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          Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201

                The Works of ROBERT G. INGERSOLL

                          ****    ****

                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

                              1890

                               I.

     In the year 1855 the American people knew but little of books.
Their ideals, their models, were English. Young and Pollok, Addison
and Watts, were regarded as great poets. Some of the more reckless
read Thomson's "Seasons" and the poems and novels of Sir Walter
Scott. A few, not quite orthodox, delighted in the mechanical
monotony of Pope, and the really wicked -- those lost to all
religious shame -- were worshipers of Shakespeare. The really
orthodox Protestant, untroubled by doubts, considered Milton the
greatest poet of them all. Byron and Shelley were hardly
respectable -- not to be read by young persons. It was admitted on
all hands that Burns was a child of nature of whom his mother was
ashamed and proud.

     In the blessed year aforesaid, candor, free and sincere
speech, were under the ban. Creeds at that time were entrenched
behind statutes, prejudice, custom, ignorance, stupidity,
Puritanism and slavery; that is to say, slavery of mind and body.

     Of course it always has been, and forever will be, impossible
for slavery, or any kind or form of injustice, to produce a great
poet. There are hundreds of verse makers and writers on the side of
wrong -- enemies of progress -- but they are not poets, they are
not men of genius.

     At this time a young man -- he to whom this testimonial is
given -- he upon whose head have fallen the snows of more than
seventy winters -- this man, born within the sound of the sea, gave
to the world a book, "Leaves of Grass." This book was, and is, the
true transcript of a soul. The man is unmasked. No drapery of
hypocrisy, no pretence, no fear. The book was as original in form
as in thought. All customs were forgotten or disregarded, all rules
broken -- nothing mechanical -- no imitation -- spontaneous,
running and winding like a river, multitudinous in its thoughts as
the waves of the sea -- nothing mathematical or measured -- in
everything a touch of chaos; lacking what is called form, as clouds
lack form, but not lacking the splendor of sunrise or the glory of
sunset. It was a marvelous collection and aggregation of fragments,
hints, suggestions, memories, and prophecies, weeds and flowers,
clouds and clods, sights and sounds, emotions and passions, waves,
shadows and constellations.

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

     His book was received by many with disdain, with horror, with
indignation and protest -- by the few as a marvelous, almost
miraculous, message to the world -- full of thought, philosophy,
poetry and music.

     In the republic of mediocrity genius is dangerous. A great
soul appears and fills the world with new and marvelous harmonies.
In his words is the old Promethean flame. The heart of nature beats
and throbs in his line. The respectable prudes and pedagogues sound
the alarm, and cry, or rather screech: "Is this a book for a young
person?"

     A poem true to life as a Greek statue -- candid as nature --
fills these barren souls with fear.

     They forget that drapery about the perfect was suggested by
immodesty.

     The provincial prudes, and others of like mold, pretend that
love is a duty rather than a passion -- a kind of self-denial --
not an over-mastering joy. They preach the gospel of pretence and
pantalettes. In the presence of sincerity, of truth, they cast down
their eyes and endeavor to feel immodest. To them, the most
beautiful thing is hypocrisy adorned with a blush. They have no
idea of an honest, pure passion, glorying in its strength --
intense, intoxicated with the beautiful, giving even to inanimate
things pulse and motion, and that transfigures, ennobles, and
idealizes the object of its adoration.

     They do not walk the streets of the city of life -- they
explore the sewers; they stand in the gutters and cry "Unclean!"
They pretend that beauty is a snare; that love is a Delilah; that
the highway of joy is the broad road, lined with flowers and filled
with perfume, leading to the city of eternal sorrow.

     Since the year 1855 the American people have developed; they
are somewhat acquainted with the literature of the world. They have
witnessed the most tremendous of revolutions, not only upon the
fields of battle, but in the world of thought. The American citizen
has concluded that it is hardly worth while being a sovereign
unless he has the right to think for himself.

     And now, from this height, with the vantage-ground of to-day,
I propose to examine this book and to state, in a general way, what
Walt Whitman has done, what he has accomplished, and the place he
has won in the world of thought.

                               II

                    THE RELIGION OF THE BODY.

     WALT WHITMAN stood when he published his book, where all stand
to-night, on the perpetually moving line where history ends and
prophecy begins. He was full of life to the very tips of his
fingers -- brave, eager, candid, joyous with health. He was
acquainted with the past. He knew something of song and story, of
philosophy and art; much of the heroic dead, of brave suffering, of


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

the thoughts of men, the habits of the people -- rich as well as
poor -- familiar with labor, a friend of wind and wave, touched by
love and friendship, liking the open road, enjoying the fields and
paths, the crags, friend of the forest -- feeling that he was free
-- neither master nor slave; willing that all should know his
thoughts; open as the sky, candid as nature, and he gave his
thoughts, his dreams, his conclusions, his hopes and his mental
portrait to his fellow-men.

     Walt Whitman announced the gospel of the body. He confronted
the people. He denied the depravity of man. He insisted that love
is not a crime; that men and women should be proudly natural; that
they need not grovel on the earth and cover their faces for shame.
He taught the dignity and glory of the father and mother; the
sacredness of maternity.

     Maternity, tender and pure as the tear of pity, holy as
suffering -- the crown, the flower, the ecstasy of love!

     People had been taught from Bibles and from creeds that
maternity was a kind of crime; that the woman should be purified by
some ceremony in some temple built in honor of some god. This
barbarism was attacked in "Leaves of Grass."

     The glory of simple life was sung; a declaration of
independence was made for each and all.

     And yet this appeal to manhood and to womanhood was
misunderstood. It was denounced simply because it was in harmony
with the great trend of nature. To me, the most obscene word in our
language is celibacy.

     It was not the fashion for people to speak or write their
thoughts. We were flooded with the literature of hypocrisy. The
writers did not faithfully describe the worlds in which they lived.
They endeavored to make a fashionable world. They pretended that
the cottage or the hut in which they dwelt was a palace, and they
called the little area in which they threw their slops their
domain, their realm, their empire. They were ashamed of the real,
of what their world actually was. They imitated; that is to say,
they told lies, and these lies filled the literature of most lands.

     Walt Whitman defended the sacredness of love, the purity of
passion -- the passion that builds every home and fills the world
with art and song.

     They cried out: "He is a defender of passion -- he is a
libertine! He lives in the mire. He lacks spirituality!"

