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Version 18.18 TurboDial 2.41 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 61
but noticeable improvement in performance, with 1024 best for clean
lines and smaller numbers better for noisy lines.
When sending files over noisy phone lines not involving networks, the
speed of error recovery may be increased by decreasing the values of
the ZMODEM t and p numeric parameters.
Information about YMODEM and ZMODEM protocol internals is provided in
ymodem.doc and zmodem.doc, part of Omen Technology's ZMODEM
Developer's Collection.
13.6.1 Receiver Window Size Override Some ZMODEM senders control the
network window size to improve error recovery and/or overcome
incorrect flow control configuration. The optimum size of this
depends on the average error rate on the link, information that may
not be available to the sender. ZMODEM-90(TM) allows the receiver to
specify the window size, with the Wn option, overriding the sender's
window size.
SEE ALSO: Wn option
13.7 TERMINAL SERVERS
Terminals on some timesharing systems are connected indirectly to the
host with TERMINAL SERVERS operating over networks. Terminal servers
often interfere with file transfers by "eating" control characters
and/or losing data.
Accessing a distant system using telnet on a local Unix system entails
the same problems. If telnet does not work well, try rlogin with the
-8 option. Set the escape character to ^P (control P) which is
protected by ZMODEM.
When terminal servers interfere with file transfers, server commands
are often available to help the problem. When possible, enable the
server and modems for hardware flow control in and out. Set the
terminal server to telnet transparent mode. Some typical commands are
"SET TERMINAL DOWNLOAD", "set session passall", and "SET TERMINAL NO
ESC", but there is no standard set of commands suitable for all
terminal servers. Normally these commands are given before attempting
file transfers, but one user has reported that the command must be
given after the file transfer is started(!). Until terminal server
vendors improve the quality of their product, you may have to get on
their case until they adequately support high performance file
transfers.
Escaping control characters with ZMODEM (sz -e) may help if the
transfer gets stuck in the same place on every attempt.
Professional-YAM and ZCOMM allow selection of which control characters
need to be escaped. In extreme cases 7-bit transmission may be
required (see the Professional-YAM/ZCOMM manual). If you encounter
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 62
problems with control characters you should identify which control
characters are causing the problem. Please refer to the sz -T command
in sz.doc for more help.
Flow control between the server and modem is often defective. This
rarely causes a problem in interactive applications whose short bursts
(a screenfull at most) fit within the available memory buffers.
Streaming protocols such as YMODEM-g, long packet SuperKermit, and
ZMODEM can overload the available buffering. Some terminal servers
support commands to enable hardware flow control such as "TERM
FLOWCONTROL HARDWARE IN OUT"; this assumes the modem attached to the
server is properly configured.
If the terminal server is too brain damaged to support flow control,
ZMODEM lets you fake it by setting a window size. Try
sz -w2048 file...
to enable software flow control. Experiment with different window
sizes for best results.
Terminal servers are designed to accept keyboard input from human
operators. They may lose data when a program sends more data to the
host faster than humans type. Some servers allow larger input buffers
to support file uploads. If you can upload short files (less than 100
bytes) but not longer files, try
sz -w1024 file...
with your uploading program. (Not all programs support this option;
use ZCOMM or Professional-YAM.)
When both flow control and character transparency are problems, use
sz -ew1024 file...
as a starting point.
Sometimes the terminal server software is defective and must be
corrected. Please contact the network's vendor for corrective
procedures. An alternative is to install direct serial ports for
users desiring to upload files.
We have also encountered problems when networking software fails to
pass data after a large amount of data has been sent to the host.
This has happened on a PPP internet connection which prevented uploads
of large amounts of data via either FTP or a ZMODEM upload (via
TELNET). The PPP connection grinds to a standstill and not even PING
works. The same ZMODEM/TELNET combination easily uploaded ten times
as much to a nearby machine connected by Ethernet.
13.7.1 PORT WATCHERS Some systems enforce a timeout which
disconnects a user after several minutes of keyboard inactivity.
Long, error free ZMODEM transfers do not generate keyboard activity
(this is why ZMODEM is so efficient). Restricting the window size
with
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 63
sz -w16384 file...
option generates terminal input at regular intervals even when no
error correction is needed. If problems persist, try setting a packet
length.
sz -l1024 file...
(The default ZMODEM packet length is the file length.)
The sz e and m options may be used in conjunction with the xmtxesc and
zmrxesc string parameters to specify more control characters which
cannot be passed over the serial line.
SEE ALSO: zmtxesc, zmrxesc string parameters
13.8 7 Bit Environments
ZMODEM-90 automatically detects 7 bit environments and adjusts
accordingly. If the environment is known to be 7 bits, use the E
option to provide 7 bit compatibility in minimum time.
EXAMPLE: sz -E file.doc
When transferring files with a large number of bytes with the 8th bit
set, the P ("pack") option may be used to optimize 7 bit encoding.
EXAMPLE: sz -P zipfile.zip
13.8.1 Manual ABORT If a ZMODEM transfer fails abruptly under
exceptional conditions the program on the remote machine may be
manually terminated by repeatedly typing Ctrl-X characters at it until
the program exits.
13.9 XMODEM Family Protocols
All XMODEM family protocols require an absolutely transparent data
path from sender to receiver. Modems must not be configured for
software flow control.
13.9.1 TRUE YMODEM(TM) Developed in 1981, YMODEM is finding its way
into many communications programs. With Omen Technology's Enhanced
Data Recovery(TM), YMODEM gives excellent efficiency, integrity, and
fair robustness in many applications.
True YMODEM transfers one or more files in a batch, without alteration
or added garbage characters. True YMODEM also preserves the file date
across multiple time zones. ZCOMM and the Unix(TM) rb and sb programs
preserve the file modification date.[3]
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 64
13.9.2 YMODEM-1k The sb k option (1024 byte blocks) may be used to
enhance throughput, especially when using timesharing systems,
satellite links, or packet networks that can support the longer
blocks.
EXAMPLE: sb -k *.c *.h sends all .c and .h files in the current
directory with 1024 byte blocks.[4]
YMODEM and YMODEM-1k transfers can be received with the rb or F3
commands.
YMODEM file transfers with Unix and VMS systems are discussed later in
this chapter.
