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Text File | 1996-03-11 | 4.3 KB | 107 lines | [TEXT/MSWD] |
- 1.5
- Rosa Parks, a slight,
- softly spoken black
- woman changed the
- course of American
- history and earned the
- title "mother of the
- modern civil rights
- movement". On
- December 1st 1955 in
- Montgomery,
- Alabama, she broke
- the law by refusing to
- give her seat on the
- bus to a white man.
- Her quiet rebellion
- sparked off a city-wide bus boycott that lasted 381 days
- and propelled the cause of civil rights and the protest's
- leader, a young minister named Martin Luther King, to
- national attention. Her legal case challenged and eventually
- broke Montgomery's segregation laws. Parks was a
- seamstress on her way home from a long day's work in a
- department store when she made her defiant gesture. She
- held her ground out of moral outrage rather than physical
- exhaustion. "People always say that I didn't give up my
- seat because I was tired," she said, "but that isn't true. I
- was no more tired than I usually was at the end of a
- working day. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving
- in." Nevertheless, she displayed extraordinary courage and
- gave focus to the African American struggle against
- injustice and oppression. But she was always modest about
- her own contribution to the movement, and continued to
- live her life with quiet dignity. In 1957 she moved to
- Detroit, where for twenty years she worked for the
- Democratic Representative John Conyers. Thirty-five years
- after Montgomery, Ron Brown, Democratic national
- committee chairman, had this to say about the political
- struggle of black leaders: "We have to understand that
- those victories were built on the shoulders of others. And
- Rosa Parks is certainly one of those pioneers."
- @
- 2.2
- Ten Negro ministers and 105 other persons involved in the
- Negro boycott of buses in Montgomery, Alabama, have,
- been indicted by a local grand jury on charges of illegal
- action, and a large but orderly crowd of Negroes has
- watched them to-day being transported under arrest to
- the county gaol.
-
- By early afternoon 40 Negroes had been arrested,
- including the ministers and Mrs. Rosa Parks, the woman
- whose refusal to occupy the "coloured" section of a bus
- three months ago led to the boycott. Mrs. Parks was
- convicted then of violating local segregation laws and fined
- $14: her appeal has now been rejected by Judge Eugene
- Carter, who said he would uphold both city and State
- segregation laws and directed Mrs. Parks to pay the fine
- and costs. She has appeal to the State Supreme Court.
-
- All those arrested to-day have been finger-printed,
- photographed, and released under a standard $300 bond.
-
- The grand jury, of 17 white men and one Negro, said the
- boycott had begun with 18 members of the "inter-
- denominational alliance," composed mostly of Negro
- ministers, which had set up the "Montgomery
- Improvement Association" and had spent so far about
- $18,000 on the boycott.
-
- "Distrust, dislike, and hatred," the jury's report continued,
- "are being taught in a community which for more than a
- generation has enjoyed exemplary race relations." Small
- incidents have been magnified, it was said, and ugly
- rumours were being spread among both races. If this trend
- continued, violence was inevitable.
- @
- 2.3
- The Negroes of Montgomery, Alabama, who have been
- boycotting their city's buses for 11 months in protest
- against "Jim Crow" regulations, appeared to have won their
- point to-day when the Supreme Court reaffirmed a lower
- court's ruling that racial segregation of bus services in
- Alabama is unconstitutional.
-
- The Montgomery bus company attempted to end
- segregation in its vehicles last May, but the Alabama
- government ordered it to continue its segregated service
- under state law; four Negroes took the matter to a federal
- court which ruled that racial segregation was
- unconstitutional, and the state then appealed to the
- Supreme Court.
-
- The Supreme Court cited its 1954 ruling on racial
- segregation in the schools, in which it discarded the
- "separate but equal" doctrine which had until then been
- accepted as a justification for segregation laws. To-day's
- ruling will ultimately affect similar state laws in other
- southern states - and in Tallahassee, Florida, the Negro
- population is still continuing its boycott of the segregated
- city buses.
-
- A case against one of the ringleaders of the Montgomery
- boycott is still under appeal; he was convicted in a state
- court of conspiring to injure trade.
-
-
-