     Whoever differs with the multitude, especially with a led
multitude -- that is to say, with a multitude of taggers -- will
find out from their leaders that he has committed an unpardonable
sin. It is a crime to travel a road of your own, especially if you
put up guide-boards for the information of others.

     Many, many centuries ago Epicures, the greatest man of his
century, and of many centuries before and after, said: "Happiness
is the only good; happiness is the supreme end." This man was

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                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

temperate, frugal, generous, noble -- and yet through all these
years he has been denounced by the hypocrites of the world as a
mere eater and drinker. It was said that Whitman had exaggerated
the importance of love -- that he had made too much of this
passion. Let me say that no poet -- not excepting Shakespeare --
has had imagination enough to exaggerate the importance of human
love -- a passion that contains all heights and all depth, simple
as space, with a sky in which glitter all constellations, and that
has within it all storms, all lightnings, all wrecks and ruins, all
griefs, all sorrows, all shadows, and all the joy and sunshine of
which the heart and brain are capable.

     No writer must be measured by a word or paragraph. He is to be
measured by his work -- by the tendency, not of one line, but by
the tendency of all.

     Which way does the great stream tend? Is it for good or evil?
Are the motives high and noble, or low and infamous?

     We cannot measure Shakespeare by a few lines neither can we
measure the Bible by a few chapter, nor "Leaves of Grass" by a few
paragraphs. In each there are many things that I neither approve
nor believe -- but in all books you will find a mingling of wisdom
and foolishness, of prophecies and mistakes -- in other words,
among the excellencies there will be defects. The mine is not all
gold, or all silver, or all diamonds -- there are baser metals. The
trees of the forest are not all of one size. On some of the highest
there are dead and useless limbs, and there may be growing beneath
the bushes weeds, and now and then a poisonous vine.

     If I were to edit the great books of the world, I might leave
out some lines and I might leave out the best. I have no right to
make of my brain a sieve and say that only that which passes
through belongs to the rest of the human race. I claim the right to
choose. I give that right to all.

     Walt Whitman had the courage to express his thought -- the
candor to tell the truth. And here let me say it gives me joy -- a
kind of perfect satisfaction -- to look above the bigoted bats, the
satisfied owls and wrens and chickadees, and see the great eagle
poised, circling higher and higher, unconscious of their existence.
And it gives me joy, a kind of perfect satisfaction, to look above
the petty passions and jealousies of small and respectable people,
above the considerations of place and power and reputation, and see
a brave, intrepid man.

     It must be remembered that the American people had separated
from the Old World -- that we had declared not only the
independence of colonies, but the independence of the individual.
We had done more -- we had declared that the state could no longer
he ruled by the church, and that the church could not be ruled by
the state, and that the individual could not be ruled by the
church.

     These declarations were in danger of being forgotten. We
needed a new voice, sonorous, loud and clear, a new poet for
America, for the new epoch, somebody to chant the morning song of
the new day.

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

     The great man who gives a true transcript of his mind,
fascinates and instructs. Most writers suppress individuality. They
wish to please the public. They flatter the stupid and pander to
the prejudice of their readers. They write for the market, making
books as other mechanics make shoes. They have no message, they
bear no torch, they are simply the slaves of customers.

     The books they manufacture are handled by "the trade;" they
are regarded as harmless. The pulpit does not object; the young
person can read the monotonous pages without a blush -- or a
thought.

     On the title pages of these books you will find the imprint of
the great publishers; on the rest of the pages, nothing. These
books might be prescribed for insomnia. Men of talent, men of
business, touch life upon few sides. They travel but the beaten
path. The creative spirit is not in them. They regard with
suspicion a poet who touches life on every side. They have little
confidence in that divine thing called sympathy, and they do not
and cannot understand the man who enters into the hopes, the aims
and the feelings of all others.

     In all genius there is the touch of chaos -- a little of the
vagabond; and the successful tradesman, the man who buys and sells,
or manages a bank, does not care to deal with a person who has only
poems for collateral; they have a little fear of such people, and
regard them as the awkward countryman does a sleight-of-hand
performer.

     In every age in which books have been produced the governing
class, the respectable, have been opposed to the works of real
genius. If what are known as the best people could have had their
way, if the pulpit had been consulted -- the provincial moralists
-- the works of Shakespeare would have been suppressed. Not a line
would have reached our time. And the same may be said of every
dramatist of his age.

     If the Scotch Kirk could have decided, nothing would have been
known of Robert Burns. If the good people, the orthodox, could have
had their say, not one line of Voltaire would now be known. All the
plates of the French Encyclopedia would have been destroyed with
the thousands that were destroyed. Nothing would have been known of
D'Alembert, Grimm, Diderot, or any of the Titans who warred against
the thrones and altars and laid the foundation of modern literature
not only, but what is of far greater moment, universal education.

     It is not too much to say that every book now held in high
esteem would have been destroyed, if those in authority could have
had their will. Every book of modern times that has a real value,
that has enlarged the intellectual horizon of mankind, that has
developed the brain, that has furnished real food for thought, can
be found in the Index Expurgatorius of the Papacy, and nearly every
one has been commended to the free minds of men by the
denunciations of Protestants.

     If the guardians of society, the protectors of "young
persons," could have had their way, we should have known nothing of
Byron or Shelley. The voices that thrill the world would now be

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                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

silent. If authority could have had its way, the world would have
been as ignorant now as it was when our ancestors lived in holes or
hung from dead limbs by their prehensile tails.

     But we are not forced to go very far back. If Shakespeare had
been published for the first time now, those divine plays --
greater than continents and seas, greater even than the
constellations of the midnight sky -- would be excluded from the
mails by the decision of the present enlightened postmaster
general.

     The poets have always lived in an ideal world, and that ideal
world has always been far better than the real world. As a
consequence, they have forever roused, not simply the imagination,
but the energies -- the enthusiasm of the human race.

     The great poets have been on the side of the oppressed -- of
the downtrodden. They have suffered with the imprisoned and the
enslaved, and whenever and wherever man has suffered for the right,
wherever the hero has been stricken down -- whether on field or
scaffold -- some man of genius has walked by his side, and some
poet has given form and expression, not simply to his deeds, but to
his aspirations.

     From the Greek and Roman world we still hear the voices of a
few. The poets, the philosophers, the artists and the orators still
speak. Countless millions have been covered by the waves of
oblivion, but the few who uttered the elemental truths, who had
sympathy for the whole human race, and who were great enough to
prophesy a grander day, are as alive to-night as when they roused,
by their bodily presence, by their living voices, by their works of
art, the enthusiasm of their fellow-men.

