Amiga Magazin: Amiga-CD 1996 July/AMIGA_1996_7.BIN/ausgabe_7_96/pd-programmierung/perl5_002bin.lha/man/catp/perlrun.0

Text File | 1996-03-02 | 31KB | 595 lines

PERLRUN(1)     User Contributed Perl Documentation     PERLRUN(1)


NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
       perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter

SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS
       ppppeeeerrrrllll [----aaaaccccddddhhhhnnnnppppPPPPssssSSSSTTTTuuuuUUUUvvvvwwww] [----0000[[[[ooooccccttttaaaallll]] [----DDDD[[[[nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr////lllliiiisssstttt]]]]]
            [----FFFF rrrreeeeggggeeeexxxxpppp] [----iiii[[[[eeeexxxxtttteeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn]] [B<-_l_tdir<gt>>]
            [----llll[[[[ooooccccttttaaaallll]]]]] [----xxxx[[[[ddddiiiirrrr]]]]]      [programfile | ----eeee ccccoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd]
       [argument ...]

DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
       Upon startup, Perl looks for your script in one of the
       following places:

       1.  Specified line by line via ----eeee switches on the command
           line.

       2.  Contained in the file specified by the first filename
           on the command line.  (Note that systems supporting
           the #! notation invoke interpreters this way.)

       3.  Passed in implicitly via standard input.  This only
           works if there are no filename arguments--to pass
           arguments to a STDIN script you must explicitly
           specify a "-" for the script name.

       With methods 2 and 3, Perl starts parsing the input file
       from the beginning, unless you've specified a ----xxxx switch,
       in which case it scans for the first line starting with #!
       and containing the word "perl", and starts there instead.
       This is useful for running a script embedded in a larger
       message.  (In this case you would indicate the end of the
       script using the __END__ token.)

       As of Perl 5, the #! line is always examined for switches
       as the line is being parsed.  Thus, if you're on a machine
       that only allows one argument with the #! line, or worse,
       doesn't even recognize the #! line, you still can get
       consistent switch behavior regardless of how Perl was
       invoked, even if ----xxxx was used to find the beginning of the
       script.

       Because many operating systems silently chop off kernel
       interpretation of the #! line after 32 characters, some
       switches may be passed in on the command line, and some
       may not; you could even get a "-" without its letter, if
       you're not careful.  You probably want to make sure that
       all your switches fall either before or after that 32
       character boundary.  Most switches don't actually care if
       they're processed redundantly, but getting a - instead of
       a complete switch could cause Perl to try to execute
       standard input instead of your script.  And a partial ----IIII
       switch could also cause odd results.

       Parsing of the #! switches starts wherever "perl" is



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PERLRUN(1)     User Contributed Perl Documentation     PERLRUN(1)


       mentioned in the line.  The sequences "-*" and "- " are
       specifically ignored so that you could, if you were so
       inclined, say

           ####!!!!////bbbbiiiinnnn////sssshhhh -------- #### ----****---- ppppeeeerrrrllll ----****---- ----pppp
           eeeevvvvaaaallll ''''eeeexxxxeeeecccc ppppeeeerrrrllll $$$$0000 ----SSSS $$$${{{{1111++++""""$$$$@@@@""""}}}}''''
               iiiiffff 0000;;;;

       to let Perl see the ----pppp switch.

       If the #! line does not contain the word "perl", the
       program named after the #! is executed instead of the Perl
       interpreter.  This is slightly bizarre, but it helps
       people on machines that don't do #!, because they can tell
       a program that their SHELL is /usr/bin/perl, and Perl will
       then dispatch the program to the correct interpreter for
       them.

       After locating your script, Perl compiles the entire
       script to an internal form.  If there are any compilation
       errors, execution of the script is not attempted.  (This
       is unlike the typical shell script, which might run
       partway through before finding a syntax error.)

       If the script is syntactically correct, it is executed.
       If the script runs off the end without hitting an _e_x_i_t_(_)
       or _d_i_e_(_) operator, an implicit eeeexxxxiiiitttt((((0000)))) is provided to
       indicate successful completion.

