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PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) NNAAMMEE pname - spreadsheet calculator SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ppnnaammee [ --cc ] [ --mm ] [ --nn ] [ --rr ] [ --xx ] [ _f_i_l_e ] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN The spreadsheet calculator _p_n_a_m_e is based on rectangular tables much like a financial spreadsheet. When invoked it presents you with a table organized as rows and columns of cells. If invoked without a _f_i_l_e argument, the table is initially empty. Otherwise _f_i_l_e is read in (see the _G_e_t command below). Each cell may have associated with it a numeric value, a label string, and/or an expression (for- mula) which evaluates to a numeric value or label string, often based on other cell values. For a on-line tutorial, type the command: pname #LIBDIR#/tutorial.pname To print a quick reference card, type the command: pnameqref | [your_printer_commmand] OOPPTTIIOONNSS --cc Start the program with the recalculation being done in column order. --mm Start the program with automatic recalculation dis- abled. The spreadsheet will be recalculated only when the ``@'' command is used. --nn Start the program in quick numeric entry mode (see below). --rr Start the program with the recalculation being done in row order (default option). --xx Cause the _G_e_t and _P_u_t commands (see below) to encrypt and decrypt data files. --RR Start the program with automatic newline action set to increment the row (see below). --CC Start the program with automatic newline action set to increment the column (see below). All of these options can be changed with the _^_T and _S com- mands (see below) while _p_n_a_m_e is running. Options speci- fied when _p_n_a_m_e is invoked override options saved in the data file. 1 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) GGeenneerraall IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn The screen is divided into four regions. The top line is for entering commands and displaying cell values. The second line is for messages from _p_n_a_m_e. The third line and the first four columns show the column and row num- bers, from which are derived cell addresses, e.g. _A_0 for the cell in column A, row 0. Note that column names are case-insensitive: you can enter _A_0 or _a_0. The rest of the screen forms a window looking at a portion of the table. The total number of display rows and columns available, hence the number of table rows and columns displayed, is set by _c_u_r_s_e_s(3) and may be overrid- den by setting the LINES and COLUMNS environment vari- ables, respectively. The screen has two cursors: a cell cursor, indicated by a highlighted cell and a ``<'' on the screen, and a charac- ter cursor, indicated by the terminal's hardware cursor. The cell and character cursors are often the same. They differ when you type a command on the top line. If a cell's numeric value is wider than the column width (see the _f command), the cell is filled with asterisks. If a cell's label string is wider than the column width, it is truncated at the start of the next non-blank cell in the row, if any. Cursor control commands and row and column commands can be prefixed by a numeric argument which indicates how many times the command is to be executed. You can type _^_U before a repeat count if quick numeric entry mode is enabled or if the number is to be entered while the char- acter cursor is on the top line. Commands which use the terminal's control key, such as _^_N, work both when a command is being typed and when in normal mode. CChhaannggiinngg OOppttiioonnss ^^TT_o Toggle options. This command allows you to switch the state of one option selected by _o. A small menu lists the choices for _o when you type _^_T. The options selected are saved when the data and formu- las are saved so that you will have the same setup next time you enter the spreadsheet. aa Automatic Recalculation. When set, each change in the spreadsheet causes the entire spreadsheet be recalculated. Normally this is not noticeable, but for very large spreadsheets, it may be faster to clear automatic recalculation mode and update the 2 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) spreadsheet via explicit ``@'' commands. Default is automatic recalculation on. cc Current cell highlighting. If enabled, the current cell is highlighted (using the ter- minal's standout mode, if available) in addition to being marked by the cell cursor. ee External function execution. When disabled, external functions (see _@_e_x_t() below) are not called. This saves a lot of time at each screen update. External functions are disabled by default. If disabled, and external functions are used anywhere, a warning is printed each time the screen is updated, and the result of _@_e_x_t() is the value from the previous call, if any, or a null string. ll Autolabeling. If enabled, using the define command (/d) causes a label to be automati- cally generated in the cell to the left of the defined cell. This is only done if the cell to the left is empty. Default is enabled. nn Quick numeric entry. If enabled, a typed digit is assumed to be the start of a numeric value for the current cell, not a repeat count, unless preceded by _^_U. The cursor controls (_^_P, _^_N, _^_B, _^_F) in this mode will end a numeric entry. tt Top line display. If enabled, the name and value of the current cell is displayed on the top line. If there is an associated label string, the first character of the string value is ``|'' for a centered string, ``<'' for a leftstring or ``>'' for a right- string (see below), followed by "_s_t_r_i_n_g" for a constant string or {_e_x_p_r} for a string expression. A constant string may be pre- ceeded with a backslash (`\'). In this case the constant string will be used as a ``wheel'' to fill a column, e.g. "\-" for a line in a column, and "\Yeh " for "Yeh Yeh Ye". If the cell has a numeric value, it follows as [_v_a_l_u_e], which may be a constant or expression. xx Encryption. See the --xx option. $$ Dollar prescale. If enabled, all numeric ccoonnssttaannttss (not expressions) which you enter 3 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) are multipled by 0.01 so you don't have to keep typing the decimal point if you enter lots of dollar figures. rr Newline action. This option toggles between three cases. The default is no action. If this option is used once, after each command which is terminated by a newline character is completed, the current cell will be moved down one row. If this option is used