Some programs claim to support YMODEM but actually use XMODEM with
1024 byte blocks. These programs do not meet the YMODEM Minimum
Requirements defined by the YMODEM protocol.
One can use ZCOMM's XMODEM sx -k and rc commands with these
traditional programs.
13.9.3 YMODEM with OverThruster YMODEM and YMODEM-1k file
downloading from networks and timesharing systems is slowed by
response times. This slowing may be significant even when 1k blocks
are used. With some systems, one can speed up YMODEM downloads by
using the o option with the rb command to receive the file. Because
OverThruster(TM) defeats error recovery, a line hit will usually abort
a download. OverThruster(TM) may be used with X.PC or MNP error
correcting link level protocols.
EXAMPLE: rb -o
SEE ALSO: O numeric parameter
13.9.4 XMODEM-1k The XMODEM-1k protocol transfers one file per
command with 1024 byte blocks and a nominal 16 bit CRC. The file name
must be entered for both the sender and the receiver. Programs
lacking ZCOMM's Cybernetic Data Recovery(TM) logic are less likely to
transfer data accurately under marginal conditions. XMODEM's use of
every possible 8 bit code causes problems in some applications.
______________________________________________________________________
3. Controlled by the d and z numeric parameters
4. ZCOMM switches to 128 byte blocks at the end of a file when the
length warrants.
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 65
The end of the file may be padded by up to 127 or 1023[5] garbage
characters.
To send a file with XMODEM-1k: sx -k file1
To receive a file with XMODEM-1k: rc file1
13.9.5 XMODEM-CRC (with fallback) The XMODEM-CRC protocol transfers
one file per command. The XMODEM-CRC protocol requires the receiving
program to initiate an XMODEM-CRC transfer.
The file name must be entered for both the sender and the receiver.
Even with CRC-16, programs lacking ZCOMM's Cybernetic Data
Recovery(TM) are less likely to transfer data under marginal
conditions. XMODEM-CRC's use of every possible 8 bit code causes
problems in some applications.
The end of the file may be padded by up to 127 garbage characters.
To send a file with XMODEM (or XMODEM-CRC): sx file1
To receive a file with XMODEM-CRC: rc file1
13.9.6 Classic XMODEM The original MODEM protocol, developed by Ward
Christensen, is supported by a large and growing number of programs
operating on a variety of micros and minis. The base level XMODEM
protocol gives good results when used over low error rate direct
telephone connections. XMODEM's short data blocks and use of every
possible 8 bit code preclude its application in many environments.
File transfers with this protocol add up to 127 garbage characters to
transferred files. The XMODEM protocol can transfer one file per
command. The file name must be entered at both the sender and the
receiver.
To send a file with XMODEM: sx file1
To receive a file with Classic XMODEM: rx file1
13.9.7 Relaxed XMODEM ZCOMM's XMODEM and YMODEM support has been
optimized for maximum reliability with a wide variety of systems under
a wide variety of conditions.
The default XMODEM and YMODEM timeout parameterss are "relaxed"
timings. They rarely need to be lengthened except under the most
__________
5. Some programs (including ZCOMM) limit this padding to 127 bytes.
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 66
sluggish of conditions. The zmodem t, T, and p numeric parameters
(q.v.) control timeouts for XMODEM, YMODEM, and ZMODEM. The default
values allow 10 seconds for a packet to appear and a 10 second pause
within a packet before starting error recovery.
EXAMPLE: zmodem pt200 pp150 :: Set more relaxed X/Y/ZMODEM timing
For best reliability, Omen Technology does not recommend tightening
these timings for XMODEM and YMODEM transfers on noisy lines.
13.9.8 XMODEM with OverThruster XMODEM file downloading from
networks and timesharing systems is slowed by short blocks and long
response times. With some systems, one can speed up downloads by
using the ro command to receive the file. Because OverThruster(TM)
defeats error recovery, a line hit will usually abort a download.
With nearly error free connections, one can save enough time from the
increased throughput to make up for the failed transfers.
OverThruster(TM) may be used with X.PC or MNP error correcting link
level protocols.
EXAMPLE: ro file1
EXAMPLE: rb -o
SEE ALSO: O numeric parameter
13.9.9 YMODEM-g: Traditional Overdrive The proliferation of error
correcting modems has sparked a proliferation of YMODEM-g programs,
more and more of which actually meet minimal YMODEM protocol
specifications.
YMODEM-g transmits 0 or more files per batch with an ACK-less variant
of YMODEM-1k. The sender does not wait for individual data blocks to
be acknowledged, allowing high speed transfers with error correcting
modems.
YMODEM-g assumes an error free communications channel. A single
transmission error or character lost because of DOS or TSR interrupt
latency ruins the entire transfer, and YMODEM-g does not support Crash
Recovery(TM).
ZCOMM supports True YMODEM-g with the sb and rb -g commands.
EXAMPLE: sb *.old Sends files in the current directory with YMODEM or
YMODEM-g protocol. The receiver controls whether YMODEM or YMODEM-g
is used for the transfer.
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 67
EXAMPLE: rb -g Receives with YMODEM-g protocol.
13.9.10 XMODEM Mutants Misrepresented as YMODEM Despite continuing
education efforts, a few lazy software providers insist on identifying
their mutant XMODEM protocols as "ymodem". They choose to ignore the
definition of YMODEM that Ward Christensen wrote when he coined the
term YMODEM in his April 1985 message:
(a) a record 0 containing filename date time and size
(b) a 1K block size option
(c) CRC-16.
Use the XMODEM sx-k and rc commands to deal with these nonstandard
programs.
In case of questions, please refer to ymodem.doc, part of yzmodem.zoo
for for the official YMODEM protocol. (Available in Omen's ZMODEM
Developer's Collection.)
13.9.11 Qmodem-G/Streaming XMODEM The Qmodem program and certain
bulletin boards provide an ACKless XMODEM mutant protocol selected
with the Qmodem G protocol menu choice.
The sx and rx -g commands support this mutant XMODEM.
EXAMPLE: rx -g qmodem.fil
13.9.12 WXMODEM (People-Link) ZCOMM supports WXMODEM protocol
downloads with the rw command. On the People-Link timesharing
service, WXMODEM downloads are faster than XMODEM downloads.