       SSSSwwwwiiiittttcccchhhheeeessss

       A single-character switch may be combined with the
       following switch, if any.

           ####!!!!////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn////ppppeeeerrrrllll ----ssssppppiiii....bbbbaaaakkkk    #### ssssaaaammmmeeee aaaassss ----ssss ----pppp ----iiii....bbbbaaaakkkk

       Switches include:

       ----0000_d_i_g_i_t_s
            specifies the record separator ($$$$////) as an octal
            number.  If there are no digits, the null character
            is the separator.  Other switches may precede or
            follow the digits.  For example, if you have a
            version of ffffiiiinnnndddd which can print filenames terminated
            by the null character, you can say this:

                ffffiiiinnnndddd .... ----nnnnaaaammmmeeee ''''****....bbbbaaaakkkk'''' ----pppprrrriiiinnnntttt0000 |||| ppppeeeerrrrllll ----nnnn0000eeee uuuunnnnlllliiiinnnnkkkk

            The special value 00 will cause Perl to slurp files
            in paragraph mode.  The value 0777 will cause Perl to
            slurp files whole since there is no legal character
            with that value.





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       ----aaaa   turns on autosplit mode when used with a ----nnnn or ----pppp.
            An implicit split command to the @@@@FFFF array is done as
            the first thing inside the implicit while loop
            produced by the ----nnnn or ----pppp.

                ppppeeeerrrrllll ----aaaannnneeee ''''pppprrrriiiinnnntttt ppppoooopppp((((@@@@FFFF)))),,,, """"\\\\nnnn"""";;;;''''

            is equivalent to

                wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee ((((<<<<>>>>)))) {{{{
                    @@@@FFFF ==== sssspppplllliiiitttt(((('''' ''''))));;;;
                    pppprrrriiiinnnntttt ppppoooopppp((((@@@@FFFF)))),,,, """"\\\\nnnn"""";;;;
                }}}}

            An alternate delimiter may be specified using ----FFFF.

       ----cccc   causes Perl to check the syntax of the script and
            then exit without executing it.  Actually, it _w_i_l_l
            execute BBBBEEEEGGGGIIIINNNN, EEEENNNNDDDD, and uuuusssseeee blocks, since these are
            considered as occurring outside the execution of your
            program.

       ----dddd   runs the script under the Perl debugger.  See the
            _p_e_r_l_d_e_b_u_g manpage.

       ----dddd::::ffffoooooooo
            runs the script under the control of a debugging or
            tracing module installed as Devel::foo. E.g.,
            ----dddd::::DDDDPPPPrrrrooooffff executes the script using the Devel::DProf
            profiler.  See the _p_e_r_l_d_e_b_u_g manpage.

       ----DDDD_n_u_m_b_e_r

       ----DDDD_l_i_s_t
            sets debugging flags.  To watch how it executes your
            script, use ----DDDD11114444.  (This only works if debugging is
            compiled into your Perl.)  Another nice value is
            ----DDDD1111000022224444, which lists your compiled syntax tree.  And
            ----DDDD555511112222 displays compiled regular expressions. As an
            alternative specify a list of letters instead of
            numbers (e.g. ----DDDD11114444 is equivalent to ----DDDDttttllllssss):
















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PERLRUN(1)     User Contributed Perl Documentation     PERLRUN(1)


