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The Datafile PD-CD 5
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1996-10-24
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#!/usr/local/bin/python
"""Support module for CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts.
This module defines a number of utilities for use by CGI scripts
written in Python.
Introduction
------------
A CGI script is invoked by an HTTP server, usually to process user
input submitted through an HTML <FORM> or <ISINPUT> element.
Most often, CGI scripts live in the server's special cgi-bin
directory. The HTTP server places all sorts of information about the
request (such as the client's hostname, the requested URL, the query
string, and lots of other goodies) in the script's shell environment,
executes the script, and sends the script's output back to the client.
The script's input is connected to the client too, and sometimes the
form data is read this way; at other times the form data is passed via
the "query string" part of the URL. This module (cgi.py) is intended
to take care of the different cases and provide a simpler interface to
the Python script. It also provides a number of utilities that help
in debugging scripts, and the latest addition is support for file
uploads from a form (if your browser supports it -- Grail 0.3 and
Netscape 2.0 do).
The output of a CGI script should consist of two sections, separated
by a blank line. The first section contains a number of headers,
telling the client what kind of data is following. Python code to
generate a minimal header section looks like this:
print "Content-type: text/html" # HTML is following
print # blank line, end of headers
The second section is usually HTML, which allows the client software
to display nicely formatted text with header, in-line images, etc.
Here's Python code that prints a simple piece of HTML:
print "<TITLE>CGI script output</TITLE>"
print "<H1>This is my first CGI script</H1>"
print "Hello, world!"
(It may not be fully legal HTML according to the letter of the
standard, but any browser will understand it.)
Using the cgi module
--------------------
Begin by writing "import cgi". Don't use "from cgi import *" -- the
module defines all sorts of names for its own use or for backward
compatibility that you don't want in your namespace.
It's best to use the FieldStorage class. The other classes define in this
module are provided mostly for backward compatibility. Instantiate it
exactly once, without arguments. This reads the form contents from
standard input or the environment (depending on the value of various
environment variables set according to the CGI standard). Since it may
consume standard input, it should be instantiated only once.
The FieldStorage instance can be accessed as if it were a Python
dictionary. For instance, the following code (which assumes that the
Content-type header and blank line have already been printed) checks that
the fields "name" and "addr" are both set to a non-empty string:
form = cgi.FieldStorage()
form_ok = 0
if form.has_key("name") and form.has_key("addr"):
if form["name"].value != "" and form["addr"].value != "":
form_ok = 1
if not form_ok:
print "<H1>Error</H1>"
print "Please fill in the name and addr fields."
return
...further form processing here...
Here the fields, accessed through form[key], are themselves instances
of FieldStorage (or MiniFieldStorage, depending on the form encoding).
If the submitted form data contains more than one field with the same
name, the object retrieved by form[key] is not a (Mini)FieldStorage
instance but a list of such instances. If you expect this possibility
(i.e., when your HTML form comtains multiple fields with the same
name), use the type() function to determine whether you have a single
instance or a list of instances. For example, here's code that
concatenates any number of username fields, separated by commas:
username = form["username"]
if type(username) is type([]):
# Multiple username fields specified
usernames = ""
for item in username:
if usernames:
# Next item -- insert comma
usernames = usernames + "," + item.value
else:
# First item -- don't insert comma
usernames = item.value
else:
# Single username field specified
usernames = username.value
If a field represents an uploaded file, the value attribute reads the
entire file in memory as a string. This may not be what you want. You can
test for an uploaded file by testing either the filename attribute or the
file attribute. You can then read the data at leasure from the file
attribute:
fileitem = form["userfile"]
if fileitem.file:
# It's an uploaded file; count lines
linecount = 0
while 1:
line = fileitem.file.readline()
if not line: break
linecount = linecount + 1
The file upload draft standard entertains the possibility of uploading
multiple files from one field (using a recursive multipart/*
encoding). When this occurs, the item will be a dictionary-like
FieldStorage item. This can be determined by testing its type
attribute, which should have the value "multipart/form-data" (or
perhaps another string beginning with "multipart/"). It this case, it
can be iterated over recursively just like the top-level form object.
When a form is submitted in the "old" format (as the query string or as a
single data part of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded), the items
will actually be instances of the class MiniFieldStorage. In this case,
the list, file and filename attributes are always None.
Old classes
-----------
These classes, present in earlier versions of the cgi module, are still
supported for backward compatibility. New applications should use the
FieldStorage class.
SvFormContentDict: single value form content as dictionary; assumes each
field name occurs in the form only once.
FormContentDict: multiple value form content as dictionary (the form
items are lists of values). Useful if your form contains multiple
fields with the same name.
Other classes (FormContent, InterpFormContentDict) are present for
backwards compatibility with really old applications only. If you still
use these and would be inconvenienced when they disappeared from a next
version of this module, drop me a note.
Functions
---------
These are useful if you want more control, or if you want to employ
some of the algorithms implemented in this module in other
circumstances.
parse(fp): parse a form into a Python dictionary.
parse_qs(qs): parse a query string (data of type
application/x-www-form-urlencoded).
parse_multipart(fp, pdict): parse input of type multipart/form-data (for
file uploads).
parse_header(string): parse a header like Content-type into a main
value and a dictionary of parameters.
test(): complete test program.
print_environ(): format the shell environment in HTML.
print_form(form): format a form in HTML.
print_environ_usage(): print a list of useful environment variables in
HTML.
escape(): convert the characters "&", "<" and ">" to HTML-safe
sequences. Use this if you need to display text that might contain
such characters in HTML. To translate URLs for inclusion in the HREF
attribute of an <A> tag, use urllib.quote().
log(fmt, ...): write a line to a log file; see docs for initlog().
Caring about security
---------------------
There's one important rule: if you invoke an external program (e.g.
via the os.system() or os.popen() functions), make very sure you don't
pass arbitrary strings received from the client to the shell. This is
a well-known security hole whereby clever hackers anywhere on the web
can exploit a gullible CGI script to invoke arbitrary shell commands.
Even parts of the URL or field names cannot be trusted, since the
request doesn't have to come from your form!
To be on the safe side, if you must pass a string gotten from a form
to a shell command, you should make sure the string contains only
alphanumeric characters, dashes, underscores, and periods.
Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
-------------------------------------------
Read the documentation for your HTTP server and check with your local
system administrator to find the directory where CGI scripts should be
installed; usually this is in a directory cgi-bin in the server tree.
Make sure that