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- /**********************************************************************
- C Implementation of Wu's Color Quantizer (v. 2)
- (see Graphics Gems vol. II, pp. 126-133)
-
- Author: Xiaolin Wu
- Dept. of Computer Science
- Univ. of Western Ontario
- London, Ontario N6A 5B7
- wu@csd.uwo.ca
-
- Algorithm: Greedy orthogonal bipartition of RGB space for variance
- minimization aided by inclusion-exclusion tricks.
- For speed no nearest neighbor search is done. Slightly
- better performance can be expected by more sophisticated
- but more expensive versions.
-
- The author thanks Tom Lane at Tom_Lane@G.GP.CS.CMU.EDU for much of
- additional documentation and a cure to a previous bug.
-
- Free to distribute, comments and suggestions are appreciated.
- **********************************************************************/
-
- #include<stdio.h>
-
- #define MAXCOLOR 256
- #define RED 2
- #define GREEN 1
- #define BLUE 0
-
- struct box {
- int r0; /* min value, exclusive */
- int r1; /* max value, inclusive */
- int g0;
- int g1;
- int b0;
- int b1;
- int vol;
- };
-
- /* Histogram is in elements 1..HISTSIZE along each axis,
- * element 0 is for base or marginal value
- * NB: these must start out 0!
- */
-
- float m2[33][33][33];
- long int wt[33][33][33], mr[33][33][33], mg[33][33][33], mb[33][33][33];
- unsigned char *Ir, *Ig, *Ib;
- int size; /*image size*/
- int K; /*color look-up table size*/
- unsigned short int *Qadd;
-
- void
- Hist3d(vwt, vmr, vmg, vmb, m2)
- /* build 3-D color histogram of counts, r/g/b, c^2 */
- long int *vwt, *vmr, *vmg, *vmb;
- float *m2;
- {
- register int ind, r, g, b;
- int inr, ing, inb, table[256];
- register long int i;
-
- for(i=0; i<256; ++i) table[i]=i*i;
- Qadd = (unsigned short int *)malloc(sizeof(short int)*size);
- if (Qadd==NULL) {printf("Not enough space\n"); exit(1);}
- for(i=0; i<size; ++i){
- r = Ir[i]; g = Ig[i]; b = Ib[i];
- inr=(r>>3)+1;
- ing=(g>>3)+1;
- inb=(b>>3)+1;
- Qadd[i]=ind=(inr<<10)+(inr<<6)+inr+(ing<<5)+ing+inb;
- /*[inr][ing][inb]*/
- ++vwt[ind];
- vmr[ind] += r;
- vmg[ind] += g;
- vmb[ind] += b;
- m2[ind] += (float)(table[r]+table[g]+table[b]);
- }
- }
-
- /* At conclusion of the histogram step, we can interpret
- * wt[r][g][b] = sum over voxel of P(c)
- * mr[r][g][b] = sum over voxel of r*P(c) , similarly for mg, mb
- * m2[r][g][b] = sum over voxel of c^2*P(c)
- * Actually each of these should be divided by 'size' to give the usual
- * interpretation of P() as ranging from 0 to 1, but we needn't do that here.
- */
-
- /* We now convert histogram into moments so that we can rapidly calculate
- * the sums of the above quantities over any desired box.