                    1111  pppp  TTTTooookkkkeeeennnniiiizzzziiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd PPPPaaaarrrrssssiiiinnnngggg
                    2222  ssss  SSSSttttaaaacccckkkk SSSSnnnnaaaappppsssshhhhoooottttssss
                    4444  llll  LLLLaaaabbbbeeeellll SSSSttttaaaacccckkkk PPPPrrrroooocccceeeessssssssiiiinnnngggg
                    8888  tttt  TTTTrrrraaaacccceeee EEEExxxxeeeeccccuuuuttttiiiioooonnnn
                   11116666  oooo  OOOOppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrr NNNNooooddddeeee CCCCoooonnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn
                   33332222  cccc  SSSSttttrrrriiiinnnngggg////NNNNuuuummmmeeeerrrriiiicccc CCCCoooonnnnvvvveeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnnssss
                   66664444  PPPP  PPPPrrrriiiinnnntttt PPPPrrrreeeepppprrrroooocccceeeessssssssoooorrrr CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd ffffoooorrrr ----PPPP
                  111122228888  mmmm  MMMMeeeemmmmoooorrrryyyy AAAAllllllllooooccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
                  222255556666  ffff  FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt PPPPrrrroooocccceeeessssssssiiiinnnngggg
                  555511112222  rrrr  RRRReeeegggguuuullllaaaarrrr EEEExxxxpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn PPPPaaaarrrrssssiiiinnnngggg
                 1111000022224444  xxxx  SSSSyyyynnnnttttaaaaxxxx TTTTrrrreeeeeeee DDDDuuuummmmpppp
                 2222000044448888  uuuu  TTTTaaaaiiiinnnnttttiiiinnnngggg CCCChhhheeeecccckkkkssss
                 4444000099996666  LLLL  MMMMeeeemmmmoooorrrryyyy LLLLeeeeaaaakkkkssss ((((nnnnooootttt ssssuuuuppppppppoooorrrrtttteeeedddd aaaannnnyyyymmmmoooorrrreeee))))
                 8888111199992222  HHHH  HHHHaaaasssshhhh DDDDuuuummmmpppp -------- uuuussssuuuurrrrppppssss vvvvaaaalllluuuueeeessss(((())))
                11116666333388884444  XXXX  SSSSccccrrrraaaattttcccchhhhppppaaaadddd AAAAllllllllooooccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
                33332222777766668888  DDDD  CCCClllleeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg UUUUpppp


       ----eeee _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_l_i_n_e
            may be used to enter one line of script.  If ----eeee is
            given, Perl will not look for a script filename in
            the argument list.  Multiple ----eeee commands may be given
            to build up a multi-line script.  Make sure to use
            semicolons where you would in a normal program.

       ----FFFF_r_e_g_e_x_p
            specifies a regular expression to split on if ----aaaa is
            also in effect.  If regexp has //////// around it, the
            slashes will be ignored.

       ----iiii_e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n
            specifies that files processed by the <<<<>>>> construct
            are to be edited in-place.  It does this by renaming
            the input file, opening the output file by the
            original name, and selecting that output file as the
            default for _p_r_i_n_t_(_) statements.  The extension, if
            supplied, is added to the name of the old file to
            make a backup copy.  If no extension is supplied, no
            backup is made.  From the shell, saying

                $$$$ ppppeeeerrrrllll ----pppp ----iiii....bbbbaaaakkkk ----eeee """"ssss////ffffoooooooo////bbbbaaaarrrr////;;;; ............ """"

            is the same as using the script:

                ####!!!!////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn////ppppeeeerrrrllll ----ppppiiii....bbbbaaaakkkk
                ssss////ffffoooooooo////bbbbaaaarrrr////;;;;

            which is equivalent to









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                ####!!!!////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn////ppppeeeerrrrllll
                wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee ((((<<<<>>>>)))) {{{{
                    iiiiffff (((($$$$AAAARRRRGGGGVVVV nnnneeee $$$$oooollllddddaaaarrrrggggvvvv)))) {{{{
                        rrrreeeennnnaaaammmmeeee(((($$$$AAAARRRRGGGGVVVV,,,, $$$$AAAARRRRGGGGVVVV .... ''''....bbbbaaaakkkk''''))));;;;
                        ooooppppeeeennnn((((AAAARRRRGGGGVVVVOOOOUUUUTTTT,,,, """">>>>$$$$AAAARRRRGGGGVVVV""""))));;;;
                        sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt((((AAAARRRRGGGGVVVVOOOOUUUUTTTT))));;;;
                        $$$$oooollllddddaaaarrrrggggvvvv ==== $$$$AAAARRRRGGGGVVVV;;;;
                    }}}}
                    ssss////ffffoooooooo////bbbbaaaarrrr////;;;;
                }}}}
                ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuueeee {{{{
                    pppprrrriiiinnnntttt;;;;  #### tttthhhhiiiissss pppprrrriiiinnnnttttssss ttttoooo oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnnaaaallll ffffiiiilllleeeennnnaaaammmmeeee
                }}}}
                sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt((((SSSSTTTTDDDDOOOOUUUUTTTT))));;;;