again, after each command which is terminated by a newline character is completed, the current cell will be moved right one column. Another use of this option will restore the default action. zz Set newline action limits. This option sets limits to the newline action option above. When this option is invoked, the row and column of the current cell are remembered. If a later newline action would take the current cell to the right of the remembered column, then the current cell is instead moved to the first column of the next row. If a newline action would take the current cell below the remembered row, then the cur- rent cell is instead moved to the top row of the next column. The quick numeric entry, newline action and set newline action limits options can be combined to allow very quick entry of large amounts of data. If all the data to be entered is in a single row or column then setting the quick numeric entry and the appropriate newline action will allow the numbers to be entered without any explicit commands to position the current cell or enter a number. If the data entry involves several entries in each row for many rows, then setting the quick numeric entry option, setting the newline action to move right after each entry and setting the newline action limits on the last column on which data should be entered will allow the data to entered quickly. If necessary, columns which do not need data to be entered can be hidden with the zz com- mand. Similar arrangements can be made for enter- ing several rows of data in each column. SS Set options. This command allows you to set vari- ous options. A small menu lists the options that cannot be changed through _^_T above. 4 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) bbyyrroowwss/bbyyccoollss Specify the order cell evaluation when updating. These options also affect the order in which cells are filled (see _/_f) and whether a row or column is cleared by an _x command. iitteerraattiioonnss_=_n Set the maximum number of recalculations before the screen is displayed again. _I_t_e_r_- _a_t_i_o_n_s is set to 10 by default. ttbbllssttyyllee_=_s Control the output of the _T command. _s can be: 00 (default) to give colon delimited fields, with no _t_b_l control lines; ttbbll to give colon delimited fields, with _t_b_l(1) control lines; llaatteexx to give a _L_a_T_e_X tabular environment; ssllaatteexx to give a _S_L_a_T_e_X _(_S_c_a_n_- _d_i_n_a_v_i_a_n _L_a_T_e_X_) tabular environment; tteexx to give a _T_e_X simple tabbed alignment with ampersands as delimiters; and ffrraammee to give a tblstyle output for FrameMaker. Other _S_e_t options are normally used only in _p_n_a_m_e data files since they are available through _^_T. You can also use them interactively aauuttooccaallcc/!!aauuttooccaallcc Set/clear auto recalculation mode. nnuummeerriicc/!!nnuummeerriicc Set/clear numeric mode. pprreessccaallee/!!pprreessccaallee Set/clear numeric prescale mode. eexxttffuunn/!!eexxttffuunn Enable/disable external functions. cceellllccuurr/!!cceellllccuurr Set/clear current cell highlighting mode. ttoopprrooww/!!ttoopprrooww Set/clear top row display mode. rrnnddiinnffiinniittyy/!!rrnnddiinnffiinniittyy default: round-to-even (banker's round), *.5 will round to the closest even number; doing a 'set rndinfinity' will round *.5 up to the next integer (rounding to infinity). ccrraaccttiioonn_=_n Set the newline action. _n can be: 00 5 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) (default) to give no action; 11 to move down after each entry; or 22 to move right after each entry. rroowwlliimmiitt_=_n Set the remembered limit for the maximum row below which the current cell will be moved to the top of the next column if the newline action is set to move the current cell down. _n can be --11 (default) to disable this facil- ity. ccoolllliimmiitt_=_n Set the remembered limit for the maximum column to the right of which the current cell will be moved to the left of the next row if the newline action is set to move the current cell right. _n can be --11 (default) to disable this facility. CCuurrssoorr CCoonnttrrooll CCoommmmaannddss ^^PP Move the cell cursor up to the previous row. ^^NN Move the cell cursor down to the next row. ^^BB Move the cell cursor backward one column. ^^FF Move the cell cursor forward one column. hh,, jj,, kk,, ll If the character cursor is not on the top line, these are alternate, _v_i-compatible cell cursor con- trols (left, down, up, right). Space is just like l (right). HH,, JJ,, KK,, LL If the character cursor is not on the top line, these move the cursor by half pages (left, down, up, right). ^^HH If the character cursor is not on the top line, _^_H is the same as _^_B. SSPPAACCEE If the character cursor is not on the top line, the space bar is the same as _^_F. TTAABB If the character cursor is on the top line, TAB starts a range (see below). Otherwise, it is the same as _^_F. AArrrrooww KKeeyyss The terminal's arrow keys provide another alternate set of cell cursor controls if they exist and are 6 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) supported in the appropriate _t_e_r_m_c_a_p entry. Some terminals have arrow keys which conflict with other control key codes. For example, a terminal might send _^_H when the back arrow key is pressed. In these cases, the conflicting arrow key performs the same function as the key combination it mimics. ^^ Move the cell cursor up to row 0 of the current column. ## Move the cell cursor down to the last valid row of the current column. 00 Move the cell cursor backward to column A of the current row. This command must be prefixed with _^_U if quick numeric entry mode is enabled. $$ Move the cell cursor forward to the last valid col- umn of the current row. bb Scan the cursor backward (left and up) to the pre- vious valid cell. ww Scan the cursor forward (right and down) to the next valid cell. ^^EE_d Go to end of range. Follow _^_E by a direction indi- cator such as _^_P or _j. If the cell cursor starts on a non-blank cell, it goes in the indicated direction until the last non-blank adjacent cell. If the cell cursor starts on a blank cell, it goes in the indicated direction until the first non- blank cell. This command is useful when specifying ranges of adjacent cells (see below), especially when the range is bigger than the visible window. gg Go to a cell. _p_n_a_m_e prompts for a cell's name, a regular expression surrounded by quotes, or a num- ber. If a cell's name such as _a_e_1_2_2 or a the name of a defined range is given, the cell cursor goes directly to that cell. If a quoted