- */
-
-
- void
- M3d(vwt, vmr, vmg, vmb, m2) /* compute cumulative moments. */
- long int *vwt, *vmr, *vmg, *vmb;
- float *m2;
- {
- register unsigned short int ind1, ind2;
- register unsigned char i, r, g, b;
- long int line, line_r, line_g, line_b,
- area[33], area_r[33], area_g[33], area_b[33];
- float line2, area2[33];
-
- for(r=1; r<=32; ++r){
- for(i=0; i<=32; ++i)
- area2[i]=area[i]=area_r[i]=area_g[i]=area_b[i]=0;
- for(g=1; g<=32; ++g){
- line2 = line = line_r = line_g = line_b = 0;
- for(b=1; b<=32; ++b){
- ind1 = (r<<10) + (r<<6) + r + (g<<5) + g + b; /* [r][g][b] */
- line += vwt[ind1];
- line_r += vmr[ind1];
- line_g += vmg[ind1];
- line_b += vmb[ind1];
- line2 += m2[ind1];
- area[b] += line;
- area_r[b] += line_r;
- area_g[b] += line_g;
- area_b[b] += line_b;
- area2[b] += line2;
- ind2 = ind1 - 1089; /* [r-1][g][b] */
- vwt[ind1] = vwt[ind2] + area[b];
- vmr[ind1] = vmr[ind2] + area_r[b];
- vmg[ind1] = vmg[ind2] + area_g[b];
- vmb[ind1] = vmb[ind2] + area_b[b];
- m2[ind1] = m2[ind2] + area2[b];
- }
- }
- }
- }
-
-
- long int Vol(cube, mmt)
- /* Compute sum over a box of any given statistic */
- struct box *cube;
- long int mmt[33][33][33];
- {
- return( mmt[cube->r1][cube->g1][cube->b1]
- -mmt[cube->r1][cube->g1][cube->b0]
- -mmt[cube->r1][cube->g0][cube->b1]
- +mmt[cube->r1][cube->g0][cube->b0]
- -mmt[cube->r0][cube->g1][cube->b1]
- +mmt[cube->r0][cube->g1][cube->b0]
- +mmt[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b1]
- -mmt[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b0] );
- }
-
- /* The next two routines allow a slightly more efficient calculation
- * of Vol() for a proposed subbox of a given box. The sum of Top()
- * and Bottom() is the Vol() of a subbox split in the given direction
- * and with the specified new upper bound.
- */
-
- long int Bottom(cube, dir, mmt)
- /* Compute part of Vol(cube, mmt) that doesn't depend on r1, g1, or b1 */
- /* (depending on dir) */
- struct box *cube;
- unsigned char dir;
- long int mmt[33][33][33];
- {
- switch(dir){
- case RED:
- return( -mmt[cube->r0][cube->g1][cube->b1]
- +mmt[cube->r0][cube->g1][cube->b0]
- +mmt[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b1]
- -mmt[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b0] );
- break;
- case GREEN:
- return( -mmt[cube->r1][cube->g0][cube->b1]
- +mmt[cube->r1][cube->g0][cube->b0]
- +mmt[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b1]
- -mmt[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b0] );
- break;
- case BLUE:
- return( -mmt[cube->r1][cube->g1][cube->b0]
- +mmt[cube->r1][cube->g0][cube->b0]
- +mmt[cube->r0][cube->g1][cube->b0]
- -mmt[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b0] );
- break;
- }
- }
-
-
- long int Top(cube, dir, pos, mmt)
- /* Compute remainder of Vol(cube, mmt), substituting pos for */
- /* r1, g1, or b1 (depending on dir) */
- struct box *cube;
- unsigned char dir;
- int pos;
- long int mmt[33][33][33];
- {
- switch(dir){
- case RED:
- return( mmt[pos][cube->g1][cube->b1]
- -mmt[pos][cube->g1][cube->b0]
- -mmt[pos][cube->g0][cube->b1]
- +mmt[pos][cube->g0][cube->b0] );
- break;
- case GREEN:
- return( mmt[cube->r1][pos][cube->b1]
- -mmt[cube->r1][pos][cube->b0]
- -mmt[cube->r0][pos][cube->b1]
- +mmt[cube->r0][pos][cube->b0] );
- break;
- case BLUE:
- return( mmt[cube->r1][cube->g1][pos]
- -mmt[cube->r1][cube->g0][pos]
- -mmt[cube->r0][cube->g1][pos]
- +mmt[cube->r0][cube->g0][pos] );
- break;
- }
- }
-
-
- float Var(cube)
- /* Compute the weighted variance of a box */
- /* NB: as with the raw statistics, this is really the variance * size */
- struct box *cube;
- {
- float dr, dg, db, xx;
-
- dr = Vol(cube, mr);
- dg = Vol(cube, mg);
- db = Vol(cube, mb);
- xx = m2[cube->r1][cube->g1][cube->b1]
- -m2[cube->r1][cube->g1][cube->b0]
- -m2[cube->r1][cube->g0][cube->b1]
- +m2[cube->r1][cube->g0][cube->b0]
- -m2[cube->r0][cube->g1][cube->b1]
- +m2[cube->r0][cube->g1][cube->b0]
- +m2[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b1]
- -m2[cube->r0][cube->g0][cube->b0];
-
- return( xx - (dr*dr+dg*dg+db*db)/(float)Vol(cube,wt) );
- }
-
- /* We want to minimize the sum of the variances of two subboxes.