     Think of the respectable people, of the men of wealth and
position, those who dwelt in mansions, children of success, who
went down to the grave voiceless, and whose names we do not know.
Think of the vast multitudes, the endless processions. that entered
the caverns of eternal night, leaving no thought, no truth as a
legacy to mankind!

     The great poets have sympathized with the people. They have
uttered in all ages the human cry. Unbought by gold, unawed by
power, they have lifted high the torch that illuminates the world.

     Walt Whitman is in the highest sense a believer in democracy.
He knows that there is but one excuse for government -- the
preservation of liberty, to the end that man may be happy. He knows
that there is but one excuse for any institution, secular or
religious -- the preservation of liberty; and that there is but one
excuse for schools, for universal education, for the ascertainment
of facts, namely, the preservation of liberty. He resents the
arrogance and cruelty of power. He has sworn never to be tyrant or
slave. He has solemnly declared: "I speak the pass-word primeval,
I give the sign of democracy. By God! I will accept nothing which
all cannot have their counterpart of on the same terms."




                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

     This one declaration covers the entire ground. It is a
declaration of independence, and it is also a declaration of
justice, that is to say, a declaration of the independence of the
individual, and a declaration that all shall be free. The man who
has this spirit can truthfully say:

     "I have taken off my hat to nothing known or unknown. I am for
those that have never been master'd."

     There is in Whitman what he calls, "The boundless impatience
of restraint," together with that sense of justice which compelled
him to say, "Neither a servant nor a master am I."

     He was wise enough to know that giving others the same rights
that he claims for himself could not harm him, and he was great
enough to say: "As if it were not indispensable to my own rights
that others possess the same."

     He felt as all should feel, that the liberty of no man is safe
unless the liberty of each is safe.

     There is in our country a little of the old servile spirit, a
little of the bowing and cringing to others. Many Americans do not
understand that the officers of the government are simply the
servants of the people. Nothing is so demoralizing as the worship
of place. Whitman has reminded the people of this country that they
are supreme, and he has said to them: "The President is there in
the White House for you, it is not you who are here for him, The
Secretaries act in their bureaus for you, not you here for them.
Doctrines, politics and civilization exurge from you, Sculpture and
monuments and any thing inscribed anywhere are tallied in you."

     He describes the ideal American citizen -- the one who "Says
indifferently and alike 'How are you, friend?' to the President at
his leave, And he says 'Good-day, my brother,' to Cudge that hoes
in the sugar-field."

     Long ago, when the politicians were wrong, when the judges
were subservient, when the pulpit was a coward, Walt Whitman
shouted: "Man shall not hold property in man."

     "The least devolop'd person on earth is just as important and
sacred to himself or herself as the most devolop'd person is to
himself or herself."

     This is the very soul of true democracy.

     Beauty is not all there is of poetry. It must contain the
truth. It is not simply an oak, rude and grand, neither is it
simply a vine. It is both. Around the oak of truth runs the vine of
beauty.

     Walt Whitman utters the elemental truths and is the poet of
democracy. He is also the poet of individuality.





                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

                                V
                          INDIVIDUALITY

     In order to protect the liberties of a nation, we must protect
the individual, democracy is a nation of free individuals. The
individuals are not to be sacrificed to the nation. The nation
exists only for the purpose of guarding and protecting the
individuality of men and women. Walt Whitman has told us that: "The
whole theory of the universe is directed unerringly to one single
individual -- namely to you."

     And he has also told us that the greatest city -- the greatest
nation -- is "where the citizen is always the head and ideal."

     And that:

     "A great city is that which has the greatest men and women, If
it be a few ragged huts it is still the greatest city in the whole
world."

     By this test maybe the greatest city on the continent to-night
is Camden.

     This poet has asked of us this question:

     "What do you suppose will satisfy the soul, except to walk
free and own no superior?"

     The man who asks this question has left no impress of his lips
in the dust, and has no dirt upon his knees.

     He was great enough to say:

     "The soul has that measureless pride which revolts from every
lesson but its own."

     He carries the idea of individuality to its utmost height:

     "What do you suppose I would intimate to you in a hundred
ways, but that man or woman is as good as God? And that there is no
God any more divine than Yourself?"

     Glory in individuality, in the freedom of the soul, he cries
out:

   "O to struggle against great odds, to meet enemies undaunted!
    To be entirely alone with them, to find how much one can stand!
    To look strife, torture, prison, popular odium, face to face!
    To mount the scaffold, to advance to the muzzles of guns with
    perfect nonchalance! To be indeed a God!"

     And again:

     "O the joy of a many self-hood! To be servile to none, to
defer to none, not to any tyrant known or unknown, To walk with
erect carriage, a step springy and elastic, To look with calm gaze



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                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

or with a flashing eye, To speak with full and sonorous voice out
of a broad chest, To confront with your personality all the other
personalities of the earth."

     Walt Whitman is willing to stand alone. He is sufficient unto
himself and he says:

     "Henceforth I ask not good-fortune, I myself am goodfortune.
Standing and content I travel the open road." He is one of "Those
that look carelessly in the face of Presidents and Governors, as to
say 'Who are you?'"

     And not only this, but he has the courage to say: "Nothing,
not God, is greater to one than one's self."

     Walt Whitman is the poet of Individuality -- the defender of
the rights of each for the sake of all -- and his sympathies are as
wide as the world. He is the defender of the whole race.

                               VI

                            HUMANITY.

     The great poet is intensely human, infinitely sympathetic,
entering into the joys and griefs of others, bearing their burdens,
knowing their sorrows. Brain without heart is not much; they must
act together. When the respectable people of the North, the rich,
the successful, were willing to carry out the Fugitive Slave Law,
Walt Whitman said:

     "I am the hounded slave, I wince at the bite of the dogs, Hell
and despair are upon me, crack and again crack the marksmen,

     I clutch the rails of the fence, my gore dribs, thinn'd with
the ooze of my skin,

     I fall on the weeds, and stones,

     The riders spur their unwilling horses, haul close,

     Taint my dizzy ears, and beat me violently over the head with
whip-stocks.

     Agonies are one of my changes of garments,

     I do not ask the wounded person how he feels I myself become
the wounded person. . . .

I . . . . see myself in prison shaped like another man, And feel
the dull unintermitted pain.

     For me the keepers of convicts shoulder their carbines and
keep watch,

     It is I let out in the morning and barr'd at night.

     Not a mutineer walks handcuff'd to jail but I am handcuff'd to
him and walk by his side. ...