Throughput, reliability, accuracy, and amenities are not as good as
ZMODEM or SuperKermit, but neither of these protocols are currently
available on that system. WXMODEM adds up to 127 garbage bytes to
transferred files. Omen Technology does not recommend WXMODEM for use
over noisy phone lines.
EXAMPLE: rw file1
13.9.13 MODEM7 Batch The MODEM7 batch protocol passes CP/M file
names from the sending program to the receiver one character at a
time. The compatibility, throughput, and reliability problems of this
kluge prompted the development of YMODEM. Nonetheless, when it
becomes necessary to transfer files with a program lacking more
advanced protocols, MODEM7 batch is better than nothing.
File names transmitted with the MODEM7 batch protocol must obey the
restrictions of both 8 bit CP/M and DOS. The f option cannot be used
with MODEM7 batch. Data transfer within MODEM7 batch uses XMODEM
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 68
protocol, and all of XMODEM's weaknesses discussed above apply to
MODEM7 batch. MODEM7 batch does not preserve the modification date or
exact file contents.
EXAMPLE: s7 file1.ext *.baz sends files with MODEM7 batch.
EXAMPLE: r7 receives one or more files with MODEM7 batch.
13.9.14 Telink/FIDO The Telink protocol expands upon the MODEM7
batch kluge with a specially formatted block containing the length of
the file and the local DOS time and date. All of the MODEM7 batch
compatibility and reliability problems apply to Telink.[6] The zmodem
Z numeric parameter or the z file transfer option may be used to
correct the time/date stamping of files transferred between different
time zones.
EXAMPLE: zmodem pZ120; st file1.ext *.baz Sends the specified files
with a 2 hour time zone adjustment.
EXAMPLE: rt -z60 Receives one or more files with a 60 minute time zone
adjustment.
13.9.15 SEAlink When transferring files with the CLINK 1.13
compatible programs, ZCOMM's rb and sb commands recognize SEAlink's
modified Telink protocol. The rb command allows a transmitting
SEAlink program to use sliding windows. Telink time zone and file
name considerations apply to SEAlink. In addition, because SEAlink
uses all 256 of the possible 8 bit codes for both data transfer and
protocol management, some modems and networks that operate with XMODEM
will not accommodate SEAlink. As with the MODEM7 and Clink protocols
mentioned above, the SEAlink protocol is included for convenience in
situations where the YMODEM and ZMODEM protocols are not
implemented.[7]
__________
6. ZCOMM's rt and st commands were verified with Minitel 3.0 by Tom
Jenning's Fido Software; other Programs may not produce the same
results.
7. ZCOMM's SEAlink was verified with CLINK 1.13 by Systems
Enhancement Associates. Other Programs may not produce the same
results because of ambiguities in the SEAlink documentation and
undocumented protocol variants.
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
Version 18.18 TurboDial 2.41 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 69
EXAMPLE: zmodem pZ120; sb file1.ext *.baz Sends the specified files
to a SEAlink program with a 2 hour time zone adjustment.
EXAMPLE: rb -z60 Receives one or more files from a SEAlink program
with a 60 minute time zone adjustment.
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
Version 18.18 TurboDial 2.41 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 70
13.10 Kermit
13.10.1 ZCOMM Kermit Capabilities At a Glance
Local operation..................Yes
Remote operation.................Yes
Transfers text files.............Yes
Transfers binary files...........Yes
Wildcard send....................Yes
Filename collision avoidance.....Yes
Can time out.....................Yes
8th-bit prefixing................Yes
8 bit serial data................Yes
Sliding Windows..................Yes
Long Packets.....................Yes
Repeat count prefixing...........Yes
Alternate block checks...........Yes
Terminal emulation...............Multiple
Communication settings...........Yes
Transmit BREAK...................Yes
IBM mainframe communication......Yes
Transaction logging..............Yes
Act as server....................no
Talk to server...................Yes
Advanced commands for servers....Yes
Handle file attributes...........no
Programmable reset string........Yes
Kermit operates with a wide range of computer systems, including those
whose restrictive terminal interfaces prevent XMODEM transfers.
Kermit uses an encoding technique called quoting to represent control
characters and (if necessary) parity bits with standard printable
characters. It is one of the few asynchronous error correcting
protocols that work properly with half duplex IBM front ends. Because
of the overhead from character quoting, Kermit is less efficient
(slower) than ZMODEM.
Kermit can transfer one or more files per command, preserving the
exact file length.
EXAMPLE: kermit sb file1 file2
EXAMPLE: kermit rb
13.10.2 Incompatible Kermit Dialects When sending files with the
Kermit Protocol, ZCOMM uses all 8 bits for the transfer unless a 7 bit
parity mode (e.g., ena -7e) is used, the kermit 7 numeric parameter is
non zero, or the other program requests 8th bit qouting. If ZCOMM is
using a 7 bit parity mode (such as ena -7m), ZCOMM requests 8th bit
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 71
quoting unless the kermit 8 numeric parameter is non zero.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Both programs must use the same parity
for Kermit file transfers to succeed.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
The Kermit protoocl does not specify an automatic means of forcing
both the sender and receiver to use the same dialect. Some Kermit
programs use various means to synchronize the dialects. Files cannot
be transferred if the two programs disagree on parity handling, Such
failures are quite commonplace. A common symptom is a transfer that
starts up normally but always fails at the same block. Setting
appropriate parity corrects these Kermit failures.
ZCOMM's Kermit AutoDownload(TM) (enabled with the K term option)
allows the term function to sense the beginning of a Kermit file
download, make the proper determination on whether to use 8 bit serial
data, and execute the file download without user intervention.
13.10.3 Kermit Performance Enhancements ZCOMM features Long Packet
Kermit for increased throughput with suitable systems, including many
that do not support sliding windows. ZCOMM allows Kermit long packets
up to 1920 characters on DOS, up to 4096 on Unix systems.
ZCOMM also supports Kermit with Sliding Windows. "Super-Kermit"
transmits multiple packets before waiting for a response, increasing
throughput with timesharing systems and networks.
The maximum send packet length is set by the kermit l numeric
parameter.
EXAMPLE: k pl500
The maximum receive packet length is set by the kermit L numeric
parameter.
EXAMPLE: k pL500
Some Columbia University Kermit versions may not operate properly at
full packet length.