            except that the ----iiii form doesn't need to compare $$$$AAAARRRRGGGGVVVV
            to $$$$oooollllddddaaaarrrrggggvvvv to know when the filename has changed.
            It does, however, use ARGVOUT for the selected
            filehandle.  Note that STDOUT is restored as the
            default output filehandle after the loop.

            You can use eeeeooooffff without parenthesis to locate the end
            of each input file, in case you want to append to
            each file, or reset line numbering (see example in
            the eeeeooooffff entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage).

       ----IIII_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y
            may be used in conjunction with ----PPPP to tell the C
            preprocessor where to look for include files.  By
            default /usr/include and /usr/lib/perl are searched.

       ----llll_o_c_t_n_u_m
            enables automatic line-ending processing.  It has two
            effects:  first, it automatically chomps the line
            terminator when used with ----nnnn or ----pppp, and second, it
            assigns "$$$$\\\\" to have the value of _o_c_t_n_u_m so that any
            print statements will have that line terminator added
            back on.  If _o_c_t_n_u_m is omitted, sets "$$$$\\\\" to the
            current value of "$$$$////".  For instance, to trim lines
            to 80 columns:

                ppppeeeerrrrllll ----llllppppeeee ''''ssssuuuubbbbssssttttrrrr(((($$$$____,,,, 88880000)))) ==== """"""""''''

            Note that the assignment $$$$\\\\ ==== $$$$//// is done when the
            switch is processed, so the input record separator
            can be different than the output record separator if
            the ----llll switch is followed by a ----0000 switch:

                ggggnnnnuuuuffffiiiinnnndddd //// ----pppprrrriiiinnnntttt0000 |||| ppppeeeerrrrllll ----llllnnnn0000eeee ''''pppprrrriiiinnnntttt """"ffffoooouuuunnnndddd $$$$____"""" iiiiffff ----pppp''''

            This sets $\ to newline and then sets $/ to the null
            character.





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PERLRUN(1)     User Contributed Perl Documentation     PERLRUN(1)


       ----mmmm_m_o_d_u_l_e

       ----MMMM_m_o_d_u_l_e
            ----mmmm_m_o_d_u_l_e executes uuuusssseeee _m_o_d_u_l_e (((())));;;; before executing
            your script.

            ----MMMM_m_o_d_u_l_e executes uuuusssseeee _m_o_d_u_l_e ;;;; before executing your
            script.  You can use quotes to add extra code after
            the module name, e.g., ----MMMM''''mmmmoooodddduuuulllleeee qqqqwwww((((ffffoooooooo bbbbaaaarrrr))))''''.

            If the first character after the ----MMMM or ----mmmm is a dash
            (----) then the 'use' is replaced with 'no'.

            A little built-in syntactic sugar means you can also
            say ----mmmmmmmmoooodddduuuulllleeee====ffffoooooooo or ----MMMMmmmmoooodddduuuulllleeee====ffffoooooooo as a shortcut for
            ----MMMM''''mmmmoooodddduuuulllleeee qqqqwwww((((ffffoooooooo))))''''.  Note that using the ==== form
            removes the distinction between ----mmmm and ----MMMM.