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                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

Judge not as the judge judges, but as the sun falling upon a
helpless thing."

     Of the very worst he had the infinite tenderness to say: "Not
until the sun excludes you will I exclude you."

     In this age of greed when houses and lands and stocks and
bonds outrank human life; when gold is of more value than blood,
these words should be read by all:

     "When the psalm sings instead of the singer, When the script
preaches instead of the preacher, When the pulpit descends and goes
instead of the carver that carved the supporting desk,

     When I can touch the body of books by night or day, and when
they touch my body back again,

     When a university course convinces like a slumbering woman and
child convince,

     When the minted gold in the vault smiles like the
nightwatchman's daughter,

     When warrantee deeds loaf in chairs opposite and are my
friendly companions,

     I intend to read my hand, and make as much of them as I do of
men and women like you."

                               VII

     the poet is also a painter, a sculptor -- he, too, deals in
form and color. The great poet is of necessity a great artist. With
a few words he creates pictures, filling his canvas with living men
and women -- with those who feel and speak. Have you ever read the
account of the stage-driver's funeral? Let me read it:

     "Cold dash of waves at the ferry-wharf, posh and ice in the
river, half-frozen mud in the streets,

     A gray discouraged sky overhead, the short last daylight of
December,

     A horse and stages, the funeral of an old Broadway stage
driver, the cortege mostly drivers.

     Steady the trot to the cemetery, duly rattles the death-bell,

     The gate is pass'd, the new-dug grave is halted at, the living
alight, the hearse uncloses,

     The coffin is pass'd out, lower'd and settled, the whip is
laid on the coffin, the earth is swiftly shovel'd in,

     The mound above is flatted with the spades -- silence,

     A minute -- no one moves or speaks -- it is done, He is
decently put away -- is there anything more?

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

     He was a good fellow, free-mouth'd, quick-temper'd, not bad-
looking,

     Ready with life or death for a friend, found of women,
gambled, ate hearty, drank hearty,

     Had known what it was to be flush, grew low-spirited toward
the last, sicken'd, was helped by a contribution,

     Died, aged forty-one years -- and that was his funeral"

     Let me read you another description, one of a woman:

     "Behold a woman! She looks out from her quaker cap, her face
is clearer and more beautiful than the sky,

     She sits in an armchair under the shaded porch of the
farmhouse,

     The sun just shines on her old white head.

     Her ample gown is of cream-hued linen,

     Her grandsons raised the flax, and her granddaughters spun it
with the distaff and the wheel.

     The melodious character of the earth.

     The finish beyond which philosophy cannot go and does not wish
to go.

     The justified mother of men."

     Would you hear of an old-time sea-fight?

     "Would you learn who won by the light of the moon and stars?

     List to the yarn, as my grandmother's father the sailor told
it to me.

     Our foe was no skulk in his ship I tell you, (said he,)

     His was the surly English pluck, and there is no tougher or
truer, and never was, and never will be;

     Along the lower'd eve he came horribly raking us.

     We closed with him, the yards entangled, the cannon touch'd,

     My captain lash'd fast with his own hands.

     We had receiv'd some eighteen pound shot under the water,

     On our lower gun-deck two large pieces had burst at the first
fire, killing all around and blowing up overhead.

     Fighting at sun-down, fighting at dark,


                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
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                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

     Ten o'clock at night, the full moon well up, our leaks on the
gain, and five feet of water reported,

     The master-at-arms loosing the prisoners confined in the
after-hold to give them a chance for themselves.

     The transit to and from the magazine is now stopt by the
sentinels,

     They see so many strange faces they do not know whom to trust.

     Our frigate takes fire,

     The other asks if we demand quarter?

     If our colors are struck and the fighting done?

     Now I laugh content, for I hear the voice of my little
captain,

     'We have not struck,' he composedly cries, 'we have just begun
our part of the fighting.'

     Only three guns are in use,

     one is directed by the captain himself against the enemy's
mainmast,

     Two well serv'd with grape and canister silence his musketry
and clear his decks.

     The tops along second the fire of this little battery,
especially the main-top,

     They hold out bravely during the whole of the action.

     Not a moment's cease,

     The leaks gain fast on the pumps, the fire eats toward the
powder-magazines.

     One of the pumps has been shot away, it is generally thought
we are sinking. Serene stands the little captain,

     He is not hurried, his voice is neither high nor low,

     His eyes give more light to us than our battle-lanterns.

     Toward twelve there in the beams of the moon they surrender to
us.

     Stretch'd and still lies the midnight,

     Two great hulls motionless on the breast of the darkness.

     Our vessel riddled and slowly sinking, preparations to pass to
the one we have conquer'd


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     The captain on the quarter-deck coldly giving his orders
through a countenance white as a sheet,

     Near by the corpse of the child that serv'd in the cabin,

     The dead face of an old salt with long white hair and
carefully curl'd whiskers,

     The flames spite of all that can be done flickering aloft and
below,

     The husky voices of the two or three officers yet fit for
duty,

     Formless stacks of bodies and bodies by themselves, dabs of
flesh upon the masts and spars,

     Cut of cordage, dangle of rigging, slight shock of the soothe
of waves,

     Black and impassive guns, litter of powder-parcels, strong
scent,

     A few large stars overhead, silent and mournful shining,

     Delicate sniffs of sea-breeze, smells of sedgy grass and
fields by the shore, death-messages given in charge to survivors,

     The hiss of the surgeon's knife, the gnawing teeth of his saw,

     Wheeze, cluck, swash of falling blood, short wild scream, and
long, dull, tapering groan."

     Some people say that this is not poetry -- that it lacks
measure and rhyme.

                              VIII

                         WHAT IS POETRY?

     The whole world is engaged in the invisible commerce of
thought. That is to say, in the exchange of thoughts by words,
symbols, sounds, colors and forms. The motions of the silent,
invisible world, where feeling glows and thought flames -- that
contains all seeds of action -- are made known only by sounds and
colors, forms, objects, relations, uses and qualities, so that the
visible universe is a dictionary, an aggregation of symbols, by
which and through which is carried on the invisible commerce of
thought. Each object is capable of many meanings, or of being used
in many ways to convey ideas or states of feeling or of facts that
take place in the world of the brain.

