for all further
- .SD files that you create.
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- Now, go to "Utils" again, and copy the .DSC file you created earlier on
- your 8 bit to D2: (the blank DOS 2.5 disk). Hopefully it will fit. If
- not, reformat D2: and don't write DOS to it.
-
- Now, make sure that Atari BASIC is OUT, and "Reboot" the Atari 800. Run
- DiskComm and choose D2: as the source and D1: as the destination. What
- you are going to do is uncompress the .DSC file now on D2: and put the
- uncompressed disk image on D1:. Yes, this will overwrite the files from
- DEMODISK, but don't worry, it is safely stored on your ST disk.
-
- Now start DiskComm and watch the sectors fly. In a few minutes, it will
- be finished. Now press F5 again, click on "Eject...", and save this
- newly created D1 to a new .SD file. For example, if you ported over the
- latest Analog monthly disk, you may want to call the file ANLG0788.SD.
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- Reboot the Atari 800 again and the new disk will boot.
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- SOUND COMPLICATED?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!!?
-
- It isn't really. If you think of the 2 virtual disk drives in Xformer II
- as 2 810 disk drives hooked up to an Atari 800, you see that you're
- doing nothing more than creating and copying files around on a 2 disk
- drive system.
-
- Oh, did I mention the Disk I/O option? This allows you turn off the
- "beep beep beep" sound of the disk drive and just do fast disk
- emulation. Useful when running DiskComm but you may wish to keep the
- sound for old time's sake.
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- Enough "Now"s!
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- Page 8
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- Part V
- ------
-
- Well, 5 months after getting the first signs of life out of Commodore
- Basic running under C64 emulation, Commodore Business Machines has still
- to return a single phone call of mine. Whenever I phone back, I'm put on
- hold, transfered, asked for my name and number, and goodbye Charlie!
- Obviously, Commodore has not learned how _not_ to practise public
- relations. At least with Apple I got as far as getting several
- "NO!!!!!!"s when I suggested that they licence their ROMs to me for use
- with Xformer.
-
- So, since neither one of those companies wishes to talk, perhaps someone
- can guide me to a manufacturer of clone machines, or better yet, to
- someone that has written compatible versions of either the Apple R ]R [
- operating system, or the Commodore 64 OS. I believe that both such
- beasts exist, (definately Apple clone ROMs) but I am unable to actually
- find a _legitemate_ manufacturer. Anyone with information, _please_
- forward it to me. The day I get the clone code is the day Xformer II
- goes up with the Apple R ]R [ and/or C64 options enabled.
-
- Sorry folks, short of rewriting the Apple and C64 OS code myself, I
- cannot enable those two options. It's too bad that Apple and Commodore
- have decided to be so protective of their 'precious' ROMs. It is code
- that is now 5 or 10 years old, obsolete, and wouldn't hurt their sales
- whatsoever. It could only help boost interest in their machines and the
- software. But I guess the only thing they'll listen to is the sound of
- cash registers.
-
- J. Andrzej Wrotniak said it best in his latest Current Notes article
- (June 1988 Vol. 8 No. 5 page 38) when he was talking about Apple suing
- everybody left and right over the Mac interface (which was developed in
- the 70's by XEROX, and stolen by Apple). He said, "the next thing they
- may want to do is to claim rights to the rectangular shape of the
- computer screen." C'mon all you computer companies, lighten up and talk
- to me!
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- Page 9
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- Part VI
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- With the release of ST Xformer II, I hope to hear from many different ST
- users from all over the U.S. and Canada. Work on ST Xformer II will
- continue on through the summer, (pausing for the long weekends of
- course!) and an update version with the missing Atari functionality
- should be out by August. Also, if I can get somewhere regarding the
- Apple and C64 ROM issues, those features will be made available also.
-
- I've already had several requests to make Xformer II 520ST compatible.
- This would require getting rid of all the GEM support, and some of the
- functionality, but I do believe a version of an Atari 800 emulator can
- be made for 512K machines without any loss of speed or compatibility. If
- I succeed, I'll make it available on all the same places Xformer II is
- now on.
-
- As I already mentioned, I still have to put in the bank select memory
- emulation for real 800XL and 130XE support. That should be in soon, and
- registered users will receive it on their update disks.
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- Also, I need to get some feedback from users regarding what software
- runs, how well, what doesn't run, and how bad. Also, any suggestions
- regarding the user interface or features that could be put in (have I
- forgotten to emulate something?) are most welcome!
