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2022-08-26
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PROLOGUE
From the beginning of electronic
computers in the 1940's, engineers
were faced with a problem. In order to
improve performance, more components
would be needed, which meant more
wires, all soldered by hand. This
problem became known as the tyranny of
numbers.
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In the summer of 1958, Jack Kilby
was a newly employed engineer at Texas
Instruments who didn't yet have the
right to a summer vacation. He spent
the whole summer working on the
problem of the "tyranny of numbers"
and finally came to the conclusion
that all that they needed was to
exploit the power of semiconductors.
On September 12, he presented his
findings and proofs to the management
of Texas Instruments.
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Integrated Circuits are
essentially a number of related
components making up one particular
function. Unlike the individual
components in existing module designs,
the IC was "wired up" via the process
of photoetching, allowing them to be
mass produced. Computers could consist
of a number of IC's, dramatically
reducing the overall complexity of the
machines.
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A Sheet of IC Chips <Press Key>
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THE COMPUTER ON A CHIP
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The revolution began in 1974. In
April, Intel released its 2 MHz 8080
chip, an 8-bit microprocessor. It
could access 64 KB of memory, and used
6000 transistors. Almost immediately,
Gary Kildall, of Microcomputer
Applications Associates, developed the
CP/M operating system for Intel
8080-based systems.
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Motorola introduced its 6800 chip,
designed by Chuck Peddle and Charlie
Melear. Meanwhile, Jack Tramiel and
Commodore Business Machines had a
profitable calculator line, producing
both ordinary as well as scientific/
programmable calculators. However in
the mid '70's, Texas Instruments, the
main supplier of calculator parts,
decided to enter the market directly
and put out a line of calculators
priced less than they charged
Commodore for the parts.
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Popular Electronics published an
article in its January 1975 issue (in
December, 1974) announcing the MITS
Altair 8800 computer, using the Intel
8080 processor, for $439 in kit form.
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The Altair 8800 <Press Key>
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