            To avoid the need to use quotes when importing more
            that one symbol with the ==== form, the text following
            the ==== is split into a list on commas (,,,,) rather than
            whitespace. The actual code generated by
            ----MMMMmmmmoooodddduuuulllleeee====ffffoooooooo,,,,bbbbaaaarrrr is uuuusssseeee mmmmoooodddduuuulllleeee sssspppplllliiiitttt((((////,,,,////,,,,qqqq{{{{ffffoooooooo,,,,bbbbaaaarrrr}}}})))).

       ----nnnn   causes Perl to assume the following loop around your
            script, which makes it iterate over filename
            arguments somewhat like sssseeeedddd ----nnnn or aaaawwwwkkkk:

                wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee ((((<<<<>>>>)))) {{{{
                    ............             #### yyyyoooouuuurrrr ssssccccrrrriiiipppptttt ggggooooeeeessss hhhheeeerrrreeee
                }}}}

            Note that the lines are not printed by default.  See
            ----pppp to have lines printed.  Here is an efficient way
            to delete all files older than a week:

                ffffiiiinnnndddd .... ----mmmmttttiiiimmmmeeee ++++7777 ----pppprrrriiiinnnntttt |||| ppppeeeerrrrllll ----nnnnlllleeee ''''uuuunnnnlllliiiinnnnkkkk;;;;''''

            This is faster than using the ----eeeexxxxeeeecccc switch of ffffiiiinnnndddd
            because you don't have to start a process on every
            filename found.

            BBBBEEEEGGGGIIIINNNN and EEEENNNNDDDD blocks may be used to capture control
            before or after the implicit loop, just as in aaaawwwwkkkk.

       ----pppp   causes Perl to assume the following loop around your
            script, which makes it iterate over filename
            arguments somewhat like sssseeeedddd:

                wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee ((((<<<<>>>>)))) {{{{
                    ............             #### yyyyoooouuuurrrr ssssccccrrrriiiipppptttt ggggooooeeeessss hhhheeeerrrreeee
                }}}} ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuueeee {{{{
                    pppprrrriiiinnnntttt;;;;
                }}}}



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            Note that the lines are printed automatically.  To
            suppress printing use the ----nnnn switch.  A ----pppp overrides
            a ----nnnn switch.

            BBBBEEEEGGGGIIIINNNN and EEEENNNNDDDD blocks may be used to capture control
            before or after the implicit loop, just as in awk.

       ----PPPP   causes your script to be run through the C
            preprocessor before compilation by Perl.  (Since both
            comments and cpp directives begin with the #
            character, you should avoid starting comments with
            any words recognized by the C preprocessor such as
            "if", "else" or "define".)

       ----ssss   enables some rudimentary switch parsing for switches
            on the command line after the script name but before
            any filename arguments (or before a --------).  Any switch
            found there is removed from @@@@AAAARRRRGGGGVVVV and sets the
            corresponding variable in the Perl script.  The
            following script prints "true" if and only if the
            script is invoked with a ----xxxxyyyyzzzz switch.

                ####!!!!////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn////ppppeeeerrrrllll ----ssss
                iiiiffff (((($$$$xxxxyyyyzzzz)))) {{{{ pppprrrriiiinnnntttt """"ttttrrrruuuueeee\\\\nnnn"""";;;; }}}}


       ----SSSS   makes Perl use the PATH environment variable to
            search for the script (unless the name of the script
            starts with a slash).  Typically this is used to
            emulate #! startup on machines that don't support #!,
            in the following manner:

                ####!!!!////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn////ppppeeeerrrrllll
                eeeevvvvaaaallll """"eeeexxxxeeeecccc ////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn////ppppeeeerrrrllll ----SSSS $$$$0000 $$$$****""""
                        iiiiffff $$$$rrrruuuunnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg____uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr____ssssoooommmmeeee____sssshhhheeeellllllll;;;;