-
- I would also be very interested in porting this program over to the Mac
- II and the Amiga. From what I've heard of the C64 emulators on the
- Amiga, they're far slower than the Xformer, (probably because they're
- using the standard p-code interpreter code used in Xformer 1.2). I think
- Xformer II could blow them out of the water. And on the Mac II, well,
- multiply the speed of Xformer by about 5, and you get the speed it would
- run at on a Mac II. Anyone interested, simply send a Mac II or Amiga
- 2000 to the same address already given above, and I'll gladly start
- porting the code over. Both Commodore and Apple seem to have no
- complaints about emulators running on _their_ machines. Also, if anyone
- wants to send me a Mega ST 2 or 4, I'll be glad to add support for all
- drives D1: thru D8:, double and single density. (Maybe call it the Mega
- Xformer??) Unfortunately, on a 1 Meg machine, (with which Xformers are
- developed on) there is only enough memory to support D1: and D2: in
- single density.
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- Page 10
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- Part VII
- --------
-
- This is an open invitation to all Atari 8 bit programmers to try their
- software on the Xformer and see how it runs. If it runs well, advertize
- that fact. Let people know that your software is "Xformer II
- Compatible".
-
- If it doesn't run well, but it is a small problem to fix, please take a
- few minutes to adjust your software to make it Xformer Compatible. Since
- most of the incompatibilities will be in the area of speed, it is
- usually simply a matter of adjusting your timing loops. To help you
- detect the Xformer, I have modified hardware register $D015 to always
- return the value $C0 instead of $0F. This is your way of detecting the
- Xformer at run-time, so that proper adjustments can be made.
-
- If your software does not run at all, but you are interested in allowing
- ST users run your software, please send me a copy of your software, and
- if possible, a listing, or simply a list of possible trouble points, and
- I'll try to fix the problem in updates of Xformer II.
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- Page 11
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- Part VIII
- ---------
-
- There is a section in Xformer II called "Scratch 'n Sniff". This is a
- billboard on which Atari related products or services can be advertized.
- It is still not too late to place your ad. I charge reasonable rates.
- Ask the current bunch of paid advertizers!
-
- Also, any sysops of Atari ST bulletin boards who would like to advertize
- their BBSs should send me a letter with the important info. Again,
- reasonable rates will be charged.
-
- User groups wishing to advertize themselves should send me their 3 most
- recent newsletters and their ad. No charge.
-
- Anyone who gets a chance to try Xformer II on any of the 14 or 16 MHz
- accelerator boards, please let me know if it runs, and if so, how much
- faster.
-
- I have to acknowledge some of the people whose ideas made Xformer II a
- reality. First there's Charles Smeton, who soon after the release of
- Xformer 1.1 pointed out to me on GEnie a code optimization that I now
- use in Xformer II. Just before that, David Small, at a show in Toronto,
- scribbled down his ideas on speeding up Xformer which later turned out
- to be the foundation of Xformer II. Actually, Jan Grey, fellow
- University of Waterloo student, ST owner, and Microsoft employee, had
- the same idea about 6 months earlier, but (sorry Jan) I though he was
- kidding when showed me the code! Fortunately after I refined David's
- idea into real code, Jan came up with the ultimate speed hack. And of
- course, there's Bill Teal, who's trying to do the same thing I am but
- for a different CPU (and doing it better!), who pointed out a few things
- I could do, and did, to make Xformer II faster. The final result, as you
- already know, was a 100% increase in speed over the previous Xformers.
-
- Then of course, there's the people who's comments were so depressing
- that I felt like giving up on Xformer II altogether. You know who you
- are, and I hope you've changed your minds about the idea of software
- emulators, since you not only put down Xformer but PC Ditto and the CP/M
- emulator as well. But one thorn that still sticks in my side are
- comments made by various members of COMPUTE magazine. May you fold soon!
- Enough said.
-
- Also, in the works: ST Xformer III 6502 emulator and compiler. Does all
- the things this one can with one small difference. Programs are first
- compiled into native 68000 code, _then_ executed. This should allow most
- Atari 800 programs to run at least 2 or 3 times their normal speed!
-
- Finally, I'd just like to remind everyone once again that the ST Xformer
- II _is_ a shareware product. It is _not_ public domain. Therefore, if
- you use it, please pay for it. Out of the $15 you send, almost half of
- that will go back to you in the form of the documentation, update disk,
- and of course, postage. I think I'm making a very fair deal here, so
- let's see shareware work. I don't want to become another one of the
- already too large group of ST programmers who put out a shareware
- product, only to see it be used by everyone and paid for by no one.
-
- BIX, DELPHI, GENIE: DAREKM Compuserve: 73657,2714
- Xformer Hotline: (519)-747-0386
-
- Send your registration money ($15 US or $20 Canadian) to:
- 310-D Bluevale St. N., Waterloo, Ontario, CANADA N2J 4G3
-
-