- * The sum(c^2) terms can be ignored since their sum over both subboxes
- * is the same (the sum for the whole box) no matter where we split.
- * The remaining terms have a minus sign in the variance formula,
- * so we drop the minus sign and MAXIMIZE the sum of the two terms.
- */
-
-
- float Maximize(cube, dir, first, last, cut,
- whole_r, whole_g, whole_b, whole_w)
- struct box *cube;
- unsigned char dir;
- int first, last, *cut;
- long int whole_r, whole_g, whole_b, whole_w;
- {
- register long int half_r, half_g, half_b, half_w;
- long int base_r, base_g, base_b, base_w;
- register int i;
- register float temp, max;
-
- base_r = Bottom(cube, dir, mr);
- base_g = Bottom(cube, dir, mg);
- base_b = Bottom(cube, dir, mb);
- base_w = Bottom(cube, dir, wt);
- max = 0.0;
- *cut = -1;
- for(i=first; i<last; ++i){
- half_r = base_r + Top(cube, dir, i, mr);
- half_g = base_g + Top(cube, dir, i, mg);
- half_b = base_b + Top(cube, dir, i, mb);
- half_w = base_w + Top(cube, dir, i, wt);
- /* now half_x is sum over lower half of box, if split at i */
- if (half_w == 0) { /* subbox could be empty of pixels! */
- continue; /* never split into an empty box */
- } else
- temp = ((float)half_r*half_r + (float)half_g*half_g +
- (float)half_b*half_b)/half_w;
-
- half_r = whole_r - half_r;
- half_g = whole_g - half_g;
- half_b = whole_b - half_b;
- half_w = whole_w - half_w;
- if (half_w == 0) { /* subbox could be empty of pixels! */
- continue; /* never split into an empty box */
- } else
- temp += ((float)half_r*half_r + (float)half_g*half_g +
- (float)half_b*half_b)/half_w;
-
- if (temp > max) {max=temp; *cut=i;}
- }
- return(max);
- }
-
- int
- Cut(set1, set2)
- struct box *set1, *set2;
- {
- unsigned char dir;
- int cutr, cutg, cutb;
- float maxr, maxg, maxb;
- long int whole_r, whole_g, whole_b, whole_w;
-
- whole_r = Vol(set1, mr);
- whole_g = Vol(set1, mg);
- whole_b = Vol(set1, mb);
- whole_w = Vol(set1, wt);
-
- maxr = Maximize(set1, RED, set1->r0+1, set1->r1, &cutr,
- whole_r, whole_g, whole_b, whole_w);
- maxg = Maximize(set1, GREEN, set1->g0+1, set1->g1, &cutg,
- whole_r, whole_g, whole_b, whole_w);
- maxb = Maximize(set1, BLUE, set1->b0+1, set1->b1, &cutb,
- whole_r, whole_g, whole_b, whole_w);
-
- if( (maxr>=maxg)&&(maxr>=maxb) ) {
- dir = RED;
- if (cutr < 0) return 0; /* can't split the box */
- }
- else
- if( (maxg>=maxr)&&(maxg>=maxb) )
- dir = GREEN;
- else
- dir = BLUE;
-
- set2->r1 = set1->r1;
- set2->g1 = set1->g1;
- set2->b1 = set1->b1;
-
- switch (dir){
- case RED:
- set2->r0 = set1->r1 = cutr;
- set2->g0 = set1->g0;
- set2->b0 = set1->b0;
- break;
- case GREEN:
- set2->g0 = set1->g1 = cutg;
- set2->r0 = set1->r0;
- set2->b0 = set1->b0;
- break;
- case BLUE:
- set2->b0 = set1->b1 = cutb;
- set2->r0 = set1->r0;
- set2->g0 = set1->g0;
- break;
- }
- set1->vol=(set1->r1-set1->r0)*(set1->g1-set1->g0)*(set1->b1-set1->b0);
- set2->vol=(set2->r1-set2->r0)*(set2->g1-set2->g0)*(set2->b1-set2->b0);
- return 1;
- }
-
-
- Mark(cube, label, tag)
- struct box *cube;
- int label;
- unsigned char *tag;
- {
- register int r, g, b;
-
- for(r=cube->r0+1; r<=cube->r1; ++r)
- for(g=cube->g0+1; g<=cube->g1; ++g)
- for(b=cube->b0+1; b<=cube->b1; ++b)
- tag[(r<<10) + (r<<6) + r + (g<<5) + g + b] = label;
- }
-
- main()
- {
- struct box cube[MAXCOLOR];
- unsigned char *tag;
- unsigned char lut_r[MAXCOLOR], lut_g[MAXCOLOR], lut_b[MAXCOLOR];
- int next;
- register long int i, weight;
- register int k;
- float vv[MAXCOLOR], temp;
-
- /* input R,G,B components into Ir, Ig, Ib;
- set size to width*height */
-
- printf("no. of colors:\n");
- scanf("%d", &K);
-
- Hist3d(wt, mr, mg, mb, m2); printf("Histogram done\n");
- free(Ig); free(Ib); free(Ir);
-
- M3d(wt, mr, mg, mb, m2); printf("Moments done\n");
-
- cube[0].r0 = cube[0].g0 = cube[0].b0 = 0;
- cube[0].r1 = cube[0].g1 = cube[0].b1 = 32;
- next = 0;
- for(i=1; i<K; ++i){
- if (Cut(&cube[next], &cube[i])) {
- /* volume test ensures we won't try to cut one-cell box */
- vv[next] = (cube[next].vol>1) ? Var(&cube[next]) : 0.0;
- vv[i] = (cube[i].vol>1) ? Var(&cube[i]) : 0.0;
- } else {
- vv[next] = 0.0; /* don't try to split this box again */
- i--; /* didn't create box i */
- }
- next = 0; temp = vv[0];
- for(k=1; k<=i; ++k)
- if (vv[k] > temp) {
- temp = vv[k]; next = k;
- }
- if (temp <= 0.0) {
- K = i+1;
- fprintf(stderr, "Only got %d boxes\n", K);
- break;
- }
- }
- printf("Partition done\n");
-
- /* the space for array m2 can be freed now */
-
- tag = (unsigned char *)malloc(33*33*33);
- if (tag==NULL) {printf("Not enough space\n"); exit(1);}
- for(k=0; k<K; ++k){
- Mark(&cube[k], k, tag);
- weight = Vol(&cube[k], wt);
- if (weight) {
- lut_r[k] = Vol(&cube[k], mr) / weight;
- lut_g[k] = Vol(&cube[k], mg) / weight;
- lut_b[k] = Vol(&cube[k], mb) / weight;
- }
- else{
- fprintf(stderr, "bogus box %d\n", k);
- lut_r[k] = lut_g[k] = lut_b[k] = 0;
- }
- }
-
- for(i=0; i<size; ++i) Qadd[i] = tag[Qadd[i]];
-
- /* output lut_r, lut_g, lut_b as color look-up table contents,
- Qadd as the quantized image (array of table addresses). */
- }
-
-
-