home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Differences between GNU Emacs and CCA Emacs.
- Copyright (c) 1985 Richard M. Stallman
-
- Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
- of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
- copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
- and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
- for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
-
- * GNU Emacs Lisp vs CCA Elisp.
-
- GNU Emacs Lisp does not have a distinction between Lisp functions
- and Emacs functions, or between Lisp variables and Emacs variables.
- The Lisp and the editor are integrated. A Lisp function defined
- with defun is callable as an editor command if you put an
- interactive calling spec in it; for example,
- (defun forward-character (n)
- (interactive "p")
- (goto-char (+ (point) n)))
- defines a function of one argument that moves point forward by
- a specified number of characters. Programs could call this function,
- as in (forward-character 6), or it could be assigned to a key,
- in which case the "p" says to pass the prefix numeric arg as
- the function's argument. As a result of this feature, you often
- need not have two different functions, one to be called by programs
- and another to read arguments from the user conveniently; the same
- function can do both.
-
- CCA Elisp tries to be a subset of Common Lisp and tries to
- have as many Common Lisp functions as possible (though it is still
- only a small fraction of full Common Lisp). GNU Emacs Lisp
- is somewhat similar to Common Lisp just because of my Maclisp
- and Lisp Machine background, but it has several distinct incompatibilities
- in both syntax and semantics. Also, I have not attempted to
- provide many Common Lisp functions that you could write in Lisp,
- or others that provide no new capability in the circumstances.
-
- GNU Emacs Lisp does not have packages, readtables, or character objects
- (it uses integers to represent characters).
-
- On the other hand, windows, buffers, relocatable markers and processes
- are first class objects in GNU Emacs Lisp. You can get information about them
- and do things to them in a Lispy fashion. Not so in CCA Emacs.
-
- In GNU Emacs Lisp, you cannot open a file and read or write characters
- or Lisp objects from it. This feature is painful to support, and
- is not fundamentally necessary in an Emacs, because instead you
- can read the file into a buffer, read or write characters or
- Lisp objects in the buffer, and then write the buffer into the file.
-
- On the other hand, GNU Emacs Lisp does allow you to rename, delete, add
- names to, and copy files; also to find out whether a file is a
- directory, whether it is a symbolic link and to what name, whether
- you can read it or write it, find out its directory component,
- expand a relative pathname, find completions of a file name, etc.,
- which you cannot do in CCA Elisp.
-
- GNU Emacs Lisp uses dynamic scope exclusively. This enables you to
- bind variables which affect the execution of the editor, such as
- indent-tabs-mode.
-
- GNU Emacs Lisp code is normally compiled into byte code. Most of the
- standard editing commands are written in Lisp, and many are
- dumped, pure, in the Emacs that users normally run.
-
- GNU Emacs allows you to interrupt a runaway Lisp program with
- Control-g.
-
- * GNU Emacs Editing Advantages
-
- GNU Emacs is faster for many things, especially insertion of text
- and file I/O.
-
- GNU Emacs allows you to undo more than just the last command
- with the undo command (C-x u, or C-_). You can undo quite a ways back.
- Undo information is separate for each buffer; changes in one buffer
- do not affect your ability to undo in another buffer.
-
- GNU Emacs commands that want to display some output do so by putting
- it in a buffer and displaying that buffer in a window. This
- technique comes from Gosling Emacs. It has both advantages and
- disadvantages when compared with the technique, copied by CCA Emacs
- from my original Emacs which inherited it from TECO, of having "type
- out" which appears on top of the text in the current window but
- disappears automatically at the next input character.
-
- GNU Emacs does not use the concept of "subsystems". Instead, it uses
- highly specialized major modes. For example, dired in GNU Emacs has
- the same commands as dired does in other versions of Emacs, give or
- take a few, but it is a major mode, not a subsystem. The advantage
- of this is that you do not have to "exit" from dired and lose the
- state of dired in order to edit files again. You can simply switch
- to another buffer, and switch back to the dired buffer later. You
- can also have several dired buffers, looking at different directories.
-
- It is still possible to write a subsystem--your own command loop--
- in GNU Emacs, but it is not recommended, since writing a major mode
- for a special buffer is better.
-
- Recursive edits are also rarely used, for the same reason: it is better
- to make a new buffer and put it in a special major mode. Sending
- mail is done this way.
-
- GNU Emacs expects everyone to use find-file (C-x C-f) for reading
- in files; its C-x C-v command kills the current buffer and then finds
- the specified file.
-
- As a result, users do not need to think about the complexities
- of subsystems, recursive edits, and various ways to read in files
- or what to do if a buffer contains changes to some other file.
-
- GNU Emacs uses its own format of tag table, made by the "etags"
- program. This format makes finding a tag much faster.
-
- Dissociated Press is supported.
-
-
- * GNU Emacs Editing Disadvantages.
-
- GNU Emacs does not display the location of the mark.
-
- GNU Emacs does not have a concept of numbers of buffers,
- or a permanent ordering of buffers, or searching through multiple
- buffers. The tags-search command provides a way to search
- through several buffers automatically.
-
- GNU Emacs does not provide commands to visit files without
- setting the buffer's default directory. Users can write such
- commands in Lisp by copying the code of the standard file
- visiting commands and modifying them.
-
- GNU Emacs does not support "plus options" in the command
- arguments or in buffer-selection commands, except for line numbers.
-
- GNU Emacs does not support encryption. Down with security!
-
- GNU Emacs does not support replaying keystroke files,
- and does not normally write keystroke files.
-
-
- * Neutral Differences
-
- GNU Emacs uses TAB, not ESC, to complete file names, buffer names,
- command names, etc.
-
- GNU Emacs uses ESC to terminate searches, instead of
- the C-d uses by CCA Emacs. (Actually, this character is controlled
- by a parameter in GNU Emacs.) C-M-s in GNU Emacs is an interactive
- regular expression search, but you can get to a noninteractive
- one by typing ESC right after the C-M-s.
-
- In GNU Emacs, C-x s asks, for each modified file buffer, whether
- to save it.
-
- GNU Emacs indicates line continuation with "\" and line
- truncation (at either margin) with "$".
-
- The command to resume a tags-search or tags-query-replace in
- GNU Emacs is Meta-Comma.
-