     The greatest poet is the one who selects the best, the most
appropriate symbols to convey the best, the highest, the sublimest
thoughts. Each man occupies a world of his own. He is the only
citizen of his world. He is subject and sovereign, and the best he
can do is to give the facts concerning the world in which he lives


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to the citizens of other worlds. No two of these worlds are alike.
They are of all kinds, from the flat, barren, and uninteresting --
from the small and shriveled and worthless -- to those whose rivers
and mountains and seas and constellations belittle and cheapen the
visible world. The inhabitants of these marvelous worlds have been
the singers of songs, utterers of great speech -- the creators of
art.

     And here lies the difference between creators and imitators:
the creator tells what passes in his own world -- the imitator does
not. The imitator abdicates, and by the fact of imitation falls
upon his knees. He is like one who, hearing a traveler talk
pretends to others that he has traveled.

     In nearly all lands, the poet has been privileged For the sake
of beauty, they have allowed him to speak, and for that reason he
has told the story of the oppressed, and has excited the
indignation of honest men and even the pity of tyrants. He, above
all others, has added to the intellectual beauty of the world. He
has been the true creator of language and has left his impress on
mankind.

     What I have said is not only true of poetry -- it is true of
all speech. All are compelled to use the visible world as a
dictionary. Words have been invented and are being invented, for
the reason that new powers are found in the old symbols, new
qualities, relations, uses and meanings. The growth of language is
necessary on account of the development of the human mind. The
savage needs but few symbols -- the civilized many -- the poet most
of all.

     The old idea was, however, that the poet must be a rhymer.
Before printing was known, it was said; the rhyme assists the
memory. That excuse no longer exists.

     Is rhyme a necessary part of poetry? In my judgment, rhyme is
a hindrance to expression. The rhymer is compelled to wander from
his subject, to say more or less than he means, to introduce
irrelevant matter that interferes continually with the dramatic
action and is a perpetual obstruction to sincere utterance.

     All poems, of necessity, must be short. The highly and purely
poetic is the sudden bursting into blossom of a great and tender
thought. The planting of the seed, the growth, the bud and flower
must be rapid. The spring must be quick and warm, the soil perfect,
the sunshine and rain enough -- everything should tend to hasten,
nothing to delay. In poetry, as in wit, the crystallization must be
sudden.

     The greatest poems are rhythmical. While rhyme is a hindrance,
rhythm seems to be the comrade of the poetic. Rhythm has a natural
foundation. Under emotion the blood rises and falls, the muscles
contract and relax, and this action of the blood is as rhythmical
as the rise and fall of the sea. In the highest form of expression
the thought should be in harmony with this natural ebb and flow.




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     The highest poetic truth is expressed in rhythmical form. I
have sometimes thought that an idea selects its own words, chooses
its own garments, and that when the thought has possession,
absolutely, of the speaker or writer, he unconsciously allows the
thought to clothe itself.

     The great poetry of the world keeps time with the winds and
the waves.

     I do not mean by rhythm a recurring accent at accurately
measured intervals. Perfect time is the death of music. There
should always be room for eager haste and delicious delay, and
whatever change there may be in the rhythm or time, the action
itself should suggest perfect freedom.

     A word more about rhythm. I believe that certain feelings and
passions -- joy, grief, emulation, revenge, produce certain
molecular movements in the brain -- that every thought is
accompanied by certain physical phenomena. Now, it may be that
certain sounds, colors, and forms produce the same molecular action
in the brain that accompanies certain feelings, and that these
sounds, colors and forms produce first the molecular movements and
these in their turn reproduce the feelings, emotions and states of
mind capable of producing the same or like molecular movements. So
that what we call heroic music produces the same molecular action
in the brain -- the same physical changes -- that are produced by
the real feeling of heroism; that the sounds we call plaintive
produce the same molecular movement in the brain that grief, or the
twilight of grief, actually produces. There may be a rhythmical
molecular movement belonging to each state of mind, that
accompanies each thought or passion, and it may be that music, or
painting, or sculpture, produces the same state of mind or feeling
that produces the music or painting or sculpture, by producing the
same molecular movements.

     All arts are born of the same spirit, and express like
thoughts in different ways -- that is to say, they produce like
states of mind and feeling. The sculptor, the painter, the
composer, the poet, the orator, work to the same end, with
different materials. The painter expresses through form and color
and relation; the sculptor through form and relation. The poet also
paints and chisels -- his words give form, relation and color. His
statues and his paintings do not crumble, neither do they fade, nor
will they as long as language endures. The composer touches the
passions, produces the very states of feeling produced by the
painter and sculptor, the poet and orator. In all these there must
be rhythm -- that is to say, proportion -- that is to say, harmony,
melody.

     So that the greatest poet is the one who idealizes the common,
who gives new meanings to old symbols, who transfigures the
ordinary things of life. He must deal with the hopes and fears, and
with the experiences of the people.

     The poetic is not the exceptional. A perfect poem is like a
perfect day. It has the undefinable charm of naturalness and ease.
It must not appear to be the result of great labor. We feel, in
spite of ourselves, that man does best that which he does easiest.

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     The great poet is the instrumentality, not always of his time,
but of the best of his time, and he must be in unison and accord
with the ideals of his race. The sublimer he is, the simpler he is.
The thoughts of the people must be clad in the garments of feeling
-- the words must be known, apt, familiar. The height must be in
the thought, in the sympathy.

     In the olden time they used to have May day parties, and the
prettiest child was crowned Queen of May. Imagine an old blacksmith
and his wife looking at their little daughter clad in white and
crowned with roses. They would wonder while they looked at her, how
they ever came to have so beautiful a child. It is thus that the
poet clothes the intellectual children or ideals of the people.
They must not be gemmed and garlanded beyond the recognition of
their parents. Out from all the flowers and beauty must look the
eyes of the child they know.

     We have grown tired of gods and goddesses in art Milton's
heavenly militia excites our laughter. Light-houses have driven
sirens from the dangerous coasts. We have found that we do not
depend on the imagination for wonders -- there are millions of
miracles under our feet.

     Nothing can be more marvelous than the common and everyday
facts of life. The phantoms have been cast aside. Men and women are
enough for men and women. In their lives is all the tragedy and all
the comedy that they can comprehend.

     The painter no longer crowds his canvas with the winged and
impossible -- he paints life as he sees it, people as he knows
them, and in whom he is interested. "The Angelus," the perfection
of pathos, is nothing but two peasants bending their heads in
thankfulness as they hear the solemn sound of the distant bell --
two peasants, who have nothing to be thankful for, nothing but
weariness and want, nothing but the crusts that they soften with
their tears nothing. And yet as you look at that picture you feel
that they have something besides to be thankful for -- that they
have life, love, and hope -- and so the distant bell makes music in
their simple hearts.