ZCOMM supports 12 bit Kermit checksums and 16 bit Kermit CRC for
professional error detection performance. ZCOMM uses the most
reliable Kermit error correction available. Shorter checksums may be
forced by changing the kermit b numeric parameter.
13.10.4 MobyKermit ZCOMM's Kermit supports an optional smaller set
of prefixed control characters with the MobyKermit(TM) accelerator.
When used with Unix Ckermit 5A(189) or later, the following commands
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 72
should be included in your Unix .kermrc initialization file:
set buffers 30000 30000
set window-size 7
set send packet-length 4096
set receive packet-length 4096
set block 3
set control unprefixed all
set control prefixed 0 1
set transfer cancellation off
set flow none
set handshake none (or use hardware flow control)
set file type binary
set delay 0
13.10.5 Accessing Kermit Servers The commands to start up a Kermit
server vary from system to system. Unix C-Kermit can be started in
server mode with kermit -ix given to Unix or VMS. When the Kermit
server is active, the ZCOMM get, send, and remote ... commands may be
used. The ZCOMM finish command causes the remote Kermit server to
exit to its operating system.
13.10.6 Kermit Caveats Some versions of Kermit translate files as
they are sent, by default! Typical modifications include CR/LF to NL
transformations and CPMEOF stripping. Before transferring binary
files, such editing must be disabled with SET FILE TYPE BINARY or
similar commands given to the other program. The demonstration in
Chapter 10 includes several Kermit server access and file transfer
commands.
If the Kermit protocol doesn't work with IBM mainframe communications,
incorrect ASCII/EBCDIC translate tables may be the problem.
Some mainframe "front ends" require special characters or a break
signal to recover from transmission errors ("line hits"). The
kermreset string parameter (q.v.) may be programmed with the required
sequence.
SEE ALSO: kermreset string parameter
When downloading files from some versions of Kermit, best results may
sometimes be obtained by starting ZCOMM's kermit receive before typing
the carriage return that starts the sender on the remote. If the
other program includes an adjustable initial delay, you can save time
by setting it to zero.
SEE ALSO: kermit d numeric parameter
SEE ALSO: K term option (Kermit AutoDownload(TM))
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
Version 18.18 TurboDial 2.41 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 73
13.11 Transferring Files with Unix Systems
13.11.1 Terminal Servers / Port Multiplexers Some Unix systems are
accessed via a port multiplexer or other network. Some of these
interfere with data transmission. In some cases it has been necessary
to contact the manufacturer to obtain undocumented instructions or
software updates to make the multiplexers or networks suitable for
file transfers.
These systems may require additional control characters to be escaped.
The sz command e option may be used to escape all control characters.
SEE ALSO: e option
Individual control characters can be escaped with the zmtxesc string
parameter.
SEE ALSO: zmtxesc string parameter
Sometimes it is necessary to use 7-bit transfers with the E or EP
options.
EXAMPLE: sz -EP bigkahuna.zip
13.11.2 Remote Access via Telnet Sometimes one wishes to access a
distant host by calling into a nearby Unix system. The Unix telnet
program may be used to access other hosts. When using telnet, the -8
option should be used to enable an 8 bit path. The telnet escape
character should be set to Control-P, a character which is protected
by standard ZMODEM.
EXAMPLE: telnet -8 -e ^P localhost
13.11.3 Flow Control on Unix Systems It is a pleasure to upload and
download files from Unix at high speed without errors with today's
faster modems. Unfortunately, many Unix systems are not properly
configured for flow control.
On improperly configured systems it will be necessary to restrict the
window size with -w 4096 to prevent buffer overruns. Try different
numbers to get the best results. Better yet, get the flow control
fixed.
13.11.4 Uploading Files to Unix Systems Files may be sent to Unix
systems conveniently and quickly with ZMODEM. Unix flavors of
Professional-YAM support the full ZMODEM-90(TM) feature set including
Intelligent Crash Recovery(TM) and selective transfers with the rz
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ZCOMM User Manual 74
command, a hard link to the /usr/bin/yam program.
If the Unix system is operating with 7 bits, the sender's zmodem d
parameter may have to be increased to allow the rz program time to
change Unix to 8 bits for the transfer.
SEE ALSO: zmodem d numeric parameter
Traditional Unix systems limit serial input buffering to a few hundred
characters or less. This is sometimes too small to prevent data loss
and retransmissons when operating at high speeds. On SCO Unix 3.2.4
this bufering can be increased by increasing the TTYHOG and NCLIST
kernel parameters.
13.11.5 The rz and sz Programs Professional-YAM is the fastest Unix
ZMODEM upload program. Pro-YAM uses a minimum of CPU resources for
uploads. Pro-YAM provides the best ZMODEM technology and feature set
available., but it may not be available on a particular system. The
rz program, part of the rzsz package, may be used to support a subset
of Pro-YAM's ZMODEM features.
If rz is not installed on the target Unix system, unpack the rzsz.zoo
file on your MSDOS system with: booz x rzsz.zoo given from the DOS
prompt.[8] Next, the command source zupl.t calls the zupl.t script to
upload the bootstrap file minirb.c, compile it, and use it to upload
the remainder of the source files. After the rest of the files have
been uploaded, compile rz.c and sz.c using the directions given in the
README file and in the C source files.
The rz and sz manual pages may be formatted with a make doc command.
The undos program may be used to remove carriage returns in files
uploaded to Unix machines.
13.11.6 Downloading Files from Unix Systems To download files from
Unix(TM) systems, use the Unix sz command to send the desired files to
ZCOMM. To Unix keyboard: sz file ... ZCOMM's ZMODEM AutoDownload(TM)
takes care of the rest for you, saving unnecessary keystrokes.
If one or more of the files already exists on the destination disk,
use sz -y file ... instead, to replace the old copies on your
computer.
__________
8. On Unix systems with Professional-YAM installed, the rzsz source
files and man pages are installed in the /usr/src/command/rzsz
directory, or on the distribution diskette in the file
/tmp/yamusrc.tar.Z.
(C) 1994 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 75
Another useful option sends only the files that exist on both
computers (Y), and furthermore sends only those that are newer (n):
sz -Yn file ...
When files are long and transmission slow, you can save time by
compressing them first. The zoo program, available for DOS, Unix, and
VMS, may be used to compress file(s) before transmission. Other
suitable programs include compress, zip, and gzip.
