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- This section describes the menstrual cycle in terms of homonal levels,
- glandular changes, etc. This section is complex, but it helps explain the
- Cycle Chart and how a person can use the chart to estimate ovulation,
- menstruation, symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome, susceptibility to
- infections, etc.
- The menstrual cycle is divided into three phases: the follicular, luteal
- and menstrual phases, according to the modes of homone production
- among three glands: the hypothalamus and pituitary (both located near
- the base of the brain) and the ovaries.
- During menstruation, a woman has low levels of two important
- hormones: estrogen and progesterone. The hypothalamus gland, which
- monitors the amount of these hormones in the body, reacts to the lack
- of their presence and in turn stimulates the pituitary gland to begin
- producing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The end of menstrual
- bleeding and the rise of FSH marks the beginning of the follicular phase
- and the start of a new menstrual cycle. The presence of FSH in the body
- causes follicles in the ovaries to grow. These follicles contain egg cells
- and produce estrogen as they develop. Estrogen causes the uterus to
- thicken its endometrial lining for holding a fertilized egg. In short,
- events during the follicular phase prepare the body for ovulation and
- possible conception.
- Egg cell development and estrogen production continue until the
- hypothalamus senses a critical level of estrogen. Then it signals the
- pituitary to slow FSH production and to begin producing lutenizing
- hormone (LH). The combined presence of LH and estrogen suppresses
- growth of all but one follicle. This one, known as the Graafian follicle,
- continues to mature upto the point of ovulation, when the follicle bursts
- open and releases its egg through the ovary wall. Ovulation marks the
- end of the follicular phase and the beginning of the luteal phase.
- The luteal phase begins at ovulation, if no fertilization occurs, and
- lasts 14 days. After ovulation, the empty Graafian follicle changes to
- become the corpus luteum, which continues to produce estrogen and
- begins to produce progesterone as well. This progesterone causes the
- endometrial lining to thicken even more.
- The hypothalamus reacts to higher levels of estrogen and progesterone
- by signaling the pituitary to slow LH production. As the LH level drops,
- the corpus luteum atrophies and stops producing estrogen and
- progesterone. When these hormone levels reach a critical low point, the
- uterus can no longer support its endometrial lining, so the lining gets
- shed through menstrual bleeding. This is the end of the luteal phase and
- the beginning of the menstrual phase. The menstrual phase tends to last
- 3 to 7 days.
- Note that the "average" length of a menstrual cycle tends to be 28 days.
- That's only an average. Cycle lengths can vary from 20 to 45 days; the
- length varies considerably both between different women and for an
- individual woman as well. Also, cycle patterns tend to change with age.
- The problem with predicting menstrual cycles is the variable nature of
- the follicular phase. That is to say that one cannot accurately predict
- when ovulation will occur based solely on when the last menstrual
- phase began. Ovulation has been known to occur multiple times within
- a cycle or even during menstrual flow, so that any rhythm method of
- birth control will be inherently unreliable. Commercially available
- products based on hormone levels can determine when ovulation occurs.
- Although they have little use for planning beyond the current cycle and
- provide dubious worth for contraception, they can definately help in
- achieving fertilization.
- Other important changes occur during the menstrual cycle. Mucus
- glands within the cervix, located at the base of the uterus, become
- stimulated by estrogen production. As the LH level rises, this mucus
- tends to get more watery and alkaline. When the level of estrogen drops
- after ovulation, this mucus becomes drier and less alkaline. Also, the
- vaginal walls are stimulated by estrogen to produce acidic secretions
- which help prevent harmful infections. The drop in estrogen level can
- therefore lead to a greater susceptibility to vaginal infection during the
- latter part of the luteal phase. As another example, the combination of
- estrogen and progesterone during the middle of the luteal phase can
- cause the breasts to be more sensitive.
- The Cycle Chart uses statistical means to estimate when the next
- menstruation will occur. From this date !Menstat subtracts 14 days to
- estimate ovulation and fits a chart of typical hormone levels. The chart
- indicates the high levels of estrogen and progesterone in the middle of
- the luteal phase, when symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome are likely
- to occur. Other events are likely to occur at similar points in the
- menstrual cycle, such as vaginal infections. These depend on the
- individual, and the Cycle Chart can help an individual to track and
- predict them.
-