                               IX

     The attitude of Whitman toward religion has not been
understood. Toward all forms of worship, toward all creeds, he has
maintained the attitude of absolute fairness. He does not believe
that Nature has given her last message to man. He does not believe
that all has been ascertained. He denies that any sect has written
down the entire truth. He believes in progress, and so believing he
says:

     "We consider Bibles and religion divine -- I do not say they
are not divine,

I say they have all grown out of you, and may grow out of you
still,

It is not they who give the life, it is you who give the life."


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     His [the poets] thoughts are the hymns of the praise of
things,

In the dispute on God and eternity he is silent.

     "Have you thought there could be but a single supreme? There
can be any number of supremes -- one does not countervail another
anymore than one eyesight countervails another."

     Upon the great questions, as to the great problems, he feels
only the serenity of a great and well poised soul: "No array of
terms can say how much I am at peace about God and about death. I
hear and behold God in every object, yet understand God not in the
least, Nor do I understand who there can be more wonderful than
myself. . . . . In the face of men and women I see God, and in my
own face in the glass." I find letters from God dropt in the
street, and every one is sign'd by God's name."

     The whole visible world is regarded by him as a revelation,
and so is the invisible world, and with this feeling he writes:
"Not objecting to special revelations -- considering a curl of
smoke or a hair on the back of my hand just as curious as any
revelation."

     The creeds do not satisfy, the old mythologies are not enough;
they are too narrow at best, giving only hints and suggestions; and
feeling this lack in that which has been written and preached,
Whitman says: "Magnifying and applying come I, Outbidding at the
start the old cautious hucksters, Taking myself the exact
dimensions of Jehovah, Lithographing Kronos, Zeus his son, and
Hercules his grandson, Buying drafts of Osiris, Isis, Belus,
Brahma, Buddha, In my portfolio placing Menito loose, Allah on a
leaf, the crucifix engraved, With Odin and the hideous-faced
Mexitli, and every idol and image, Taking them all for what they
are worth, and not a cent more."

     Whitman keeps open house. He is intellectually hospitable. He
extends his hand to a new idea. He does not accept a creed because
it is wrinkled and old and has a long white beard. He knows that
hypocrisy has a venerable look, and that it relies on looks and
masks, on stupidity and fear. Neither does he reject or accept the
new because it is new. He wants the truth, and so he welcomes all
until he knows just who and what they are.

                                X

                           PHILOSOPHY.

     WALT WHITMAN is a philosopher. The more a man has thought, the
more he has studied, the more he has traveled intellectually, the
less certain he is. Only the very ignorant are perfectly satisfied
that they know. To the common man the great problems are easy. He
has no trouble in accounting for the universe. He can tell you the
origin and destiny of man and the why and the wherefore of things.
As a rule, he is a believer in special providence, and is egotistic
enough to suppose that everything that happens in the universe
happens in reference to him.


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     A colony of red ants lived at the foot of the Alps. It
happened one day that an avalanche destroyed the hill; and one of
the ants was heard to remark: "Who could have taken so much trouble
to destroy our home?"

     Walt Whitman walked by the side of the sea "where the fierce
old mother endlessly cries for her castaways," and endeavored to
think out, to fathom the mystery of being; and he said: "I too but
signify at the utmost a little wash'd-up drift, A few sands and
dead leaves to gather, Gather, and merge myself as part of the
sands and drift.      .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .

Aware now that amid all that blab whose echoes recoil upon me I
have not once had the least idea who or what I am,

But that before all my arrogant poems the real Me stands yet
untouch'd, untold, altogether unreach'd,

Withdrawn far, mocking me with mock-congratulatory signs and bows,
With peals of distant ironical laughter at every word I have
written,

Pointing in silence to these songs, and then to the sand beneath.
.  .  .

I perceive I have not really understood any thing, not a single
object, and that no man ever can."

     There is in our language no profounder poem than the one
entitled "Elemental Drifts."

     The effort to find the origin has ever been, and will forever
be, fruitless. Those who endeavor to find the secret of life
resemble a man looking in the mirror, who thinks that if he only
could be quick enough he could grasp the image that he sees behind
the glass.

     The latest word of this poet upon this subject is as follows:

     "To me this life with all its realities and functions is
finally a mystery, the real something yet to be evolved, and the
stamp and shape and life here somehow giving an important, perhaps
the main outline to something further. Somehow this hangs over
everything else, and stands behind it, is inside of all facts, and
the concrete and material, and the worldly affairs of life and
sense. That is the purport and meaning behind all the other
meanings of Leaves of Grass."

     As a matter of fact, the questions of origin and destiny are
beyond the grasp of the human mind. We can see a certain distance;
beyond that, everything is indistinct; and beyond the indistinct is
the unseen. In the presence of these mysteries -- and everything is
a mystery so far as origin, destiny, and nature are concerned --
the intelligent, honest man is compelled to say, "I do not know."

     In the great midnight a few truths like stars shine on
forever, and from the brain of man come a few struggling gleams of
light, a few momentary sparks.

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     Some have contended that everything is spirit; others that
everything is matter; and again, others have maintained that a part
is matter and a part is spirit; some that spirit was first and
matter after; others that matter was first and spirit after; and
others that matter and spirit have existed together.

     But none of these people can by any possibility tell what
matter is, or what spirit is, or what the difference is between
spirit and matter.

     The materialists look upon the spiritualists as substantially
crazy; and the spiritualists regard the materialists as low and
groveling. These spiritualistic people hold matter in contempt;
but, after all, matter is quite a mystery. You take in your hand a
little earth -- a little dust. Do you know what it is? In this dust
you put a seed; the rain falls upon it; the light strikes it; the
seed grows; it bursts into blossom; it produces fruit

     What is this dust -- this womb? Do you understand it? Is there
anything in the wide universe more wonderful than this?

     Take a grain of sand, reduce it to powder, take the smallest
possible particle, look at it with a microscope, contemplate its
every part for days, and it remains the citadel of a secret -- an
impregnable fortress. Bring all the theologians, philosophers, and
scientists in serried ranks against it; let them attack on every
side with all the arts and arms of thought and force. The citadel
does not fall. Over the battlements floats the flag, and the
victorious secret smiles at the baffled hosts.

     Walt Whitman did not and does not imagine that he has reached
the limit -- the end of the road traveled by the human race. He
knows that every victory over nature is but the preparation for
another battle. This truth was in his mind when he said:
"Understand me well; it is provided in the essence of things, that
from any fruition of success, no matter what. shall come forth
something to make a greater struggle necessary."