Omen Technology products support ZMODEM compression with the Z option.
All Omen Technology products support compression by Run Length
Encoding (RLE). Unix flavors of Professional-YAM also support LZW
compression.
Unix source files normally do not contain carriage returns used by
CP/M and DOS. Some CP/M or DOS programs, such as C compilers, do not
require carriage returns in the source files. Others, such as the
Microsoft Macro Assembler, become quite confused by such files,
although such files fully meet the requirements of the ASCII standard.
Carriage Returns may be added before downloading with the todos or
tocpm programs. Carriage returns may be added during the transfer
with the sz -a option. Carriage Returns may be added after the
transfer by some program editors, including uEMACS. Short files (less
than 64kb) may be converted using ZCOMM's read and create commands to
pass the data through ZCOMM's capture buffer.
Text files may also be downloaded using the capture buffer if sz has
not been installed on the Unix machine.
If a file or set of files are to be transported between two Unix
systems, it may be helpful to place them in a tar or cpio archive (and
possibly compress the archive) before transmission. This procedure
will preserve the Unix file modes and modification times, and bypass
pathname restrictions imposed by DOS.
As with rz, Unix Professional-YAM is linked to sz to support the full
ZMODEM-90(TM) feature set. Otherwise the separate Unix sz program may
be obtained as described in the previous subchapter.
13.12 VAX/VMS File Transfers
Most of the comments made above about Unix file transfers apply to VMS
as well. Many VAX/VMS systems attach terminals with terminal
multiplexers just as nasty as those used with Unix systems. They
require fixes similar to those described above for Unix systems..
Automatic uploads to VMS may require setting the zmodem d (delay)
numeric parameter to give time for the VMS rz program to properly
initialize.
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SEE ALSO: zmodem d numeric parameter
EXAMPLE: zmodem pd15
13.12.1 Version 4 rz/sz Omen provides VMS flavors of version 4 rz
and sz precompiled in rzsz.tlb, a VMS "text library". Version 4 rz
supports most ZMODEM-90 features including Crash Recovery,
compression, and MobyTurbo. Binary uploads write files with a default
VMS 512 byte fixed length record format.
EXAMPLE: sz biglib.tlb
Sending to VMS with the i option selects the VMS Stream_LF record
format. Stream_LF preserves the exact file length and data contents
when read by C programs.
EXAMPLE: sz -i vmsemacs.exe
Sending to VMS with the I option causes the VMS receiver to use
variable length binary records. VMS Kermit-32 and some other programs
understand this record format.
Text files uploaded with the a option are written in variable length
records with CR carriage control.
EXAMPLE: sz -a emacs*.c
Version 4 VMS sz supports standard VMS wild card and directory
recursion syntax.
EXAMPLE: $ sz -qa [*...]*.prn sends all accessible .prn files on the
system in ASCII mode. The VMS sz q option suppresses the initial tally
of the number of files and their lengths. This tally can take some
time when a large number of files and directories are invloved. The f
option may be added to send directory names as well.
If you use Kermit to upload the rzsz.tlb file to VMS, command the
receiving Kermit program to SET FILE TYPE FIXED. (Some VMS Kermit
programs may require SET FILE TYPE BLOCK.) Otherwise Kermit will
garble the data.
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13.13 GEnie File Transfers
The General Electric Consumer Information Service service (GEnie) uses
ZMODEM-90(TM) for efficient downloads. GEnie's ZMODEM server selects
ZMODEM RLE Compression or MobyTurbo(TM) for optimum download speed on
each file.
GEnie uses a large network to provide callers with local access
numbers. This requires technical tradeoffs to control data flow in
the network. If you have a reliable, error-free connection to GEnie,
download speeds can be improved by increasing GEnie's ZMODEM window
size.
EXAMPLE: genie24 speed 4800 249-8365/mnp set adlopts "W16384"
Startup on Genie ZMODEM AutoDownloads can be speeded up by disabling
Security Verification.
EXAMPLE: ena -yZ :: Disable ZMODEM Security verification
The sx file.exe command is used for XMODEM-CRC uploads to GEnie. When
uploading with XMODEM-CRC, Wait for GEnie's "READY FOR INPUT, start
your XMODEM upload." message, and then wait for the XMODEM-CRC C to
appear before issuing the sx command. Issuing the sx command before
the C appears may corrupt the uploaded file.
A number of GEnie access scripts are provided in scripts.zoo with
filenames starting with ge. The main GEnie login script is provided
in phones2.t witin scripts.zoo.
13.14 BIX File Transfers
BIX (Byte Information Exchange) supports ZMODEM-90 and Kermit file
transfers.
The Tymnet phone number in the bix telephone directory entry should be
changed for your calling area. Other scripts are provided to handle
BIX mail and conferences.
When setting up a new BIX account, give the command call bix,new to
force a login to the BIX new account program.
Be sure to select ZMODEM downloads and uploads with the BIX "OPTIONS"
menu choice. Set the Zcomm adlopts string variable to m or mr to
enable MobyTurbo and ZMODEM Crash Recovery.
When uploading over Tymnet or other networks, it may be necessary to
set the zmodem w numeric parameter to a value between 2048 and 8192
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for best upload performance. The optimum value depends on load and
the particular node you dial in to.
EXAMPLE: z pw6144
BIX's transfer time predictions are about 40 per cent too pessimistic
for ZMODEM transfers.
A number of BIX scripts are included in SCRIPTS.ZOO.
13.15 CompuServe File Transfers
B+ Protocol is used by the CompuServe Timesharing Service through the
CompuServe, Tymnet, and Telenet networks. B+ Protocol file transfers
are initiated by the CompuServe computer. The B+ Protocol file
transfer protocol is well supported by this timesharing service.
Under typical conditions, the B+ Protocol saves 35 per cent or more in
file transmission time and connect charges compared to XMODEM protocol
transfers.
The c or C term option must be set with ena -c or ena -C to allow the
B+ protocol to seize control and transfer files.
The adlopts string parameter allows the y and v file transfer options
to be specified for B+ protocol transfers.
