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1994-08-12
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Editing with multiple windows and buffers.
Explained here are commands have been added to use multiple windows and
buffers. Additionally there are explanations for commands that work different
when used in combination with more than one window.
A window is a viewport onto a buffer. You can use multiple windows on one
buffer. Or several windows on different buffers.
A buffer is a file loaded into memory for editing. The original file remains
unchanged until you write the buffer to the file.
A buffer can be in one of three states:
active: The buffer is displayed in a window. If there is a file for this
buffer it has been read into the buffer. The buffer may have been
modified.
hidden: The buffer is not displayed. If there is a file for this buffer it
has been read into the buffer. The buffer may have been modified.
inactive: The buffer is not displayed and does not contain anything. Options
for the buffer are remembered if the file was once loaded.
In a table:
state displayed loaded :buffers
in window shows
active yes yes ' '
hidden no yes 'h'
inactive no no '-'
Starting Vim
-----------
By default Vim starts with one window, just like vi.
The "-o" command line argument can be used to open a window for each file in
the argument list: "Vim -o file1 file2 file3" will open three windows.
"-oN", where N is a decimal number, opens N windows. If there are more file
names than windows, only N windows are opened, some files do not get a window.
If there are more windows than file names, the last few windows will be
editing empty buffers.
If there are many file names the windows will become very small. You might
want to set the 'winheight' option to create a workable situation.
Opening a new window
--------------------
CTRL-W s
CTRL-W S
CTRL-W CTRL-S
:[N]split
Split current window in two. The result is two viewports on
the same file. Make new window N high (default is to use half
the height of the current window). Reduces the current window
height to create room (and others, if the 'equalalways' option
is set).
CTRL-W n
CTRL-W CTRL_N
:[N]new
Create a new window and start editing an empty file in it.
Make new window N high (default is to use half the existing
height). Reduces the current window height to create room (and
others, if the 'equalalways' option is set).
:[N]new [+command] fname
:[N]split [+command] fname
Create a new window and start editing file fname in it. If
[+command] is given, execute the command when the file has
been loaded. Make new window N high (default is to use half
the existing height). Reduces the current window height to
create room (and others, if the 'equalalways' option is set).
Closing a window
----------------
CTRL-W q
CTRL-W CTRL-Q
:quit Quit current window, unless the buffer was changed and there
are no other windows for this buffer. When quitting the last
window, exit Vim.
:quit! Quit current window. If this was the last window for a buffer,
any changes to that buffer are lost. When quitting the last
window, exit Vim.
CTRL-W c
:close Quit current window, unless it is the last window on the
screen. The buffer becomes hidden (unless there is another
window editing it). (Note: CTRL-W CTRL-C does not work).
CTRL-W o
CTRL-W CTRL-O
:only Make the current window the only one on the screen. All other
windows are closed. All buffers in the other windows become
hidden.
Moving the cursor to other windows
----------------------------------
CTRL-W <CURSOR_DOWN>
CTRL-W CTRL-J
CTRL-W j move cursor to Nth window below current one.
CTRL-W <CURSOR_UP>
CTRL-W CTRL-K
CTRL-W k move cursor to Nth window above current one.
CTRL-W w
CTRL-W CTRL-W Without count: move cursor to window below current one. If
there is no window below, go to upper window.
With count: go to Nth window.
CTRL-W p
CTRL-W CTRL-P go to previous (last accessed) window.
Moving windows around
---------------------
CTRL-W r
CTRL-W CTRL-R Rotate windows downwards. The first window becomes the second
one, the second one the third one, etc. The last window
becomes the first window. The cursor remains in the same
window.
CTRL-W R Rotate windows upwards. The second window becomes the first
one, the third one the second one, etc. The first window
becomes the last window. The cursor remains in the same
window.
CTRL-W x
CTRL-W CTRL-X Without count: Exchange current window with next one. If there
is no next window, exchange with previous window. With count:
Exchange current window with Nth window (first window is 1).
The cursor is put in the other window.
Window resizing
---------------
CTRL-W = make all windows (almost) equal high.
:resize -N
CTRL-W - decrease current window height by N
:resize +N
CTRL-W + increase current window height by N
:resize [N]
CTRL-W CTRL-_
CTRL-W _ set current window height to N (default: highest possible)
z<nr><CR> set current window height to nr
The option 'winheight' ('wh') is used to set the minimal window height of the
current window. This option is used each time another window becomes the
current window. If the option is '0' it is disabled. Set 'winheight' to a very
large value, e.g. '9999', to make the current window always fill all available
space. Set it to a reasonable value, e.g. '10', to make editing in the current
window comfortable.
When the option 'equalalways' ('ea') is set all the windows are automatically
made the same size after splitting or closing a window. If you don't set this
option, splitting a window will reduce the size of the current window and
leave the other windows the same. When closing a window the extra lines are
given the the window above it.
The option 'commandheight' ('ch') is used to set the height of the command
line. If you are annoyed by the "hit return to continue" questions for long
messages, set this option to 2 or 3.
If there is only one window, resizing that window will also change the command
line height. If there are several windows, resizing the current window will
also change the height of the window below it (and sometimes the window above
it).
Exiting Vim with multiple windows or buffers
--------------------------------------------
:qall Exit Vim, unless there are some buffers which have been
changed. (Use :bmod to go to the next modified buffer).
:qall! Exit Vim. Any changes to buffers are lost.
:wqall
:xall Write all changed buffers and exit Vim. If there are buffers
without a file name, which are readonly or cannot be written
for another reason, Vim is not quit.
:wqall!
:xall! Write all changed buffers, also the ones that are readonly,
and exit Vim. If there are buffers without a file name or
cannot be written for another reason, Vim is not quit.
Writing with multiple buffers
-----------------------------
:wall Write all changed buffers. Buffers without a file name or
which are readonly are not written.
:wall! Write all changed buffers, also the ones that are readonly.
Buffers without a file name are not written.
Overview of argument and buffer list commands
---------------------------------------------
args list buffer list meaning
1. :[N]argument [N] 11. :[N]buffer [N] to arg/buf N
2. :[N]next [file ..] 12. :[N]bnext [N] to Nth next arg/buf
3. :[N]Next [N] 13. :[N]bNext [N] to Nth previous arg/buf
4. :[N]previous [N] 14. :[N]bprevious [N] to Nth previous arg/buf
5. :rewind 15. :brewind to first arg/buf
6. :last 16. :blast to last arg/buf
7. :all 17. :ball edit all args/buffers
18. :unhide edit all loaded buffers
19. :[N]bmod [N] to Nth modified buf
split & args list split & buffer list meaning
21. :[N]sargument [N] 31. :[N]sbuffer [N] split + to arg/buf N
22. :[N]snext [file ..] 32. :[N]sbnext [N] split + to Nth next arg/buf
23. :[N]sNext [N] 33. :[N]sbNext [N] split + to Nth previous arg/buf
24. :[N]sprevious [N] 34. :[N]sbprevious [N] split + to Nth previous arg/buf
25. :srewind 35. :sbrewind split + to first arg/buf
26. :slast 36. :sblast split +