regular expres- sion such as " _T_a_x _T_a_b_l_e " or " _^_J_a_n _[_0_-_9_]_*_$ " is given, _p_n_a_m_e searches for a cell containing a string matching the regular expression. See _r_e_g_e_x_(_3_) or _e_d_(_1_) for more details on the form of regular expressions. If a number is given, _p_n_a_m_e will search for a cell containing that number. Searches for either strings or numbers proceed for- ward from the current cell, wrapping back to a0 at the end of the table, and terminate at the current cell if the string or number is not found. You may also go to a cell with an ERROR (divide by zero, etc in this cell) or INVALID (references a cell containing an ERROR). _g _e_r_r_o_r will take you to the 7 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) next ERROR, while _g _i_n_v_a_l_i_d take you to the next invalid. The last _g command is saved, and can be re-issued by entering _g_<_r_e_t_u_r_n_>. CCeellll EEnnttrryy aanndd EEddiittiinngg CCoommmmaannddss Cells can contain both a numeric value and a string value. Either value can be the result of an expression, but not both at once, i.e. each cell can have only one expression associated with it. Entering a valid numeric expression alters the cell's previous numeric value, if any, and replaces the cell's previous string expression, if any, leaving only the previously computed constant label string. Likewise, entering a valid string expression alters the cell's the previous label string, if any, and replaces the cell's previous numeric expression, if any, leaving only the previously computed constant numeric value. == Enter a numeric constant or expression into the current cell. _p_n_a_m_e prompts for the expression on the top line. The usual way to enter a number into a cell is to type ``='', then enter the number in response to the prompt on the top line. The quick numeric entry option, enabled through the --nn option or _^_T command, shows the prompt when you enter the first digit of a number (you can skip typing ``=''). << Enter a label string into the current cell to be flushed left against the left edge of the cell. "" Enter a label string into the current cell to be centered in the column. >> Enter a label string into the current cell to be flushed right against the right edge of the cell. FF Enter a format string into the current cell. This format string overrides the precision specified with the ``f'' command. The format only applies to numeric values. The following characters can be used to build a format string: ## Digit placeholder. If the number has fewer digits on either side of the decimal point than there are `#' characters in the for- mat, the extra `#' characters are ignored. The number is rounded to the number of digit placeholders as there are to the right of the decimal point. If there are more digits in the number than there are digit place- holders on the left side of the decimal point, then those digits are displayed. 8 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) 00 Digit placeholder. Same as for `#' except that the number is padded with zeroes on either side of the decimal point. The num- ber of zeroes used in padding is determined by the number of digit placeholders after the `0' for digits on the left side of the decimal point and by the number of digit placeholders before the `0' for digits on the right side of the decimal point. .. Decimal point. Determines how many digits are placed on the right and left sides of the decimal point in the number. Note that numbers smaller than 1 will begin with a decimal point if the left side of the deci- mal point contains only a `#' digit place- holder. Use a `0' placeholder to get a leading zero in decimal formats. %% Percentage. For each `%' character in the format, the actual number gets multiplied by 100 (only for purposes of formatting -- the original number is left unmodified) and the `%' character is placed in the same position as it is in the format. ,, Thousands separator. The presence of a `,' in the format (multiple commas are treated as one) will cause the number to be format- ted with a `,' separating each set of three digits in the integer part of the number with numbering beginning from the right end of the integer. \\ Quote. This character causes the next char- acter to be inserted into the formatted string directly with no special interpreta- tion. EE-- EE++ ee-- ee++ Scientific format. Causes the number to formatted in scientific notation. The case of the `E' or `e' given is preserved. If the format uses a `+', then the sign is always given for the exponent value. If the format uses a `-', then the sign is only given when the exponent value is negative. Note that if there is no digit placeholder following the `+' or `-', then that part of the formatted number is left out. In gen- eral, there should be one or more digit placeholders after the `+' or `-'. ;; Format selector. Use this character to 9 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) separate the format into two distinct for- mats. The format to the left of the `;' character will be used if the number given is zero or positive. The format to the right of the `;' character is used if the number given is negative. Some example formats are integer (``0'' or ``#''), fixed (``0.00''), percentage (``0%'' or ``0.00%''), scientific (``0.00E+00''), and currency (``$#,0.00;($#,0.00)''). Strings you enter must start with ". You can leave off the trailing " and _p_n_a_m_e will add it for you. You can also enter a string expression by backspacing over the opening " in the prompt. ee Edit the value associated with the current cell. This is identical to ``='' except that the command line starts out containing the old numeric value or expression associated with the cell. The editing in this mode is vi-like. ^^hh Move back a character ++ Forward through history (neat) (same as j) -- Backward through history (neat) (same as k) EESSCC Done editing TTAABB Mark && append a range (ex: A0:A0) TAB, move around within a range; TAB, append range string. CCRR Save $$ Goto last column .. Insert current dot buffer // Search for a string in the history EESSCC edit the string you typed CCRR search ^^hh backspace 00 Goto column 0 DD Delete to send II Insert at column 0; ESC revert back to edit mode RR Replace mode; ESC revert back to edit mode 10 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) XX Delete the char to the left aa Append after cursor; ESC revert back to edit mode bb Move back a word cc Change mode; ESC revert back to edit mode dd Delete ... bb back word ff forward (right) hh back char ll forward tt delete