home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Compu-Fix
/
Compu-Fix.iso
/
misc
/
hambone
/
amps.chp
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1993-03-01
|
9KB
|
202 lines
█▀███▀██▀▀▀▀▀██▀▀▀▀▀█
█ ███ ██ ███ ██ █ █ █
█ ▀▀▀ ██ ▀▀▀ ██ █ █ █
█ ███ ██ ███ ██ ███ █ AMPLIFICATION
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
│ ┌──┐ ┌───┐
├──┐ │ │ ├──┐ ├───┘
│ │ └──┘ │ │ └───┘
└──┘ └
Amplification is one of the most important concepts that
you can understand about electronic gadgets. Almost
everything you can name that has to do with electronics
involves amplification in one way or the other.
Everyone has heard about public address type amplifiers.
Rock musicians use amplifiers like cars use gasoline and
trucks use diesel. You can whisper into a microphone and
people 4 miles away, with earmuffs on, can hear you over
the blaring loud speakers.
ROCKETH ON...
This is amplification. So are things like OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIERS, RF amplifiers and others of various kinds with
various duties. But, it is important to understand how
amplifiers work or, at least, something about the
relationship of the INPUT signal to that of the OUTPUT.
For a moment, think of an ordinary light dimmer. As you
rotate the knob the lights dim or brighten IMMEDIATELY and
in DIRECT PORPORTION to the turn of the knob. Think of this
as a...
LINEAR RELATIONSHIP
...the light dims in a precisely controlled way that is
determined by precisely how far the control is turned and
in what direction.
Now, we know that our voices don't change when they are
amplified. If you heard me talk in a normal way and then
heard me talk through an amplification system (microphone
and speakers) you would know that it was me talking. It
makes my voice louder but doesn't change the way my voice
sounds. (Forget any factor of distortion, etc.)
Voice processing amplifiers work a lot like the dimmer. The
knob (volume control) raises the level of my voice or
lowers it. Since it doesn't alter the frequency and pitch
of my voice you can instantly tell that the person talking
hasn't changed. Only, the relative loudness of their
voices. So, the loudness of a sound is determined NOT by
it's frequency or it's pitch but rather by its AMPLITUDE or
LOUDNESS.
So, amplifiers control AMPLITUDE and not frequency or
pitch? You tell HAM BONE...
But, since you are learning about electronics it is not
enough to just know that Rock music isn't any good unless
it's LOUD (with a capital YEOW!). We also need to know what
happens to the nifty electrons that you learned all about
in HAM BONE'S chapter one. We need to know how electrons
can make our voices louder.
For years and years, ELECTRON TUBES (Flemming) were the
staple of the amplifier do-dads. Tubes were found in
everything from radios and tvs to computers. In fact, many
tube-type devices are still working perfectly. But, in 1947
the electronics world was to change like never before. The
TRANSISTOR, invented by Schockley, Bardeen and Brattain at
Bell Labs opened up the world of solid state electronics
that we enjoy today.
Briefly, electron tubes would amplify like the drawing
shows.
ELECTRON TUBE AMPLIFICATION
┌─────────────┐ ┌──┐
█ plate │ │
▌ ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ ┼║║║┼ │ ▐
▌█▐────────────═ ═ ═ ═ grid ┼║║║┼ █▐▐
Mike ▌█▐─┐ █▀▀▀▀▀█ ┼║║║┼ █▐▐ Loud Speaker
▌ │ █ cathode ┼║║║┼ █▐▐
│ │ ┼║║║┼ │ ▐
│ │ │ │
│ ║ │ ║ ║ ║ └──┘
└─█║─────────────┴─║█║█║█─────┘
(+) ║ (-) (-) ║ ║ ║ (+)
(.05 V) (45 V)
Bias Battery Plate Battery
AMPLIFICATION actually involves controlling a LARGE (plate)
voltage source with a very small BIAS voltage. As you speak
into a microphone, minute voltage changes take place in
precisely the same way that your voice moves the microphone
diaphram. The tiny electrical signals (on the order of a
few millovolts) has the ability to cause the GRID of the
tube to let ELECTRONS flow from the CATHODE to the PLATE.