The w numeric parameter controls the block length used by the
CompuServe B+ Protocol. A longer length increases throughput, but may
overload some networks, resulting in excessive retransmissions or
failed transfers. The maximum B+ block length is 1024 data bytes. A
value of 0 (the default) allows the Compuserve computer to control the
block length. A negative value controls the upload block length but
still allows Compuserve to control the download block length. Uploads
to Compuserve using longer block lengths are sensitive to poor flow
control, especially when error correcting modems (MNP, etc.) are used.
If B+ uploads fail or require excessive retransmissions, correct the
flow control arrangements, disable the modem's error correction, or
try a smaller upload block size.
The data contents of successfully transferred files are not affected
by this parameter.
Some networks may garble data when B+'s streaming causes ZCOMM to
respond to incoming data concurrently with incoming data. The o
numeric parameter can be set to 0 to disable streaming (send-ahead).
CompuServe B+ controls all file transfer operations (except permission
to overwrite files) from the timesharing system.
Waiting for long files to download can be boring. You can start the
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transfer and walk away from the computer, but CompuServe will stay
connected for 15 minute$ after the transfer is finished if you don't
come back when the download finishes. This expense can be avoided by
typing ALT-Q once the protocol transfer has started. ALT-Q tells
ZCOMM to disconnect as soon as the protocol transfer is completed,
stopping the connect charges. An alternative method is to control the
transfers with a script, using either ejryam or the less sophisticated
cissig and dow.t scripts included with the software distribution.
When "browsing" through CompuServe's software "downloading section"
libraries, the kcisdl.t script file and ZCOMM allow you to download a
file with a single keystroke: F3. Installation instructions are
provided in that file.
13.16 User Exit Processing
The onclosetx and oncloserx string parameters provide a facility to
perform user defined file related functions ("user exits") immediately
after each file is closed, while the protocol is still active. Wild
card filename expansionss are not allowed in this context.
The oncloserx string parameter may be used to perform user commands or
call a script once for each file received with a file transfer
protocol.
EXAMPLE: set oncloserx @crc %rname; obey "!%mv %rname /tmp"
When each file is received, the crc command calculates and displays a
CRC for the file.
Then the !% command calls the mv program to move the file just
received to the /tmp directory. The "%" in the "!%" command causes
the rest of the command string to be processed for string
substitutions.
The onclosetx string parameter may be used to perform user commands or
call a script once for each file sent with a file transfer protocol.
Wild card file name expansions may not be used in onclosetx.
EXAMPLE: The following causes each successfully sent file to be moved
to the /done directory.
set onclosetx
@if !d? obey "!%mv %rname /done"
SEE ALSO: rname, tname, drive, pwd string parameters, ?, d? test
conditions
User exits will cause protocol timeouts if their scripts take too long
to finish. Since both Zcomm and the remote machine are still
executing file transfer protocols when user exits are called, user
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exit scripts can not reference the serial port.
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14. MESSAGE TRANSFERS
14.1 Downloading Messages
ZCOMM is flexible capturing output from other systems. The trick is
to make the remote send the information without too much
embellishment.
When downloading files without a file transfer protocol, set the
timesharing system to send tabs as tab characters without expanding
them to spaces. Turn off fill characters. These extra characters
waste time and money and ZCOMM doesn't need them. ZCOMM's s and S
term options can be used to strip control characters and escape
sequences from the capture download.
EXAMPLE: t -s file
If the remote system responds to XOFF and XON, E term option may be
enabled to allow Error Containment(TM) to reduce the number of
characters garbled by "line hits".
EXAMPLE: t -E7e file1 uses Error Containment to download file1 from a
system using 7 bits even parity. Error Containment works best when
even or odd parity is available.
SEE ALSO: E, j, S, s term options
14.1.1 XON/XOFF Files of arbitrary length may be transferred if the
remote supports flow control with the ASCII XOFF and XON control
characters. Output from most timesharing services may be captured to
a file using this method.
To download a file with XON/XOFF flow control: t file1
14.1.2 DC2/DC4 (^R/^T) Some bulletin boards support file downloads
by issuing a DC2 to open a capture buffer, sending the file, and
terminating the capture with DC4. ZCOMM does not support this
"protocol" directly. The review t and b commands can be used to strip
excess characters from the circular buffer before writing the file to
disk.
This "protocol" can be implemented with Turbodial(TM) script commands:
EXAMPLE: pat 1c "\022" "@kill; create capture.fil"
pat 2c "\024" "close"
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14.1.3 Data Dump Sometimes no flow control is available. The fget *
command allows ZCOMM to accept a continuous stream of data at a
maximum data rate determined by the hardware and software environment.
With a hard disk, excellent results have been obtained with a 4.77 mHz
PC accepting graphics dumps at 9600 bps.
EXAMPLE: fget file1
At slower speeds or with a fast computer, the term function j option*
may be used for nonstop file capture.
EXAMPLE: t -j file1
The fget command does not provide a progress display. While this
allows the fastest possible data capture (38400 bps on a suitable
computer), sometimes there is no handy way to monitor the flow of
data.
The term function I (super-image) option may be used to capture a
binary file, provided CRT emulation is disabled with a display dumb
command or by enabling v option.
EXAMPLE: display dumb; t -Ij file1
The fax directory entry in PHONES2.T gives another example of how
ZCOMM's data capture options may be used to capture binary data.
14.2 Uploading Messages
It is often possible to upload files using the f command with one or
more term options (such as w or p, possibly in combination with t).
Message uploads are more reliable if you keyboard enab flow before
connecting through Telenet. If using Tymnet, type ^R^X just before
the host computer name to enable flow control with XOFF and XON.
Check with your network's documentation for further details or updates
to this information.
It often helps to use "half duplex" ( h term option) with the computer
echo disabled when uploading files to the computer. This saves the
computer from wasting precious time echoing characters.
Another tactic is to avoid uncorrected message transfers during peak
hours. Telephone usage peaks during midday with a resulting increase
in noise induced line hits. Timesharing computers and communications
networks are more likely to drop characters due to buffer overloading
during high traffic periods as well.
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14.2.1 Paced Some systems accept characters only at a certain rate,
a slow speed for each character and possibly a pause at the end of
each line. Depending on the particular system, data transfer may have
to pause briefly at the end of the line,[1] or wait for a particular
character to signify readiness to accept the next line. There may be
an additional delay after that[2] before the remote is able to accept
more data.