forward up to a given char (next char typed) ww delete next word forward ff Find the next char typed hh Move left a char ii Insert before cursor; ESC revert back to edit mode jj Forward through history (neat) (same as +) kk Backward through history (neat) (same as -) ll Move right a char nn Continue search qq Stop editing rr Replace char tt Goto a char uu Undo ww Forward a word xx Delete the current char (moving to the right) EE Edit the string associated with the current cell. This is identical to ``<'', ``"'', or ``>'' except that the command line starts out containing the old string value or expression associated with the cell. SEE ee ABOVE. To enter and edit a cell's number part, use the ``='' and _e commands. To enter and edit a cell's string part, use 11 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) the ``<'', ``"'', ``>'', and _E commands. See the sections below on numeric and string expressions for more informa- tion. xx Clear the current cell. Deletes the numeric value, label string, and/or numeric or string expression. You can prefix this command with a count of the number of cells on the current row to clear. The current column is used if column recalculation order is set. Cells cleared with this command may be recalled with any of the _p_u_l_l commands (see below). mm Mark a cell to be used as the source for the _c_o_p_y command. cc Copy the last marked cell to the current cell, updating row and column references in its numeric or string expression, if any. ++ If not in numeric mode, add the current numeric argument (default 1) to the value of the current cell. In numeric mode, ``+'' introduces a new numeric expression or value, the same as ``=''. -- If not in numeric mode, subtract the current numeric argument (default 1) from the value of the current cell. In numeric mode, ``-'' introduces a new, negative, numeric expression or value, like ``=''. RREETTUURRNN If you are not editing a cell (top line is empty), pressing RETURN will make _p_n_a_m_e enter insert mode. At this point you may type any valid command or press EESSCC once to edit. FFiillee CCoommmmaannddss GG Get a new database from a file. If encryption is enabled, the file is decrypted before it is loaded into the spreadsheet. PP Put the current database into a file. If encryp- tion is enabled, the file is encrypted before it is saved. WW Write a listing of the current database into a file in a form that matches its appearance on the screen. This differs from the _P_u_t command in that its files are intended to be reloaded with _G_e_t, while _W_r_i_t_e produces a file for people to look at. Hidden rows or columns are not shown when the data is printed. 12 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) TT Write a listing of the current database to a file, but include delimiters suitable for processing by the _t_b_l, _L_a_T_e_X, or _T_e_X table processors. The delimiters are controlled by the _t_b_l_s_t_y_l_e option. See _S_e_t above. The delimiters are are a colon (:) for style _0 or _t_b_l and an ampersand (&) for style _l_a_t_e_x or _t_e_x. With the _P_u_t, _W_r_i_t_e, and _T_a_b_l_e commands, the optional range argument writes a subset of the spreadsheet to the output file. With the _W_r_i_t_e and _T_a_b_l_e commands, if you try to write to the last file used with the _G_e_t or _P_u_t commands, or the file specified on the command line when _p_n_a_m_e was invoked, you are asked to confirm that the (potentially) dangerous operation is really what you want. The three output commands, _P_u_t, _W_r_i_t_e, and _T_a_b_l_e, can pipe their (unencrypted only) output to a program. To use this feature, enter ``| program'' to the prompt asking for a filename. For example, to redirect the output of the _W_r_i_t_e command to the printer, you might enter ``| lpr -p''. MM Merge the database from the named file into the current database. Values and expressions defined in the named file are read into the current spread- sheet overwriting the existing entries at matching cell locations. RR Run macros. Since _p_n_a_m_e files are saved as ASCII files, it is possible to use them as primitive macro definition files. The _R_u_n command makes this easier. It's like the _M_e_r_g_e command, but prints a saved path name as the start of the filename to merge in. The string to use is set with the _D_e_f_i_n_e command. To write macros, you must be familiar with the file format written by the _P_u_t command. This facility is still primitive and could be much improved. DD Define a path for the _R_u_n command to use. All file operations take a filename as the first argument to the prompt on the top line. The prompt supplies a " to aid in typing in the filename. The filename can also be obtained from a cell's label string or string expression. In this case, delete the leading " with the backspace key and enter a cell name such as _a_2_2 instead. If the result- ing string starts with ``|'', the rest of the string is interpreted as a UNIX command, as above. 13 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) RRooww aanndd CCoolluummnn CCoommmmaannddss These commands can be used on either rows or columns. The second letter of the command is either a row designator (one of the characters _r, _^_B, _^_F, _h, _l) or a column desig- nator (one of _c, _^_P, _^_N, _k, _j). A small menu lists the choices for the second letter when you type the first let- ter of one of these commands. Commands which move or copy cells also modify the row and column references in affected cell expressions. The references may be frozen by using the _f_i_x_e_d operator or using the _$ character in the reference to the cell (see below). iirr,, iicc Insert a new row (column) by moving the row (col- umn) containing the cell cursor, and all following rows (columns), down (right) one row (column). The new row (column) is empty. aarr,, aacc Append a new row (column) immediately following the current row (column). It is initialized as a copy of the current one. ddrr,, ddcc Delete the current row (column). pprr,, ppcc,, ppmm Pull deleted rows (columns) back into the spread- sheet. The last deleted set of cells is put back into the spreadsheet at the current location. _p_r inserts enough rows to hold the data. _p_c inserts enough columns to hold the data. _p_m (merge) does not insert rows or columns; it overwrites the cells beginning at the current cell cursor location. vvrr,, vvcc Remove expressions from the affected rows (columns), leaving only the values which were in the cells before the command was executed. zzrr,, zzcc Hide (``zap'') the current row (column). This keeps