That's right! FLOW from the cathode to the plate. As you
remember from the HAM BONE chapter one, electrons flow from
the negative electrode to the positive electrode.
But, look at the size of the power source pushing the
electrons in the PLATE/CATHODE circuit part of the tube
schematic. Then, compare that source to the teeny little
BIAS voltage. Quite a difference, huh? But, you murmur, "So
what. How does that explain amplification?" Well, you
murmur too soon.
Think of the GRID as the handle on your outside water
faucet. As you open it up the water comes out. Open it a
lot and the water shoots out in a spray. Open it too little
and the water just trickles. As you adjust your garden
sprinkler to just the right distances you are, in effect,
doing the same thing that the tube amplifier is doing. In
fact, TUBES are called VALVES in many countries. That's
because they act exactly like valves.
The relationship between the smaller BIAS voltage and the
PLATE voltage is analogous to a small human hand being able
to turn the valve on a huge oil pipeline valve - with ease.
If you tried to open and close the actual valve, without
the assistance of the gears in the valve, you couldn't do
it even if the pressure were less than 60 PSI. Not with any
accuracy. In the case of the OIL valve, the gears on the
plunger AMPLIFY your own physical strength and you can
easily open and shut, even monstrous, valves with ease.
Similarly, the GRID acts as the gears for opening and
closing a path for electrons to flow through.
At rest, the electrons are bunching up on the CATHODE just
itching to JUMP to the PLATE. Until you chatter in the
microphone, the BIAS voltage doesn't change and the GRID
stays shut preventing the electrons to flow from the
electrodes in the tube. But, the minute you move the
microphone diaphram, the BIAS voltage changes, ever so
slightly, and a few of the electrons in the high-pressure
PLATE line hoppity-hop to the PLATE and rattle the
loudspeaker - which, incidently, requires a lot of power to
operate. The very small BIAS current is entirely TOO small
to drive a big loud speaker. So, instead of trying to and
ending up with egg on our face, we can use tubes or solid
state devices to make this process painless and amplify
electrons until the cows come home.
Solid state devices, like BI-POLAR transistors, perform
amplifying feats just like valves and tubes. However, they
move electrons quite differently - into and out of HOLES
that would make a pinball manufacturer blush at the
precision. It is not within the scope of the HAM BONE
Introductory Electronics to delve into silicon sub-strates
and high-tech mumbo jumbo. The important differencies to
remember are...
TUBES require more power to operate and require
filiment heaters that help excite the electrons to JUMP to
the PLATE. I would too if someone were scorching my behind.
Batteries have to be quite large to provide enough
power for tube operated devices. If the transistor had
never been invented our ELECTRONIC wristwatches would take
truck batteries to operate and sure wouldn't fit in a
shoebox.
On the other hand, solid state devices do not have to move
electrons through the vacuum of dead space in the tube
enclosure and require very little power to make things
happen.
In the diagram below, you can see that while the BIAS on
the BASE of the transistor (1/2 V) is still the same as
with the tube schematic, the COLLECTOR voltage has dropped
from 45 volts to only 5 volts. And, with the proper
currents supplying these voltages, you can achieve the same
results with solid state devices as with tubes.
TRANSISTOR AMPLIFICATION
┌───────────┐ ┌──┐
█ █ collector │ │
▌ █▀▀▀ ┼║║║┼ │ ▐
▌█▐───────────────█ base ┼║║║┼ █▐▐
Mike ▌█▐─┐ █▀▀█ ┼║║║┼ █▐▐ Loud Speaker
▌ │ │ emitter ┼║║║┼ █▐▐
│ │ ┼║║║┼ │ ▐
│ │ │ │
│ ║ │ ║ ║ ║ └──┘
└─█║─────────────┴─║█║█║█─────┘
(+) ║ (-) (-) ║ ║ ║ (+)
(.05 V) (5 V)
Bias Battery Collector Battery
Press ESCape to return to the menu...