EXAMPLE: f -p file1 uploads file1 with a wait for the linefeed echo at
the end of each transmitted line.
EXAMPLE: pg63; f -p file1 Sets the prompt character to decimal 63
("?") and sends the file with a wait for "?" after each transmitted
line.
As with the fpute command, the remote system must be commanded to open
and close the file.
14.2.2 Throttle Another method of slowing message uploads is the
throttle, activated by t term option. Throttle artificially slows
Zcomm's character transmission to allow more time for the receiving
system to digest each character. The speed of transmission with t term
option is controlled by the t numeric parameter.
EXAMPLE: f -t secret.msg
Really slow systems may require both throttle and pacing to send data
efficiently without loss.
EXAMPLE: f -tp turkey.slo
14.2.3 Uploading to IBM Mainframes Text files can be uploaded to IBM
mainframes using the P (upper case) term option. When the P term
option is activated, ZCOMM will wait for an XON (^Q) after sending
each line. With this special option, the term function will not time
out waiting for the XON, no matter how long it takes for the IBM front
end to send it. If, for some reason, the front end fails to send the
XON, (or if it is garbled in transmission), Ctrl-Q may be keyboarded.
EXAMPLE: f -P file1
__________
1. Controlled by the p numeric parameter
2. Controlled by the q numeric parameter
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SEE ALSO: P term option, Kermit protocol
14.2.4 Uploading Messages to Bulletin Boards The greatest file
transfer challenge is to upload a file to a bulletin board message
system running on a tiny microcomputer. Bulletin board message
systems have a rich variety of operating sequences and timing
dependencies matched only by the proliferation of incompatible
dialects of Basic and Pascal.
Message upload from files to bulletin boards reduces connect time and
$welling of the Phone Bill. Unattended message transfer saves the
user's time, especially if the board is difficult to access.
The t, p and w term options and the g, p, t, and q numeric parameters
allow disk files to be uploaded to such systems.
The basic program cbbsck.bas may be used (perhaps with modifications)
to check that a message file does not violate the restrictions of the
message system being uploaded to. A C version is also available.
EXAMPLE: f -pt file1
14.2.5 Uploading to CompuServe SIGS A file may be uploaded to a
CompuServe SIG (Special Interest Group) editor with p term option and
the g numeric parameter set to colon. When the file has been
transferred, hit ENTER to send a blank line to terminate message
entry.
EXAMPLE: set eolstr "\r."; pp1000; pg58; f -p FILE Is useful for
uploading a prepared message to Compuserve's bulletin boards. This
setting for eolstr inserts a carriage return and period after each
line to prevent the CompuServe software from reformatting the message.
EXAMPLE: pp1000, pg58, and f -p FILE transmits FILE waiting for the
prompt character ":" before sending each line after the first.
An alternative is to set the SIG "FIL" option, which calls the EDIT
editor. The cisupl script file referenced by phones2.t uses the SIG
"FIL" editor option.
Compuserve nodes often drop characters when files are uploaded at full
speed in full duplex. This can be avoided by using h term option
(local echo) and turning off Compuserve's echo.
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14.3 Fpute: Echoplex Uploads
Text files can often be uploaded reasonably efficiently using the
fpute command.* Fpute waits for an echo to each character sent to the
remote. Fpute provides modest throughput without loss of data for
systems with terminal ports designed for keyboard data entry. The
maximum speed with fpute is limited to about 1/3 the normal character
rate by echo delays. There is no error correction with fpute, but
character by character handshaking prevents lost data caused by buffer
overflow. If possible, TABS should be set to echo as TAB characters
and not as spaces. Before the fpute command is given, the remote
system must be instructed to enter data from the "terminal" to a file.
After the file has been sent, the remote system must be instructed to
close the file.
EXAMPLE: fpute file1
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15. FLOW CONTROL
All of us must sometimes tell people to "slow down" lest they overload
us with information faster than we can write it down. "Wait!" is a
Flow Control Signal for the English language. When the receiving
ZCOMM complains about Garbled Data Subpacket or Line Status Register
01 you should suspect a flow control problem.
When buffered modems, timesharing systems, networks, or computers of
differing speeds are involved, a machine readable "Wait!" signal is
required.
Flow control is sometimes necessary to display long messages without
skipping over the good parts. If you see pieces of text missing from
messages but don't see the usual funny characters caused by line
noise, you have a flow control problem.
File transfers that use long blocks or streaming protocols may not
work well unless slower parts of the system regulate the speed of
transmission to prevent loss of data. With ZMODEM, SuperKermit, and
other streaming protocols, inexplicable retransmissions of data
blocks, often at regular intervals, indicate flow control failure.
If you wish to keep things simple, the sending computer should not
operate at a higher interface speed than the slowest link in the
network. Otherwise precautions must be taken to prevent data loss
with interactive operations and unnecessary retransmissions with
streaming file transfer protocols.
ZCOMM, ZCOMM, and DSZ default to software flow control with XON and
XOFF characters.[1] When used with modems that require hardware flow
control, the handshake command (q.v.) should be used to specify which
hardware lines are to be used for flow control.
Non transparent software flow control is incompatible with Emacs
editors, XMODEM and YMODEM transfers. XMODEM and YMODEM require
complete transparency to all 256 8 bit codes. An XMODEM transfer that
always fails at the same block results from non transparent flow
control. When XMODEM-1k and YMODEM-1k are used, the network must
assert flow control, or handle bursts of 1040 characters without data
loss. When X.25 or hardware CTS is unavailable, flow control that
does not "eat" any characters may be used with XMODEM and YMODEM.
When buffers fill up, an XOFF should be emitted. An XON should be
__________
1. The PCDOS flavor enables "handshake both" when selecting a port
with an active Clear To Send (CTS) signal that was previously
initialized to a speed greater than 2400 bps
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sent when the buffer has emptied. Otherwise, the network should
neither generate nor eat XON or XOFF characters.
On Telenet, this is obtained by setting CCIT X3 5:1 and 12:1 in the
PADs (Packet Assembler Disassembler) at both ends of the network.
Packets should be forwarded when the packet is a full 128 bytes, or
after a moderate delay (3:0,4:10). Set parameter 5 to 1 at both ends
AFTER one is connected to the remote modem. (Sorry, these commands
must be given each time you connect to a modem in the far city!)