a row (column) from being displayed but keeps it in the data base. The status of the rows and columns is saved with the data base so hidden rows and columns will be still be hidden when you reload the spreadsheet. Hidden rows or columns are not printed by the _W command. ssrr,, sscc Show hidden rows (columns). Enter a range of rows (columns) to be revealed. The default is the first range of rows (columns) currently hidden. This command ignores the repeat count, if any. ff Set the output format to be used for printing the numeric values in each cell in the current column. Enter three numbers: the total width in characters of the column, the number of digits to follow deci- mal points, and the format type. Format types are 14 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) 0 for fixed point, 1 for scientific notation, 2 for engineering notation, and 3 for dates. Values are rounded off to the least significant digit dis- played. The total column width affects displays of strings as well as numbers. A preceding count can be used to affect more than one column. This com- mand has only a column version (no second letter). @@mmyyrrooww,, @@mmyyccooll Are functions that return the row or column of the current cell respectively. ex: The cell directly above a cell in the D column could then be accessed by @nval("d",@myrow-1). NOTE: @myrow and @mycol can't be used in specifying ranges. RRaannggee CCoommmmaannddss Range operations affect a rectangular region on the screen defined by the upper left and lower right cells in the region. All of the commands in this class start with a slash; the second letter of the command indicates which command. A small menu lists the choices for the second letter when you type ``/''. _p_n_a_m_e prompts for needed parameters for each command. Phrases surrounded by square brackets in the prompt are informational only and may be erased with the backspace key. Prompts requesting variable names may be satisfied with either an explicit variable name, such as _A_1_0, or with a variable name previously defined in a _/_d command (see below). Range name prompts require either an explicit range such as _A_1_0_:_B_2_0, or a range name previously defined with a _/_d command. A default range shown in the second line is used if you omit the range from the command or press the TAB key (see below). The default range can be changed by moving the cell cursor via the control commands (_^_P, _^_N, _^_B, _^_F) or the arrow keys. The cells in the default range are highlighted (using the terminal's stand- out mode, if available). //xx Clear a range. Cells cleared with this command may be recalled with any of the _p_u_l_l commands. //vv Values only. This command removes the expressions from a range of cells, leaving just the values of the expressions. //cc Copy a source range to a destination range. The source and destination may be different sizes. The result is always one or more full copies of the source. Copying a row to a row yields a row. Copying a column to a column yields a column. Copying a range to anything yields a range. Copy- ing a row to a column or a column to a row yields a range with as many copies of the source as there 15 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) are cells in the destination. This command can be used to duplicate a cell through an arbitrary range by making the source a single cell range such as _b_2_0_:_b_2_0. //ff Fill a range with constant values starting with a given value and increasing by a given increment. Each row is filled before moving on to the next row if row order recalculation is set. Column order fills each column in the range before moving on to the next column. The start and increment numbers may be positive or negative. To fill all cells with the same value, give an increment of zero. //dd Use this command to assign a symbolic name to a single cell or a rectangular range of cells on the screen. The parameters are the name, surrounded by "", and either a single cell name such as _A_1_0 or a range such as _a_1_:_b_2_0. Names defined in this fash- ion are used by the program in future prompts, may be entered in response to prompts requesting a cell or range name, and are saved when the spreadsheet is saved with the _P_u_t command. Names defined must be more than two alpha characters long to differen- tiate them from a column names, and must not have embedded special characters. Names may include the character ``_'' or numerals as long as they occur after the first three alpha characters. //ll Use this command to lock the current cell or a range of cells, i.e make them immune to any type of editing. A locked cell can't be changed in anyway until it is unlocked. //UU This command is the opposite of the _/_l command and thus unlocks a locked cell and makes it editable. //ss This command lists (shows) the currently defined range names. If there are no defined range names, then a message is given, otherwise it pipes output to _s_o_r_t, then to _l_e_s_s. If the environment variable PAGER is set, its value is used in place of _l_e_s_s_. //uu Use this command to undefine a previously defined range name. //FF Use this command to assign a value format string (see the ``F'' cell entry command) to a range of cells. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss CCoommmmaannddss QQ qq 16 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) ^^CC Exit from _p_n_a_m_e. If you made any changes since the last _G_e_t or _P_u_t, _p_n_a_m_e asks about saving your data before exiting. ^^GG EESSCC Abort entry of the current command. ?? Enter an interactive help facility. Lets you look up brief summaries of the main features of the pro- gram. The help facility is structured like this manual page so it is easy to find more information on a particular topic. !! Shell escape. _p_n_a_m_e prompts for a shell command to run. End the command line with the RETURN key. If the environment variable SHELL is defined, that shell is run. If not, /bin/sh is used. Giving a null command line starts the shell in interactive mode. A second ``!'' repeats the previous command. ^^LL Redraw the screen. ^^RR Redraw the screen with special highlighting of cells to be filled in. This is useful for finding values you need to provide or update in a form with which you aren't familiar or of which you have for- gotten the details. It's also useful for checking a form you are creat- ing. All cells which contain constant numeric val- ues (not the result of a numeric expression) are highlighted temporarily, until the next screen change, however minor. To avoid ambiguity, the current