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$Unique_ID{BRD00359}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{The Red-winged Starling, or Red-shouldered Marsh Blackbird}
$Subject{Agelainae; Agelaius; phoeniceus; Red-winged Starling, Red-shouldered
Marsh Blackbird; Red-winged Blackbird}
$Journal{Birds of America: Volume IV}
$Volume{Vol. 4:31-36}
$Family{Agelainae}
$Genus{Agelaius}
$Species{phoeniceus}
$Common_Name{Red-winged Starling, Red-shouldered Marsh Blackbird; Red-winged
Blackbird}
$Log{
Plate CCXVI*00359P1.scf,56430025.aud
Bird Call*56430025.aud
Family*00350.txt
Genus*00355.txt
Figure*0035901.scf}
(C) (P) Library of Natural Sounds; Cornell Laboratory
of Ornithology 1990-91, 1992; Ithaca, N.Y., All rights reserved.
Portions copyright (c) Creative Multimedia Corp., 1990-91, 1992
B I R D S O F A M E R I C A .
By John James Audubon, F. R. SS. L. & E.
------------------------------------------
VOL. IV.
--------------------------------
THE RED-WINGED STARLING, OR RED-SHOULDERED MARSH BLACKBIRD.
[Red-winged Blackbird (see also Crimson-winged Troopial).]
AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS, Linn.
[Agelaius phoeniceus.]
PLATE CCXVI.--MALE, FEMALE, and YOUNG MALE.
If the name of Starling has been given to this well-known species, with the
view of assimilating it to the European bird of that name, it can only have been
on account of the numbers of individuals that associate together, for in every
other respect it is as distinct from the true Starlings as a Common Crow. But
without speaking particularly of generic or specific affinities, I shall here
content myself with giving you, kind reader, an account of the habits of this
bird.
The Marsh Blackbird is so well known as being a bird of the most nefarious
propensities, that in the United States one can hardly mention its name, without
hearing such an account of its pilferings as might induce the young student of
nature to conceive that it had been created for the purpose of annoying the
farmer. That it destroys an astonishing quantity of corn, rice, and other kinds
of grain, cannot be denied; but that before it commences its ravages, it has
proved highly serviceable to the crops, is equally certain.
As soon as spring makes its appearance, almost all the Redwings leave the
Southern States, in small detached and straggling flocks, the males leading the
way in full song, as if to invite the females to follow. Prodigious numbers
make their appearance in the Eastern Districts, as winter recedes, and are often
seen while piles of drifted snow still remain along the roads, under shelter of
the fences. They frequently alight on trees of moderate size, spread their
tail, swell out their plumage, and utter their clear and not unmusical notes,
particularly in the early morning, before their departure from the neighbourhood
of the places in which they have roosted; for their migrations, you must know,
are performed entirely during the day.
Their food at this season is almost exclusively composed of grubs, worms,
caterpillars, and different sorts of coleopterous insects, which they procure by
searching with great industry, in the meadows, the orchards, or the newly
ploughed fields, walking with a graceful step, but much quicker than either of
their relatives, the Purple Grakle or the Boat-tail of the Southern States. The
millions of insects which the Redwings destroy at this early season, are, in my
opinion, a full equivalent for the corn which they eat at another period; and
for this reason, the farmers do not molest them in spring, when they resort to
the fields in immense numbers. They then follow the ploughman, in company with
the Crow Blackbird, and as if aware of the benefit which they are conferring, do
not seem to regard him with apprehension.
The females being all arrived, the pairing season at once commences.
Several males are seen flying in pursuit of one, until, becoming fatigued, she
alights, receives the addresses of her suitors, and soon makes a choice that
establishes her the consort of one of them. The "happy couple" immediately
retire from the view of the crowds around them, and seek along the margins of
some sequestered pond or damp meadow, for a place in which to form their nest.
An alder bush or a thick tuft of rank weeds answer equally well, and in such
places a quantity of coarse dried weeds is deposited by them, to form the
exterior of the fabric which is to receive the eggs. The nest is lined with
fine grasses, and, in some instances, with horse-hair. The eggs are from four
to six in number, of a regular oval form, light blue, sparsely spotted with
dusky.
Now is the time, good-natured reader, to see and admire the courage and
fidelity of the male, whilst assiduously watching over his beloved mate. He
dives headlong towards every intruder that approaches his nest, vociferating his
fears and maledictions with great vehemence, passing at times within a few yards
of the person who has disturbed his peace, or alighting on a twig close to his
nest, and uttering a plaintive note, which might well prevent any other than a
mischievous person from interfering with the hopes and happiness of the mated
Redwings.
The eggs are hatched, and the first brood has taken flight. The young soon
after associate with thousands of other striplings, and shift for themselves,
whilst the parent birds raise a second family. The first brood comes abroad
about the beginning of June, the second in the beginning of August. At this
latter period, the corn in the Middle Districts has already acquired
considerable consistence, and the congregated Redwings fall upon the fields in
such astonishing numbers as to seem capable of completely veiling them under the
shade of their wings. The husbandman, anxious to preserve as much of his corn
as he can, for his own use or for market, pursues every possible method of
annoyance or destruction. But his ingenuity is almost exerted in vain. The
Redwings heed not his efforts further than to remove, after each report of his
gun, from one portion of the field to another. All the scarecrows that he may
choose to place about his grounds are merely regarded by the birds as so many
observatories, on which they occasionally alight.
The corn becoming too hard for their bills, they now leave the fields, and
resort to the meadows and the margins of streams thickly overgrown with the wild
oat and other grasses, upon the seeds of which they feed with great avidity
during the autumnal and winter months. They then associate partially with
Reed-birds, Grakles, and Cow-pen Buntings, and are seen to move from the Eastern
to the Southern Districts, in such immense and thick flocks as almost to cloud
the air.
The havoc made amongst them is scarcely credible. I have heard that
upwards of fifty have been killed at a shot, and am the more inclined to believe
such accounts as I have myself shot hundreds in the course of an afternoon,
killing from ten to fifteen at every discharge. Whilst travelling in different
parts of the Southern States, during the latter part of autumn, I have often
seen the fences, trees and fields so strewed with these birds, as to make me
believe their number fully equal to that of the falling leaves of the trees in
the places traversed by me.
Towards evening they alight in the marshes by millions, in compact bodies,
settle on the reeds and rushes close above the water, and remain during the
night, unless disturbed by the gunners. When this happens, they rise all of a
sudden, and perform various evolutions in the air, now gliding low over the
rushes, and again wheeling high above them, preserving silence for awhile, but
finally diving suddenly to the spot formerly chosen, and commencing a general
chuckling noise, after which they remain quiet during the rest of the night.
Different species of Hawks