     This is the generalization of all history.

                               XI

                         THE TWO POEMS.

     There are two of these poems to which I will call special
attention. The first is entitled,

     "A Word Out of the Sea."

     The boy, coming out of the rocked cradle, wandering over the
sands and fields, up from the mystic play of shadows, out of the
patches of briers and blackberries -- from the memories of birds --
from the thousand responses of his heart -- goes back to the sea
and his childhood, and sings a reminiscence.

     Two guests from Alabama -- two birds -- build their nest, and
there were four light green eggs, spotted with brown, and the two
birds sang for joy;

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     "Shine! shine! shine!

     Pour down your warmth, great sun!

     While we bask, we two together.

     Two together!

     Winds blow south, or winds blow north,

     Day come white, or night come black,

     Home, or rivers and mountains from home,

     Singing all time, minding no time,

     While we two keep together."

     In a little while one of the birds is missed and never
appeared again, and all through the summer the mate, the solitary
guest, was singing of the lost:

     "Blow! blow! blow!

     Blow up the sea-winds along Paumanok's shore;

     I wait and I wait till you blow my mate to me."

     And the boy that night, blending himself with the shadows,
with bare feet, went down to the sea, where the white arms out in
the breakers were tirelessly tossing; listening to the songs and
translating the notes.

     And the singing bird called loud and high for the mate,
wondering what the dusky spot was in the brown and yellow, seeing
the mate whichever way he looked, piercing the woods and the earth
with his song, hoping that the mate might hear his cry; stopping
that he might not lose her answer; waiting and then crying again:
"Here I am! And this gentle call is for you. Do not be deceived by
the whistle of the wind; those are the shadows;" and at last
crying:

     "O past! O happy life! O songs of joy!

      In the air, in the woods, over fields

      Loved! loved! loved! loved! loved!

      But my mate no more, no more with me!

      We two together no more."

      And then the boy, understanding the song that

      had awakened in his breast a thousand songs clearer

      and louder and more sorrowful than the bird's,


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      knowing that the cry of unsatisfied love would never

      again be absent from him; thinking then of the

      destiny of all, and asking of the sea the final word,

      and the sea answering, delaying not and hurrying

      not, spoke the low delicious word "Death!" "ever

      Death!"

     The next poem, one that will live as long as our language,
entitled: "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," is on the
death of Lincoln,

     "The sweetest, wisest soul of all my days and lands."

     One who reads this will never forget the odor of the lilac,
"the lustrous western star" and "the graybrown bird singing in the
pines and cedars."

     In this poem the dramatic unities are perfectly preserved, the
atmosphere and climate in harmony with every event.

     Never will he forget the solemn journey of the coffin through
day and night, with the great cloud darkening the land, nor the
pomp of inlooped flags, the processions long and winding, the
flambeaus of night, the torches' flames, the silent sea of faces,
the unbared heads, the thousand voices rising strong and solemn,
the dirges, the shuddering organs, the tolling bells -- and the
sprig of lilac.

     And then for a moment they will hear the graybrown bird
singing in the cedars, bashful and tender, while the lustrous star
lingers in the west, and they will remember the pictures hung on
the chamber walls to adorn the burial house -- pictures of spring
and farms and homes, and the gray smoke lucid and bright, and the
floods of yellow gold -- of the gorgeous indolent sinking sun --
the sweet herbage under foot -- the green leaves of the trees
prolific -- the breast of the river with the wind -- dapple here
and there, and the varied and ample land -- and the most excellent
sun so calm and haughty -- the violet and purple morn with just-
felt breezes -- the gentle softborn measureless light -- the
miracle spreading, bathing all -- the fulfill'd noon -- the coming
eve delicious, and the welcome night and the stars.

     And then again they will hear the song of the gray-brown bird
in the limitless dusk amid the cedars and pines. Again they will
remember the star, and again the odor of the lilac.

     But most of all, the song of the bird translated and becoming
the chant for death:

     "Come lovely and soothing death,

      Undulate round the world, serenely arriving, arriving,

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      In the day, in the night, to all, to each,

      Sooner or later delicate death.

      Prais'd be the fathomless universe,

      For life and joy, and for objects and knowledge curious,

      And for love, sweet love -- but praise! praise! praise!

      For the sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death.

      Dark mother always gliding near with soft feet,

      Have none chanted for thee a chant of fullest welcome?

      Then I chant it for thee, I glorify thee above all,

      I bring thee a song that when thou must indeed come,

      come unfalteringly.

      Approach strong deliveress,

      When it is so, when thou hast taken them I joyously sing

      the dead,

      Lost in the loving floating ocean of thee,

      Leved in the flood of thy bliss, O death.

      From me to thee glad serenades,

      Dances for thee I propose saluting thee, adornments and
feasting for thee,

      And the sights of the open landscape and the high spread

      sky are fitting,

      And life and the fields, and the huge and thoughtful night

      The night in silence under many a star,

      The ocean shore and the husky whispering wave whose voice I
know,

      And the soul turning to thee O vast and well-veil'd death,

      And the body gratefully nestling close to thee.

      Over the tree-tops I float thee a song,

      Over the rising and sinking waves, over the myriad fields and
the prairies wide,

      Over the dense-pack'd cities all and the teeming wharves and
ways,
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      I float this carol with joy, with joy to thee O death."

     This poem, in memory of "the sweetest, wisest soul of all our
days and lands," and for whose sake lilac and star and bird
entwined, will last as long as the memory of Lincoln.

                               XII

                            OLD AGE.

     WALT WHITMAN is not only the poet of childhood, of youth, of
manhood, but, above all, of old age. He has not been soured by
slander or petrified by prejudice; neither calumny nor flattery has
made him revengeful or arrogant. Now sitting by the fireside, in
the winter of life,

     "His jocund heart still beating in his breast," he is just as
brave and calm and kind as in his manhood's proudest days, when
roses blossomed in his cheeks.

     He has taken life's seven steps. Now, as the gamester might
say, "on velvet," he is enjoying "old age, expanded, broad, with
the haughty breadth of the universe; old age, flowing free, with
the delicious near-by freedom, of death; old age, superbly rising,
welcoming the ineffable aggregation of dying days."