range (if any) and current cell are not highlighted. ^^XX This command is similar to _^_R, but highlights cells which have expressions. It also displays the expressions in the highlighted cells as left- flushed strings, instead of the numeric values and/or label strings of those cells. This command makes it easier to check expressions, at least when they fit in their cells or the following cell(s) are blank so the expressions can slop over (like label strings). In the latter case, the slop over is not cleared on the next screen update, so you may want to type _^_L after the _^_X in order to clean up the screen. @@ Recalculates the spreadsheet. ^^VV Type, in the command line, the name of the current cell (the one at the cell cursor). This is useful when entering expressions which refer to other 17 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) cells in the table. ^^WW Type, in the command line, the expression attached to the current cell. If there is none, the result is ``?''. ^^AA Type, in the command line, the numeric value of the current cell, if any. The _^_V, _^_W, and _^_A commands only work when the character cursor is on the command line and beyond the first charac- ter. TTAABB When the character cursor is on the top line, defines a range of cells via the cursor control commands or the arrow keys. The range is high- lighted, starts at the cell where you typed TAB, and continues through the current cell cursor. Pressing TAB again causes the highlighted range to be entered into the command line and the highlight- ing to be turned off. This is most useful for defining ranges to functions such as _@_s_u_m(). Pressing ``)'' acts just like typing the TAB key the second time and adds the closing ``)''. Note that when you give a range command, you don't need to press the first TAB to begin defining a range starting with the current cell. VVaarriiaabbllee NNaammeess Normally, a variable name is just the name of a cell, such as _K_2_0. The value is the numeric or string value of the cell, according to context. When a cell's expression (formula) is copied to another location via _c_o_p_y or _r_a_n_g_e_-_c_o_p_y, variable references are by default offset by the amount the formula moved. This allows the new formula to work on new data. If cell ref- erences are not to change, you can either use the _f_i_x_e_d operator (see below), or one of the following variations on the cell name. _K_2_0 References cell _K_2_0; the reference changes when the formula is copied. $$_K$$_2_0 Always refers to cell _K_2_0; the reference stays fixed when the formula is copied. $$_K_2_0 Keeps the column fixed at column K; the row is free to vary. _K$$_2_0 Similarly, this fixes the row and allows the column to vary. These conventions also hold on defined ranges. Range 18 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) references vary when formulas containing them are copied. If the range is defined with fixed variable references, the references do not change. ffiixxeedd To make a variable not change automatically when a cell moves, put the word _f_i_x_e_d in front of the ref- erence, for example: B1 * fixed C3. NNuummeerriicc EExxpprreessssiioonnss Numeric expressions used with the ``='' and _e commands have a fairly conventional syntax. Terms may be con- stants, variable names, parenthesized expressions, and negated terms. Ranges may be operated upon with range functions such as sum (_@_s_u_m()) and average (_@_a_v_g()). Terms may be combined using binary operators. --e Negation. e++e Addition. e--e Subtraction. e**e Multiplication. e//e Division. e1%%e2 e1 mod e2. e^^e Exponentiation. e<<e e<<==e e==e e!!==e e>>==e e>>e Relationals: true (1) if and only if the indicated relation holds, else false (0). Note that ``<='', ``!='', and ``>='' are converted to their ``~()'' equivalents. ~~e Boolean operator NOT. e&&e Boolean operator AND. e||e Boolean operator OR. @if((ee,,e,ee)) e??e::e Conditional: If the first expression is true then the value of the second is returned, otherwise the value of the third. Operator precedence from highest to lowest is: -, ~ ^ *, / 19 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) +, - <, <=, =, !=, >=, > & | ?: BBuuiilltt--iinn RRaannggee FFuunnccttiioonnss These functions return numeric values. @@ssuumm(r) Sum all valid (nonblank) entries in the region whose two corners are defined by the two variable names (e.g. _c_5_:_e_1_4) or the range name specified. @@pprroodd(r) Multiply together all valid (nonblank) entries in the specified region. @@aavvgg(r) Average all valid (nonblank) entries in the specified region. @@ccoouunntt(r) Count all valid (nonblank) entries in the specified region. @@mmaaxx(r) Return the maximum value in the speci- fied region. See also the multi argu- ment version of _@_m_a_x below. @@mmiinn(r) Return the minimum value in the speci- fied region. See also the multi argu- ment version of _@_m_i_n below. @@ssttddddeevv(r) Return the sample standard deviation of the cells in the specified region. @@llooookkuupp(e,r) @@llooookkuupp(se,r) Evaluates the expression then searches through the range _r for a matching value. The range should be either a single row or a single column. The expression can be either a string expression or a numeric expression. If it is a numeric expression, the range is searched for the the last value less than or equal to _e. If the expression is a string expression, the string por- tions of the cells in the range are searched for an exact string match. The value returned is the numeric value from the next row and the same column as the match, if the range was a single row, or the value from the next column and the same row as the match if the range was a single column. @@hhllooookkuupp(e,r,n) @@hhllooookkuupp(se,r,n) Evaluates the expression then searches through the first row in the range _r for a matching value. The expression can be either a string expression or a numeric expression. If it is a numeric expres- sion, the row is searched for the the last value less than or equal to _e. If the expression is a string expression, 20 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) the string portions of the cells in the row are searched for an exact string match. The value returned is the numeric value from the same column _n rows below the match. @@vvllooookkuupp(e,r,n) @@vvllooookkuupp(se,r,n) Evaluates the expression then searches through the first column in the range _r for a matching value. The expression can be either a string expression or a numeric expression. If it is a numeric expression, the column is searched for the