            The system ignores the first line and feeds the
            script to /bin/sh, which proceeds to try to execute
            the Perl script as a shell script.  The shell
            executes the second line as a normal shell command,
            and thus starts up the Perl interpreter.  On some
            systems $$$$0000 doesn't always contain the full pathname,
            so the ----SSSS tells Perl to search for the script if
            necessary.  After Perl locates the script, it parses
            the lines and ignores them because the variable
            $$$$rrrruuuunnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg____uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr____ssssoooommmmeeee____sssshhhheeeellllllll is never true.  A better
            construct than $$$$**** would be $$$${{{{1111++++""""$$$$@@@@""""}}}}, which handles
            embedded spaces and such in the filenames, but
            doesn't work if the script is being interpreted by
            csh.  In order to start up sh rather than csh, some
            systems may have to replace the #! line with a line
            containing just a colon, which will be politely
            ignored by Perl.  Other systems can't control that,
            and need a totally devious construct that will work



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            under any of csh, sh or Perl, such as the following:

                    eeeevvvvaaaallll ''''((((eeeexxxxiiiitttt $$$$????0000))))'''' &&&&&&&& eeeevvvvaaaallll ''''eeeexxxxeeeecccc ////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn////ppppeeeerrrrllll ----SSSS $$$$0000 $$$${{{{1111++++""""$$$$@@@@""""}}}}''''
                    &&&& eeeevvvvaaaallll ''''eeeexxxxeeeecccc ////uuuussssrrrr////bbbbiiiinnnn////ppppeeeerrrrllll ----SSSS $$$$0000 $$$$aaaarrrrggggvvvv::::qqqq''''
                            iiiiffff 0000;;;;


       ----TTTT   forces "taint" checks to be turned on so you can test
            them.  Ordinarily these checks are done only when
            running setuid or setgid.  It's a good idea to turn
            them on explicitly for programs run on another's
            behalf, such as CGI programs.  See the _p_e_r_l_s_e_c
            manpage.

       ----uuuu   causes Perl to dump core after compiling your script.
            You can then take this core dump and turn it into an
            executable file by using the uuuunnnndddduuuummmmpppp program (not
            supplied).  This speeds startup at the expense of
            some disk space (which you can minimize by stripping
            the executable).  (Still, a "hello world" executable
            comes out to about 200K on my machine.)  If you want
            to execute a portion of your script before dumping,
            use the _d_u_m_p_(_) operator instead.  Note: availability
            of uuuunnnndddduuuummmmpppp is platform specific and may not be
            available for a specific port of Perl.

       ----UUUU   allows Perl to do unsafe operations.  Currently the
            only "unsafe" operations are the unlinking of
            directories while running as superuser, and running
            setuid programs with fatal taint checks turned into
            warnings.

       ----vvvv   prints the version and patchlevel of your Perl
            executable.

       ----VVVV   prints summary of the major perl configuration values
            and the current value of @@@@IIIINNNNCCCC.

       ----VVVV::::nnnnaaaammmmeeee
            Prints to STDOUT the value of the named configuration
            variable.

       ----wwww   prints warnings about identifiers that are mentioned
            only once, and scalar variables that are used before
            being set.  Also warns about redefined subroutines,
            and references to undefined filehandles or
            filehandles opened readonly that you are attempting
            to write on.  Also warns you if you use values as a
            number that doesn't look like numbers, using an array
            as though it were a scalar, if your subroutines
            recurse more than 100 deep, and innumerable other
            things.  See the _p_e_r_l_d_i_a_g manpage and the _p_e_r_l_t_r_a_p
            manpage.




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       ----xxxx _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y
            tells Perl that the script is embedded in a message.
            Leading garbage will be discarded until the first
            line that starts with #! and contains the string
            "perl".  Any meaningful switches on that line will be
            applied (but only one group of switches, as with
            normal #!  processing).  If a directory name is
            specified, Perl will switch to that directory before
            running the script.  The ----xxxx switch only controls the
            the disposal of leading garbage.  The script must be
            terminated with ________EEEENNNNDDDD________ if there is trailing garbage
            to be ignored (the script can process any or all of
            the trailing garbage via the DATA filehandle if
            desired).











































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