     He is taking the "loftiest look at last," and before he goes
he utters thanks: "For health, the midday sun, the impalpable air
-- for life, mere life, For precious ever-lingering memories, (of
you my mother dear -- you, father -- you, brother, sisters,
friends,) For all my days -- not those of peace alone -- the days
of war the same, For gentle words, caresses, gifts from foreign
lands, For shelter, wine and meat -- for sweet appreciation, (You
distant, dim unknown -- or young or old -- countless, unspecified,
readers belov'd, We never met, and ne'er shall meet -- and yet our
souls embrace, long, close and long;) For beings, groups, love,
deeds, words, books -- for colors, forms, For all the brave strong
men -- devoted, hardy men -- who've forward sprung in freedom's
help, all lands, For braver, stronger, more devoted men -- (a
special laurel ere I go, to life's war's chosen ones, The
cannoneers of song and thought -- the great artillerists -- the
foremost leaders, captains of the soul:"

     It is a great thing to preach philosophy -- far greater to
live it. The highest philosophy accepts the inevitable with a
smile, and greets it as though it were desired.

     To be satisfied: This is wealth -- success.

     The real philosopher knows that everything has happened that
could have happened -- consequently he accepts. He is glad that he
has lived -- glad that he has had his moment on the stage. In this
spirit Whitman has accepted life. "I shall go forth, I shall
traverse the States awhile, but I cannot tell whither or how long,
Perhaps soon some day or night while I am singing my voice will
suddenly cease. O book, O chants! must all then amount to but this?



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Must we barely arrive at this beginning of us? -- and yet it is
enough, O soul; O soul, we have positively appear'd -- that is
enough."

     Yes, Walt Whitman has appeared. He has his place upon the
stage. The drama is not ended. His voice is still heard. He is the
Poet of Democracy -- of all people. He is the poet of the body and
soul. He has sounded the note of Individuality. He has given the
pass-word primeval. He is the Poet of Humanity -- of Intellectual
Hospitality. He has voiced the aspirations of America -- and above
all, he is the poet of Love and Death.

     How grandly, how bravely he has given his thought, and how
superb is his farewell -- his leave-taking: "After the supper and
talk -- after the day is done, As a friend from friends his final
withdrawal prolonging, Good-bye and good-bye with emotional lips
repeating, (So hard for his hand to release those hands -- no more
will they meet, No more for communion of sorrow and joy, of old and
young, A far-stretching journey awaits him, to return no more,)
Shunning, postponing severance -- seeking to ward off the last word
ever so little, E'en at the exit-door turning -- changes
superfluous calling back -- e'en as he descends the steps,
Something to eke out a minute additional -- shadows of nightfall
deepening, Farewell, messages lessening -- dimmer the forthgoer's
visage and form, Soon to be lost for aye in the darkness -- loth,
O so loth to depart!"

     And is this all? Will the forthgoer be lost, and forever? Is
death the end? Over the grave bends Love sobbing, and by her side
stands Hope and whispers:

     We shall meet again. Before all life is death, and after all
death is life. The falling leaf, touched with the hectic flush,
that testifies of autumn's death, is, in a subtler sense, a
prophecy of spring.

     Walt Whitman has dreamed great dreams, told great truths and
uttered sublime thoughts. He has held aloft the torch and bravely
led the way.

     As you read the marvelous book, or the person, called "Leaves
of Grass," you feel the freedom of the antique world; you hear the
voices of the morning, of the first great singers -- voices
elemental as those of sea and storm. The horizon enlarges, the
heavens grow ample, limitations are forgotten -- the realization of
the will, the accomplishment of the ideal, seem to be within your
power. Obstructions become petty and disappear. The chains and bars
are broken, and the distinctions of caste are lost. The soul is in
the open air, under the blue and stars -- the flag of Nature.
Creeds, theories and philosophies ask to be examined, contradicted,
reconstructed. Prejudices disappear, superstitions vanish and
custom abdicates. The sacred places become highways, duties and
desires clasp hands and become comrades and friends. Authority
drops the scepter, the priest the mitre, and the purple falls from
kings. The inanimate becomes articulate, the meanest and humblest
things utter speech, and the dumb and voiceless burst into song. A
feeling of independence takes possession of the soul, the body
expands, the blood flows full and free, superiors vanish, flattery

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               24

                      LIBERTY IN LITERATURE

is a lost art, and life becomes rich, royal, and superb. The world
becomes a personal possession, and the oceans, the continents, and
constellations belong to you. You are in the center, everything
radiates from you, and in your veins beats and throbs the pulse of
all life. You become a rover, careless and free. You wander by the
shores of all seas and hear the eternal psalm. You feel the silence
of the wide forest, and stand beneath the intertwined and over-
arching boughs, entranced with symphonies of winds and woods. You
are borne on the tides of eager and swift rivers, hear the rush and
roar of cataracts as they fall beneath the seven-hued arch, and
watch the eagles as they circling soar. You traverse gorges dark
and dim, and climb the scarred and threatening cliffs. You stand in
orchards where the blossoms fall like snow, where the birds nest
and sing, and painted moths make aimless journeys through the happy
air. You live the lives of those who till the earth, and walk amid
the perfumed fields, hear the reapers' song, and feel the breadth
and scope of earth and sky. You are in the great cities, in the
midst of multitudes, of the endless processions. You are on the
wide plains -- the prairies -- with hunter and trapper, with savage
and pioneer, and you feel the soft grass yielding under your feet.
You sail in many ships, and breathe the free air of the sea, you
travel many roads, and countless paths. You visit palaces and
prisons, hospitals and courts; you pity kings and convicts, and
your sympathy goes out to all the suffering and insane, the
oppressed and enslaved, and even to the infamous, you hear the din
of labor, all sounds of factory, field, and forest, of all tools,
instruments and machines. You become familiar with men and women of
all employments, trades and professions -- with birth and burial,
with wedding feast and funeral chant, you see the cloud and flame
of war, and you enjoy the ineffable perfect days of peace.

     In this one book, in these wondrous "Leaves of Grass," you
find hints and suggestions, touches and fragments, of all there is
of life that lies between the babe, whose rounded cheeks dimple
beneath his mother's laughing, loving eyes, and the old man, snow-
choanate, who, with a smile, extends his hand to death.

     We have met to-night to honor ourselves by honoring the author
of "Leaves of Grass."
                          ****     ****

    Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship.

     The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful,
scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of
suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the
Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our
nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and
religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to
the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so
that America can again become what its Founders intended --

                 The Free Market-Place of Ideas.

   The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old,
hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts
and information for today. If you have such books please contact
us, we need to give them back to America.

                         Bank of Wisdom
                  Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201
                               25