the last value less than or equal to _e. If the expression is a string expression, the string portions of the cells in the column are searched for an exact string match. The value returned is the numeric value from the same row _n columns to the right of the match. @@iinnddeexx(e,r) Use the value of the expression _e to index into the range _r. The numeric value at that position is returned. The value 1 selects the first item in the range, 2 selects the second item, etc. _R should be either a single row or a single column. @@ssttiinnddeexx(e,r) Use the value of _e to index into the range _r. The string value at that posi- tion is returned. The value 1 selects the first item in the range, 2 selects the second item, etc. The range should be either a single row or a single col- umn. BBuuiilltt--iinn NNuummeerriicc FFuunnccttiioonnss All of these functions operate on floating point numbers (doubles) and return numeric values. Most of them are standard system functions more fully described in _m_a_t_h(3). The trig functions operate with angles in radians. @@ssqqrrtt(e) Return the square root of _e. @@eexxpp(e) Return the exponential function of _e. @@llnn(e) Return the natural logarithm of _e. @@lloogg(e) Return the base 10 logarithm of _e. @@fflloooorr(e) Return the largest integer not greater than _e. 21 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) @@cceeiill(e) Return the smallest integer not less than _e. @@rrnndd(e) Round _e to the nearest integer. default: round-to-even (banker's round), *.5 will round to the closest even num- ber; 'set rndinfinity' will round *.5 up to the next integer. @@rroouunndd(e,n) Round _e to _n decimal places. n may be positive to round off the right side of the decimal, and negative to round off the left side. See @rnd(e) above for rounding types. @@aabbss(e) @@ffaabbss(e) Return the absolute value of _e. @@ppooww(e1,e2) Return _e_1 raised to the power of _e_2. @@hhyyppoott(e1,e2) Return sqrt(e1*e1+e2*e2), taking precau- tions against unwarranted overflows. ppii @@ppii A constant quite close to pi. @@ddttrr(e) Convert _e in degrees to radians. @@rrttdd(e) Convert _e in radians to degrees. @@ssiinn(e) @@ccooss(e) @@ttaann(e) Return trigonometric functions of radian arguments. The magnitude of the argu- ments are not checked to assure meaning- ful results. @@aassiinn(e) Return the arc sine of _e in the range -pi/2 to pi/2. @@aaccooss(e) Return the arc cosine of _e in the range 0 to pi. @@aattaann(e) Return the arc tangent of _e in the range -pi/2 to pi/2. @@aattaann22(e1,e2) Returns the arc tangent of _e_1/_e_2 in the range -pi to pi. @@mmaaxx(e1,e2,...) Return the maximum of the values of the expressions. Two or more expressions may be specified. See also the range version of _@_m_a_x above. @@mmiinn(e1,e2,...) Return the minimum of the values of the expressions. Two or more expressions may be specified. See also the range version of _@_m_i_n above. @@ssttoonn(se) Convert string expression _s_e to a numeric value. 22 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) @@eeqqss(se1,se2) Return 1 if string expression _s_e_1 has the same value as string expression _s_e_2, 0 otherwise. @@nnvvaall(se,e) Return the numeric value of a cell selected by name. String expression _s_e must evaluate to a column name (``A''-``AE'') and _e must evaluate to a row number (0-199). If _s_e or _e is out of bounds, or the cell has no numeric value, the result is 0. You can use this for simple table lookups. Be sure the table doesn't move unexpectedly! See also _@_s_v_a_l() below. SSttrriinngg EExxpprreessssiioonnss String expressions are made up of constant strings (char- acters surrounded by double quotation marks), variables (cell names, which refer to the cells's label strings or expressions), and string functions. Note that string expressions are only allowed when entering a cell's label string, not its numeric part. Also note that string expression results may be left or right flushed or cen- tered, according to the type of the cell's string label. ## Concatenate strings. For example, the string expression A0 # "zy dog" displays the string ``the lazy dog'' in the cell if the value of _A_0's string is ``the la''. BBuuiilltt--iinn SSttrriinngg FFuunnccttiioonnss @@ssuubbssttrr(se,e1,e2) Extract and return from string expres- sion _s_e the substring indexed by charac- ter number _e_1 through character number _e_2 (defaults to the size of _s_e if beyond the end of it). If _e_1 is less than 1 or greater than _e_2, the result is the null string. For example, @substr ("Nice jacket", 4, 7) returns the string ``e jac''. @@ffmmtt(se,e) Convert a number to a string. The argu- ment _s_e must be a valid _p_r_i_n_t_f(3) format string. _e is converted according to the standard rules. For example, the expression @fmt ("**%6.3f**", 10.5) 23 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) yields the string ``**10.500**''. _e is a double, so applicable formats are e, E, f, g, and G. Try ``%g'' as a start- ing point. @@ssvvaall(se,e) Return the string value of a cell selected by name. String expression _s_e must evaluate to a column name (``A''-``AE'') and _e must evaluate to a row number (0-199). If _s_e or _e is out of bounds, or the cell has no string value, the result is the null string. You can use this for simple table lookups. Be sure the table doesn't move unexpectedly! @@uuppppeerr(e) and @@lloowweerr(e) will case the string expression to upper or lower. @@ccaappiittaall(e) will convert the first letter of words in a string into upper case and other letters to lower case (the latter if all letters of the string are upper case). @@uuppppeerr(e) and @@lloowweerr(e) will case the string expression to upper or lower. @@ccaappiittaall(e) will convert the first letter of words in a string into upper case. @@eexxtt(se,e) Call an external function (program or script). The purpose is to allow arbi- trary functions on values, e.g. table lookups and interpolations. String expression _s_e is a command or command line to call with _p_o_p_e_n(3). The value of _e is converted to a string and appended to the command line as an argu- ment. The result of _@_e_x_t() is a string: the first line printed to standard out- put by the command. The command should emit exactly one output line. Addi- tional output, or output to standard error, messes up the screen. _@_e_x_t() returns a null string and prints an appropriate warning if external func- tions are disabled, _s_e is null, or the attempt to run the command fails. External functions can be slow to run, and if enabled are called at each screen update, so they are disabled by default. You can enable them with _^_T when you really want them called. 