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- Born in Dublin, into
- a large family,
- Joyce decided
- against becoming a
- priest and read
- languages at
- university instead.
- After graduating he
- spent time in Paris,
- in great poverty.
- Returning briefly
- to Dublin in 1904,
- he lived for a while
- in the sea-defence
- tower which
- appears in the
- opening section
- of his greatest
- novel Ulysses. His
- first two books
- were of poetry
- #
- Dubliners was a
- series of sketches
- of inhabitants of
- the city. It showed
- the beginnings of
- Joyce's "stream of
- consciousness
- technique" which
- pursued the story
- as events flowed
- through the minds
- of the characters
- rather than from
- the viewpoint of
- an all-seeing
- author
- #
- Some critics
- spotted Joyce's
- genius early on,
- and also the
- qualities that
- would be asso-
- ciated with him:
- improprieties of
- sexual description,
- kicking the moral
- customs of the
- time, fiery
- language, and
- intense feeling
- #
- Joyce called Dublin
- "the center of
- paralysis", so far
- as his creativity
- was concerned,
- but made it the
- setting of Ulysses,
- the action of which
- takes place on one
- day and involves
- the wanderings of
- Leopold Bloom
- about the city. It
- established stream
- of consciousness
- as a major mod-
- ernist technique
- #
- Ulysses prompted
- many reactions
- from critics, its
- sheer size and
- all-inclusiveness,
- its obscurity,
- fondness for
- word-play and
- (for the time)
- obscenity making
- many feel it was
- too difficult to
- read. Fragmentary
- and monumental at
- once, it is the
- quintessential
- modernist novel
- #
- Joyce suffered the
- attention of the
- British censors,
- who on grounds of
- obscenity inter-
- cepted and des-
- troyed chapters
- of Ulysses as they
- were sent to
- England from
- France. Publication
- in the US was
- stopped by a
- prosecution
- initiated by the
- Society for the
- Suppression of Vice
- #
- Joyce's last novel
- Finnegans Wake
- also provoked
- controversy. It is
- ostensibly the
- record of a single
- night "in the mind"
- of the publican H.C.
- Earwicker. But
- many readers are
- unable to find in
- the book more than
- a jumble of words,
- fused together in
- a hyper-allusive
- fashion
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