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 5:1<ENTER>
rst? 5:1<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
ZMODEM and Kermit protect all 4 XOFF and XON characters, commonly used
network control characters and trigger strings. ZMODEM and Kermit are
compatible with many networks that do not support XMODEM family
protocols, including some that claim network compatibility. For PADs
that do not accept "rst?", use:
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 4:2,5:1,12:1<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
For best Telenet download throughput, parameter 64 (advance ACK)
should be set to 7. The parameter 0 is a dummy argument that
distinguishes Telenet parameters from CCIT parameters.
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 0:0,64:7<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
Sometimes Telenet flow control stops data transmission when the
network buffers are not yet full. If you often see "STOPPED" flashing
in the status line (DOS versions), or if you see the modem send data
light pause in a ZMODEM or SuperKermit file send, poor flow control
may be the culprit. Such slowdowns are typical when a network is
overloaded. If this condition persists, the network should take steps
to reduce the congestion. Turning OFF network flow control and
activating ZMODEM's or SuperKermit's protocol flow control may
increase throughput under these conditions.
Instead of or in addition to XON/XOFF flow control, the sending
program's ZMODEM w numeric parameter can restrict the window size to a
value that does not overload the network. A zmodem pw2048 command
restricts the window size (maximum number of bytes in transit) to
2048. This causes the sz command to trigger the receiver's
acknowledgement every 512 bytes (one fourth the value of the ZMODEM w
numeric parameter). The sender monitors these responses and suspends
transmission when necessary to restrict the window to the specified
size. Until a network dependent lower limit is reached, lower window
sizes improve the speed of error recovery at the expense of slight
increases in protocol overhead. When the window size becomes less
than the number of characters sent within the network's transit time,
throughput falls off rapidly. Frequent protocol acknowledgements slow
down high speed pseudo full duplex modems (US Robotics HST, Telebit
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TrailBlazer) and should be avoided.
ZMODEM-90(TM) allows the receiver to specify the window size with the
-Wn option where n is the desired window size.
EXAMPLE: set adlopts W8192 requests an 8192 byte window size.
Some modems and networks can be configured to flush (discard the
contents of) their buffers when a break signal is received. If this
is possible, error recovery with ZMODEM transfers may be speeded up by
setting the ZMODEM b parameter to 1, which sends a break whenever the
ZMODEM sending program gets a retransmission request.
Network and Flow Control (FC) Compatibility
______________________________________________________________________
| Network | Interactive | XMODEM | WXMODEM | S-KERMIT | ZMODEM |
|________________|_____________|________|_________|__________|________|
|No Network | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
|8 bit, no FC | NO | YES | YES | YES(1) | YES(1) |
|Transparent FC | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
|Non Transparent | YES | NO | NO | YES | YES |
|7 bit | YES | NO | NO | YES | YES(2) |
|________________|_____________|________|_________|__________|________|
(1) Window size must be restricted to avoid buffer overrun if the
network cannot transfer data at full speed.
(2) Requires ZMODEM-90(TM) 7-bit support
15.1 Got ZRPOS Errors
Got ZRPOS indicates the receiving program has detected a transmission
error and has requested retransmission. In other words, ZMODEM is
doing its job of detecting and correcting missing and garbled data.
If this happens with error correcting modems, or more often than
observed line noise would suggest, the receiver's error messages must
be studied. "Line Status Register 01" messages indicate a flow
control problem. "Line Status Register 02" messages suggest a
receiver problem with interrupt latency.
Otherwise, the sender may have a flow control problem in one of four
areas:
+ Between the sending program and its modem. If using an interface
speed higher than the transmission speed, or modem to modem error
correction (MNP, LAPB, PEP, etc.), check that the modem and the
sending program are configured for the same flow control methods.
Omen Technology's software is faster than most other programs, and
may expose flow control problems not seen with slower software.
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+ Between the sending modem and the network. Correcting this
requires "handshake both" to allow the sending program to honor
both hardware (CTS) flow control from the modem and software flow
control (XON/XOFF) from the network.
+ Between parts of the network, or between the host computer and its
terminal server(s). We have received a number of reports of
problems with Cisco terminal servers.
+ Between the receiving modem and the receiving program. This can
happen at high transmission speeds when the receiver has specified
a large I/O buffer size with the B numeric parameter.
Excessive interrupt latency from extended memory ramdisks or disk
caches, and poorly written hard disk drivers also wreak havoc on
streaming protocols but do not affect start-stop protocols
(XMODEM, etc.). Problems with extended memory disk caches may
cause errors at regular intervals; check the receiver's error
messages.
To work around these problems, give the "handshake slow" command
to the receiver.
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16. RUNNING ZCOMM
Before running ZCOMM, the keyboard Caps Lock should be turned off.
ZCOMM commands and most arguments must be entered in lower case.
16.1 Running ZCOMM from DOS
ZCOMM is called from DOS as ZCOMM [DPORT=n] [command ...]
The following special commands may be given from the command line
only.
DPORT=n is an optional override to the default comm port. If another
program is using the default comm port, ZCOMM may be told to
use another port to prevent interference.
SEE ALSO: DPORT environment variable
Command may be any desired combination of ZCOMM commands. Command
line arguments to ZCOMM must be in lower case except as noted.
EXAMPLE: C>ZCOMM call cissig invokes ZCOMM and executes the commands
in the "cissig" telephone directory entry.
EXAMPLE: C>ZCOMM DPORT=2 call othersys
Selects COM2 before initializing the serial port
16.1.1 DOS Environment Variables DOS environment variables are set
with the DOS set command in the form SET VARIABLE=VALUE given in a
batch file or at the DOS prompt.
NOTE: There must not be any spaces before or after the "=" sign. If
you set many environment variables, DOS will quietly forget some of
them unless you tell DOS to make more room for them. You can issue
the DOS "set" command by itself to check the accuracy of DOS
environment variables.
ZCOMM searches the DOS Environment for the following variables:
CBSIZE overrides the default allocation for the circular buffer.** If
memory is limited, the DOS command SET CBSIZE=3000 will leave
more memory for DOS Gateway or other programs. CBSIZE may be
set as high as 65500.
EXAMPLE: C>SET CBSIZE=65000
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