24 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) A simple example: @ext ("echo", a1) You can use _@_s_t_o_n() to convert the _@_e_x_t() result back to a number. For example: @ston (@ext ("form.sc.ext", a9 + b9)) Note that you can built a command line (including more argument values) from a string expression with concatenation. You can also "hide" the second argument by ending the command line (first argu- ment) with `` #'' (shell comment). @@ccoollttooaa(e) Returns a string name for a column from the numeric argument. For example: @coltoa(@mycol-1) @nval(coltoa(@mycol-1), @myrow+1) BBuuiilltt--iinn FFiinnaanncciiaall FFuunnccttiioonnss Financial functions compute the mortgage (or loan) pay- ment, future value, and the present value functions. Each accepts three arguments, an amount, a rate of interest (per period), and the number of periods. These functions are the same as those commonly found in other spreadsheets and financial calculators @@ppmmtt(e1,e2,e3) _@_p_m_t(60000,.01,360) computes the monthly payments for a $60000 mortgage at 12% annual interest (.01 per month) for 30 years (360 months). @@ffvv(e1,e2,e3) _@_f_v(100,.005,36) computes the future value for of 36 monthly payments of $100 at 6% interest (.005 per month). It answers the question: "How much will I have in 36 months if I deposit $100 per month in a savings account paying 6% interest compounded monthly?" @@ppvv(e1,e2,e3) _@_p_v(1000,.015,36) computes the present value of an a ordinary annuity of 36 monthly payments of $1000 at 18% annual interest. It answers the question: "How much can I borrow at 18% for 30 years if I pay $1000 per month?" 25 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) BBuuiilltt--iinn DDaattee aanndd TTiimmee FFuunnccttiioonnss Time for _p_n_a_m_e follows the system standard: the number of seconds since 1970. All date and time functions except _@_d_a_t_e() return numbers, not strings. @@nnooww Return the current time encoded as the number of seconds since the beginning of the epoch (December 31, 1969, midnight, GMT.) @@ddttss(e1,e2,e3) _@_d_t_s(9,14,1988) converts the date September 14, 1988 to the number of sec- onds from the epoch to the first second of 9/14/88, local time. For example, _@_d_a_t_e(_@_d_t_s(12,14,1976)) yields _T_u_e _D_e_c _1_4 _0_0_:_0_0_:_0_0 _1_9_7_6 The month should be range from 1 to 12, the day should range from 1 to the num- ber of days in the specified month, and the year should range from 1970 to 1999. @@ttttss(e1,e2,e3) _@_t_t_s(8,20,45) converts the time 8:40:45 to the number of seconds since midnight, the night before. The hour should range from 0 to 23; the minutes and seconds should range from 0 to 59. The following functions take the time in seconds (e.g. from _@_n_o_w) as an argument and return the specified value. The functions all convert from GMT to local time. @@ddaattee(e) Convert the time in seconds to a date string 24 characters long in the follow- ing form: _S_u_n _S_e_p _1_6 _0_1_:_0_3_:_5_2 _1_9_7_3 Note that you can extract parts of this fixed-format string with _@_s_u_b_s_t_r(). @@yyeeaarr(e) Return the year. Valid years begin with 1970. The last legal year is system dependent. @@mmoonntthh(e) Return the month, encoded as 1 (January) to 12 (December). @@ddaayy(e) Return the day of the month, encoded as 1 to 31. @@hhoouurr(e) Return the number of hours since mid- night, encoded as 0 to 23. 26 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) @@mmiinnuuttee(e) Return the number of minutes since the last full hour, encoded as 0 to 59. @@sseeccoonndd(e) Return the number of seconds since the last full minute, encoded as 0 to 59. SSpprreeaaddsshheeeett UUppddaattee Re-evaluation of spreadsheet expressions is done by row or by column depending on the selected calculation order. Evaluation is repeated up to _i_t_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s times for each update if necessary, so forward references usually work as expected. See _s_e_t above. If stability is not reached after ten iterations, a warning is printed. This is usu- ally due to a long series of forward references, or to unstable cyclic references (for example, set _A_0's expres- sion to ``A0+1''). @@nnuummiitteerr Returns the number of iterations per- formed so far. FFIILLEESS #LIBDIR#/tutorial.pname tutorial spread- sheet SSEEEE AALLSSOO bc(1), dc(1), crypt(1), ppname(1) BBUUGGSS Top-to-bottom, left-to-right evaluation of expressions is silly. A proper following of the dependency graph with (perhaps) recourse to relaxation should be implemented. Only one previous value is saved from any call of _@_e_x_t(). If it is used more than once in a spreadsheet and external functions are enabled and later disabled, the last returned value pops up in several places. On some systems, if the cell cursor is in column 0 with topline enabled (so the current cell is highlighted), or if any cell in column 0 is highlighted, the corresponding row number gets displayed and then blanked during a screen refresh. This looks like a bug in _c_u_r_s_e_s. Many commands give no indication (a message or beep) if they have null effect. Some should give confirmation of their action, but they don't. AAUUTTHHOORRSS This is a much modified version of a public domain spread sheet originally authored by James Gosling, and subse- quently modified and posted to USENET by Mark Weiser under the name _v_c. The program was subsequently renamed _s_c, and further modified by numerous contributors, Jeff Buhrt of Proslink, Inc. ({sequent, uunet}!sawmill!prslnk!buhrt) 27 PNAME #REVISION# (1) PNAME #REVISION# (1) and Robert Bond of Sequent, prominent among them. Other contributors include: Tom Anderson, Glenn T. Barry, Gre- gory Bond, Stephen (Steve) M. Brooks, Peter Brower, John Campbell, Lawrence Cipriani, Jim Clausing, Dave Close, Chris Cole, Jonathan Crompron, David I. Dalva, Glen Ditch- field, Sam Drake, James P. Dugal, Paul Eggert, Andy Fyfe, Jack Goral, Piercarlo "Peter" Grandi, Henk Hesselink, Jef- frey C Honig, Kurt Horton, Jonathan I. Kamens, Peter King, Tom Kloos, Casey Leedom, Jay Lepreau, Dave Lewis, Rick Linck, Soren Lundsgaard, Tad Mannes, Rob McMahon, Chris Metcalf, Mark Nagel, Ulf Noren, Marius Olafsson, Gene H. Olson, Henk P. Penning, Rick Perry, Larry Philps, Eric Putz, Jim Richardson, Michael Richardson, R. P. C. Rodgers, Kim Sanders, Mike Schwartz, Alan Silverstein, Lowell Skoog, Herr Soeryantono, Tim Theisen, Tom Tkacik, Andy Valencia, Adri Verhoef, Rick Walker, Petri Wessman, and Tim Wilson. 28